{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"un-voyage-a-cythere","title":{"source":"Un Voyage à Cythère","translated":"A Voyage to Cythera"},"section":"Flowers of Evil","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/un-voyage-a-cythere","lines":60},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/la-beatrice","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-amour-et-le-crane","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s1-l1","source":"Mon coeur, comme un oiseau, voltigeait tout joyeux","translation":"My heart, like a bird, was fluttering all joyful","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"voltigeait","title":"«voltiger»","body":"«voltiger» means to flit, flutter, or wheel through the air, as a bird or insect does. Here it is in the imperfect («voltigeait»), painting an ongoing, weightless state. The buoyant opening is set up to be crushed by the gibbet at the poem's center."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of voltigeait","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oiseau","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of oiseau","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oiseau","lemma":"oiseau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on voltigeait","gloss":"bird"},{"surface":"voltigeait","lemma":"voltiger","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was fluttering"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies joyeux","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"joyeux","lemma":"joyeux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"predicate adjective describing coeur","gloss":"joyful"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s1-l2","source":"Et planait librement à l'entour des cordages;","translation":"And soared freely about the rigging;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"à l'entour de","title":"«à l'entour de»","body":"«à l'entour de» is a literary phrase meaning 'around, in the vicinity of' (modern French prefers «autour de»). «les cordages» (m. pl.) are a ship's ropes and rigging. The verb «planait» (imperfect of «planer», to glide/soar) continues the airborne mood of the first line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"planait","lemma":"planer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"soared"},{"surface":"librement","lemma":"librement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies planait","gloss":"freely"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking entour","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of entour","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"entour","lemma":"entour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of planait","gloss":"surroundings"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cordages","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cordages","lemma":"cordage","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies entour","gloss":"rigging"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s1-l3","source":"Le navire roulait sous un ciel sans nuages;","translation":"The ship rolled along beneath a cloudless sky;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of navire","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"navire","lemma":"navire","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of roulait","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"roulait","lemma":"rouler","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rolled along"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of roulait","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nuages","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"nuages","lemma":"nuage","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ciel","gloss":"clouds"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s1-l4","source":"Comme un ange enivré d'un soleil radieux.","translation":"Like an angel made drunk on a radiant sun.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"enivré","title":"«enivré de»","body":"«enivré» is the past participle of «enivrer» (to intoxicate, to make drunk), here used adjectivally and governing «de»: «enivré d'un soleil radieux» = 'drunk on a radiant sun'. Drunkenness on light and beauty is a recurring Baudelairean image; «s'enivrer» ('get drunk') is the pronominal counterpart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ange","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ange","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"enivré","lemma":"enivrer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ange","gloss":"made drunk"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soleil","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of enivré","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"radieux","lemma":"radieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies soleil","gloss":"radiant"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s2-l1","source":"Quelle est cette île triste et noire? — C'est Cythère,","translation":"What is this island, sad and black? — It is Cythera,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quelle","lemma":"quel","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, modifying île","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb, copula","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of île","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"île","lemma":"île","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies île","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"noire","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with triste","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"C'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to Cythère","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Cythère","lemma":"Cythère","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicate noun of est","gloss":"Cythera"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s2-l2","source":"Nous dit-on, un pays fameux dans les chansons,","translation":"We are told, a land famous in the songs,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nous dit-on","title":"Inversion with «on»: «nous dit-on»","body":"«on» is the impersonal subject ('one, they, people'). In a parenthetical aside the verb and subject invert: «nous dit-on» = 'we are told / so they tell us', literally 'tells-us-one'. The «t» liaison links «dit» to «on». It drops the speakers' enthusiasm into the line like hearsay."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"indirect object of dit (dative, 'to us')","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"-on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, singular","role":"subject of dit","gloss":"one","note":"'on dit' is impersonal; 'Nous dit-on' literally 'one tells us' = 'we are told'."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pays","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pays","lemma":"pays","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of dit","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"fameux","lemma":"fameux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies pays","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chansons","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of chansons","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chansons","lemma":"chanson","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of dans, modifies pays","gloss":"songs"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s2-l3","source":"Eldorado banal de tous les vieux garçons.","translation":"A hackneyed Eldorado for every old bachelor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vieux garçons","title":"«un vieux garçon»","body":"«un vieux garçon» (literally 'an old boy') is the idiom for a confirmed bachelor, an aging single man. Calling Cythera — Venus's island of love — a 'banal Eldorado' for such men deflates its romance with a sneer before the horror arrives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eldorado","lemma":"eldorado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Eldorado"},{"surface":"banal","lemma":"banal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Eldorado","gloss":"hackneyed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking garçons","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies garçons","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of garçons","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies garçons","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"garçons","lemma":"garçon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies Eldorado","gloss":"bachelors"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s2-l4","source":"Regardez, après tout, c'est une pauvre terre.","translation":"Look closer: after all, it is a poor scrap of land.