{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"une-gravure-fantastique","title":{"source":"Une Gravure fantastique","translated":"A Fantastic Engraving"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/une-gravure-fantastique","lines":14},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/sepulture","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-mort-joyeux","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l1","source":"Ce spectre singulier n'a pour toute toilette,","translation":"This strange spectre has, for all its finery,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"pour toute toilette","title":"«pour tout(e)» + noun — 'as one's only…'","body":"«pour toute toilette» means 'as its only attire, for all its dress'. The construction «pour tout X» names the single, meagre thing someone has in place of a whole category: 'for all its X, only…'. The sentence runs over into line 3, where «Qu'un diadème» supplies that one thing — a crown is the spectre's entire wardrobe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of spectre","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"spectre","lemma":"spectre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of a","gloss":"spectre"},{"surface":"singulier","lemma":"singulier","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies spectre","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"restrictive negation with que (l3), modifies a","gloss":"(not)","note":"n'...que is a restrictive construction meaning \"only\", split across the line ending in que (l3)."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toilette","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"toute","lemma":"tout","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of toilette","gloss":"all its"},{"surface":"toilette","lemma":"toilette","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of a","gloss":"finery"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l2","source":"Grotesquement campé sur son front de squelette,","translation":"grotesquely planted on its skeleton brow,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Grotesquement","lemma":"grotesquement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies campé","gloss":"grotesquely"},{"surface":"campé","lemma":"camper","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying diadème (l3)","gloss":"planted"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking front","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of front","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"front","lemma":"front","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of campé","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking squelette","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"squelette","lemma":"squelette","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies front","gloss":"skeleton"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l3","source":"Qu'un diadème affreux sentant le carnaval.","translation":"but a hideous diadem reeking of carnival.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sentant le carnaval","title":"«sentir» + bare noun — 'to smell of'","body":"«sentir le X» (with no article) means 'to smell of / reek of X', and figuratively 'to have the air of, to smack of'. «sentant le carnaval» = 'smelling of carnival, with a carnival reek'. The crown is not regal but a cheap masquerade prop — Death dressed up for a festival of the dead."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"adverb, restrictive","role":"correlative of n' (l1), introduces diadème as the only thing","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of diadème","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"diadème","lemma":"diadème","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of a (l1)","gloss":"diadem"},{"surface":"affreux","lemma":"affreux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies diadème","gloss":"hideous"},{"surface":"sentant","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying diadème","gloss":"reeking of"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of carnaval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carnaval","lemma":"carnaval","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sentant","gloss":"carnival"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l4","source":"Sans éperons, sans fouet, il essouffle un cheval,","translation":"Without spurs, without whip, it winds a horse,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"il essouffle un cheval","title":"«essouffler» — to leave breathless","body":"«essouffler» means 'to wind, to make breathless' (from «souffle», breath); more often reflexive, «s'essouffler» = 'to get out of breath'. Here it is transitive: the rider «essouffle un cheval» — drives the horse breathless — yet «sans éperons, sans fouet», with neither spurs nor whip, the apparition needing no goad."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éperons","gloss":"Without"},{"surface":"éperons","lemma":"éperon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Sans","gloss":"spurs"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fouet","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"fouet","lemma":"fouet","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of sans","gloss":"whip"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of essouffle","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"essouffle","lemma":"essouffler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"winds"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cheval","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cheval","lemma":"cheval","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of essouffle","gloss":"horse"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l5","source":"Fantôme comme lui, rosse apocalyptique,","translation":"a phantom like itself, an apocalyptic nag,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rosse","title":"«une rosse» — a nag","body":"«une rosse» is a worn-out, broken-down horse — a 'nag' or 'jade'. Set against «apocalyptique», it deflates the grandeur: this is the pale horse of the Apocalypse (Revelation 6:8), but a sorry, spavined one. «comme lui» ('like it / like him') makes horse and rider a matched pair of ghosts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Fantôme","lemma":"fantôme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to cheval (l4), describing it as ghostly","gloss":"a phantom"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lui","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme, refers to the rider (spectre)","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"rosse","lemma":"rosse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to cheval (l4)","gloss":"a nag"},{"surface":"apocalyptique","lemma":"apocalyptique","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies rosse","gloss":"apocalyptic"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l6","source":"Qui bave des naseaux comme un épileptique.","translation":"drooling from its nostrils like an epileptic.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bave","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bave","lemma":"baver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on cheval (l4)","gloss":"drools"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking naseaux","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"naseaux","lemma":"naseau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of bave","gloss":"nostrils"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking épileptique","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of épileptique","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"épileptique","lemma":"épileptique","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme, compares the horse to an epileptic","gloss":"epileptic"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l7","source":"Au travers de l'espace ils s'enfoncent tous deux,","translation":"Through the void the two of them plunge on together,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ils s'enfoncent","title":"«s'enfoncer» — reflexive 'to sink, plunge'","body":"«s'enfoncer» is the pronominal of «enfoncer» (to drive in): 'to sink, plunge, bury oneself, press deeper in'. «ils s'enfoncent» = 'they sink/plunge in', the pair driving themselves ever deeper «au travers de l'espace» ('through space, across the void'). «tous deux» = 'both, the two of them'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom au travers de (through)","gloss":"Through"},{"surface":"travers","lemma":"travers","morphology":"noun, masculine","role":"part of the phrase au travers de","gloss":"(through)"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espace","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of espace","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espace","lemma":"espace","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of au travers de","gloss":"void"},{"surface":"ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of enfoncent","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of enfoncent","gloss":"(themselves)"},{"surface":"enfoncent","lemma":"enfoncer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"plunge"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"part of the phrase tous deux (both)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"deux","lemma":"deux","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the phrase tous deux, in apposition to ils","gloss":"of them"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l8","source":"Et foulent l'infini d'un sabot hasardeux.","translation":"and trample the infinite with a reckless hoof.