{"work":{"slug":"deledda","title":{"source":"I giuochi della vita","translated":"The Games of Life"},"author":"Grazia Deledda","language":"Italian","languageCode":"it","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/deledda"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"colpi-di-scure","title":{"source":"Colpi di scure","translated":"Blows of the Axe"},"section":"The Games of Life","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/deledda/colpi-di-scure","lines":92},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/deledda/lo-studente-e-lo-scoparo","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/deledda/mentre-soffia-il-levante","license":"Source text: public domain (Grazia Deledda, d. 1936; collection first published 1905). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"colpi-di-scure-p1-s1","source":"Il vento scuote i fucili e le leppas del vecchio pastore pendenti da un enorme elce di Monte Albu: par d’essere sotto le sacre quercie dei Druidi, ornate d’armi fatidiche, nelle foreste della Gallia primitiva.","translation":"The wind shakes the rifles and the shepherd-knives of the old shepherd hanging from an enormous holm oak on Monte Albu: it feels like being beneath the sacred oaks of the Druids, hung with fateful weapons, in the forests of primitive Gaul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"leppas","title":"«leppa»","body":"A «leppa» is the traditional long, curved sheep-shearing and skinning knife carried by Sardinian shepherds, often worn at the belt or hung up like a weapon — here Deledda pointedly likens the pastore's leppas and rifles to the fatidic arms of the Druids."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vento","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"vento","lemma":"vento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of scuote","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"scuote","lemma":"scuotere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shakes"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of fucili","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fucili","lemma":"fucile","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of scuote","gloss":"rifles"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of leppas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leppas","lemma":"leppa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with fucili","gloss":"knives","note":"Leppa is a Sardinian dialect word for a large shepherd's knife."},{"surface":"del","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pastore","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pastore","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"pastore","lemma":"pastore","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies leppas","gloss":"shepherd"},{"surface":"pendenti","lemma":"pendere","morphology":"verb, present, participle, plural","role":"clause modifying leppas","gloss":"hanging"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elce","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of elce","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies elce","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"elce","lemma":"elce","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of pendenti","gloss":"holm oak"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Monte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Monte","lemma":"Monte","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies elce","gloss":"Monte"},{"surface":"Albu","lemma":"Albu","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies Monte","gloss":"Albu"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"parere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems","note":"Par is an apocopated (truncated) form of pare (parere), common in literary Italian."},{"surface":"d’","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of essere","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"essere","lemma":"essere","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula introducing sotto le quercie","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"sotto","lemma":"sotto","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quercie","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of quercie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sacre","lemma":"sacro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies quercie","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"quercie","lemma":"quercia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"complement of sotto","gloss":"oaks","note":"Quercie is an older plural spelling of quercia (modern standard: querce)."},{"surface":"dei","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Druidi","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Druidi","lemma":"Druidi","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies quercie","gloss":"Druids"},{"surface":"ornate","lemma":"ornare","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, plural","role":"modifies quercie","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"d’","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking armi","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"armi","lemma":"arma","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ornate","gloss":"weapons"},{"surface":"fatidiche","lemma":"fatidico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies armi","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"nelle","lemma":"in il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking foreste","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"foreste","lemma":"foresta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"locative complement of essere","gloss":"forests"},{"surface":"della","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gallia","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Gallia","lemma":"Gallia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies foreste","gloss":"Gaul"},{"surface":"primitiva","lemma":"primitivo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Gallia","gloss":"primitive"}]},{"number":2,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p1-s2","source":"Ed anche il vecchio, seduto sulle radici dell’elce e intento a incidere uno strano disegno su una tabacchiera di corno, ha un’aria sacerdotale: ha gli occhi obliqui sotto l’ampia fronte solcata da rughe scure, un gran naso aquilino e la barba grigio-rossastra, le cui punte formano due grossi riccioli e gli arrivano fino alla cintura.","translation":"And the old man too, seated on the roots of the holm oak and intent on carving a strange design onto a horn snuffbox, has a priestly air: he has slanted eyes beneath a broad brow furrowed with dark wrinkles, a great aquiline nose, and a gray-reddish beard whose tips form two thick curls and reach down to his belt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"seduto...intento a","title":"Past participle + present participle as descriptive clauses","body":"«seduto sulle radici» ('seated on the roots') and «intento a incidere» ('intent on carving') are participial phrases hung off «il vecchio» without a conjugated verb of their own — a compact literary way to layer description onto a subject before the main verb «ha» arrives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ed","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"anche","lemma":"anche","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vecchio","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vecchio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ha","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"seduto","lemma":"sedere","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying vecchio","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"sulle","lemma":"su il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking radici","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"radici","lemma":"radice","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of seduto","gloss":"roots"},{"surface":"dell’","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elce","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"elce","lemma":"elce","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies radici","gloss":"holm oak"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"intento","lemma":"intento","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with seduto, modifies vecchio","gloss":"intent"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of incidere","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"incidere","lemma":"incidere","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying intento","gloss":"carving"},{"surface":"uno","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of disegno","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"strano","lemma":"strano","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies disegno","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"disegno","lemma":"disegno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of incidere","gloss":"design"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tabacchiera","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tabacchiera","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tabacchiera","lemma":"tabacchiera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of incidere","gloss":"snuffbox"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corno","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"corno","lemma":"corno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tabacchiera","gloss":"horn"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"avere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"un’","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of aria","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"aria","lemma":"aria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ha","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"sacerdotale","lemma":"sacerdotale","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies aria","gloss":"priestly"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"avere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gli","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of occhi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"occhi","lemma":"occhio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ha","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"obliqui","lemma":"obliquo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies occhi","gloss":"slanted"},{"surface":"sotto","lemma":"sotto","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fronte","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"l’","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of fronte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ampia","lemma":"ampio","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fronte","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"fronte","lemma":"fronte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ha","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"solcata","lemma":"solcare","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying fronte","gloss":"furrowed"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rughe","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rughe","lemma":"ruga","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"agent