{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"sisina","title":{"source":"Sisina","translated":"Sisina"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/sisina","lines":14},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/chanson-d-apres-midi","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/franciscae-meae-laudes","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"sisina-s1-l1","source":"Imaginez Diane en galant équipage,","translation":"Picture Diana in gallant array,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Imaginez Diane","title":"«Imaginez» — «vous» imperative","body":"«Imaginez» is the «vous» imperative of «imaginer» (to imagine, to picture): 'imagine, picture'. The poem opens by commanding the reader to conjure a scene, and the next stanza will echo it with «Avez-vous vu» ('have you seen'). «Diane» is the goddess Diana, virgin huntress of the woods — the first of three warrior-women the sonnet stacks up before naming Sisina herself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Imaginez","lemma":"imaginer","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"Diane","lemma":"Diane","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Imaginez","gloss":"Diana"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase galant équipage","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"galant","lemma":"galant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies équipage","gloss":"gallant"},{"surface":"équipage","lemma":"équipage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of en, modifies Diane","gloss":"array"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"sisina-s1-l2","source":"Parcourant les forêts ou battant les halliers,","translation":"Ranging the forests or beating the thickets,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"battant les halliers","title":"«battre les halliers» — to beat the thickets","body":"«battant» is the present participle of «battre» (to beat); «un hallier» is a thicket or bramble-brake. «battre les halliers» is a hunting idiom — to thrash through the undergrowth driving out game. The two participles «Parcourant … battant» keep Diana in restless motion, ranging and beating the wood at the gallop."}],"words":[{"surface":"Parcourant","lemma":"parcourir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial participle modifying Diane (preceding line); direct object forêts","gloss":"ranging"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of forêts","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"forêts","lemma":"forêt","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Parcourant","gloss":"forests"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"battant","lemma":"battre","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated with Parcourant, modifying Diane","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of halliers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"halliers","lemma":"hallier","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of battant","gloss":"thickets"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"sisina-s1-l3","source":"Cheveux et gorge au vent, s'enivrant de tapage,","translation":"Hair and breast to the wind, drunk on the din,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'enivrant de tapage","title":"«s'enivrer de» — to get drunk on","body":"«s'enivrant» is the present participle of the pronominal verb «s'enivrer» (to make oneself drunk, to grow intoxicated); the reflexive «se» shows the subject acting on herself. It takes «de» for what intoxicates: «s'enivrant de tapage» = 'getting drunk on the racket, the uproar'. «la gorge» here is the throat or breast/bosom, bared «au vent» ('to the wind')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cheveux","lemma":"cheveu","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the absolute phrase, modifies Diane","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gorge","lemma":"gorge","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Cheveux","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition + determiner (à+le)","role":"preposition marking vent","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"vent","lemma":"vent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of au","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on enivrant","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"enivrant","lemma":"enivrer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial participle modifying Diane","gloss":"growing drunk"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tapage","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"tapage","lemma":"tapage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of enivrant","gloss":"din"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"sisina-s1-l4","source":"Superbe et défiant les meilleurs cavaliers!","translation":"Magnificent, and outriding the best horsemen!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Superbe et défiant","title":"«superbe» — proud, magnificent","body":"«superbe» keeps its older force here — not just 'superb' but 'proud, haughty, magnificent', the bearing of one who looks down on rivals. «défiant» (present participle of «défier», to defy, to challenge) pairs with it: «défiant les meilleurs cavaliers» = 'challenging / outdoing the best riders'. The exclamation point closes the first portrait at a pitch of triumphant motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Superbe","lemma":"superbe","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Diane, coordinated with défiant","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"défiant","lemma":"défier","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated with Superbe, modifying Diane","gloss":"outriding"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cavaliers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meilleurs","lemma":"meilleur","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cavaliers","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"cavaliers","lemma":"cavalier","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of défiant","gloss":"horsemen"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"sisina-s2-l1","source":"Avez-vous vu Théroigne, amante du carnage,","translation":"Have you seen Théroigne, lover of the slaughter,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Avez-vous vu","title":"«Avez-vous vu» — inverted passé composé question","body":"«Avez-vous vu» is a question in the passé composé formed by inversion: the subject pronoun «vous» flips behind the auxiliary «avez» (from «avoir»), with the past participle «vu» (from «voir», to see) following — 'have you seen?'