{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs","title":{"source":"Spleen (J'ai plus de souvenirs)","translated":"Spleen (I Have More Memories)"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs","lines":24},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/spleen-pluviose-irrite","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/spleen-je-suis-comme-le-roi","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s1-l1","source":"J'ai plus de souvenirs que si j'avais mille ans.","translation":"I have more memories than if I had lived a thousand years.","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que si j'avais mille ans","title":"«si» + imperfect (counterfactual)","body":"«si» plus the imperfect «avais» frames an unreal hypothesis: 'than if I had a thousand years'. The comparison is impossible by design — the speaker claims more memories than a thousand-year life could hold, opening the poem on a mind crushed under its own accumulated past."}],"words":[{"surface":"J'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of ai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ai","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier modifying souvenirs","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"partitive marker introducing souvenirs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"souvenirs","lemma":"souvenir","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ai","gloss":"memories"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of avais","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"j'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of avais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"avais","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"mille","lemma":"mille","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies ans","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"ans","lemma":"an","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of avais","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s2-l1","source":"Un gros meuble à tiroirs encombré de bilans,","translation":"A great chest of drawers cluttered with balance-sheets,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Un gros meuble à tiroirs","title":"«un meuble à tiroirs»","body":"«un meuble» is any piece of furniture; «à tiroirs» ('with drawers') specifies a chest or bureau. «un bilan» is an accountant's balance-sheet or statement. The image opens a long catalogue of dead paperwork — accounts, verses, love-notes, lawsuits — crammed into furniture that still hides fewer secrets than the speaker's brain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of meuble","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gros","lemma":"gros","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies meuble","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"meuble","lemma":"meuble","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (subject of Cache)","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiroirs","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"tiroirs","lemma":"tiroir","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies meuble","gloss":"drawers"},{"surface":"encombré","lemma":"encombré","morphology":"adjective (past participle), masculine, singular","role":"modifies meuble","gloss":"cluttered"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bilans, modifies encombré","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"bilans","lemma":"bilan","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de","gloss":"balance-sheets"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s2-l2","source":"De vers, de billets doux, de procès, de romances,","translation":"of verses, love-letters, lawsuits, and ballads,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de billets doux... de romances","title":"«un billet doux» / «une romance»","body":"«un billet doux» is a love-note (literally a 'sweet note'); «une romance» is a sentimental ballad or song. Note «de vers» here means 'verses, lines of poetry' — a different word from «les vers» ('worms') that crawl through stanza two below. Baudelaire will let that pun do quiet work."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"coordinated with de(bilans), marking vers","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of De, coordinated with bilans","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking billets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"billets","lemma":"billet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, coordinated with vers","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"doux","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies billets","gloss":"sweet","note":"'billets doux' idiomatically means 'love letters'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking procès","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"procès","lemma":"procès","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural (invariable)","role":"coordinated with billets","gloss":"lawsuits"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking romances","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"romances","lemma":"romance","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with billets","gloss":"ballads"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s2-l3","source":"Avec de lourds cheveux roulés dans des quittances,","translation":"with heavy locks of hair rolled up in receipts,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cheveux, coordinated with the de-phrases","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"partitive determiner of cheveux","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"lourds","lemma":"lourd","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cheveux","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"cheveux","lemma":"cheveu","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Avec","gloss":"locks of hair"},{"surface":"roulés","lemma":"rouler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cheveux","gloss":"rolled up"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quittances","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of quittances","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"quittances","lemma":"quittance","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of dans","gloss":"receipts"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s2-l4","source":"Cache moins de secrets que mon triste cerveau.","translation":"hides fewer secrets than my mournful brain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Cache moins de secrets que","title":"Held-back verb and «moins... que»","body":"The single verb «cache» ('hides') governs the whole sentence and is held back across four lines, arriving only here: it is the chest of drawers that 'hides'. «moins de secrets que» = 'fewer secrets than' — the furniture, for all its crammed papers, conceals less than «mon triste cerveau», the speaker's own sorrowful brain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cache","lemma":"cacher","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: meuble)","gloss":"hides"},{"surface":"moins","lemma":"moins","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier modifying secrets","gloss":"fewer"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking secrets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"secrets","lemma":"secret","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Cache","gloss":"secrets"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cerveau","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies cerveau","gloss":"mournful"},{"surface":"cerveau","lemma":"cerveau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical cache in the comparative clause","gloss":"brain"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s2-l5","source":"C'est une pyramide, un immense caveau,","translation":"It is a pyramid, an immense burial-vault,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"C'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to pyramide","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pyramide","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pyramide","lemma":"pyramide","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"pyramid"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of caveau","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"immense","lemma":"immense","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies caveau","gloss":"immense"},{"surface":"caveau","lemma":"caveau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with pyramide","gloss":"burial-vault"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s2-l6","source":"Qui contient plus de morts que la fosse commune.","translation":"that holds more dead than the common grave.