{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd","title":{"source":"Spleen (Quand le ciel bas et lourd)","translated":"Spleen (When the Low, Heavy Sky)"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd","lines":20},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/spleen-je-suis-comme-le-roi","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/obsession","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s1-l1","source":"Quand le ciel bas et lourd pèse comme un couvercle","translation":"When the low, heavy sky weighs down like a lid","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pèse","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pèse","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"bas","lemma":"bas","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ciel","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lourd","lemma":"lourd","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with bas, modifies ciel","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"pèse","lemma":"peser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weighs down"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking couvercle","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of couvercle","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"couvercle","lemma":"couvercle","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of pèse","gloss":"lid"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s1-l2","source":"Sur l'esprit gémissant en proie aux longs ennuis,","translation":"upon the groaning spirit prey to long ennuis,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en proie aux longs ennuis","title":"«en proie à» — prey to","body":"«en proie à» = 'a prey to, in the grip of, beset by'. «une proie» is literally the prey of a hunting animal, so the spirit is being devoured by its «longs ennuis». «ennui» here is far heavier than English 'boredom' — the soul-deep weariness and despair that is the very «spleen» the poem and its section are named for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esprit","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esprit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"esprit","lemma":"esprit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Sur, oblique argument of pèse (previous segment)","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"gémissant","lemma":"gémir","morphology":"verb, present, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying esprit","gloss":"groaning"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking proie (idiom en proie à)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"proie","lemma":"proie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on gémissant","gloss":"prey"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ennuis","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"longs","lemma":"long","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies ennuis","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ennuis","lemma":"ennui","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of aux, depends on proie","gloss":"ennuis"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s1-l3","source":"Et que de l'horizon embrassant tout le cercle","translation":"and when, embracing the whole circle of the horizon,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Et que","title":"«Et que» — resuming a «Quand» clause","body":"«que» here stands in for a repeated «Quand»: rather than write «Quand... et quand...», French uses «Quand... et que...» to chain a second 'when' clause without repeating the conjunction. The poem opens three of its four first stanzas with «Quand», so each «Et que» you meet ('and when') is hooking another condition onto that long suspended sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of embrassant (echoes Quand)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horizon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of horizon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"horizon","lemma":"horizon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies cercle","gloss":"horizon"},{"surface":"embrassant","lemma":"embrasser","morphology":"verb, present, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the clause, subject ciel","gloss":"embracing"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cercle","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cercle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cercle","lemma":"cercle","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of embrassant","gloss":"circle"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s1-l4","source":"Il nous verse un jour noir plus triste que les nuits;","translation":"it pours upon us a black day sadder than the nights;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of verse","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"indirect object of verse","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"verse","lemma":"verser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pours"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jour","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jour","lemma":"jour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of verse","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"noir","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies jour","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies triste (comparative)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies jour","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with nuits","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of nuits","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nuits","lemma":"nuit","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of comparison (que), compared to jour","gloss":"nights"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s2-l1","source":"Quand la terre est changée en un cachot humide,","translation":"When the earth is changed into a dank dungeon,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un cachot humide","title":"«cachot» — a dungeon cell","body":"«un cachot» is a dark, often underground prison cell or dungeon — narrower and grimmer than the general «prison» of the next stanza. «humide» = 'damp, dank'. The whole earth shrinks to a wet cell, and «l'Espérance» (Hope) becomes its trapped prisoner, beating the walls in the lines that follow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of changée","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of terre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"terre","lemma":"terre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive changée","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of changée","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"changée","lemma":"changer","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cachot","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cachot","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cachot","lemma":"cachot","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of changée","gloss":"dungeon"},{"surface":"humide","lemma":"humide","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies cachot","gloss":"dank"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s2-l2","source":"Où l'Espérance, comme une chauve-souris,","translation":"where Hope, like a bat,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the clause, modifying cachot","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Espérance","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Espérance","lemma":"espérance","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of va (next segment)","gloss":"Hope"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chauve-souris","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of chauve-souris","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"chauve","lemma":"chauve-souris","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular (part of compound noun)","role":"part of compound noun with souris, object of comme","gloss":"bat","note":"chauve-souris is a compound noun (literally 'bald mouse') meaning 'bat'; split here across two tokens."