of solcata","gloss":"wrinkles"},{"surface":"scure","lemma":"scuro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies rughe","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of naso","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies naso","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"naso","lemma":"naso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ha","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"aquilino","lemma":"aquilino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies naso","gloss":"aquiline"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of barba","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"barba","lemma":"barba","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with naso","gloss":"beard"},{"surface":"grigio","lemma":"grigio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular (invariable compound element)","role":"modifies barba","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"rossastra","lemma":"rossastro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies barba","gloss":"reddish"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of punte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cui","lemma":"cui","morphology":"determiner","role":"relative possessive referring to barba, depends on punte","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"punte","lemma":"punta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of formano","gloss":"tips"},{"surface":"formano","lemma":"formare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on barba","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"due","lemma":"due","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies riccioli","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"grossi","lemma":"grosso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies riccioli","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"riccioli","lemma":"ricciolo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of formano","gloss":"curls"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gli","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular, dative clitic","role":"indirect object of arrivano","gloss":"to him","note":"Dative clitic referring back to the old man; the curls reach down to him."},{"surface":"arrivano","lemma":"arrivare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with formano","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"fino","lemma":"fino","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking cintura","gloss":"all the way"},{"surface":"alla","lemma":"a il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cintura","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"cintura","lemma":"cintura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrivano","gloss":"belt"}]},{"number":3,"label":"2","id":"colpi-di-scure-p2-s1","source":"Le greggie meriggiano all’ombra delle roccie, sulle quali sorgono elci selvaggi che fremono al vento.","translation":"The flocks lie in the noonday shade of the rocks, on which wild holm oaks rise and quiver in the wind.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of greggie","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"greggie","lemma":"greggia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of meriggiano","gloss":"flocks"},{"surface":"meriggiano","lemma":"meriggiare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rest at noon"},{"surface":"all’","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ombra","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"ombra","lemma":"ombra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of meriggiano","gloss":"shade"},{"surface":"delle","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roccie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"roccie","lemma":"roccia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ombra","gloss":"rocks"},{"surface":"sulle","lemma":"su il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quali","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"quali","lemma":"quale","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"oblique complement of sorgono","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"sorgono","lemma":"sorgere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on roccie","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"elci","lemma":"elce","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sorgono","gloss":"holm oaks"},{"surface":"selvaggi","lemma":"selvaggio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies elci","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of fremono","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"fremono","lemma":"fremere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on elci","gloss":"quiver"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vento","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"vento","lemma":"vento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of fremono","gloss":"wind"}]},{"number":4,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p2-s2","source":"In fondo al bosco s’odono ininterrotti colpi di scure, ripetuti dall’eco, e pare che tutta la foresta ne tremi.","translation":"Deep in the wood, unbroken blows of the axe are heard, repeated by the echo, and it seems that the whole forest trembles at them.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of odono","gloss":"the depths"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bosco","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bosco","lemma":"bosco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fondo","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"s’","lemma":"si","morphology":"pronoun, passive marker","role":"passive particle of odono","gloss":"are","note":"Passive si-construction: \"s'odono colpi\" = \"blows are heard.\""},{"surface":"odono","lemma":"udire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"ininterrotti","lemma":"ininterrotto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies colpi","gloss":"unbroken"},{"surface":"colpi","lemma":"colpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of odono","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking scure","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"scure","lemma":"scure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies colpi","gloss":"axe"},{"surface":"ripetuti","lemma":"ripetere","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies colpi","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"dall’","lemma":"da il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eco","gloss":"by the"},{"surface":"eco","lemma":"eco","morphology":"noun, feminine","role":"agent of ripetuti","gloss":"echo"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pare","lemma":"parere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with odono","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tremi","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tutta","lemma":"tutto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"depends on foresta","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of foresta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"foresta","lemma":"foresta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tremi","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"pronoun, clitic","role":"oblique complement of tremi","gloss":"at them"},{"surface":"tremi","lemma":"tremare","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of pare","gloss":"trembles"}]},{"number":5,"label":"3","id":"colpi-di-scure-p3-s1","source":"Squadre di carbonari e di scorzini abbattono le piante millenarie, e di giorno in giorno si avvicinano al cuore della foresta, all’elce enorme sotto il quale il pastore ha stabilito il suo domicilio e appese le sue armi.","translation":"Crews of charcoal-burners and bark-strippers fell the thousand-year-old trees, and day by day they draw closer to the heart of the forest, to the enormous holm oak beneath which the shepherd has made his home and hung his weapons.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Squadre","lemma":"squadra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of abbattono","gloss":"Crews"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carbonari","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"carbonari","lemma":"carbonaro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Squadre","gloss":"charcoal-burners"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking scorzini","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"scorzini","lemma":"scorzino","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with carbonari","gloss":"bark-strippers"},{"surface":"abbattono","lemma":"abbattere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of piante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"piante","lemma":"pianta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of abbattono","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"millenarie","lemma":"millenario","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies piante","gloss":"thousand-year-old"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking giorno","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"giorno","lemma":"giorno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of avvicinano","gloss":"day","note":"Idiom \"di giorno in giorno\" = \"day by day.\""},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking giorno","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"giorno","lemma":"giorno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of avvicinano","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive clitic","role":"reflexive particle of avvicinano","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"avvicinano","lemma":"avvicinare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with abbattono","gloss":"draw closer"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuore","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"cuore","lemma":"cuore","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of avvicinano","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"della","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking foresta","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"foresta","lemma":"foresta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cuore","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"all’","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elce","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"elce","lemma":"elce","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of avvicinano","gloss":"holm oak"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies elce","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"sotto","lemma":"sotto","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quale","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of quale","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"quale","lemma":"quale","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of sotto, referring to elce","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pastore","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pastore","lemma":"pastore","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of