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Regardez","lemma":"regarder","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"après","lemma":"après","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tout (idiom 'après tout')","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of après (idiom 'after all')","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"c'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to terre","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of terre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pauvre","lemma":"pauvre","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies terre","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"terre","lemma":"terre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s3-l1","source":"— Île des doux secrets et des fêtes du coeur!","translation":"— Island of sweet secrets and of the heart's festivals!","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Île","lemma":"île","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Island"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking secrets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"doux","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies secrets","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"secrets","lemma":"secret","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Île","gloss":"secrets"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fêtes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fêtes","lemma":"fête","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with secrets, modifies Île","gloss":"festivals"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fêtes","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s3-l2","source":"De l'antique Vénus le superbe fantôme","translation":"Of ancient Venus the proud phantom","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De l'antique Vénus le superbe fantôme","title":"Fronted «de» phrase","body":"Prose order would be «le superbe fantôme de l'antique Vénus» ('the proud phantom of ancient Venus'). Baudelaire fronts the «de» complement to the head of the line — a verse inversion that suspends the grammatical subject «le superbe fantôme» until line's end, where it can flow into the verb «plane» of the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Vénus","gloss":"Of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Vénus","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"antique","lemma":"antique","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Vénus","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"Vénus","lemma":"Vénus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of De","gloss":"Venus"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fantôme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"superbe","lemma":"superbe","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies fantôme","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"fantôme","lemma":"fantôme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of plane (next line)","gloss":"phantom"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s3-l3","source":"Au-dessus de tes mers plane comme un arôme","translation":"Above your seas hovers like a perfume","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition au-dessus de","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"dessus","lemma":"dessus","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound preposition au-dessus de","gloss":"above","note":"'au-dessus de' is a fixed compound preposition meaning 'above'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mers","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of mers","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"mers","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of au-dessus de","gloss":"seas"},{"surface":"plane","lemma":"planer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hovers"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arôme","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of arôme","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"arôme","lemma":"arôme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"perfume"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s3-l4","source":"Et charge les esprits d'amour et de langueur.","translation":"And laden the spirits with love and with languor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"charge ... d'amour","title":"«charger qqch. de»","body":"«charger quelque chose de» means 'to load / burden something with'. Here «charge les esprits d'amour et de langueur» = 'burdens the spirits with love and languor'. «la langueur» is a soft, dreamy weariness — a key word in Baudelaire's vocabulary of enervated desire."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"charge","lemma":"charger","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laden"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of esprits","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"esprits","lemma":"esprit","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of charge","gloss":"spirits"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amour","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"amour","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of d', modifies esprits","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking langueur","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"langueur","lemma":"langueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with amour","gloss":"languor"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s4-l1","source":"Belle île aux myrtes verts, pleine de fleurs écloses,","translation":"Fair island of green myrtles, full of blossomed flowers,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"myrtes","title":"«le myrte»","body":"«le myrte» is the myrtle, an evergreen shrub sacred to Venus and an ancient emblem of love. «écloses» is the past participle of «éclore» (to bloom, to hatch), so «fleurs écloses» are flowers that have opened. The lush imagery is the last beauty before the poem turns to carrion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Belle","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies île","gloss":"Fair"},{"surface":"île","lemma":"île","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myrtes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myrtes","lemma":"myrte","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies île","gloss":"myrtles"},{"surface":"verts","lemma":"vert","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies myrtes","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"pleine","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies île","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fleurs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fleurs","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies pleine","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"écloses","lemma":"éclore","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies fleurs","gloss":"blossomed"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s4-l2","source":"Vénérée à jamais par toute nation,","translation":"Forever revered by every nation,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vénérée","lemma":"vénérer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"modifies île (previous line)","gloss":"revered"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase à jamais","gloss":"to","note":"'à jamais' is a fixed phrase meaning 'forever'."},{"surface":"jamais","lemma":"jamais","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on Vénérée","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nation","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"toute","lemma":"tout","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nation","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"nation","lemma":"nation","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"agent of Vénérée","gloss":"nation"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s4-l3","source":"Où les soupirs des coeurs en adoration","translation":"Where the sighs of hearts in adoration","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative adverb, introduces clause modifying île, refers to Roulent (next line)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of soupirs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soupirs","lemma":"soupir","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Roulent (next line)","gloss":"sighs"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeurs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"coeurs","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies soupirs","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adoration","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"adoration","lemma":"adoration","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies coeurs","gloss":"adoration"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s4-l4","source":"Roulent comme l'encens sur un jardin de roses","translation":"Roll like incense over a garden of roses","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Roulent","lemma":"rouler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"roll"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking encens","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of encens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"encens","lemma":"encens","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"incense"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jardin","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jardin","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jardin","lemma":"jardin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of sur, modifies Roulent","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roses","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"roses","lemma":"rose","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies jardin","gloss":"roses"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s5-l1","source":"Ou le roucoulement éternel d'un ramier!","translation":"Or the eternal cooing of a wood-pigeon!","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"roucoulement","title":"«le roucoulement»","body":"«le roucoulement» is the cooing of a dove or pigeon (verb «roucouler»), by extension the murmur of lovers. «un ramier» is a wood-pigeon. This line completes the sentence begun in the previous stanza, then the dash snaps the reverie shut as the real island appears."