{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"tristesses-de-la-lune","title":{"source":"Tristesses de la lune","translated":"Sorrows of the Moon"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/tristesses-de-la-lune","lines":14},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/sonnet-d-automne","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/les-chats","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s1-l1","source":"Ce soir, la lune rêve avec plus de paresse;","translation":"Tonight the moon dreams with a deeper indolence;","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la lune rêve","title":"«rêver» — and the personified moon","body":"«rêver» is 'to dream'. From the first line the moon is no object but a languid woman: «la lune rêve avec plus de paresse» — 'the moon dreams with more laziness'. «la paresse» is idleness, sloth; «avec plus de paresse» means 'more idly than usual', setting up the simile of the drowsing beauty that fills the whole first quatrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soir","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of rêve","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lune","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lune","lemma":"lune","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of rêve","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"rêve","lemma":"rêver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paresse","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifies paresse","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces paresse after plus","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"paresse","lemma":"paresse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of avec","gloss":"indolence"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s1-l2","source":"Ainsi qu'une beauté, sur de nombreux coussins,","translation":"Just like a beauty who, upon her heaped-up cushions,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ainsi qu'une beauté","title":"«ainsi que» — 'just as, like'","body":"«ainsi que» means 'just as, in the same way as' and here opens the governing simile: the moon dreams «ainsi qu'une beauté» — 'like a beautiful woman'. Everything from this line to «le contour de ses seins» describes that woman, not the moon directly; the comparison is sustained across three lines before the poem returns to the sky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the comparison ainsi que","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Ainsi","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of beauté","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"beauté","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compared to lune via ainsi que","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coussins","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the quantifier de nombreux","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"nombreux","lemma":"nombreux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies coussins","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"coussins","lemma":"coussin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of sur","gloss":"cushions"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s1-l3","source":"Qui d'une main distraite et légère caresse","translation":"With an absent, weightless hand goes caressing","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"distraite","title":"«distrait(e)» — absent-minded","body":"«distrait», feminine «distraite», means absent-minded, inattentive, lost in thought — not 'distracted' by anything in particular. «d'une main distraite et légère» — 'with an absent, light hand' — gives the gesture its half-asleep idleness: the hand strays of its own accord, barely aware of what it touches."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"caresse ... le contour","title":"Verb split from its object","body":"The verb «caresse» (caresses) sits at the end of this line, but its direct object «le contour de ses seins» does not arrive until the next line, after the long adverbial «Avant de s'endormir». French verse readily strains word order this way for rhyme and suspense; in reading, link «caresse» straight through to «le contour» — 'caresses the curve of her breasts'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of caresse","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking main","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of main","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"main","lemma":"main","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of caresse","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"distraite","lemma":"distrait","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies main","gloss":"absent-minded"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"légère","lemma":"léger","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with distraite, modifies main","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"caresse","lemma":"caresser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative-clause verb, subject Qui","gloss":"caresses"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s1-l4","source":"Avant de s'endormir le contour de ses seins,","translation":"The curve of her own breasts before she falls asleep,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Avant de s'endormir","title":"«avant de» + infinitive; pronominal «s'endormir»","body":"«avant de» is followed by the infinitive, never a conjugated verb: «avant de s'endormir» = 'before falling asleep'. «s'endormir» is the pronominal verb 'to fall asleep' (as opposed to «dormir», 'to sleep'), the «se» marking the change of state the sleeper undergoes in herself. The subject of the infinitive is understood from the clause — the beauty of the simile."}],"words":[{"surface":"Avant","lemma":"avant","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal clause s'endormir","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of avant de + infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on endormir","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"endormir","lemma":"endormir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"temporal clause modifying caresse","gloss":"falls asleep"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of contour","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"contour","lemma":"contour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of caresse","gloss":"curve"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking seins","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of seins","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"seins","lemma":"sein","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies contour","gloss":"breasts"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s2-l1","source":"Sur le dos satiné des molles avalanches,","translation":"Upon the satin back of soft, slow avalanches,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"des molles avalanches","title":"«mou / molle» and the cloud-avalanches","body":"«mou», feminine «molle», means soft, slack, yielding. The «molles avalanches» are the billowing banks of cloud the moon now reclines on, imagined as soft, satin-backed snowslides. «Avalanche» keeps its sense of a slow, heaped mass in motion — luxurious bedding rather than disaster — continuing the boudoir image of the cushions above."