stabilito","gloss":"shepherd"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"avere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of stabilito","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"stabilito","lemma":"stabilire","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause on elce","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of domicilio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"suo","lemma":"suo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"depends on domicilio","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"domicilio","lemma":"domicilio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of stabilito","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"appese","lemma":"appendere","morphology":"verb, past historic (passato remoto), third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with stabilito","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of armi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sue","lemma":"suo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"depends on armi","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"armi","lemma":"arma","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of appese","gloss":"weapons"}]},{"number":6,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p3-s2","source":"E la pianta selvaggia e forte come un leone, che ha ingoiato i fulmini e protetto i banditi contro l’ira dell’uragano, e il vecchio pastore al quale gli anni non hanno potuto strappare i denti da lupo e i peli rossicci, aspettano i nuovi devastatori, la cui scure è più potente della folgore e del tempo: li aspettano con la stoica impassibilità con cui aspettano la morte.","translation":"And the tree, wild and strong as a lion, which has swallowed lightning bolts and sheltered outlaws from the fury of the storm, and the old shepherd, from whom the years have not been able to tear the wolf's teeth and the reddish hair, await the new devastators, whose axe is more powerful than the thunderbolt and than time: they await them with the same stoic impassivity with which they await death.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aspettano","title":"One plural verb, two distant subjects","body":"«aspettano» ('they wait') is plural because its subject is «la pianta... e il vecchio pastore» — 'the tree... and the old shepherd' — but the two subjects are separated by a long descriptive clause, so the verb arrives well after we've lost track of who is waiting."}],"words":[{"surface":"E","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pianta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pianta","lemma":"pianta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of aspettano","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"selvaggia","lemma":"selvaggio","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pianta","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"forte","lemma":"forte","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with selvaggia","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"come","lemma":"come","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leone","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of leone","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"leone","lemma":"leone","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of come, compares to pianta","gloss":"lion"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ingoiato","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"avere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ingoiato","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ingoiato","lemma":"ingoiare","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause on pianta","gloss":"swallowed"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of fulmini","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fulmini","lemma":"fulmine","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ingoiato","gloss":"lightning bolts"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"protetto","lemma":"proteggere","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ingoiato","gloss":"sheltered"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of banditi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"banditi","lemma":"bandito","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of protetto","gloss":"outlaws"},{"surface":"contro","lemma":"contro","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ira","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"l’","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ira","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ira","lemma":"ira","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of protetto","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"dell’","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uragano","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"uragano","lemma":"uragano","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ira","gloss":"storm"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pastore","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pastore","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"pastore","lemma":"pastore","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with pianta","gloss":"shepherd"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quale","gloss":"from","note":"\"Strappare a\" idiomatically means \"to tear away from,\" so \"al quale\" here means \"from whom.\""},{"surface":"quale","lemma":"quale","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of strappare","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"gli","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of anni","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anni","lemma":"anno","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of strappare","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"non","lemma":"non","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies strappare","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hanno","lemma":"avere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of strappare","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"potuto","lemma":"potere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"auxiliary of strappare","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"strappare","lemma":"strappare","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"relative clause on pastore","gloss":"tear"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of denti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denti","lemma":"dente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of strappare","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lupo","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"lupo","lemma":"lupo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies denti","gloss":"wolf"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of peli","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"peli","lemma":"pelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with denti","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"rossicci","lemma":"rossiccio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies peli","gloss":"reddish"},{"surface":"aspettano","lemma":"aspettare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"await"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of devastatori","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nuovi","lemma":"nuovo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies devastatori","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"devastatori","lemma":"devastatore","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of aspettano","gloss":"devastators"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of scure","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cui","lemma":"cui","morphology":"determiner","role":"relative possessive referring to devastatori, depends on scure","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"scure","lemma":"scure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of è","gloss":"axe"},{"surface":"è","lemma":"essere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to potente","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"più","lemma":"più","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies potente","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"potente","lemma":"potente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective of scure","gloss":"powerful"},{"surface":"della","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking folgore","gloss":"than the"},{"surface":"folgore","lemma":"folgore","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of potente","gloss":"thunderbolt"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tempo","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"tempo","lemma":"tempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with folgore","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"li","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural, accusative clitic","role":"direct object of aspettano","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"aspettano","lemma":"aspettare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"await"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking impassibilità","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of impassibilità","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stoica","lemma":"stoico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies impassibilità","gloss":"stoic"},{"surface":"impassibilità","lemma":"impassibilità","morphology":"noun, feminine","role":"oblique complement of aspettano","gloss":"impassivity"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cui","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"cui","lemma":"cui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of aspettano, referring to impassibilità","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"aspettano","lemma":"aspettare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on impassibilità","gloss":"await"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of morte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"morte","lemma":"morte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of aspettano","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":7,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p3-s3","source":"Di giorno in gíorno, d’ora in ora, i colpi di scure risuonano più vicini e più forti, mentre tutta la foresta si copre di fiori dorati e il vento di giugno si fa più caldo e odoroso.","translation":"Day by day, hour by hour, the axe blows resound nearer and louder, while the whole forest covers itself with golden flowers and the June wind grows warmer and more fragrant.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"opens the idiom di giorno in giorno, temporal modifier of risuonano","gloss":"from","note":"Idiom 'di giorno in giorno' = day by day, mirrored just after by 'd'ora in ora' = hour by hour."},{"surface":"giorno","lemma":"giorno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Di","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gíorno","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gíorno","lemma":"giorno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of in, completes the idiom with giorno","gloss":"day","note":"Printed with an accent (gíorno) but the same word as giorno, 'day'."