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of roucoulement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"roucoulement","lemma":"roucoulement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cooing"},{"surface":"éternel","lemma":"éternel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies roucoulement","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ramier","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ramier","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ramier","lemma":"ramier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies roucoulement","gloss":"wood-pigeon"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s5-l2","source":"— Cythère n'était plus qu'un terrain des plus maigres,","translation":"— Cythera was now no more than a most meagre patch of ground,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"n'était plus qu'","title":"«ne ... plus que»","body":"Two negations stack here. «ne ... plus» = 'no longer'; «ne ... que» = 'only, nothing but'. Combined, «n'était plus qu'un terrain» = 'was no longer anything but a patch of ground'. «des plus maigres» ('of the most meagre') is a superlative intensifier: 'extremely scrawny'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cythère","lemma":"Cythère","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of était","gloss":"Cythera"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies était (ne...plus)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"était","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies était (ne...plus, 'no longer')","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"restrictive particle","role":"restrictive particle (ne...que, 'only'), introduces terrain","gloss":"than","note":"'ne...plus que' = 'no more than'."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of terrain","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"terrain","lemma":"terrain","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of était","gloss":"patch of ground"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the superlative construction des plus maigres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maigres","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"maigres","lemma":"maigre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies terrain","gloss":"meagre"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s5-l3","source":"Un désert rocailleux troublé par des cris aigres.","translation":"A stony desert troubled by harsh, shrill cries.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of désert","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"désert","lemma":"désert","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"desert"},{"surface":"rocailleux","lemma":"rocailleux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies désert","gloss":"stony"},{"surface":"troublé","lemma":"troubler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying désert","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cris","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cris","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cris","lemma":"cri","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"agent of troublé","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"aigres","lemma":"aigre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies cris","gloss":"shrill"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s5-l4","source":"J'entrevoyais pourtant un objet singulier!","translation":"Yet I made out, dimly, a singular object!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"J'entrevoyais","title":"«entrevoir»","body":"«entrevoir» (entre- 'between' + voir 'to see') means to glimpse or half-see, to make out indistinctly. The imperfect «entrevoyais» gives a lingering, uncertain peering. «pourtant» ('yet, nevertheless') marks the swerve from desolate landscape to the one strange thing that will dominate the rest of the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"J'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of entrevoyais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"entrevoyais","lemma":"entrevoir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made out"},{"surface":"pourtant","lemma":"pourtant","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entrevoyais","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of objet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"objet","lemma":"objet","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of entrevoyais","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"singulier","lemma":"singulier","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies objet","gloss":"singular"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s6-l1","source":"Ce n'était pas un temple aux ombres bocagères,","translation":"It was not a temple in leafy, woodland shade,","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bocagères","title":"«bocager / bocagère»","body":"«bocager» is a literary adjective from «le bocage» (a grove, leafy woodland). «aux ombres bocagères» = 'with grove-like shadows'. The whole stanza is a negation — what the object is not — building suspense before the gibbet is finally named."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of était","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies était","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"était","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to temple","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies était","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of temple","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"temple","lemma":"temple","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"temple"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ombres","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ombres","lemma":"ombre","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies temple","gloss":"shade"},{"surface":"bocagères","lemma":"bocager","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ombres","gloss":"woodland"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s6-l2","source":"Où la jeune prêtresse, amoureuse des fleurs,","translation":"Where the young priestess, in love with the flowers,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative adverb, introduces clause modifying temple, refers to Allait (next line)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of prêtresse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jeune","lemma":"jeune","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies prêtresse","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"prêtresse","lemma":"prêtresse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Allait (next line)","gloss":"priestess"},{"surface":"amoureuse","lemma":"amoureux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to prêtresse","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fleurs","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"fleurs","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies amoureuse","gloss":"flowers"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s6-l3","source":"Allait, le corps brûlé de secrètes chaleurs,","translation":"Would walk, her body burning with secret heat,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Allait","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would walk"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of corps","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"absolute phrase modifying Allait","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"brûlé","lemma":"brûler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying corps","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chaleurs","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"secrètes","lemma":"secret","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies chaleurs","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"chaleurs","lemma":"chaleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies corps","gloss":"heat"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s6-l4","source":"Entrebâillant sa robe aux brises passagères;","translation":"Half-opening her robe to the passing breezes;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Entrebâillant","title":"«entrebâiller»","body":"«entrebâiller» means to open partway, to leave ajar (a door, a window, here a robe). The present participle «entrebâillant» describes the priestess as she walks. The sensual, half-glimpsed gesture