},{"surface":"souris","lemma":"chauve-souris","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular (part of compound noun)","role":"part of compound noun with chauve, head of the phrase","gloss":"bat"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s2-l3","source":"S'en va battant les murs de son aile timide","translation":"goes beating the walls with its timid wing","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"S'en va battant","title":"«s'en aller» + present participle","body":"«s'en aller» is the pronominal verb 'to go off, to go away' (stronger and more departing than plain «aller»). Followed by the present participle «battant», it expresses ongoing motion: 'goes off beating / keeps beating'. Hope, the caged bat, «s'en va battant les murs» — flits about striking the walls — never escaping the «cachot»."}],"words":[{"surface":"S'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on va (s'en aller)","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"pronoun","role":"depends on va (s'en aller = go away)","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject Espérance","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"battant","lemma":"battre","morphology":"verb, present, participle, masculine, singular","role":"complement of va","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of murs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"murs","lemma":"mur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of battant","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aile (instrumental)","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of aile","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"aile","lemma":"aile","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of battant","gloss":"wing"},{"surface":"timide","lemma":"timide","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies aile","gloss":"timid"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s2-l4","source":"Et se cognant la tête à des plafonds pourris;","translation":"and knocking its head against rotten ceilings;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se cognant la tête","title":"«se cogner la tête» — reflexive with a body part","body":"«se cogner» = 'to knock, bump oneself'. With a part of the body the reflexive «se» does the work English does with a possessive: «se cogner la tête» = 'to bang one's head' (literally 'to bang oneself the head'). The bat-Hope bruises itself blindly against the «plafonds pourris» (rotten ceilings) of its prison."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on cognant","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"cognant","lemma":"cogner","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated with battant (previous line), describes Hope","gloss":"knocking"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tête","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tête","lemma":"tête","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cognant","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plafonds","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of plafonds","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"plafonds","lemma":"plafond","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of cognant","gloss":"ceilings"},{"surface":"pourris","lemma":"pourrir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies plafonds","gloss":"rotten"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s3-l1","source":"Quand la pluie étalant ses immenses traînées","translation":"When the rain, spreading out its immense streaks,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of étalant","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pluie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pluie","lemma":"pluie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of étalant","gloss":"rain"},{"surface":"étalant","lemma":"étaler","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"participial phrase modifying pluie","gloss":"spreading out"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of traînées","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"immenses","lemma":"immense","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies traînées","gloss":"immense"},{"surface":"traînées","lemma":"traînée","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of étalant","gloss":"streaks"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s3-l2","source":"D'une vaste prison imite les barreaux,","translation":"imitates the bars of a vast prison,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prison","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of prison","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vaste","lemma":"vaste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies prison","gloss":"vast"},{"surface":"prison","lemma":"prison","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition D', modifies barreaux","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"imite","lemma":"imiter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: la pluie, previous line)","gloss":"imitates"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of barreaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"barreaux","lemma":"barreau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of imite","gloss":"bars"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s3-l3","source":"Et qu'un peuple muet d'infâmes araignées","translation":"and when a mute people of vile spiders","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates with Quand (s3-l1)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Vient (s3-l4)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of peuple","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"peuple","lemma":"peuple","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Vient (s3-l4)","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"muet","lemma":"muet","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies peuple","gloss":"mute"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking araignées","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"infâmes","lemma":"infâme","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies araignées","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"araignées","lemma":"araignée","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies peuple","gloss":"spiders"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s3-l4","source":"Vient tendre ses filets au fond de nos cerveaux,","translation":"comes to stretch its webs in the depths of our brains,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tendre ses filets","title":"«tendre ses filets» — to set its nets","body":"«tendre» = 'to stretch tight, to set, to lay' and «un filet» is a net or web; «tendre ses filets» is the set phrase for laying snares or spinning a web. The silent army of spiders spins its webs «au fond de nos cerveaux» — in the very depths of our brains — making despair an infestation of the mind, much as the «Démons» swarm the brain in «Au Lecteur»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vient","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"tendre","lemma":"tendre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Vient","gloss":"to stretch"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of filets","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"filets","lemma":"filet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tendre","gloss":"webs"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fond","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"fond","lemma":"fond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of tendre","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cerveaux","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cerveaux","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"cerveaux","lemma":"cerveau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fond","gloss":"brains"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s4-l1","source":"Des cloches tout à coup sautent avec furie","translation":"Bells all at once leap up with fury","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cloches","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"cloches","lemma":"cloche","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of sautent","gloss":"bells"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom tout à coup, modifies sautent","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom tout à coup","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"coup","lemma":"coup","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying sautent","gloss":"once","note":"\"tout à coup\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"suddenly, all at once.