},{"surface":"d’","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"opens the idiom d'ora in ora","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ora","lemma":"ora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of d’","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ora","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ora","lemma":"ora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of in, completes the idiom with ora","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of colpi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"colpi","lemma":"colpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of risuonano","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking scure","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"scure","lemma":"scure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies colpi","gloss":"axe"},{"surface":"risuonano","lemma":"risuonare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resound"},{"surface":"più","lemma":"più","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vicini","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"vicini","lemma":"vicino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"complement of risuonano","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"più","lemma":"più","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies forti","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"forti","lemma":"forte","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with vicini","gloss":"loud"},{"surface":"mentre","lemma":"mentre","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of copre","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"tutta","lemma":"tutto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"depends on foresta","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of foresta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"foresta","lemma":"foresta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of copre","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"pronoun","role":"reflexive clitic with copre","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"copre","lemma":"coprire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with risuonano","gloss":"covers"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fiori","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"fiori","lemma":"fiore","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of copre","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"dorati","lemma":"dorato","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fiori","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vento","lemma":"vento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fa","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking giugno","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"giugno","lemma":"giugno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vento","gloss":"June"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"pronoun","role":"reflexive clitic of fa (farsi, 'to become')","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"fa","lemma":"fare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with copre","gloss":"grows"},{"surface":"più","lemma":"più","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caldo","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"caldo","lemma":"caldo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of fa","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"odoroso","lemma":"odoroso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with caldo","gloss":"fragrant"}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p3-s4","source":"Mai la foresta fu più bella e fiorita: forse sente giunta la sua ultima primavera e vuole inebbriarsi dei suoi tepori e delle sue fragranze, per dimenticare che la morte si avanza.","translation":"Never was the forest more beautiful or more in bloom: perhaps it senses that its last spring has come, and wants to intoxicate itself on its warmth and its fragrances, to forget that death is drawing near.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"fu","title":"«fu»: passato remoto of «essere»","body":"«fu» is the passato remoto ('was') of «essere», the tense of narrated, completed past events, distinct from the descriptive present texture around it — Deledda drops into it here for a flat, almost proverbial statement: 'never was the forest more beautiful.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Mai","lemma":"mai","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bella","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of foresta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"foresta","lemma":"foresta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of fu","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"fu","lemma":"essere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to bella","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"più","lemma":"più","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bella","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"bella","lemma":"bello","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of fu","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fiorita","lemma":"fiorito","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with bella","gloss":"blooming"},{"surface":"forse","lemma":"forse","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sente","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"sente","lemma":"sentire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"giunta","lemma":"giungere","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"secondary predicate on primavera, object of sente","gloss":"arrived","note":"'sente giunta la sua primavera' = senses that her spring has come; giunta is a participle agreeing with primavera, not a noun subject."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of primavera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sua","lemma":"suo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"depends on primavera","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"ultima","lemma":"ultimo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies primavera","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"primavera","lemma":"primavera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sente","gloss":"spring"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vuole","lemma":"volere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of inebbriarsi","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"inebbriarsi","lemma":"inebbriarsi","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of vuole","gloss":"intoxicate itself"},{"surface":"dei","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tepori","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"suoi","lemma":"suo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"depends on tepori","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"tepori","lemma":"tepore","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of inebbriarsi","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"delle","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fragranze","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"sue","lemma":"suo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"depends on fragranze","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"fragranze","lemma":"fragranza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with tepori","gloss":"fragrances"},{"surface":"per","lemma":"per","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of dimenticare","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dimenticare","lemma":"dimenticare","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on inebbriarsi","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of avanza","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of morte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"morte","lemma":"morte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of avanza","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"pronoun","role":"reflexive clitic with avanza","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"avanza","lemma":"avanzare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dimenticare","gloss":"draws near"}]},{"number":9,"label":"4","id":"colpi-di-scure-p4-s1","source":"Sembra che i giovani elci sorgenti sulle roccie si siano arrampicati lassù per sfuggire all’imminente rovina, e quando il vento passa tremano d’angoscia, e quando la sera glauca discende, e la luna cade come una perla sul velluto purpureo dell’orizzonte, le giovani piante sbattono le foglie secche e pare che piangano.","translation":"It seems that the young holm oaks rising on the rocks have climbed up there to escape the imminent ruin, and when the wind passes they tremble with anguish, and when the sea-green evening comes down, and the moon falls like a pearl onto the purple velvet of the horizon, the young trees rattle their dry leaves and seem to weep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"si siano arrampicati","title":"Congiuntivo passato after «sembra che»","body":"«sembra che» ('it seems that') is followed by the subjunctive: «si siano arrampicati» is the present-perfect subjunctive of «arrampicarsi», 'to climb'. Italian regularly requires the congiuntivo in the clause after verbs of seeming, opinion, or doubt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sembra","lemma":"sembrare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of arrampicati","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of elci","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"giovani","lemma":"giovane","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies elci","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"elci","lemma":"elce","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of arrampicati","gloss":"holm oaks"},{"surface":"sorgenti","lemma":"sorgere","morphology":"verb, present, participle, plural","role":"participial clause modifying elci","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"sulle","lemma":"su il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roccie","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"roccie","lemma":"roccia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of sorgenti","gloss":"rocks"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"pronoun","role":"reflexive clitic of arrampicati (arrampicarsi)","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"siano","lemma":"essere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of arrampicati","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"arrampicati","lemma":"arrampicare","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clausal complement of Sembra","gloss":"climbed"},{"surface":"lassù","lemma":"lassù","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arrampicati","gloss":"up there"},{"surface":"per","lemma":"per","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sfuggire","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sfuggire","lemma":"sfuggire","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on arrampicati","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"all’","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rovina","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"imminente","lemma":"imminente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies rovina","gloss":"imminent"},{"surface":"rovina","lemma":"rovina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sfuggire","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"quando","lemma":"quando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of passa","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vento","lemma":"vento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passa","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"passa","lemma":"passare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on tremano","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"tremano","lemma":"tremare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with arrampicati","gloss":"tremble"},{"surface":"d’","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angoscia","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"angoscia","lemma":"angoscia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tremano","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"quando","lemma":"quando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of discende","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sera","lemma":"sera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of discende","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"glauca","lemma":"glauco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sera","gloss":"sea-green","note":"glauca is an adjective agreeing with sera, not a noun."