belongs to the imagined Cythera that the next stanza will violently replace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entrebâillant","lemma":"entrebâiller","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"participial clause depending on Allait","gloss":"half-opening"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of robe","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"robe","lemma":"robe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Entrebâillant","gloss":"robe"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brises","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brises","lemma":"brise","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of aux, indirect object of Entrebâillant","gloss":"breezes"},{"surface":"passagères","lemma":"passager","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies brises","gloss":"passing"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s7-l1","source":"Mais voilà qu'en rasant la côte d'assez près","translation":"But now, as we skimmed the coast close enough","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"en rasant","title":"Gerund «en rasant»","body":"«en» + present participle (the gérondif) gives the manner or timing of an action: «en rasant la côte» = 'while skimming / grazing the coast'. «raser» literally means to shave, here to pass very close to. «voilà que» ('and now / suddenly') announces the turn into the grisly discovery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"voilà","lemma":"voilà","morphology":"presentative","role":"presentative introducing the main clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rasant","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the gerund construction with rasant","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"rasant","lemma":"raser","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"gerund clause introduced by qu'en","gloss":"skimming"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of côte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"côte","lemma":"côte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of rasant","gloss":"coast"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing adverbial phrase modifying rasant (idiom 'd'assez près')","gloss":"close","note":"'d'assez près' idiomatically means 'quite closely, close enough'."},{"surface":"assez","lemma":"assez","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies près","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"près","lemma":"près","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rasant","gloss":"close"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s7-l2","source":"Pour troubler les oiseaux avec nos voiles blanches,","translation":"To startle the birds with our white sails,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of troubler","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"troubler","lemma":"troubler","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"startle"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of oiseaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oiseaux","lemma":"oiseau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of troubler","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voiles","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of voiles","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"voiles","lemma":"voile","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of avec, modifies troubler","gloss":"sails"},{"surface":"blanches","lemma":"blanc","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies voiles","gloss":"white"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s7-l3","source":"Nous vîmes que c'était un gibet à trois branches,","translation":"We saw that it was a gallows with three arms,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gibet","title":"«un gibet»","body":"«un gibet» is a gallows or gibbet, the wooden frame for hanging. «vîmes» is the passé simple (the literary past tense) of «voir» — 'we saw'. The island of Venus reveals not a temple but an instrument of execution, the image around which the whole poem pivots."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of vîmes","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"vîmes","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gibet, object of vîmes","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"c'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of était","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"était","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to gibet","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gibet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gibet","lemma":"gibet","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of était","gloss":"gallows"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking branches","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"trois","lemma":"trois","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies branches","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"branches","lemma":"branche","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies gibet","gloss":"arms"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s7-l4","source":"Du ciel se détachant en noir, comme un cyprès.","translation":"Standing out black against the sky, like a cypress.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se détachant","title":"«se détacher» (pronominal)","body":"«se détacher» is the pronominal form meaning 'to stand out, to be silhouetted' against a background: «se détachant du ciel en noir» = 'standing out black against the sky'. The cypress is a traditional tree of mourning and graveyards, deepening the funereal image."}],"words":[{"surface":"Du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Du, modifies détachant","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on détachant","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"détachant","lemma":"détacher","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying gibet (previous sentence)","gloss":"standing out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noir","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"noir","lemma":"noir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of détachant","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cyprès","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cyprès","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cyprès","lemma":"cyprès","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"cypress"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s8-l1","source":"De féroces oiseaux perchés sur leur pâture","translation":"Ferocious birds, perched upon their feed,","stanza":8,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pâture","title":"«la pâture»","body":"«la pâture» is fodder, feed, or pasture — what an animal grazes on. Applied to scavengers on a corpse, «perchés sur leur pâture» ('perched on their feed') reduces the hanged man to mere meat, the first of many words in this stanza that strip away his humanity."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"partitive preposition marking oiseaux","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"féroces","lemma":"féroce","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies oiseaux","gloss":"ferocious"},{"surface":"oiseaux","lemma":"oiseau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Détruisaient (next line)","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"perchés","lemma":"percher","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies oiseaux","gloss":"perched"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pâture","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pâture","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"pâture","lemma":"pâture","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies oiseaux","gloss":"feed"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s8-l2","source":"Détruisaient avec rage un pendu déjà mûr,","translation":"Were tearing apart with fury a hanged man already ripe,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un pendu déjà mûr","title":"«un pendu déjà mûr»","body":"«un pendu» is a hanged man (past participle of «pendre», to hang, used as a noun). «mûr» means ripe; «déjà mûr» ('already ripe') is a grim euphemism for a body well into decay. The fruit-imagery makes the rot almost appetizing to the birds — and unbearable to the reader."