{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"une-charogne","title":{"source":"Une Charogne","translated":"A Carcass"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/une-charogne","lines":48},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-serpent-qui-danse","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/de-profundis-clamavi","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"une-charogne-s1-l1","source":"Rappelez-vous l'objet que nous vîmes, mon âme,","translation":"Remember the thing we saw, my soul,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Rappelez-vous","title":"«se rappeler» (pronominal imperative)","body":"«se rappeler qqch.» means 'to remember, to recall something'. In the affirmative imperative the reflexive pronoun follows the verb and is hyphenated: «Rappelez-vous» = 'recall (to yourself)'. The poem opens by commanding the beloved — addressed as «mon âme» (my soul) — to remember a shared walk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vîmes","title":"«voir» in the passé simple","body":"«vîmes» is the first-person plural passé simple (literary past tense) of «voir» (to see): 'we saw'. The passé simple sets the remembered scene firmly in a finished, narrated past — the tense of storytelling rather than speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Rappelez","lemma":"rappeler","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"-vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, plural","role":"reflexive object of Rappelez","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of objet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"objet","lemma":"objet","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Rappelez","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of vîmes, introduces relative clause on objet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of vîmes","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"vîmes","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of Rappelez","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"une-charogne-s1-l2","source":"Ce beau matin d'été si doux:","translation":"that beautiful summer morning so mild:","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of matin","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"beau","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies matin","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"matin","lemma":"matin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking été","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"été","lemma":"été","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies matin","gloss":"summer"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doux","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"doux","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies matin","gloss":"mild"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"une-charogne-s1-l3","source":"Au détour d'un sentier une charogne infâme","translation":"at the bend of a path, a vile carcass","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"charogne","title":"«charogne»","body":"A «charogne» (f.) is a carcass — the rotting carrion of a dead animal. The word is also a coarse insult ('filthy beast'), and Baudelaire keeps that double charge alive: the title object is both literal decay and, by the poem's end, a figure for the beloved's body and for love itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking détour","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"détour","lemma":"détour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bend"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sentier","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sentier","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sentier","lemma":"sentier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies détour","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of charogne","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"charogne","lemma":"charogne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Ouvrait (s2-l3)","gloss":"carcass"},{"surface":"infâme","lemma":"infâme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies charogne","gloss":"vile"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"une-charogne-s1-l4","source":"Sur un lit semé de cailloux,","translation":"on a bed strewn with pebbles,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lit","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lit","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lit","lemma":"lit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, modifies charogne (s1-l3)","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"semé","lemma":"semer","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lit","gloss":"strewn"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cailloux","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"cailloux","lemma":"caillou","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of semé","gloss":"pebbles"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"une-charogne-s2-l1","source":"Les jambes en l'air, comme une femme lubrique,","translation":"legs in the air, like a lustful woman,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of jambes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jambes","lemma":"jambe","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to charogne (s1-l3)","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking air","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of air","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"air","lemma":"air","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies jambes","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking femme","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of femme","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"femme","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"comparison modifying charogne (s1-l3)","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"lubrique","lemma":"lubrique","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies femme","gloss":"lustful"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"une-charogne-s2-l2","source":"Brûlante et suant les poisons,","translation":"burning and sweating out its poisons,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Brûlante","lemma":"brûlant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies charogne (s1-l3)","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"suant","lemma":"suer","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"coordinated with Brûlante","gloss":"sweating"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of poisons","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"poisons","lemma":"poison","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of suant","gloss":"poisons"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"une-charogne-s2-l3","source":"Ouvrait d'une façon nonchalante et cynique","translation":"opened in a nonchalant and cynical way","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ouvrait","lemma":"ouvrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence; subject is charogne (s1-l3)","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking façon","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of façon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"façon","lemma":"façon","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument (manner) of Ouvrait","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"nonchalante","lemma":"nonchalant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies façon","gloss":"nonchalant"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cynique","lemma":"cynique","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with nonchalante","gloss":"cynical"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"une-charogne-s2-l4","source":"Son ventre plein d'exhalaisons.","translation":"its belly full of foul exhalations.