},{"surface":"discende","lemma":"discendere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the quando-clause (sera discende)","gloss":"comes down","note":"discende is the verb of this clause ('the evening comes down'), not an adjective on glauca."},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luna","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luna","lemma":"luna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of cade","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"cade","lemma":"cadere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the coordinate clause introduced by e","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"come","lemma":"come","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perla","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of perla","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"perla","lemma":"perla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cade","gloss":"pearl"},{"surface":"sul","lemma":"su il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velluto","gloss":"onto the"},{"surface":"velluto","lemma":"velluto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies perla","gloss":"velvet"},{"surface":"purpureo","lemma":"purpureo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies velluto","gloss":"purple"},{"surface":"dell’","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orizzonte","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"orizzonte","lemma":"orizzonte","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies velluto","gloss":"horizon"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of piante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"giovani","lemma":"giovane","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies piante","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"piante","lemma":"pianta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of sbattono","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"sbattono","lemma":"sbattere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Sembra","gloss":"rattle"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of foglie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"foglie","lemma":"foglia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of sbattono","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"secche","lemma":"secco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies foglie","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pare","lemma":"parere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sbattono","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of piangano","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"piangano","lemma":"piangere","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of pare","gloss":"weep"}]},{"number":10,"label":"5","id":"colpi-di-scure-p5-s1","source":"Zio Cosma incide sulla tabacchiera due fatti eroici della sua gioventù: due fatti per lui egualmente epici, e il cui ricordo ha riempito tutta la sua vita ed ancora lo anima come l’eco d’una marcia guerriera.","translation":"Uncle Cosma carves onto the snuffbox two heroic deeds of his youth: two deeds equally epic to him, whose memory has filled his whole life and still stirs him like the echo of a war march.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Zio","lemma":"zio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"title of Cosma, subject of incide","gloss":"Uncle"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"depends on Zio","gloss":"Cosma"},{"surface":"incide","lemma":"incidere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carves"},{"surface":"sulla","lemma":"su il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tabacchiera","gloss":"onto the"},{"surface":"tabacchiera","lemma":"tabacchiera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of incide","gloss":"snuffbox"},{"surface":"due","lemma":"due","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies fatti","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"fatti","lemma":"fatto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of incide","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"eroici","lemma":"eroico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fatti","gloss":"heroic"},{"surface":"della","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gioventù","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sua","lemma":"suo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"depends on gioventù","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gioventù","lemma":"gioventù","morphology":"noun, feminine","role":"modifies fatti","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"due","lemma":"due","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies fatti","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"fatti","lemma":"fatto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to fatti (w7)","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"per","lemma":"per","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lui","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"object of per","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"egualmente","lemma":"egualmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies epici","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"epici","lemma":"epico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fatti (w13)","gloss":"epic"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ricordo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cui","lemma":"cui","morphology":"determiner","role":"depends on ricordo","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"ricordo","lemma":"ricordo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of riempito","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"avere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of riempito","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"riempito","lemma":"riempire","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause, coordinated with anima","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"tutta","lemma":"tutto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"depends on vita","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vita","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sua","lemma":"suo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"depends on vita","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vita","lemma":"vita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of riempito","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ed","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ancora","lemma":"ancora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies anima","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, direct object, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of anima","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"anima","lemma":"animare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with riempito","gloss":"stirs","note":"anima here is the verb 'animare' (stirs him), not the noun 'soul'."},{"surface":"come","lemma":"come","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eco","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"l’","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of eco","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eco","lemma":"eco","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of anima","gloss":"echo"},{"surface":"d’","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marcia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of marcia","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"marcia","lemma":"marcia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies eco","gloss":"march"},{"surface":"guerriera","lemma":"guerriero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies marcia","gloss":"war"}]},{"number":11,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p5-s2","source":"Da una parte della tabacchiera si distingue un uomo che lotta con un suo simile e lo atterra: dall’altra un uomo che affronta e pugnala un feroce cinghiale.","translation":"On one side of the snuffbox one can make out a man wrestling with a fellow man and throwing him down: on the other, a man facing and stabbing a fierce wild boar.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Da","lemma":"da","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking parte","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of parte","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"parte","lemma":"parte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of distingue","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"della","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tabacchiera","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tabacchiera","lemma":"tabacchiera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies parte","gloss":"snuffbox"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"pronoun","role":"impersonal clitic with distingue","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"distingue","lemma":"distinguere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes out"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of uomo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"uomo","lemma":"uomo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of distingue","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of lotta","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"lotta","lemma":"lottare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on uomo","gloss":"wrestles"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking simile","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of simile","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"suo","lemma":"suo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"depends on simile","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"simile","lemma":"simile","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"oblique complement of lotta","gloss":"fellow man"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, direct object, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of atterra","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"atterra","lemma":"atterrare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with lotta","gloss":"throws down","note":"atterra here is the verb 'atterrare' (throws him down), not a noun."