\""},{"surface":"sautent","lemma":"sauter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leap up"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking furie","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"furie","lemma":"furie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of sautent","gloss":"fury"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s4-l2","source":"Et lancent vers le ciel un affreux hurlement,","translation":"and hurl toward the sky a hideous howling,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lancent","lemma":"lancer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: cloches, previous line)","gloss":"hurl"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of lancent","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hurlement","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"affreux","lemma":"affreux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hurlement","gloss":"hideous"},{"surface":"hurlement","lemma":"hurlement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of lancent","gloss":"howling"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s4-l3","source":"Ainsi que des esprits errants et sans patrie","translation":"just like wandering spirits with no homeland","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"des esprits errants","title":"«errant» — wandering (a false friend)","body":"«errant» means 'wandering, roaming, straying' (from «errer», to roam) — not the English 'erring'. The clanging bells are likened to «des esprits errants et sans patrie» — homeless, wandering souls 'with no homeland' — who, in the next line, break into an obstinate moaning. The same root gives «le Juif errant», the Wandering Jew."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking esprits (with que)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Ainsi","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of esprits","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"esprits","lemma":"esprit","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of lancent (comparison)","gloss":"spirits"},{"surface":"errants","lemma":"errant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies esprits","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking patrie","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"patrie","lemma":"patrie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of sans, modifies esprits","gloss":"homeland"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s4-l4","source":"Qui se mettent à geindre opiniâtrement.","translation":"who set themselves to whine obstinately.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se mettent à geindre","title":"«se mettre à» + infinitive — to start to","body":"«se mettre à» + infinitive = 'to begin to, to set about (doing)', stressing the abrupt onset of an action. «geindre» = 'to whine, moan, groan'; «opiniâtrement» = 'stubbornly, doggedly'. The homeless spirits «se mettent à geindre opiniâtrement» — break into a relentless, obstinate moaning — the very sound the furious bells make."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of mettent","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on mettent","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"mettent","lemma":"mettre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause (refers to esprits)","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of geindre","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geindre","lemma":"geindre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of mettent","gloss":"whine"},{"surface":"opiniâtrement","lemma":"opiniâtrement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geindre","gloss":"obstinately"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s5-l1","source":"— Et de longs corbillards, sans tambours ni musique,","translation":"— And long hearses, with neither drums nor music,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de longs corbillards","title":"«corbillard» — a hearse","body":"«un corbillard» is a hearse, the carriage that bears the coffin in a funeral. The opening em-dash and «Et» mark the turn into the final movement: the outer storm collapses into an inner funeral, a slow file of hearses «sans tambours ni musique» (with neither drums nor music) processing «dans mon âme» — through the speaker's very soul."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of corbillards","gloss":"some","note":"\"des\" reduces to \"de\" before a plural noun preceded by an adjective (\"de longs corbillards\")."},{"surface":"longs","lemma":"long","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies corbillards","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"corbillards","lemma":"corbillard","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Défilent (s5-l2)","gloss":"hearses"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tambours","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"tambours","lemma":"tambour","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies corbillards","gloss":"drums"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"musique","lemma":"musique","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with tambours","gloss":"music"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s5-l2","source":"Défilent lentement dans mon âme; l'Espoir,","translation":"file slowly through my soul; Hope,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Défilent","lemma":"défiler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"file past"},{"surface":"lentement","lemma":"lentement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Défilent","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking âme","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Défilent","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Espoir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Espoir","lemma":"espoir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pleure (s5-l3)","gloss":"Hope"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s5-l3","source":"Vaincu, pleure, et l'Angoisse atroce, despotique,","translation":"vanquished, weeps, and atrocious, despotic Anguish","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vaincu, pleure","title":"«vaincu» — past participle of «vaincre»","body":"«vaincu» is the past participle of the irregular verb «vaincre» ('to vanquish, defeat'). Set off as an adjective describing «l'Espoir» across the line break — «l'Espoir, / Vaincu, pleure» — it means 'Hope, defeated, weeps'. With Hope beaten and in tears, «l'Angoisse» (Anguish) seizes power in the final image."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vaincu","lemma":"vaincre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Espoir (previous line)","gloss":"vanquished"},{"surface":"pleure","lemma":"pleurer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: Espoir, previous line)","gloss":"weeps"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Angoisse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Angoisse","lemma":"angoisse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of plante (s5-l4), coordinated with Espoir","gloss":"Anguish"},{"surface":"atroce","lemma":"atroce","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Angoisse","gloss":"atrocious"},{"surface":"despotique","lemma":"despotique","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Angoisse","gloss":"despotic"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"spleen-quand-le-ciel-bas-et-lourd-s5-l4","source":"Sur mon crâne incliné plante son drapeau noir.","translation":"plants its black flag on my bowed skull.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking crâne","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of crâne","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"crâne","lemma":"crâne","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Sur, modifies plante","gloss":"skull"},{"surface":"incliné","lemma":"incliner","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies crâne","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"plante","lemma":"planter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: Angoisse, previous line)","gloss":"plants"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of drapeau","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"drapeau","lemma":"drapeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of plante","gloss":"flag"},{"surface":"noir","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies drapeau","gloss":"black"}]}]}