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"exhalaisons","title":"«exhalaison»","body":"An «exhalaison» (f.) is a vapour or stench given off by something — here the gases rising from the swollen «ventre» (belly). The verb of the sentence, «Ouvrait» (was opening), reaches back to «une charogne» two lines earlier: the carcass lewdly opens its belly to the air."}],"words":[{"surface":"Son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ventre","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"ventre","lemma":"ventre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Ouvrait (s2-l3)","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ventre","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking exhalaisons","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"exhalaisons","lemma":"exhalaison","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ventre","gloss":"exhalations"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"une-charogne-s3-l1","source":"Le soleil rayonnait sur cette pourriture,","translation":"The sun blazed down on this rottenness,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of rayonnait","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"rayonnait","lemma":"rayonner","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blazed"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pourriture","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pourriture","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"pourriture","lemma":"pourriture","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of rayonnait","gloss":"rottenness"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"une-charogne-s3-l2","source":"Comme afin de la cuire à point,","translation":"as if to cook it through to a turn,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Comme afin de la cuire","title":"«afin de» + infinitive (purpose)","body":"«afin de + infinitive» expresses purpose, 'in order to'. Softened by «Comme» it becomes 'as if to': «Comme afin de la cuire à point» = 'as if to cook it to just the right point'. «la» is the object pronoun for «cette pourriture» (this rottenness). «à point» is a cookery term — meat cooked 'just right', medium."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause (as if to)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"afin","lemma":"afin","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom afin de (in order to), with de (w3)","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive cuire","gloss":"to","note":"'comme afin de' = 'as if in order to'."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cuire","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"cuire","lemma":"cuire","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"cook"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom à point (just right)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"point","lemma":"point","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on cuire","gloss":"a turn","note":"'à point' is an idiom meaning 'just right, to perfection'."}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"une-charogne-s3-l3","source":"Et de rendre au centuple à la grande Nature","translation":"and to give back a hundredfold to great Nature","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"au centuple","title":"«au centuple»","body":"«au centuple» means 'a hundredfold, a hundred times over'. The infinitive «rendre» (to give back) still depends on «afin de» from the line above: the sun seems to cook the carcass so as to return to «la grande Nature» — a hundredfold — everything she had once «joint» (joined together)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of rendre","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rendre","lemma":"rendre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with cuire (s3-l2)","gloss":"give back"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom au centuple (a hundredfold)","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"centuple","lemma":"centuple","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of rendre","gloss":"hundredfold"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nature","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Nature","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grande","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Nature","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Nature","lemma":"nature","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of rendre","gloss":"Nature"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"une-charogne-s3-l4","source":"Tout ce qu'ensemble elle avait joint;","translation":"all that she had joined together;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ce","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of rendre (s3-l3)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of joint","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ensemble","lemma":"ensemble","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies joint","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"elle","lemma":"elle","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of joint","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"avait","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of joint","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"joint","lemma":"joindre","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause on ce","gloss":"joined"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"une-charogne-s4-l1","source":"Et le ciel regardait la carcasse superbe","translation":"And the sky watched the magnificent carcass","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of regardait","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"regardait","lemma":"regarder","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carcasse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carcasse","lemma":"carcasse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of regardait","gloss":"carcass"},{"surface":"superbe","lemma":"superbe","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies carcasse","gloss":"magnificent"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"une-charogne-s4-l2","source":"Comme une fleur s'épanouir.","translation":"open out like a flower.