}],"words":[{"surface":"Détruisaient","lemma":"détruire","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were tearing apart"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rage","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rage","lemma":"rage","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Détruisaient","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pendu","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pendu","lemma":"pendu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Détruisaient","gloss":"hanged man"},{"surface":"déjà","lemma":"déjà","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mûr","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"mûr","lemma":"mûr","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pendu","gloss":"ripe"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s8-l3","source":"Chacun plantant, comme un outil, son bec impur","translation":"Each one driving in, like a tool, its unclean beak","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Chacun","lemma":"chacun","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of plantant","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"plantant","lemma":"planter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"participial clause modifying oiseaux","gloss":"driving in"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking outil","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of outil","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"outil","lemma":"outil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"tool"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of bec","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"bec","lemma":"bec","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of plantant","gloss":"beak"},{"surface":"impur","lemma":"impur","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bec","gloss":"unclean"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s8-l4","source":"Dans tous les coins saignants de cette pourriture;","translation":"Into every bleeding corner of this rottenness;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pourriture","title":"«la pourriture»","body":"«la pourriture» is rot, putrefaction, decay (verb «pourrir», to rot). Demonstrating «cette pourriture» — 'this rottenness' — names the corpse by its corruption alone. The clinical, repellent diction here links the poem to Baudelaire's other great carrion piece, «Une Charogne»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coins","gloss":"Into"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies coins","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of coins","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coins","lemma":"coin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Dans, modifies plantant (previous line)","gloss":"corners"},{"surface":"saignants","lemma":"saignant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies coins","gloss":"bleeding"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pourriture","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pourriture","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"pourriture","lemma":"pourriture","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies coins","gloss":"rottenness"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s9-l1","source":"Les yeux étaient deux trous, et du ventre effondré","translation":"The eyes were two holes, and from the caved-in belly","stanza":9,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"effondré","title":"«effondré»","body":"«effondré» is the past participle of «effondrer» (to collapse, to cave in), here adjectival: «le ventre effondré» = 'the caved-in belly'. The «de» of «du ventre» is the partitive/source preposition ('from the belly'), leading into the entrails that spill in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of étaient","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"étaient","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to trous","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"deux","lemma":"deux","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies trous","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"trous","lemma":"trou","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of étaient","gloss":"holes"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ventre","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"ventre","lemma":"ventre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of du","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"effondré","lemma":"effondrer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ventre","gloss":"caved-in"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s9-l2","source":"Les intestins pesants lui coulaient sur les cuisses,","translation":"The heavy intestines spilled down over his thighs,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lui coulaient","title":"Dative «lui» of the body part","body":"French marks possession of a body part with an indirect-object pronoun rather than a possessive. «les intestins lui coulaient sur les cuisses» = 'the intestines spilled down over his thighs' (literally 'spilled to-him over the thighs'). The «lui» is what makes the gore belong to the hanged man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of intestins","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"intestins","lemma":"intestin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of coulaient","gloss":"intestines"},{"surface":"pesants","lemma":"pesant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies intestins","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, third-person, singular","role":"indirect object of coulaient (dative, refers to the hanged man)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"coulaient","lemma":"couler","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spilled"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuisses","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cuisses","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuisses","lemma":"cuisse","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of coulaient","gloss":"thighs"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s9-l3","source":"Et ses bourreaux, gorgés de hideuses délices,","translation":"And his torturers, gorged on hideous delights,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bourreaux","title":"«le bourreau»","body":"«un bourreau» is an executioner or torturer — calling the carrion-birds «ses bourreaux» ('his torturers') treats the dead man as if still capable of suffering. «gorgés de» (past participle of «se gorger», to gorge oneself) means 'gorged on, glutted with'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bourreaux","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bourreaux","lemma":"bourreau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of avaient (next line)","gloss":"torturers"},{"surface":"gorgés","lemma":"gorger","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clause modifying bourreaux","gloss":"gorged"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking délices","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"hideuses","lemma":"hideux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies délices","gloss":"hideous"},{"surface":"délices","lemma":"délice","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies gorgés","gloss":"delights"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s9-l4","source":"L'avaient à coups de bec absolument châtré.","translation":"Had, with strokes of the beak, utterly castrated him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"à coups de bec","title":"«à coups de»","body":"«à coups de» means 'by repeated blows / strokes of': «à coups de bec» = 'with peck after peck of the beak'. The verb «châtrer» (to castrate) lands as the stanza's brutal climax; on the island of Venus, love's pilgrim is unmanned by scavengers."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of châtré","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"avaient","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of châtré, main verb with subject bourreaux (previous line)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coups","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"coups","lemma":"coup","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial phrase modifying châtré","gloss":"strokes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bec","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bec","lemma":"bec","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coups","gloss":"beak"},{"surface":"absolument","lemma":"absolument","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies châtré","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"châtré","lemma":"châtrer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb (past participle) with avaient","gloss":"castrated"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s10-l1","source":"Sous les pieds, un troupeau de jaloux quadrupèdes,","translation":"Below the feet, a pack of jealous four-footed beasts,","stanza":10,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pieds","gloss":"Below"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pieds","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pieds","lemma":"pied","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Sous","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of troupeau","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"troupeau","lemma":"troupeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tournoyait (next line)","gloss":"pack"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quadrupèdes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"jaloux","lemma":"jaloux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies quadrupèdes","gloss":"jealous"},{"surface":"quadrupèdes","lemma":"quadrupède","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies troupeau","gloss":"beasts"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s10-l2","source":"Le museau relevé, tournoyait et rôdait;","translation":"Snouts lifted high, wheeled