},{"surface":"dall’","lemma":"da il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking altra","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"altra","lemma":"altro","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"object of dall’, elliptical for l'altra parte","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of uomo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"uomo","lemma":"uomo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of affronta","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"affronta","lemma":"affrontare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on uomo","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pugnala","lemma":"pugnalare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with affronta","gloss":"stabs"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cinghiale","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"feroce","lemma":"feroce","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies cinghiale","gloss":"fierce"},{"surface":"cinghiale","lemma":"cinghiale","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of pugnala","gloss":"wild boar"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p5-s3","source":"Per zio Cosma i due fatti, dei quali egli fu l’eroe, hanno eguale valore: e l’antico elce guarda il lavoro del vecchio artista con la stessa solennità con la quale assistè alla realtà dei fatti immortalati sulla tabacchiera di corno.","translation":"To Uncle Cosma the two deeds, of which he was the hero, carry equal worth: and the ancient holm oak watches the old artist's work with the same solemnity with which it witnessed the reality of the deeds now immortalized on the horn snuffbox.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"assistè","title":"«assistè»: another passato remoto","body":"«assistè» ('it witnessed') is the passato remoto of «assistere». Like «fu» earlier, it marks a single completed past action in Deledda's narrative register, here personifying the ancient holm oak as a witness to Zio Cosma's youthful exploits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Per","lemma":"per","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase 'zio Cosma', modifying hanno","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"zio","lemma":"zio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"title modifying Cosma","gloss":"Uncle"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of Per","gloss":"Cosma"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of fatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"due","lemma":"due","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies fatti","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"fatti","lemma":"fatto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of hanno","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"dei","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quali","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"quali","lemma":"quale","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"object of dei, refers back to fatti","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"egli","lemma":"egli","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fu","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"fu","lemma":"essere","morphology":"verb, simple past (passato remoto), indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking egli to eroe","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"l’","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of eroe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eroe","lemma":"eroe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of fu","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"hanno","lemma":"avere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"eguale","lemma":"eguale","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies valore","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"valore","lemma":"valore","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hanno","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"l’","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of elce","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"antico","lemma":"antico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies elce","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"elce","lemma":"elce","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of guarda","gloss":"holm oak"},{"surface":"guarda","lemma":"guardare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watches"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lavoro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lavoro","lemma":"lavoro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of guarda","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking artista","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies artista","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"artista","lemma":"artista","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"modifies lavoro","gloss":"artist"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking solennità","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of solennità","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stessa","lemma":"stesso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies solennità","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"solennità","lemma":"solennità","morphology":"noun, feminine","role":"oblique complement of guarda","gloss":"solemnity"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quale","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of quale","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"quale","lemma":"quale","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of assistè, refers to solennità","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"assistè","lemma":"assistere","morphology":"verb, simple past (passato remoto), indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause verb on solennità, subject elce","gloss":"witnessed"},{"surface":"alla","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking realtà","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"realtà","lemma":"realtà","morphology":"noun, feminine","role":"oblique complement of assistè","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"dei","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fatti","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"fatti","lemma":"fatto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies realtà","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"immortalati","lemma":"immortalare","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, plural (used adjectivally)","role":"clause modifying fatti","gloss":"immortalized"},{"surface":"sulla","lemma":"su il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tabacchiera","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"tabacchiera","lemma":"tabacchiera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of immortalati","gloss":"snuffbox"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corno","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"corno","lemma":"corno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tabacchiera","gloss":"horn"}]},{"number":13,"label":"6","id":"colpi-di-scure-p6-s1","source":"Ma qualcuno viene ad interrompere la tragica solitudine del vecchio pastore.","translation":"But someone comes to interrupt the old shepherd's tragic solitude.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ma","lemma":"ma","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"qualcuno","lemma":"qualcuno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of viene","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"viene","lemma":"venire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"ad","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of interrompere","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"interrompere","lemma":"interrompere","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of viene","gloss":"interrupt"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of solitudine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tragica","lemma":"tragico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies solitudine","gloss":"tragic"},{"surface":"solitudine","lemma":"solitudine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of interrompere","gloss":"solitude"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pastore","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pastore","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"pastore","lemma":"pastore","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies solitudine","gloss":"shepherd"}]},{"number":14,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p6-s2","source":"Un giovane carbonaio svizzero alto e svelto, col viso sorridente come quello di un bimbo tintosi per ischerzo, si avanza fischiando un’aria della Traviata, e da lontano mostra al vecchio pastore una bottiglia nera.","translation":"A young Swiss charcoal-burner, tall and quick, with a smiling face like that of a child who has painted himself up as a joke, comes forward whistling an air from La Traviata, and from a distance shows the old shepherd a black bottle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"carbonaio","title":"«carbonaio»","body":"A «carbonaio» is a charcoal-burner — a laborer who fells and slow-burns wood into charcoal. Turn-of-the-century Sardinia drew crews of them, often from outside the island (here, Swiss), to clear its ancient forests for mainland industry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of carbonaio","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"giovane","lemma":"giovane","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies carbonaio","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"carbonaio","lemma":"carbonaio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of avanza","gloss":"charcoal-burner"},{"surface":"svizzero","lemma":"svizzero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies carbonaio","gloss":"Swiss"},{"surface":"alto","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies carbonaio","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"svelto","lemma":"svelto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with alto","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"col","lemma":"con il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking viso","gloss":"with the"},{"surface":"viso","lemma":"viso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies carbonaio","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"sorridente","lemma":"sorridente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies viso","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"come","lemma":"come","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quello","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"quello","lemma":"quello","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies viso, stands for 'the face'","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bimbo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bimbo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bimbo","lemma":"bimbo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies quello","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"tintosi","lemma":"tingersi","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular, reflexive","role":"clause modifying bimbo","gloss":"painted himself","note":"tintosi = tinto (from tingere) + reflexive si, 'having painted/dyed himself'."