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'épanouir","title":"«s'épanouir» after «regarder»","body":"«s'épanouir» is a pronominal verb meaning '(of a flower) to bloom, open out; to blossom'. The verb of perception «regardait» (was watching) takes a direct infinitive: «le ciel regardait la carcasse ... s'épanouir» = 'the sky watched the carcass blossom'. The obscene image of putrefaction blooming «comme une fleur» is the engine of the whole poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with fleur","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fleur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fleur","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of comme (comparison)","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on épanouir","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"épanouir","lemma":"épanouir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of regardait (previous line)","gloss":"open out"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"une-charogne-s4-l3","source":"La puanteur était si forte, que sur l'herbe","translation":"The stench was so strong that on the grass","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puanteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puanteur","lemma":"puanteur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of était","gloss":"stench"},{"surface":"était","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to forte","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies forte, correlates with que","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"forte","lemma":"fort","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with était","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (si...que)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking herbe","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of herbe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"herbe","lemma":"herbe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of sur","gloss":"grass"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"une-charogne-s4-l4","source":"Vous crûtes vous évanouir.","translation":"you thought you would faint.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vous crûtes vous évanouir","title":"«croire» (passé simple) + «s'évanouir»","body":"«crûtes» is the second-person plural passé simple of «croire» (to believe, to think): 'you thought'. It takes a direct infinitive here, the pronominal «vous évanouir» (to faint, to swoon): «Vous crûtes vous évanouir» = 'you thought you were about to faint'. Note the two «vous» — first the subject, then the reflexive of «s'évanouir»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of crûtes","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"crûtes","lemma":"croire","morphology":"verb, past historic, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought","note":"crûtes is the passé simple of croire (\"to think/believe\"), not croître (\"to grow\")."},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, plural","role":"reflexive pronoun of évanouir","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"évanouir","lemma":"évanouir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of crûtes","gloss":"faint"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"une-charogne-s5-l1","source":"Les mouches bourdonnaient sur ce ventre putride,","translation":"The flies were buzzing over that putrid belly,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of mouches","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mouches","lemma":"mouche","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of bourdonnaient","gloss":"flies"},{"surface":"bourdonnaient","lemma":"bourdonner","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were buzzing"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ventre","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ventre","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ventre","lemma":"ventre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of sur","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"putride","lemma":"putride","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ventre","gloss":"putrid"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"une-charogne-s5-l2","source":"D'où sortaient de noirs bataillons","translation":"out of which black battalions poured,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"D'où sortaient de noirs bataillons","title":"Inverted subject after «d'où»","body":"After the relative «d'où» (from which) the subject is inverted to follow its verb: «D'où sortaient de noirs bataillons» = 'from which black battalions were coming out'. The subject is «de noirs bataillons / De larves» (the next line) — squadrons of maggots. The inversion is normal, even preferred, after such adverbial relatives."}],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound d'où (out of which), marking ventre (previous line)","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"relative adverb, refers to ventre (previous line)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"sortaient","lemma":"sortir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bataillons","gloss":"(partitive)"},{"surface":"noirs","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies bataillons","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"bataillons","lemma":"bataillon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sortaient","gloss":"battalions"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"une-charogne-s5-l3","source":"De larves, qui coulaient comme un épais liquide","translation":"of larvae, that flowed like a thick liquid","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking larves","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"larves","lemma":"larve","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies bataillons (previous line)","gloss":"larvae"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of coulaient","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"coulaient","lemma":"couler","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flowed"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liquide","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of liquide","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"épais","lemma":"épais","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies liquide","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"liquide","lemma":"liquide","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"liquid"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"une-charogne-s5-l4","source":"Le long de ces vivants haillons.","translation":"down the length of those living rags.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom le long de (down the length of)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"long","lemma":"long","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the idiom le long de","gloss":"length","note":"le long de is a fixed idiom meaning \"along/down the length of.