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"foulent","lemma":"fouler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with enfoncent (l7)","gloss":"trample"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of infini","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"infini","lemma":"infini","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of foulent","gloss":"infinite"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sabot","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sabot","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sabot","lemma":"sabot","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies infini","gloss":"hoof"},{"surface":"hasardeux","lemma":"hasardeux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies sabot","gloss":"reckless"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l9","source":"Le cavalier promène un sabre qui flamboie","translation":"The horseman sweeps a sabre that blazes","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"promène un sabre","title":"«promener» — to move (something) about","body":"«promener» literally means 'to take for a walk'; used transitively of a thing it means 'to move/pass/sweep (it) over or about'. «promène un sabre… sur les foules» = 'sweeps a sabre over the crowds'. The verb makes the slaughter idle, a leisurely stroll of the blade across nameless multitudes that «sa monture broie» — that its mount grinds down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cavalier","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"cavalier","lemma":"cavalier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of promène","gloss":"horseman"},{"surface":"promène","lemma":"promener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sweeps"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sabre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sabre","lemma":"sabre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of promène","gloss":"sabre"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of flamboie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"flamboie","lemma":"flamboyer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on sabre","gloss":"blazes"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l10","source":"Sur les foules sans nom que sa monture broie,","translation":"over the nameless crowds his mount grinds down,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking foules","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of foules","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"foules","lemma":"foule","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"crowds"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nom","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"nom","lemma":"nom","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies foules","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of broie, referring to foules","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of monture","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"monture","lemma":"monture","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of broie","gloss":"mount"},{"surface":"broie","lemma":"broyer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying foules","gloss":"grinds down"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l11","source":"Et parcourt, comme un prince inspectant sa maison,","translation":"and rides through, like a prince inspecting his house,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"comme un prince inspectant sa maison","title":"Present participle as an active simile","body":"«inspectant» is the present participle of «inspecter» ('inspecting'), here describing «un prince» mid-action: 'like a prince inspecting his house(hold)'. «sa maison» carries the older sense of a princely 'house' — estate and retinue. The simile makes Death a landlord touring his domain, the graveyard of all history his property."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"parcourt","lemma":"parcourir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rides through"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prince","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of prince","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prince","lemma":"prince","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of comme (comparison)","gloss":"prince"},{"surface":"inspectant","lemma":"inspecter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying prince","gloss":"inspecting"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of maison","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"maison","lemma":"maison","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of inspectant","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l12","source":"Le cimetière immense et froid, sans horizon,","translation":"the cemetery, vast and cold, without horizon,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cimetière","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cimetière","lemma":"cimetière","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cemetery"},{"surface":"immense","lemma":"immense","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cimetière","gloss":"vast"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"froid","lemma":"froid","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with immense","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horizon","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"horizon","lemma":"horizon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cimetière","gloss":"horizon"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l13","source":"Où gisent, aux lueurs d'un soleil blanc et terne,","translation":"where there lie, in the glimmer of a wan, dull sun,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Où gisent","title":"«gésir» — the verb of 'here lies'","body":"«gisent» is the third-person plural of «gésir», the defective, literary verb 'to lie (stretched out)', surviving chiefly in the tomb formula «ci-gît» ('here lies'). «Où gisent… Les peuples» = 'where the peoples lie'. The verb is inverted before its subject «Les peuples de l'histoire» in the next line, so the dead are kept waiting until the final word — and «gésir» itself summons the epitaph."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"depends on gisent","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"gisent","lemma":"gésir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lueurs","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"lueurs","lemma":"lueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of gisent","gloss":"glimmer"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soleil","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lueurs","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"blanc","lemma":"blanc","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soleil","gloss":"wan"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"terne","lemma":"terne","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with blanc","gloss":"dull"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"une-gravure-fantastique-s1-l14","source":"Les peuples de l'histoire ancienne et moderne.","translation":"the peoples of ancient and of modern history.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of peuples","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"peuples","lemma":"peuple","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"peoples"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking histoire","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of histoire","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"histoire","lemma":"histoire","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies peuples","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"ancienne","lemma":"ancien","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies histoire","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"moderne","lemma":"moderne","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with ancienne","gloss":"modern"}]}]}