{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite","title":{"source":"Spleen (Pluviôse irrité)","translated":"Spleen (Pluviôse, Enraged)"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/spleen-pluviose-irrite","lines":14},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/la-cloche-felee","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/spleen-j-ai-plus-de-souvenirs","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s1-l1","source":"Pluviôse, irrité contre la ville entière,","translation":"Pluviôse, enraged against the whole city,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pluviôse","lemma":"Pluviôse","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase (subject, continues in s1-l2)","gloss":"Pluviôse","note":"Pluviôse: the rainy month (roughly Jan–Feb) of the French Republican calendar, personified here."},{"surface":"irrité","lemma":"irrité","morphology":"adjective (past participle), masculine, singular","role":"modifies Pluviôse","gloss":"enraged"},{"surface":"contre","lemma":"contre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ville","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ville","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ville","lemma":"ville","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of contre","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"entière","lemma":"entier","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ville","gloss":"whole"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s1-l2","source":"De son urne à grands flots verse un froid ténébreux","translation":"from his urn in great floods pours a tenebrous cold","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"De son urne... verse","title":"«urne» and the pouring vessel","body":"«une urne» is both a funerary urn and the tilted vessel from which a river-god or the zodiac sign Aquarius pours water. «verser» = 'to pour, to spill'. The image fuses death-urn and rain-urn: «Pluviôse» tips it «à grands flots» ('in great floods') to spill a «froid ténébreux» — a 'tenebrous', shadowy cold — over the living and the dead alike."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking urne","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of urne","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"urne","lemma":"urne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on verse","gloss":"urn"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flots","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"grands","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies flots","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"flots","lemma":"flot","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on verse","gloss":"floods"},{"surface":"verse","lemma":"verser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: Pluviôse)","gloss":"pours"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of froid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"froid","lemma":"froid","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of verse","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"ténébreux","lemma":"ténébreux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies froid","gloss":"tenebrous"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s1-l3","source":"Aux pâles habitants du voisin cimetière","translation":"on the pale inhabitants of the neighbouring graveyard","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking habitants","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"pâles","lemma":"pâle","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies habitants","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"habitants","lemma":"habitant","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of verse","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cimetière","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"voisin","lemma":"voisin","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cimetière","gloss":"neighbouring"},{"surface":"cimetière","lemma":"cimetière","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies habitants","gloss":"graveyard"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s1-l4","source":"Et la mortalité sur les faubourgs brumeux.","translation":"and mortality upon the misty outskirts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verse... la mortalité","title":"Zeugma: one verb, two objects","body":"«verse» from line 2 still governs this line: Pluviôse pours «un froid ténébreux» onto the dead and «la mortalité» onto the living suburbs. Yoking a concrete object (cold) and an abstract one (mortality) under a single verb is a zeugma — the same gesture spills chill on the graveyard and death on the «faubourgs» (the outlying districts). The verb is held back across three lines, mimicking the slow seep of the cold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mortalité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mortalité","lemma":"mortalité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with froid as object of verse","gloss":"mortality"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking faubourgs","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of faubourgs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"faubourgs","lemma":"faubourg","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of sur (locative)","gloss":"outskirts"},{"surface":"brumeux","lemma":"brumeux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies faubourgs","gloss":"misty"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s2-l1","source":"Mon chat sur le carreau cherchant une litière","translation":"My cat on the tiled floor, seeking a bed of straw,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of chat","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"chat","lemma":"chat","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (subject of Agite)","gloss":"cat"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carreau","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of carreau","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carreau","lemma":"carreau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chat","gloss":"tiled floor"},{"surface":"cherchant","lemma":"chercher","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"participial clause modifying chat","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of litière","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"litière","lemma":"litière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cherchant","gloss":"bed of straw"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s2-l2","source":"Agite sans repos son corps maigre et galeux;","translation":"stirs its thin and mangy body without rest;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Agite","lemma":"agiter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: chat)","gloss":"stirs"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking repos","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"repos","lemma":"repos","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Agite","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corps","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Agite","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"maigre","lemma":"maigre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies corps","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"galeux","lemma":"galeux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"coordinated with maigre","gloss":"mangy"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s2-l3","source":"L'âme d'un vieux poète erre dans la gouttière","translation":"the soul of an old poet wanders in the gutter","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"erre","title":"«errer» — to wander","body":"«errer» = 'to wander, to roam' — a false friend, not 'to err'. The dead poet's soul has come to nothing grander than a ghost roaming the «gouttière» (the roof-gutter), the realm of stray cats and damp, its voice that of a «fantôme frileux» (a shivering phantom) in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of erre","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poète","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poète","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies poète","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"poète","lemma":"poète","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies âme","gloss":"poet"},{"surface":"erre","lemma":"errer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanders"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gouttière","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gouttière","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gouttière","lemma":"gouttière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of erre","gloss":"gutter"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s2-l4","source":"Avec la triste voix d'un fantôme frileux.","translation":"with the sad voice of a shivering phantom.