\""},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haillons","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of haillons","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"vivants","lemma":"vivant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies haillons","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"haillons","lemma":"haillon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de","gloss":"rags"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"une-charogne-s6-l1","source":"Tout cela descendait, montait comme une vague","translation":"All this sank, rose like a wave,","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cela","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"cela","lemma":"cela","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, singular","role":"subject of descendait and montait","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"descendait","lemma":"descendre","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with montait","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"montait","lemma":"monter","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vague","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vague","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vague","lemma":"vague","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"wave"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"une-charogne-s6-l2","source":"Ou s'élançait en pétillant;","translation":"or surged up, crackling and sparkling;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'élançait en pétillant","title":"«s'élancer» / «en» + gerund","body":"«s'élancer» is a pronominal verb, 'to leap up, to surge forward'. «en pétillant» is the gerund of «pétiller» (to sparkle, crackle, fizz): «en + present participle» expresses a manner or simultaneous action — 'surged up while sparkling'. The seething mass moves like effervescent liquid."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on élançait","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"élançait","lemma":"élancer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with descendait/montait (previous line)","gloss":"surged up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the gerund clause of pétillant","gloss":"(gerund marker)"},{"surface":"pétillant","lemma":"pétiller","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"gerund complement of en, modifies élançait","gloss":"crackling"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"une-charogne-s6-l3","source":"On eût dit que le corps, enflé d'un souffle vague,","translation":"one would have said the body, swollen with a vague breath,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"On eût dit","title":"«on eût dit» (past conditional)","body":"«on eût dit que ...» is a literary fixed expression, 'one would have said that ..., you would have thought that ...'. «eût dit» is the past conditional (here in its literary form, the conditionnel passé deuxième forme). It frames what follows as a vivid impression rather than fact — the corpse only seemed to live."}],"words":[{"surface":"On","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of dit","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"eût","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dit","gloss":"would have","note":"eût dit is the literary imperfect subjunctive standing in for the conditional perfect (\"would have said\")."},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of corps","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of corps","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Vivait (next line)","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"enflé","lemma":"enflé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies corps","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking souffle","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of souffle","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"souffle","lemma":"souffle","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of enflé","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"vague","lemma":"vague","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies souffle","gloss":"faint"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"une-charogne-s6-l4","source":"Vivait en se multipliant.","translation":"was living by multiplying itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"en se multipliant","title":"Pronominal verb in the gerund","body":"«se multiplier» means 'to multiply, to increase in number'. In the gerund «en se multipliant» the reflexive pronoun «se» is kept: 'by multiplying itself'. The paradox closes the stanza — the dead body «Vivait» (was living) only through the swarming life of the maggots that consume it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vivait","lemma":"vivre","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject corps (previous line)","gloss":"was living"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of multipliant","gloss":"(gerund marker)"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on multipliant","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"multipliant","lemma":"multiplier","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"gerund complement of en, modifies Vivait","gloss":"multiplying"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"une-charogne-s7-l1","source":"Et ce monde rendait une étrange musique,","translation":"And this world gave off a strange music,","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of monde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"monde","lemma":"monde","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of rendait","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"rendait","lemma":"rendre","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave off"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of musique","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"étrange","lemma":"étrange","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies musique","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"musique","lemma":"musique","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of rendait","gloss":"music"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"une-charogne-s7-l2","source":"Comme l'eau courante et le vent,","translation":"like running water and the wind,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eau","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of eau","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eau","lemma":"eau","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of comme, coordinated with vent","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"courante","lemma":"courant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies eau","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vent","lemma":"vent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with eau","gloss":"wind"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"une-charogne-s7-l3","source":"Ou le grain qu'un vanneur d'un mouvement rythmique","translation":"or the grain that a winnower, with a rhythmic motion,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vanneur","title":"«vanneur» / «van»","body":"A «vanneur» is a winnower — a worker who tosses threshed grain in a «van» (a wide winnowing basket or fan) so the wind carries off the chaff. The simile likens the sound of the seething carcass to grain hissing as it is shaken — a homely, almost pastoral image set against the horror."