about and prowled;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Le museau relevé","title":"Absolute construction «le museau relevé»","body":"A noun plus past participle with no verb forms an absolute (descriptive) phrase: «le museau relevé» = 'with snout raised'. «le museau» is an animal's snout or muzzle. The singular collective subject «un troupeau» takes singular verbs «tournoyait» and «rôdait» (imperfect of «tournoyer», to wheel, and «rôder», to prowl)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of museau","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"museau","lemma":"museau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"absolute phrase modifying troupeau","gloss":"snout"},{"surface":"relevé","lemma":"relever","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies museau","gloss":"lifted"},{"surface":"tournoyait","lemma":"tournoyer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wheeled about"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rôdait","lemma":"rôder","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tournoyait","gloss":"prowled"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s10-l3","source":"Une plus grande bête au milieu s'agitait","translation":"A larger beast in their midst was stirring restlessly","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'agitait","title":"«s'agiter» (pronominal)","body":"«s'agiter» is the pronominal verb 'to move about, fidget, stir restlessly'. In the imperfect «s'agitait» it depicts continuous, agitated motion. The reflexive «se» turns the plain «agiter» (to shake something) inward onto the beast itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of bête","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies grande","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"grande","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies bête","gloss":"larger"},{"surface":"bête","lemma":"bête","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of agitait","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking milieu","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"milieu","lemma":"milieu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of agitait","gloss":"midst"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on agitait","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"agitait","lemma":"agiter","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was stirring"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s10-l4","source":"Comme un exécuteur entouré de ses aides.","translation":"Like an executioner surrounded by his assistants.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking exécuteur","gloss":"Like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of exécuteur","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"exécuteur","lemma":"exécuteur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Comme, compares to bête","gloss":"executioner"},{"surface":"entouré","lemma":"entourer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying exécuteur","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aides","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of aides","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aides","lemma":"aide","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of entouré","gloss":"assistants"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s11-l1","source":"Habitant de Cythère, enfant d'un ciel si beau,","translation":"Dweller of Cythera, child of a sky so fair,","stanza":11,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Habitant","lemma":"habitant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (vocative)","gloss":"Dweller"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Cythère","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Cythère","lemma":"Cythère","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of de, modifies Habitant","gloss":"Cythera"},{"surface":"enfant","lemma":"enfant","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"in apposition to Habitant","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies enfant","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beau","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"beau","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ciel","gloss":"fair"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s11-l2","source":"Silencieusement tu souffrais ces insultes","translation":"Silently you were suffering these outrages","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tu souffrais","title":"Apostrophe with «tu»","body":"The poet now addresses the corpse directly with the intimate «tu» («souffrais», imperfect of «souffrir», to suffer). This rhetorical turn — apostrophe — pulls the hanged man from spectacle into companion. «les insultes» here keeps its older, stronger sense of 'outrages, assaults', not mere verbal insults."}],"words":[{"surface":"Silencieusement","lemma":"silencieusement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies souffrais","gloss":"Silently"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of souffrais","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"souffrais","lemma":"souffrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were suffering"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of insultes","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"insultes","lemma":"insulte","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of souffrais","gloss":"outrages"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s11-l3","source":"En expiation de tes infâmes cultes","translation":"In expiation of your infamous rites","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cultes","title":"«le culte»","body":"«un culte» is a form of worship, rite, or devotion. «tes infâmes cultes» ('your infamous rites') frames the hanged man as punished for the cult of Venus — for love itself. «l'expiation» is atonement; the line reads the execution as penance demanded by a moralizing God."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking expiation","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"expiation","lemma":"expiation","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of En, modifies souffrais (previous line)","gloss":"expiation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cultes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cultes","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"infâmes","lemma":"infâme","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies cultes","gloss":"infamous"},{"surface":"cultes","lemma":"culte","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies expiation","gloss":"rites"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s11-l4","source":"Et des péchés qui t'ont interdit le tombeau.","translation":"And of the sins that have denied you the grave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"t'ont interdit le tombeau","title":"«interdire qqch. à qqn»","body":"«interdire quelque chose à quelqu'un» = 'to forbid / deny something to someone'. With a pronoun the dative comes first: «qui t'ont interdit le tombeau» = 'which have denied you the grave'. To be left hanging, unburied, was a final disgrace — the sins refuse him even rest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of péchés","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"péchés","lemma":"péché","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with cultes (previous line), object of de","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of interdit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"t'","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of interdit","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ont","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of interdit","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"interdit","lemma":"interdire","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine","role":"relative clause on péchés","gloss":"denied"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tombeau","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tombeau","lemma":"tombeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of interdit","gloss":"grave"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s12-l1","source":"Ridicule pendu, tes douleurs sont les miennes!","translation":"Ridiculous hanged man, your sufferings are mine!","stanza":12,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"les miennes","title":"Possessive pronoun «les miennes»","body":"«le mien / la mienne / les miens / les miennes» is the possessive pronoun ('mine'), agreeing in gender and number with the thing owned — here feminine plural «les douleurs» ('the sufferings'), hence «les miennes». This line is the poem's hinge: the poet claims the corpse's agony as his own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ridicule","lemma":"ridicule","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies pendu","gloss":"Ridiculous"},{"surface":"pendu","lemma":"pendu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (vocative)","gloss":"hanged man"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of douleurs","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"douleurs","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of