. It answers the opening «Imaginez», turning the reader's imagined Diana into a remembered, historical figure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Avez","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"auxiliary verb of vu","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"-vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, plural","role":"subject of Avez vu (inverted)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vu","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, with auxiliary Avez","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"Théroigne","lemma":"Théroigne","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of vu","gloss":"Théroigne"},{"surface":"amante","lemma":"amante","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Théroigne","gloss":"lover"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition + determiner (de+le)","role":"preposition marking carnage","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"carnage","lemma":"carnage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies amante","gloss":"slaughter"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"sisina-s2-l2","source":"Excitant à l'assaut un peuple sans souliers,","translation":"Spurring to the assault a shoeless people,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un peuple sans souliers","title":"«sans souliers» — shoeless, barefoot","body":"«un soulier» is a shoe; «sans souliers» = 'without shoes, shoeless'. The phrase paints the revolutionary crowd as the destitute poor — the same social register as the sans-culottes. «Excitant à l'assaut» (from «exciter», to rouse, to incite) shows Théroigne whipping that ragged people up to the attack."}],"words":[{"surface":"Excitant","lemma":"exciter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated participle modifying Théroigne (preceding line)","gloss":"spurring"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking assaut","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of assaut","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"assaut","lemma":"assaut","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of à, oblique argument of Excitant","gloss":"assault"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of peuple","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"peuple","lemma":"peuple","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Excitant","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking souliers","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"souliers","lemma":"soulier","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies peuple","gloss":"shoes"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"sisina-s2-l3","source":"La joue et l'oeil en feu, jouant son personnage,","translation":"Cheek and eye ablaze, playing out her part,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of joue","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"joue","lemma":"joue","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the absolute phrase, coordinated with oeil, modifies Théroigne","gloss":"cheek"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with joue","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking feu","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"feu","lemma":"feu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of en, predicate over joue et oeil","gloss":"ablaze"},{"surface":"jouant","lemma":"jouer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated participle modifying Théroigne","gloss":"playing"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of personnage","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"personnage","lemma":"personnage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of jouant","gloss":"part"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"sisina-s2-l4","source":"Et montant, sabre au poing, les royaux escaliers?","translation":"And climbing, sabre in fist, the royal stairs?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sabre au poing","title":"«sabre au poing» — bare-noun phrase of manner","body":"«sabre au poing» drops the article — literally 'sabre in fist' — a compact descriptive phrase of the type French uses for posture and bearing (compare «pistolet au poing»). «le poing» is the clenched fist. It hangs as an aside on «montant» (present participle of «monter», to climb): she mounts «les royaux escaliers» ('the royal stairs') weapon in hand. The whole stanza is one suspended question waiting on the «?» here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"montant","lemma":"monter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated participle modifying Théroigne; direct object escaliers","gloss":"climbing"},{"surface":"sabre","lemma":"sabre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the absolute phrase sabre au poing, modifying montant","gloss":"sabre"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition + determiner (à+le)","role":"preposition marking poing","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"poing","lemma":"poing","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sabre","gloss":"fist"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of escaliers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"royaux","lemma":"royal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies escaliers","gloss":"royal"},{"surface":"escaliers","lemma":"escalier","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of montant, head of the phrase","gloss":"stairs"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"sisina-s3-l1","source":"Telle la Sisina! Mais la douce guerrière","translation":"Such is the Sisina! But the gentle warrior-maid","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Telle la Sisina","title":"«tel» — 'such, like that', with agreement","body":"«Telle» is the adjective «tel» (such, like that) in the feminine singular, agreeing with «la Sisina»: 'such is Sisina, just like that'. The verbless exclamation snaps the two long portraits onto the real woman — and «Mais» ('but') immediately pivots to her softer side. «la guerrière» is a woman warrior; «douce» ('gentle, sweet') is the surprising adjective the tercets will unfold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Telle","lemma":"tel","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate modifying Sisina","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Sisina","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sisina","lemma":"Sisina","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Sisina"},{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of guerrière","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"douce","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies guerrière","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"guerrière","lemma":"guerrière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"warrior-maid"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"sisina-s3-l2","source":"À l'âme charitable autant que meurtrière;","translation":"With a soul as charitable as it is murderous;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"charitable autant que meurtrière","title":"«autant que» — as much as","body":"«autant que» is a comparison of equal degree, 'as much as, just as ... as': «charitable autant que meurtrière» = 'as charitable as she is murderous'. The two adjectives «charitable» (charitable, merciful) and «meurtrière» (murderous, deadly) are balanced as exact equals, which is the paradox at the heart of the poem — Sisina