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of grain","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grain","lemma":"grain","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with eau/vent (comparison item)","gloss":"grain"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"direct object of Agite (next line)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vanneur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vanneur","lemma":"vanneur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Agite and tourne (next line)","gloss":"winnower"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mouvement","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mouvement","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mouvement","lemma":"mouvement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of Agite/tourne (next line)","gloss":"motion"},{"surface":"rythmique","lemma":"rythmique","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies mouvement","gloss":"rhythmic"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"une-charogne-s7-l4","source":"Agite et tourne dans son van.","translation":"shakes and turns in his winnowing-basket.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Agite","lemma":"agiter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject vanneur (previous line)","gloss":"shakes"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tourne","lemma":"tourner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Agite","gloss":"turns"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking van","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of van","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of dans","gloss":"winnowing-basket"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"une-charogne-s8-l1","source":"Les formes s'effaçaient et n'étaient plus qu'un rêve,","translation":"The forms were fading and were now no more than a dream,","stanza":8,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"n'étaient plus qu'un rêve","title":"«ne ... plus que» (no more than)","body":"«ne ... plus que» means 'no longer anything but, no more than': «n'étaient plus qu'un rêve» = 'were no more than a dream'. It combines «ne ... plus» (no longer) with the restrictive «ne ... que» (only). «s'effaçaient» is the pronominal «s'effacer», 'to fade, to wear away, to blur'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of formes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"formes","lemma":"forme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of effaçaient","gloss":"forms"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of effaçaient","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"effaçaient","lemma":"effacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were fading"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies étaient","gloss":"(negation, ne...plus)"},{"surface":"étaient","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with effaçaient","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies étaient","gloss":"no more"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the restrictive complement (ne...que) of rêve","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rêve","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rêve","lemma":"rêve","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of étaient","gloss":"dream"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"une-charogne-s8-l2","source":"Une ébauche lente à venir","translation":"a sketch slow in coming","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ébauche","title":"«ébauche»","body":"An «ébauche» (f.) is a rough draft or preliminary sketch — the first blocking-out of a painting before it is finished. Baudelaire turns decay into an art metaphor: the dissolving forms are an unfinished canvas that the artist (the next stanza's «artiste») completes only from memory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ébauche","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ébauche","lemma":"ébauche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to rêve (previous line)","gloss":"sketch"},{"surface":"lente","lemma":"lent","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ébauche","gloss":"slow"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of venir","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"venir","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying lente","gloss":"coming"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"une-charogne-s8-l3","source":"Sur la toile oubliée, et que l'artiste achève","translation":"on the forgotten canvas, which the artist completes","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toile","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of toile","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toile","lemma":"toile","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of Sur; antecedent of the que-clause (achève)","gloss":"canvas"},{"surface":"oubliée","lemma":"oublier","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying toile","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of achève, refers to toile","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of artiste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"artiste","lemma":"artiste","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of achève","gloss":"artist"},{"surface":"achève","lemma":"achever","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"completes"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"une-charogne-s8-l4","source":"Seulement par le souvenir.","translation":"only by memory.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Seulement","lemma":"seulement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achève (previous line)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking souvenir","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of souvenir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"souvenir","lemma":"souvenir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"memory"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"une-charogne-s9-l1","source":"Derrière les rochers une chienne inquiète","translation":"Behind the rocks an anxious bitch","stanza":9,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Derrière","lemma":"derrière","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rochers","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rochers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rochers","lemma":"rocher","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Derrière","gloss":"rocks"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of chienne","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"chienne","lemma":"chienne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of regardait (next line)","gloss":"bitch"},{"surface":"inquiète","lemma":"inquiet","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies chienne","gloss":"anxious"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"une-charogne-s9-l2","source":"Nous regardait d'un oeil fâché,","translation":"watched us with an angry eye,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of regardait","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"regardait","lemma":"regarder","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject chienne (previous line)","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oeil","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of regardait","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"fâché","lemma":"fâché","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies oeil","gloss":"angry"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"une-charogne-s9-l3","source":"Epiant le moment de reprendre au squelette","translation":"watching for the moment to take back from the skeleton","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Epiant","title":"«épier»","body":"«épier» means 'to watch for, to spy on, to lie in wait for'; «Epiant» is its present participle (the source prints it without the accent: «Épiant»). «reprendre au squelette» = 'to take back from the skeleton' — «reprendre à qqn» is 'to take (something) back from someone', the «à» marking what is being taken from."