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of contient","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"contient","lemma":"contenir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier modifying morts","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking morts","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"morts","lemma":"mort","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of contient","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fosse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fosse","lemma":"fosse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical contient in the comparative clause","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"commune","lemma":"commun","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fosse","gloss":"common"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s2-l7","source":"— Je suis un cimetière abhorré de la lune,","translation":"— I am a graveyard loathed by the moon,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"abhorré de la lune","title":"Past participle + «de» (agent)","body":"«abhorré» ('abhorred, loathed') is a past participle agreeing with «cimetière»; the agent is introduced by «de» rather than «par», an elevated literary usage common with verbs of feeling. So 'a graveyard loathed by the moon' — even the moon turns its face from this burial-ground of the self."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of suis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"suis","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cimetière","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cimetière","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cimetière","lemma":"cimetière","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of suis","gloss":"graveyard"},{"surface":"abhorré","lemma":"abhorrer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cimetière (passive participle)","gloss":"loathed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lune (agent)","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lune","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lune","lemma":"lune","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de (agent of abhorré)","gloss":"moon"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s2-l8","source":"Où comme des remords se traînent de longs vers","translation":"where, like pangs of remorse, long worms drag themselves","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se traînent de longs vers","title":"«se traîner» (pronominal) + the «vers» pun","body":"«se traîner» = 'to drag oneself, to crawl' — the pronominal «se» makes the worms creep of their own accord. With inversion the subject «de longs vers» ('long worms') follows its verb. «vers» now means 'worms', echoing «de vers» ('verses') in the chest above: the poet's lines and the grave's worms are the same word, both gnawing his cherished dead."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies traînent (locative, refers to cimetière)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of remords","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"remords","lemma":"remords","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of comme (object of comparison)","gloss":"pangs of remorse"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on traînent","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"traînent","lemma":"traîner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: vers)","gloss":"drag"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"partitive determiner introducing vers (subject of traînent)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"longs","lemma":"long","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vers","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"ver","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of traînent","gloss":"worms","note":"'vers' here means 'worms' (ver), not 'verse' — a pun, since the earlier stanza used the same spelling for verses."}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s2-l9","source":"Qui s'acharnent toujours sur mes morts les plus chers.","translation":"that forever set upon my dearest dead.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Qui s'acharnent... sur","title":"«s'acharner sur»","body":"«s'acharner sur» = 'to set upon relentlessly, to torment without let-up' — the pronominal verb carries an idea of dogged, savage persistence. The worms (and the remorse they stand for) fasten on «mes morts les plus chers», the memories the speaker loves most, never sparing them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of acharnent (refers to vers/worms)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on acharnent","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"acharnent","lemma":"acharner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set upon"},{"surface":"toujours","lemma":"toujours","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acharnent","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking morts","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of morts","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"morts","lemma":"mort","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of sur","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of chers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies chers","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"chers","lemma":"cher","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies morts","gloss":"dear"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s2-l10","source":"Je suis un vieux boudoir plein de roses fanées,","translation":"I am an old boudoir full of withered roses,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of suis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"suis","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to boudoir","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of boudoir","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies boudoir","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"boudoir","lemma":"boudoir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of suis","gloss":"boudoir"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies boudoir","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roses, modifies plein","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"roses","lemma":"rose","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de","gloss":"roses"},{"surface":"fanées","lemma":"fané","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies roses","gloss":"withered"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s2-l11","source":"Où gît tout un fouillis de modes surannées,","translation":"where lies a whole jumble of outmoded fashions,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Où gît... de modes surannées","title":"«gésir» / «suranné»","body":"«gît» is from the defective verb «gésir» ('to lie'), the verb of tombstones — «ci-gît» means 'here lies'. «suranné» = 'outdated, antiquated, gone out of fashion'. So the boudoir's clutter of old gowns and styles does not merely sit there but 'lies' as the dead lie — the room is one more grave."