is both at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking âme","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of À, modifies guerrière (preceding line)","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"charitable","lemma":"charitable","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies âme","gloss":"charitable"},{"surface":"autant","lemma":"autant","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies charitable","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with meurtrière","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"meurtrière","lemma":"meurtrier","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"compared with charitable, modifies âme","gloss":"murderous"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"sisina-s3-l3","source":"Son courage, affolé de poudre et de tambours,","translation":"Her courage, maddened by powder and by drums,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"affolé de poudre et de tambours","title":"«affolé de» — driven wild by","body":"«affolé» (past participle of «affoler», to drive frantic) means 'maddened, driven wild'; «affolé de» = 'maddened by, frantic with'. «la poudre» is gunpowder and «les tambours» the war-drums — the noise and smell of battle. The participle agrees with the masculine «courage» and hangs as an aside, setting up the verb «sait» that arrives only in the final tercet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of courage","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"courage","lemma":"courage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of sait (next line)","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"affolé","lemma":"affoler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies courage, in apposition","gloss":"maddened"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poudre","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"poudre","lemma":"poudre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies affolé","gloss":"powder"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tambours","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"tambours","lemma":"tambour","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with poudre","gloss":"drums"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"sisina-s4-l1","source":"Devant les suppliants sait mettre bas les armes,","translation":"Knows, before the suppliants, to lay down its arms,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mettre bas les armes","title":"«mettre bas les armes» — to lay down arms","body":"«mettre bas les armes» is a set phrase, 'to lay down one's weapons, to surrender'. Its subject is «Son courage» from the line above — across the tercet boundary the verb «sait» (from «savoir», to know how to) finally lands: 'her courage knows how to lay down its arms before those who beg'. «les suppliants» are the suppliants, those who plead for mercy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Devant","lemma":"devant","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suppliants","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of suppliants","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"suppliants","lemma":"suppliant","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Devant","gloss":"suppliants"},{"surface":"sait","lemma":"savoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence; subject courage (preceding line)","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"mettre","lemma":"mettre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of sait","gloss":"to lay"},{"surface":"bas","lemma":"bas","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom mettre bas (lay down), modifies mettre","gloss":"down","note":"\"mettre bas\" is an idiom meaning \"to lay down (arms)\""},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of armes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armes","lemma":"arme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of mettre","gloss":"arms"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"sisina-s4-l2","source":"Et son coeur, ravagé par la flamme, a toujours,","translation":"And her heart, ravaged by the flame, has always,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ravagé par la flamme","title":"«ravagé par» — laid waste by","body":"«ravagé» is the past participle of «ravager» (to ravage, to lay waste); «ravagé par la flamme» = 'laid waste by the flame'. «la flamme» is both literal fire and the fire of passion. The participle agrees with the masculine «coeur» ('heart') and sits as an aside between subject and verb — «son coeur ... a toujours ... un réservoir de larmes» — so the sentence holds its breath until the closing line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of a","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ravagé","lemma":"ravager","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coeur, in apposition","gloss":"ravaged"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flamme","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of flamme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"flamme","lemma":"flamme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"agent of ravagé","gloss":"flame"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"toujours","lemma":"toujours","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies a","gloss":"always"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"sisina-s4-l3","source":"Pour qui s'en montre digne, un réservoir de larmes.","translation":"For whoever proves worthy of it, a wellspring of tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"qui s'en montre digne","title":"«se montrer digne de» + the pronoun «en»","body":"«se montrer digne de» is a pronominal idiom, 'to show / prove oneself worthy of'; the reflexive «se» turns the showing back on the subject. The «en» replaces a «de» phrase — here standing in for the tears or the heart's pity: «qui s'en montre digne» = 'whoever proves worthy of it'. The reward is «un réservoir de larmes» ('a reservoir, a wellspring of tears'), so that the killer's heart ends in mercy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qui","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of montre","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on montre","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"pronoun","role":"indirect object of montre","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"montre","lemma":"montrer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"proves"},{"surface":"digne","lemma":"digne","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"complement of montre","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of réservoir","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"réservoir","lemma":"réservoir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of a (s4-l2)","gloss":"wellspring"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking larmes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"larmes","lemma":"larme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies réservoir","gloss":"tears"}]}]}