},{"surface":"per","lemma":"per","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ischerzo","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ischerzo","lemma":"scherzo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tintosi","gloss":"joke","note":"ischerzo is the older prosthetic-i spelling of scherzo, used after per."},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive pronoun of avanza","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"avanza","lemma":"avanzare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"advances"},{"surface":"fischiando","lemma":"fischiare","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on avanza","gloss":"whistling"},{"surface":"un’","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of aria","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"aria","lemma":"aria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of fischiando","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"della","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Traviata","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"Traviata","lemma":"Traviata","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies aria","gloss":"Traviata"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lontano","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"lontano","lemma":"lontano","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of mostra","gloss":"afar"},{"surface":"mostra","lemma":"mostrare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with avanza","gloss":"shows"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pastore","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pastore","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"pastore","lemma":"pastore","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of mostra","gloss":"shepherd"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of bottiglia","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bottiglia","lemma":"bottiglia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of mostra","gloss":"bottle"},{"surface":"nera","lemma":"nero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies bottiglia","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":15,"label":"7","id":"colpi-di-scure-p7-s1","source":"Zio Cosma solleva il volto, guarda il giovine con disprezzo e col dito sollevato risponde: — No! —","translation":"Uncle Cosma lifts his face, looks at the young man with contempt, and with his finger raised answers: \"No!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Zio","lemma":"zio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of solleva","gloss":"Uncle"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"depends on Zio","gloss":"Cosma"},{"surface":"solleva","lemma":"sollevare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lifts"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of volto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volto","lemma":"volto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of solleva","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"guarda","lemma":"guardare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with solleva","gloss":"looks at"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of giovine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"giovine","lemma":"giovane","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of guarda","gloss":"young man","note":"giovine is the older spelling of giovane."},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking disprezzo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"disprezzo","lemma":"disprezzo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of guarda","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"col","lemma":"con il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dito","gloss":"with the"},{"surface":"dito","lemma":"dito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of risponde","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"sollevato","lemma":"sollevato","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies dito","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"risponde","lemma":"rispondere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with solleva","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"No"}]},{"number":16,"label":"8","id":"colpi-di-scure-p8-s1","source":"Ma il giovine s’avanza egualmente.","translation":"But the young man comes forward all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ma","lemma":"ma","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of giovine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"giovine","lemma":"giovane","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of avanza","gloss":"young man","note":"giovine is the older spelling of giovane."},{"surface":"s’","lemma":"si","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive pronoun of avanza","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"avanza","lemma":"avanzare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"advances"},{"surface":"egualmente","lemma":"egualmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies avanza","gloss":"all the same"}]},{"number":17,"label":"9","id":"colpi-di-scure-p9-s1","source":"— Ho detto di nooo! — grida il vecchio.","translation":"\"I said noooo!\" shouts the old man.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ho","lemma":"avere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of detto","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"detto","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nooo","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"nooo","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of detto","gloss":"no","note":"nooo is 'no' elongated for shouted emphasis."},{"surface":"grida","lemma":"gridare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vecchio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of grida","gloss":"old man"}]},{"number":18,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p9-s2","source":"— Latte da me non ne prendi, come è vero San Francesco!","translation":"\"You'll get no milk from me, as sure as Saint Francis is true!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"come è vero San Francesco","title":"A folk oath","body":"«come è vero San Francesco» ('as sure as Saint Francis is true') is a folk-Catholic oath formula — swearing by a saint's truth to back up an emphatic statement, common in rural Italian and Sardinian speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Latte","lemma":"latte","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"topicalized direct object of prendi, resumed by ne","gloss":"Milk"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of prendi","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"non","lemma":"non","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies prendi","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"partitive pronoun","role":"partitive pronoun referring to Latte, object of prendi","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"prendi","lemma":"prendere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"come","lemma":"come","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vero","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"è","lemma":"essere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking Francesco to vero","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vero","lemma":"vero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on prendi","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"San","lemma":"San","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies Francesco","gloss":"Saint"},{"surface":"Francesco","lemma":"Francesco","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of è","gloss":"Francis"}]},{"number":19,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p9-s3","source":"Beviti un po’ di polvere da sparo sciolta nel petrolio, se hai sete.","translation":"Drink yourself a little gunpowder dissolved in kerosene, if you're thirsty.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Beviti","lemma":"bere","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular, with reflexive clitic ti","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drink yourself"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of po’","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"po’","lemma":"poco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular (elliptical quantifier)","role":"direct object of Beviti","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking polvere","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"polvere","lemma":"polvere","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies po’","gloss":"powder"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sparo","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"sparo","lemma":"sparo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies polvere","gloss":"firing"},{"surface":"sciolta","lemma":"sciogliere","morphology":"verb, past participle, feminine, singular","role":"modifies polvere","gloss":"dissolved"},{"surface":"nel","lemma":"in il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking petrolio","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"petrolio","lemma":"petrolio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sciolta","gloss":"kerosene"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hai","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hai","lemma":"avere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause, modifies Beviti","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"sete","lemma":"sete","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hai","gloss":"thirst"}]},{"number":20,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p9-s4","source":"E va al diavolo, tu e chi ti ha trasportato qui.","translation":"And go to the devil, you and whoever brought you here.