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause (locative, refers to boudoir)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"gît","lemma":"gésir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fouillis","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fouillis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fouillis","lemma":"fouillis","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of gît","gloss":"jumble"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking modes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"modes","lemma":"mode","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies fouillis","gloss":"fashions"},{"surface":"surannées","lemma":"suranné","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies modes","gloss":"outmoded"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s2-l12","source":"Où les pastels plaintifs et les pâles Boucher","translation":"where plaintive pastels and pale Bouchers,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces clause modifying pastels","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pastels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pastels","lemma":"pastel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of respirent (next segment)","gloss":"pastels"},{"surface":"plaintifs","lemma":"plaintif","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pastels","gloss":"plaintive"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Boucher","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pâles","lemma":"pâle","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies Boucher","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"Boucher","lemma":"Boucher","morphology":"proper noun used as plural common noun","role":"coordinated with pastels, subject of respirent","gloss":"Bouchers","note":"Refers to paintings by the artist Boucher, used as a plural noun ('the Bouchers')."}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s2-l13","source":"Seuls, respirent l'odeur d'un flacon débouché.","translation":"alone, breathe in the scent of an unstoppered flask.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Seuls","lemma":"seul","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies the subject (pastels et Boucher) of respirent","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"respirent","lemma":"respirer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"breathe in"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of odeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"odeur","lemma":"odeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of respirent","gloss":"scent"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flacon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of flacon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"flacon","lemma":"flacon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies odeur","gloss":"flask"},{"surface":"débouché","lemma":"déboucher","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular (used adjectivally)","role":"modifies flacon","gloss":"unstoppered"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s3-l1","source":"Rien n'égale en longueur les boiteuses journées,","translation":"Nothing equals in length the limping days,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"les boiteuses journées","title":"«boiteux» — limping","body":"«boiteux/boiteuse» = 'lame, limping, halting'. The days do not pass so much as hobble. «en longueur» = 'in length, drawn out'. Nothing drags longer than these crippled days when boredom swells, under winter's snows, to the size of eternity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Rien","lemma":"rien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of égale","gloss":"Nothing"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies égale","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"égale","lemma":"égaler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"equals"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking longueur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"longueur","lemma":"longueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of égale","gloss":"length"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of journées","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boiteuses","lemma":"boiteux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies journées","gloss":"limping"},{"surface":"journées","lemma":"journée","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of égale","gloss":"days"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s3-l2","source":"Quand sous les lourds flocons des neigeuses années","translation":"when, beneath the heavy flakes of the snowing years,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flocons","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of flocons","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lourds","lemma":"lourd","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies flocons","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"flocons","lemma":"flocon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition sous","gloss":"flakes"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking années","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"neigeuses","lemma":"neigeux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies années","gloss":"snowy"},{"surface":"années","lemma":"année","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of des, modifies flocons","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s3-l3","source":"L'ennui, fruit de la morne incuriosité,","translation":"ennui, the fruit of dismal incuriosity,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"L'ennui... incuriosité","title":"«l'ennui» and «l'incuriosité»","body":"«ennui» is far stronger than English 'boredom': a soul-deep, listless despair — the «spleen» the whole section is named against. «l'incuriosité» = the want of all curiosity, indifference to everything. Boredom is its 'fruit': born of caring about nothing, it ripens until it swells «aux proportions de l'immortalité» in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ennui","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"ennui","lemma":"ennui","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Prend (next segment)","gloss":"ennui"},{"surface":"fruit","lemma":"fruit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ennui","gloss":"fruit"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking incuriosité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of incuriosité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"morne","lemma":"morne","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies incuriosité","gloss":"dismal"},{"surface":"incuriosité","lemma":"incuriosité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition de","gloss":"incuriosity"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s3-l4","source":"Prend les proportions de l'immortalité.","translation":"takes on the proportions of immortality.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Prend","lemma":"prendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject ennui","gloss":"takes on"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of proportions","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"proportions","lemma":"proportion","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Prend","gloss":"proportions"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking immortalité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of immortalité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"immortalité","lemma":"immortalité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies proportions","gloss":"immortality"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s3-l5","source":"— Désormais tu n'es plus, ô matière vivante!","translation":"— Henceforth you are no more, O living matter!