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dos","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of livre","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"satiné","lemma":"satiné","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies dos","gloss":"satiny"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking avalanches","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"molles","lemma":"mou","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies avalanches","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"avalanches","lemma":"avalanche","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies dos","gloss":"avalanches"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s2-l2","source":"Mourante, elle se livre aux longues pâmoisons,","translation":"Dying away, she gives herself to long deep swoons,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"elle se livre","title":"Pronominal «se livrer à» — to give oneself over to","body":"«livrer» is 'to deliver, hand over'; the pronominal «se livrer à» means 'to give oneself up to, surrender to' something. «elle se livre aux longues pâmoisons» — 'she abandons herself to long swoons'. «Mourante» (dying, fem.) is a participle agreeing with «elle» (the moon): she sinks, faint and yielding, into her own languor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"les longues pâmoisons","title":"«la pâmoison» — a swoon","body":"«la pâmoison» is a swoon or fainting fit, an ecstatic loss of consciousness (from «se pâmer», to swoon). The plural «les longues pâmoisons» — 'long swoons' — fuses erotic abandon with the moon's slow setting: she faints by degrees into the clouds, voluptuous and half-dead at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mourante","lemma":"mourant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of livre, describes elle","gloss":"dying away"},{"surface":"elle","lemma":"elle","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of livre","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of livre","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"livre","lemma":"livrer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pâmoisons","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"longues","lemma":"long","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies pâmoisons","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"pâmoisons","lemma":"pâmoison","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of livre","gloss":"swoons"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s2-l3","source":"Et promène ses yeux sur les visions blanches","translation":"And lets her gaze stray over the white apparitions","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"promène ses yeux","title":"«promener ses yeux / son regard»","body":"Literally 'to walk one's eyes', the idiom «promener ses yeux (sur)» means to let one's gaze wander or rove slowly over something. «promène ses yeux sur les visions blanches» — 'lets her eyes drift over the white visions', the pale cloud-shapes she watches rise. The verb keeps the dreamy, unhurried motion of the whole poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"promène","lemma":"promener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strays"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of promène","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking visions","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of visions","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"visions","lemma":"vision","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of promène","gloss":"apparitions"},{"surface":"blanches","lemma":"blanc","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies visions","gloss":"white"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s2-l4","source":"Qui montent dans l'azur comme des floraisons.","translation":"That climb into the blue like slow unfoldings of bloom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"des floraisons","title":"«la floraison» — a flowering","body":"«la floraison» is the act or season of flowering, a blossoming. The white visions «montent dans l'azur comme des floraisons» — rise into the blue 'like flowerings', as if the clouds were blooming open in the sky. «l'azur» (the azure) is a favourite Baudelairean word for the bright upper heavens, the ideal toward which the images ascend."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of montent","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"montent","lemma":"monter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climb"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azur","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of azur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"azur","lemma":"azur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of montent","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking floraisons","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of floraisons","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"floraisons","lemma":"floraison","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of comme","gloss":"unfoldings of bloom"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s3-l1","source":"Quand parfois sur ce globe, en sa langueur oisive,","translation":"When at times, upon this orb, in her idle languor,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en sa langueur oisive","title":"«la langueur» and «oisif / oisive»","body":"«la langueur» is languor — a soft weariness, a melancholy lack of energy. «oisif», feminine «oisive», means idle, doing nothing. «en sa langueur oisive» — 'in her idle languor' — and «ce globe» is the moon's own disk; the tercet now opens the conditional moment when, out of all this listlessness, a single tear may fall."