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voix, complement of erre","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voix","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies voix","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"voix","lemma":"voix","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of Avec","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fantôme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fantôme","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fantôme","lemma":"fantôme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies voix","gloss":"phantom"},{"surface":"frileux","lemma":"frileux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies fantôme","gloss":"shivering"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s3-l1","source":"Le bourdon se lamente, et la bûche enfumée","translation":"The great bell mourns, and the smoking log","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Le bourdon se lamente","title":"«se lamenter» (pronominal)","body":"«se lamenter» = 'to lament, to wail, to bewail oneself' — the pronominal «se» makes the verb reflexive, the bell mourning of its own accord. «le bourdon» is the deep tenor bell of a church (its low droning note); it 'wails' the funeral toll that pervades the stanza alongside the wheezing clock and smoking log."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bourdon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bourdon","lemma":"bourdon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of lamente","gloss":"great bell"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on lamente","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"lamente","lemma":"lamenter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mourns"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of bûche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bûche","lemma":"bûche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Accompagne","gloss":"log"},{"surface":"enfumée","lemma":"enfumé","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies bûche","gloss":"smoking"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s3-l2","source":"Accompagne en fausset la pendule enrhumée","translation":"accompanies in falsetto the clock with its cold,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la pendule enrhumée","title":"«enrhumé(e)» — having a cold","body":"«enrhumé(e)» means 'having a head-cold, stuffed up' (from «un rhume», a cold). The mantel clock «pendule» is personified as 'rheumy', its tick gone thick and snuffling; the green log answers it «en fausset» ('in falsetto', a strained high pipe). The whole hearth is sick — Baudelaire's deadpan way of making domestic objects share the season's chill."}],"words":[{"surface":"Accompagne","lemma":"accompagner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: bûche)","gloss":"accompanies"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fausset","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"fausset","lemma":"fausset","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of en, modifies Accompagne","gloss":"falsetto"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pendule","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pendule","lemma":"pendule","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Accompagne","gloss":"clock"},{"surface":"enrhumée","lemma":"enrhumé","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pendule","gloss":"with a cold","note":"'enrhumée' literally means 'having a cold' — the clock's tick sounds stuffy, like a sniffle."}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s3-l3","source":"Cependant qu'en un jeu plein de sales parfums,","translation":"while, in a deck of cards full of foul odours,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Cependant qu'","title":"«cependant que» — while","body":"«cependant que» is a literary conjunction meaning 'while, all the while that' — the older, fuller form of «pendant que». It opens the long final sentence that runs across the two tercets, setting the card game «un jeu» (here a deck of playing-cards) alongside the wailing hearth of the stanza above."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cependant","lemma":"cependant","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the subordinating phrase 'cependant que'","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Cependant","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jeu","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jeu","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jeu","lemma":"jeu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of en","gloss":"deck of cards"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies jeu","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking parfums","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sales","lemma":"sale","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies parfums","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"parfums","lemma":"parfum","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies jeu","gloss":"odours"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s4-l1","source":"Héritage fatal d'une vieille hydropique,","translation":"fatal legacy of an old dropsical woman,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"une vieille hydropique","title":"«hydropique» — dropsical","body":"«hydropique» = 'suffering from dropsy' (edema), the old name for a body swollen with retained water. The greasy, foul-smelling deck of cards is the deathbed bequest of a bloated old woman — disease passed down with the inheritance. The water-logged body chimes with the rain and flooding «urne» that opened the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Héritage","lemma":"héritage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"apposition to jeu","gloss":"legacy"},{"surface":"fatal","lemma":"fatal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Héritage","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vieille","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vieille","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vieille","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of d'","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"hydropique","lemma":"hydropique","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies vieille","gloss":"dropsical"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s4-l2","source":"Le beau valet de coeur et la dame de pique","translation":"the handsome jack of hearts and the queen of spades","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of valet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beau","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies valet","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"valet","lemma":"valet","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Causent, coordinated with dame","gloss":"jack"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies valet","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of dame","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dame","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with valet","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pique","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pique","lemma":"pique","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies dame","gloss":"spades"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"spleen-pluviose-irrite-s4-l3","source":"Causent sinistrement de leurs amours défunts.","translation":"talk sinisterly of their departed loves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"leurs amours défunts","title":"«amour» and its shifting gender","body":"«amour» is masculine in the singular but traditionally feminine in the poetic plural — yet Baudelaire writes «amours défunts» with the masculine adjective, a licence the older usage allowed and that suits the formal, archaic tone. «défunt(e)» = 'deceased, departed'; here the cards' loves are themselves dead, the only thing left to talk about."}],"words":[{"surface":"Causent","lemma":"causer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: valet et dame)","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"sinistrement","lemma":"sinistrement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Causent","gloss":"sinisterly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amours","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of amours","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"amours","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"défunts","lemma":"défunt","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies amours","gloss":"departed"}]}]}