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Désormais tu n'es plus","title":"«ne... plus» + apostrophe","body":"«ne... plus» = 'no longer, no more'. «désormais» = 'from now on, henceforth'. The speaker turns to address himself as «ô matière vivante» ('O living matter') in the second person «tu» — a self-apostrophe. What follows («Qu'un granit...») completes the thought: you are no longer anything but a block of granite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Désormais","lemma":"désormais","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"Henceforth"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es (ne...plus)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative particle marking matière","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"matière","lemma":"matière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to tu","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"vivante","lemma":"vivant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies matière","gloss":"living"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s3-l6","source":"Qu'un granit entouré d'une vague épouvante,","translation":"but a block of granite ringed by a vague dread,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tu n'es plus / Qu'un granit","title":"«ne... plus que» — nothing more than","body":"This «Qu'» completes «tu n'es plus» from the line above: the construction «ne... plus que» means 'no longer anything but'. So 'you are now nothing but a granite block, ringed by a vague terror' — the living man has hardened into inert stone in a fog-bound desert."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"restrictive particle (ne...que)","role":"introduces the predicate complement of es, meaning 'only/no more than'","gloss":"than","note":"Completes 'ne...plus que' ('no more than') begun in the previous line."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of granit","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"granit","lemma":"granit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"granite"},{"surface":"entouré","lemma":"entourer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying granit","gloss":"ringed"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking épouvante","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of épouvante","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vague","lemma":"vague","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies épouvante","gloss":"vague"},{"surface":"épouvante","lemma":"épouvante","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition d', complement of entouré","gloss":"dread"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s3-l7","source":"Assoupi dans le fond d'un Sahara brumeux;","translation":"drowsing in the depths of a misty Sahara;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Assoupi","lemma":"assoupir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular (used adjectivally)","role":"modifies granit","gloss":"drowsing"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fond","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fond","lemma":"fond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of dans, depends on Assoupi","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sahara","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Sahara","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Sahara","lemma":"Sahara","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fond","gloss":"Sahara"},{"surface":"brumeux","lemma":"brumeux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Sahara","gloss":"misty"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s3-l8","source":"Un vieux sphinx ignoré du monde insoucieux,","translation":"an old sphinx unknown to the heedless world,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sphinx","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies sphinx","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"sphinx","lemma":"sphinx","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to granit","gloss":"sphinx"},{"surface":"ignoré","lemma":"ignorer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying sphinx","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking monde","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"monde","lemma":"monde","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of ignoré","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"insoucieux","lemma":"insoucieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies monde","gloss":"heedless"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s3-l9","source":"Oublié sur la carte, et dont l'humeur farouche","translation":"forgotten on the map, and whose sullen mood","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"et dont l'humeur farouche","title":"Relative «dont» (= of which / whose)","body":"«dont» is the relative meaning 'of which, of whom, whose', standing in for «de» + antecedent — here referring to the sphinx: 'whose sullen mood'. «farouche» = 'wild, shy, fierce, unsociable'. The clause runs on into the last line: this sphinx's mood «ne chante qu'aux rayons du soleil qui se couche»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Oublié","lemma":"oublier","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ignoré, modifies sphinx","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carte","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carte","lemma":"carte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Oublié","gloss":"map"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"possessive relative pronoun referring to sphinx, modifies humeur","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of humeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"humeur","lemma":"humeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of chante (next segment)","gloss":"mood"},{"surface":"farouche","lemma":"farouche","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies humeur","gloss":"sullen"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs-s3-l10","source":"Ne chante qu'aux rayons du soleil qui se couche.","translation":"sings only in the rays of the setting sun.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ne chante qu'aux rayons","title":"«ne... que» — only","body":"«ne... que» means 'only, nothing but' — not a negation but a restriction. So «ne chante qu'aux rayons du soleil qui se couche» = 'sings only in the rays of the setting sun'. «se coucher» (pronominal) is the verb for the sun 'going down'. The forgotten sphinx finds voice at one moment alone — the dying of the light — and the poem ends there."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies chante (ne...que)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"chante","lemma":"chanter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject humeur","gloss":"sings"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"restrictive particle (ne...que)","role":"combines with Ne to mean 'only', marking rayons","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rayons","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"rayons","lemma":"rayon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of chante","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soleil","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rayons","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of couche","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on couche","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"couche","lemma":"coucher","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying soleil","gloss":"sets"}]}]}