}],"words":[{"surface":"Epiant","lemma":"épier","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial (gerund) clause on regardait (previous line)","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of moment","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moment","lemma":"moment","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Epiant","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of reprendre","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"reprendre","lemma":"reprendre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Epiant","gloss":"take back"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking squelette","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"squelette","lemma":"squelette","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of reprendre","gloss":"skeleton"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"une-charogne-s9-l4","source":"Le morceau qu'elle avait lâché.","translation":"the morsel she had let go.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of morceau","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"morceau","lemma":"morceau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of reprendre (previous line)","gloss":"morsel"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of lâché","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"elle","lemma":"elle","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of lâché","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"avait","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on lâché","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"lâché","lemma":"lâcher","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause on morceau","gloss":"let go"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"une-charogne-s10-l1","source":"— Et pourtant vous serez semblable à cette ordure,","translation":"— And yet you too will be like this filth,","stanza":10,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"semblable à","title":"«semblable à»","body":"«semblable à» means 'similar to, like, resembling'. The em-dash and «Et pourtant» (and yet) mark the poem's pivot: turning from the roadside scene to the beloved, the speaker warns «vous serez semblable à cette ordure» = 'you will be like this filth'. «serez» is the future of «être»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pourtant","lemma":"pourtant","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies semblable","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of semblable","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"serez","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"copula linking to semblable","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"semblable","lemma":"semblable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ordure","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ordure","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ordure","lemma":"ordure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of semblable","gloss":"filth"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"une-charogne-s10-l2","source":"À cette horrible infection,","translation":"like this horrible infection,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking infection, coordinated with à cette ordure (previous line)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of infection","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"horrible","lemma":"horrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies infection","gloss":"horrible"},{"surface":"infection","lemma":"infection","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ordure (previous line)","gloss":"infection"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"une-charogne-s10-l3","source":"Etoile de mes yeux, soleil de ma nature,","translation":"star of my eyes, sun of my being,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Etoile","lemma":"étoile","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to Vous (next line)","gloss":"star"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yeux","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Etoile","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Etoile","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nature","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nature","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"nature","lemma":"nature","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies soleil","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"une-charogne-s10-l4","source":"Vous, mon ange et ma passion!","translation":"you, my angel and my passion!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ange","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Vous","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of passion","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"passion","lemma":"passion","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Vous","gloss":"passion"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"une-charogne-s11-l1","source":"Oui! telle vous serez, ô la reine des grâces,","translation":"Yes! such you will be, O queen of graces,","stanza":11,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"telle vous serez","title":"«tel» fronted for emphasis","body":"«tel/telle» means 'such, of that kind'. Fronted before the verb for emphasis — «telle vous serez» = 'such you shall be' — it points back to the carrion just described. «telle» takes the feminine to agree with «vous», the woman addressed; «ô» is the lyric vocative O."}],"words":[{"surface":"Oui","lemma":"oui","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"telle","lemma":"tel","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of serez","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of serez","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"serez","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"copula linking to telle","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative particle before reine","gloss":"O","note":"ô is a vocative interjection used before a direct address, not a verb."