sont","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"sont","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to miennes","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of miennes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"miennes","lemma":"mien","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of sont","gloss":"mine"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s12-l2","source":"Je sentis, à l'aspect de tes membres flottants,","translation":"I felt, at the sight of your dangling limbs,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sentis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sentis","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, simple past (passé simple), indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aspect","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of aspect","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aspect","lemma":"aspect","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on sentis","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking membres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of membres","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"membres","lemma":"membre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on aspect","gloss":"limbs"},{"surface":"flottants","lemma":"flottant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies membres","gloss":"dangling"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s12-l3","source":"Comme un vomissement, remonter vers mes dents","translation":"Like a fit of vomiting, rising back toward my teeth,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vomissement","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vomissement","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vomissement","lemma":"vomissement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"vomiting"},{"surface":"remonter","lemma":"remonter","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of sentis (s12-l2); subject is fleuve (next line)","gloss":"rising back"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dents","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dents","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"dents","lemma":"dent","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of remonter","gloss":"teeth"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s12-l4","source":"Le long fleuve de fiel des douleurs anciennes;","translation":"The long river of bile of old sorrows;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"fiel","title":"«le fiel»","body":"«le fiel» is gall or bile, and figuratively bitterness and rancour. «le long fleuve de fiel» — 'the long river of bile' — is the subject of the infinitive «remonter» ('to rise back up') two lines above, and the direct object of «je sentis»; the inversion makes the reader wait, like nausea, for the subject to surface."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fleuve","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"long","lemma":"long","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fleuve","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"fleuve","lemma":"fleuve","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of remonter (s12-l3)","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fiel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fiel","lemma":"fiel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fleuve","gloss":"bile"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking douleurs","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"douleurs","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies fleuve","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"anciennes","lemma":"ancien","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies douleurs","gloss":"old"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s13-l1","source":"Devant toi, pauvre diable au souvenir si cher,","translation":"Before you, poor devil whose memory is so dear,","stanza":13,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pauvre diable","title":"«un pauvre diable»","body":"«un pauvre diable» is an idiom for a poor wretch, a hapless fellow — sympathy, not damnation. «au souvenir si cher» ('whose memory is so dear') uses «à» to attach a defining trait: the corpse has become a mirror the poet cherishes even as it sickens him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Devant","lemma":"devant","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toi","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of Devant","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"pauvre","lemma":"pauvre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies diable","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"diable","lemma":"diable","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to toi","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking souvenir","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"souvenir","lemma":"souvenir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on diable","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cher","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"cher","lemma":"cher","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies souvenir","gloss":"dear"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s13-l2","source":"J'ai senti tous les becs et toutes les mâchoires","translation":"I felt all the beaks and all the jaws","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"J'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of senti","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ai","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"depends on senti","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"senti","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies becs","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of becs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"becs","lemma":"bec","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of senti","gloss":"beaks"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toutes","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mâchoires","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of mâchoires","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mâchoires","lemma":"mâchoire","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with becs","gloss":"jaws"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s13-l3","source":"Des corbeaux lancinants et des panthères noires","translation":"Of the stabbing crows and the black panthers","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"lancinants","title":"«lancinant»","body":"«lancinant» means shooting, throbbing, stabbing — used of a sharp recurring pain (verb «lanciner», to torment). «des corbeaux lancinants» ('stabbing crows') fuses the bird's pecking with the throb of remembered anguish, so the scavengers become the poet's own torments."}],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corbeaux, modifies becs (s13-l2)","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"corbeaux","lemma":"corbeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies becs (s13-l2)","gloss":"crows"},{"surface":"lancinants","lemma":"lancinant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies corbeaux","gloss":"stabbing"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking panthères","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"panthères","lemma":"panthère","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mâchoires (s13-l2)","gloss":"panthers"},{"surface":"noires","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies panthères","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s13-l4","source":"Qui jadis aimaient tant à triturer ma chair.","translation":"That once so loved to grind away at my flesh.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"triturer","title":"«triturer»","body":"«triturer» means to grind, crush, or knead — a relentless working-over. «aimaient tant à triturer» uses «aimer à» + infinitive ('to be fond of doing'), a slightly archaic construction. «jadis» means 'formerly, long ago'; the imperfect makes the torment a lifelong habit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of aimaient, refers to corbeaux and panthères","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"jadis","lemma":"jadis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aimaient","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"aimaient","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"tant","lemma":"tant","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aimaient","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of triturer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"triturer","lemma":"triturer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of aimaient","gloss":"grind away at"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of chair","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"chair","lemma":"chair","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of triturer","gloss":"flesh"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s14-l1","source":"— Le ciel était charmant, la mer était unie;","translation":"— The sky was charming, the sea was smooth;","stanza":14,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"unie","title":"«uni / unie»","body":"«uni(e)» means even, smooth, unbroken — of a sea, calm and flat. The dash and the return to the placid seascape («la mer était unie») coldly frame the horror: the world outside the poet stays serene while everything within him has gone black."