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause modifying laisse","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"parfois","lemma":"parfois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laisse","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking globe","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of globe","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"globe","lemma":"globe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of laisse","gloss":"orb"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking langueur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of langueur","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"langueur","lemma":"langueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of laisse","gloss":"languor"},{"surface":"oisive","lemma":"oisif","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies langueur","gloss":"idle"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s3-l2","source":"Elle laisse filer une larme furtive,","translation":"She lets a furtive teardrop slip and fall,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"laisse filer une larme","title":"«laisser» + infinitive — to let (something) happen","body":"«laisser» followed by an infinitive means 'to let / allow (something) to do': «elle laisse filer une larme» = 'she lets a tear slip away'. «filer» here is 'to slide, slip, trickle'. The construction makes the tear escape almost without her will — «furtive», stolen and unnoticed — the one drop the whole sonnet has been moving toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Elle","lemma":"elle","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of laisse","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"laisse","lemma":"laisser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lets"},{"surface":"filer","lemma":"filer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laisse","gloss":"slip and fall"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of larme","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"larme","lemma":"larme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of filer","gloss":"teardrop"},{"surface":"furtive","lemma":"furtif","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies larme","gloss":"furtive"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s3-l3","source":"Un poète pieux, ennemi du sommeil,","translation":"A pious poet, sworn enemy of sleep,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poète","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poète","lemma":"poète","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of prend","gloss":"poet"},{"surface":"pieux","lemma":"pieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies poète","gloss":"pious"},{"surface":"ennemi","lemma":"ennemi","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to poète","gloss":"enemy"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sommeil","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sommeil","lemma":"sommeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ennemi","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s4-l1","source":"Dans le creux de sa main prend cette larme pâle,","translation":"Into the hollow of his hand takes up that pale tear,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dans le creux de sa main prend","title":"Fronted adverbial with delayed verb","body":"The sentence began with its subject «Un poète pieux» in the line before; here the adverbial «Dans le creux de sa main» (in the hollow of his hand) is fronted ahead of the verb «prend» (takes), which has no repeated subject pronoun. Read it as 'a pious poet… takes that pale tear into the hollow of his hand'. The inversion keeps the gesture suspended to the very end of the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking creux","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of creux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"creux","lemma":"creux","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of prend","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking main","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of main","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"main","lemma":"main","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies creux","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"prend","lemma":"prendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes up"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of larme","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"larme","lemma":"larme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of prend","gloss":"tear"},{"surface":"pâle","lemma":"pâle","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies larme","gloss":"pale"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s4-l2","source":"Aux reflets irisés comme un fragment d'opale,","translation":"With iridescent glints like a shard of opal,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Aux reflets irisés","title":"«irisé» — iridescent; descriptive «à»","body":"«irisé» means iridescent, shimmering with rainbow colours (from «iris», the rainbow). The phrase «aux reflets irisés» uses «à» to attach a defining trait to the tear of the previous line — 'the tear with iridescent gleams' — comparing it «comme un fragment d'opale», like a chip of opal: a small, precious, many-coloured stone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reflets","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"reflets","lemma":"reflet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies larme","gloss":"glints"},{"surface":"irisés","lemma":"irisé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies reflets","gloss":"iridescent"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fragment","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fragment","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fragment","lemma":"fragment","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"compared to reflets via comme","gloss":"shard"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opale","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"opale","lemma":"opale","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fragment","gloss":"opal"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"tristesses-de-la-lune-s4-l3","source":"Et la met dans son coeur loin des yeux du soleil.","translation":"And hides it in his heart, far from the eyes of the sun.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"la met dans son coeur","title":"Object pronoun «la» — the tear","body":"«la» is the feminine direct-object pronoun standing for «la larme» (the tear), and precedes its verb «met» (puts): «la met dans son coeur» = 'puts it in his heart'. The closing line opposes the secret heart to «les yeux du soleil» — the eyes of the sun, daylight and the public world — the poet guarding the moon's one tear where the sun can never reach it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of met","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"mettre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hides"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of met","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"loin","lemma":"loin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies met","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yeux","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of loin","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soleil","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies yeux","gloss":"sun"}]}]}