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of reine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reine","lemma":"reine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to vous","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grâces","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"grâces","lemma":"grâce","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies reine","gloss":"graces"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"une-charogne-s11-l2","source":"Apres les derniers sacrements,","translation":"after the last sacraments,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Apres","lemma":"après","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sacrements","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of sacrements","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"derniers","lemma":"dernier","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sacrements","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"sacrements","lemma":"sacrement","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sacraments"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"une-charogne-s11-l3","source":"Quand vous irez, sous l'herbe et les floraisons grasses,","translation":"when you go, beneath the grass and the rank blossoms,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Quand vous irez","title":"Future after «quand»","body":"After «quand» referring to future time, French uses the future tense where English uses the present: «Quand vous irez» = 'when you go (will go)'. «irez» is the future of «aller». «floraisons grasses» are the lush, fat blossoms — «gras» here meaning rich, rank, fed by the decay below."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of irez","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of irez","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"irez","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking herbe","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of herbe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"herbe","lemma":"herbe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of sous","gloss":"grass"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of floraisons","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"floraisons","lemma":"floraison","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with herbe (object of sous)","gloss":"blossoms"},{"surface":"grasses","lemma":"gras","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies floraisons","gloss":"rank"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"une-charogne-s11-l4","source":"Moisir parmi les ossements.","translation":"to moulder among the bones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Moisir","title":"«moisir»","body":"«moisir» means 'to grow mouldy, to rot, to moulder'. It is the infinitive completing «vous irez ... Moisir» = 'you will go ... to moulder'. «les ossements» (m. pl.) are bones, especially the dry bones of the dead — the destination of even «la reine des grâces»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Moisir","lemma":"moisir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of irez (previous line)","gloss":"to moulder"},{"surface":"parmi","lemma":"parmi","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ossements","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ossements","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ossements","lemma":"ossement","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of parmi","gloss":"bones"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"une-charogne-s12-l1","source":"Alors, ô ma beauté! dites à la vermine","translation":"Then, O my beauty! tell the vermin","stanza":12,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dites à la vermine","title":"Imperative «dire à qqn»","body":"«dites» is the second-person plural imperative of «dire» (to say, to tell), continuing the address to «ma beauté». «dire à quelqu'un» = 'to tell someone', the «à» marking the person told — here «la vermine» (the vermin, the worms). The whole command runs across the final stanza to its triumphant «Que ...» clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alors","lemma":"alors","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dites","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative particle before beauté","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of beauté","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"beauté","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"dites","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, present, imperative","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vermine","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vermine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vermine","lemma":"vermine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on dites","gloss":"vermin"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"une-charogne-s12-l2","source":"Qui vous mangera de baisers,","translation":"that will devour you with kisses,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of mangera, refers to vermine (previous line)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of mangera","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"mangera","lemma":"manger","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will devour"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baisers","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"baisers","lemma":"baiser","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of mangera","gloss":"kisses"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"une-charogne-s12-l3","source":"Que j'ai gardé la forme et l'essence divine","translation":"that I have kept the form and the divine essence","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Que j'ai gardé","title":"Reported speech «que» after «dites»","body":"This «Que» introduces what the beauty is told to say — the content of «dites» from two lines above: 'tell the vermin ... that I have kept ...'. «j'ai gardé» is the passé composé of «garder» (to keep, to preserve). Against bodily rot the poet asserts that art has kept «la forme et l'essence divine» of his love."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gardé, complement of dites (line 1)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"j'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of gardé","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ai","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"depends on gardé","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gardé","lemma":"garder","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of forme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"forme","lemma":"forme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of gardé","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of essence","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"essence","lemma":"essence","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with forme (direct object of gardé)","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"divine","lemma":"divin","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies essence","gloss":"divine"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"une-charogne-s12-l4","source":"De mes amours décomposés!","translation":"of my decomposed loves!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amours, modifies essence/forme (previous line)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of amours","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"amours","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"loves","note":"amour is masculine in the singular but often takes feminine agreement in the plural, a well-known French quirk."},{"surface":"décomposés","lemma":"décomposer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies amours","gloss":"decomposed"}]}]}