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of charmant","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"était","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to charmant","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"charmant","lemma":"charmant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mer","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of unie","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"était","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to unie","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"unie","lemma":"uni","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"smooth"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s14-l2","source":"Pour moi tout était noir et sanglant désormais,","translation":"For me all was black and bloody from now on,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moi","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"depends on noir","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of était","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"était","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to noir","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"noir","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sanglant","lemma":"sanglant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with noir","gloss":"bloody"},{"surface":"désormais","lemma":"désormais","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sanglant","gloss":"from now on"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s14-l3","source":"Hélas! et j'avais, comme en un suaire épais,","translation":"Alas! and I had, as though in a thick shroud,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"suaire","title":"«le suaire»","body":"«le suaire» is a shroud, the cloth that wraps a corpse for burial. «comme en un suaire épais» ('as though in a thick shroud') prepares «enseveli» ('buried') in the next line. The poet's heart is interred not in earth but in the allegory he has just witnessed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hélas","lemma":"hélas","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"j'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of avais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"avais","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (object: coeur, s14-l4)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suaire","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suaire","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of suaire","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"suaire","lemma":"suaire","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"shroud"},{"surface":"épais","lemma":"épais","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies suaire","gloss":"thick"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s14-l4","source":"Le coeur enseveli dans cette allégorie.","translation":"My heart buried within this allegory.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of avais (s14-l3)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"enseveli","lemma":"ensevelir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying coeur","gloss":"buried"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking allégorie","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of allégorie","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"allégorie","lemma":"allégorie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on enseveli","gloss":"allegory"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s15-l1","source":"Dans ton île, ô Vénus! je n'ai trouvé debout","translation":"On your island, O Venus! I found standing upright","stanza":15,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking île","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of île","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"île","lemma":"île","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of Dans","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"o"},{"surface":"Vénus","lemma":"Vénus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"depends on ô","gloss":"Venus"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of trouvé","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trouvé","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ai","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"depends on trouvé","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"trouvé","lemma":"trouver","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"debout","lemma":"debout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate on gibet (s15-l2), depends on trouvé","gloss":"standing"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s15-l2","source":"Qu'un gibet symbolique où pendait mon image...","translation":"Only a symbolic gallows where my own likeness hung...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je n'ai trouvé ... Qu'un gibet","title":"«ne ... que» across a line break","body":"The restrictive «ne ... que» ('only, nothing but') is split across the line break: «n'» sits mid-line in «je n'ai trouvé debout», and only «qu'» (= que, elided) is carried onto this line. «je n'ai trouvé debout / Qu'un gibet» = 'I found standing upright only a gallows'. «pendait» (imperfect of «pendre», to hang) completes the image with the poet's likeness on the rope."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"adverb (restrictive, with ne...)","role":"pairs with n' (s15-l1) to mean 'only'","gloss":"only","note":"\"ne...que\" split across the lines is a restrictive construction meaning 'only'."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gibet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gibet","lemma":"gibet","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of trouvé (s15-l1)","gloss":"gallows"},{"surface":"symbolique","lemma":"symbolique","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies gibet","gloss":"symbolic"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"modifies pendait (relative clause on gibet)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"pendait","lemma":"pendre","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on gibet","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of image","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"image","lemma":"image","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of pendait","gloss":"likeness"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s15-l3","source":"— Ah! Seigneur! donnez-moi la force et le courage","translation":"— Ah! Lord! give me the strength and the courage","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"donnez-moi","title":"Imperative with attached pronoun «donnez-moi»","body":"In an affirmative command the object pronoun follows the verb and is joined by a hyphen: «donnez-moi» = 'give me' (the stressed «moi» replaces «me» after the verb). The poem ends as a prayer to «Seigneur» (Lord), the first and only turn from horror toward God."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Seigneur","lemma":"seigneur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of donnez","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"donnez","lemma":"donner","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"-moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of donnez","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of force","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"force","lemma":"force","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of donnez","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of courage","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"courage","lemma":"courage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with force","gloss":"courage"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"un-voyage-a-cythere-s15-l4","source":"De contempler mon coeur et mon corps sans dégoût!","translation":"To contemplate my heart and my body without disgust!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dégoût","title":"«le dégoût»","body":"«le dégoût» is disgust, loathing, revulsion. The closing plea — to look on one's own heart and body «sans dégoût» ('without disgust') — completes the circle that began with a heart fluttering 'all joyful': the voyage to love's island ends in self-revulsion and a cry for grace."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitive complement of force et courage (s15-l3)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"contempler","lemma":"contempler","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of force et courage (s15-l3)","gloss":"contemplate"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of contempler","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corps","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with coeur","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dégoût","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dégoût","lemma":"dégoût","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on contempler","gloss":"disgust"}]}]}