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"E","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"andare","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diavolo","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"diavolo","lemma":"diavolo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of va","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of va","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"chi","lemma":"chi","morphology":"pronoun","role":"coordinated with tu","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"ti","lemma":"ti","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of trasportato","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"avere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of trasportato","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"trasportato","lemma":"trasportare","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause on chi","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trasportato","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":21,"label":"10","id":"colpi-di-scure-p10-s1","source":"Il giovane non capisce niente del dialetto rude di zio Cosma; sorride e, sempre mostrando la bottiglia, si mette a sedere presso il vecchio.","translation":"The young man understands nothing of Uncle Cosma's rough dialect; he smiles and, still holding out the bottle, sits down beside the old man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"si mette a sedere","title":"«mettersi a» + infinitive","body":"«mettersi a» plus an infinitive means 'to set about / start' doing something: «si mette a sedere» = 'he sits himself down', literally 'he puts himself to sitting'. The reflexive «si» makes «sedere» ('to sit') into an event the subject performs on himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of giovane","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"giovane","lemma":"giovane","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of capisce","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"non","lemma":"non","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies capisce","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"capisce","lemma":"capire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"niente","lemma":"niente","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of capisce","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dialetto","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"dialetto","lemma":"dialetto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies niente","gloss":"dialect"},{"surface":"rude","lemma":"rude","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies dialetto","gloss":"rough"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zio","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zio","lemma":"zio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies dialetto","gloss":"uncle"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies zio","gloss":"Cosma"},{"surface":"sorride","lemma":"sorridere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiles"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sempre","lemma":"sempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mostrando","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"mostrando","lemma":"mostrare","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on mette","gloss":"holding out"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of bottiglia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bottiglia","lemma":"bottiglia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of mostrando","gloss":"bottle"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive pronoun of mette","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"mette","lemma":"mettere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sorride","gloss":"puts"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sedere","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sedere","lemma":"sedere","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of mette","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"presso","lemma":"presso","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vecchio","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vecchio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sedere","gloss":"old man"}]},{"number":22,"label":"11","id":"colpi-di-scure-p11-s1","source":"— Latte? — chiede con voce un po’ gutturale.","translation":"\"Milk?\" he asks, in a somewhat guttural voice.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Latte","lemma":"latte","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Milk"},{"surface":"chiede","lemma":"chiedere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voce","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"voce","lemma":"voce","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of chiede","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of po’","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"po’","lemma":"poco","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gutturale","gloss":"a bit"},{"surface":"gutturale","lemma":"gutturale","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies voce","gloss":"guttural"}]},{"number":23,"label":"12","id":"colpi-di-scure-p12-s1","source":"— Un colpo di fucile, se lo vuoi?","translation":"\"A rifle shot, if you want one?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of colpo","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"colpo","lemma":"colpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"shot"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fucile","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fucile","lemma":"fucile","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies colpo","gloss":"rifle"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vuoi","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of vuoi","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"vuoi","lemma":"volere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"conditional clause modifying the implied offer of colpo","gloss":"want"}]},{"number":24,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p12-s2","source":"Chi sei tu, immondezza?…","translation":"Who are you, filth?…","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Chi","lemma":"chi","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicate complement of sei","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"sei","lemma":"essere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking tu to Chi","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sei","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"immondezza","lemma":"immondezza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing tu","gloss":"filth"}]},{"number":25,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p12-s3","source":"Sei un uomo tu? — chiede zio Cosma con sovrano disprezzo.","translation":"Are you a man? Uncle Cosma asks with lordly contempt.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sei","lemma":"essere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking tu to uomo","gloss":"Are"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of uomo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"uomo","lemma":"uomo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Sei","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Sei","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"chiede","lemma":"chiedere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"zio","lemma":"zio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of chiede","gloss":"uncle"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies zio","gloss":"Cosma"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking disprezzo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sovrano","lemma":"sovrano","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies disprezzo","gloss":"lordly"},{"surface":"disprezzo","lemma":"disprezzo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of chiede","gloss":"contempt"}]},{"number":26,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p12-s4","source":"— Tu hai gli occhi azzurri, i piedi e le mani che sembrano culle: sì, in verità santa, le culle di sughero, appese con corde di pelo alle travi delle case di Onanì, sono più piccole delle tue mani.","translation":"\"You have blue eyes, and feet and hands like cradles: yes, in holy truth, the cork cradles hung with horsehair cords from the rafters of the houses of Onanì are smaller than your hands.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of hai","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"hai","lemma":"avere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gli","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of occhi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"occhi","lemma":"occhio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of hai","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"azzurri","lemma":"azzurro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies occhi","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of piedi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"piedi","lemma":"piede","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with occhi as object of hai","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mani","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mani","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with occhi as object of hai","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sembrano, referring to piedi e mani","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sembrano","lemma":"sembrare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on piedi e mani","gloss":"seem like"},{"surface":"culle","lemma":"culla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of sembrano","gloss":"cradles"},{"surface":"sì","lemma":"sì","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase 'in verità' modifying the clause","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verità","lemma":"verità","morphology":"noun, feminine","role":"object of in, fixed phrase 'in verità'","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"santa","lemma":"santo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies verità","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of culle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"culle","lemma":"culla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of sono","gloss":"cradles"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sughero","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sughero","lemma":"sughero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies culle","gloss":"cork"},{"surface":"appese","lemma":"appendere","morphology":"adjective (past participle), feminine, plural","role":"modifies culle","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"corde","lemma":"corda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of appese","gloss":"cords"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pelo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pelo","lemma":"pelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies corde","gloss":"horsehair"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking travi","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"travi","lemma":"trave","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of appese","gloss":"rafters"},{"surface":"delle","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking case","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"case","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies travi","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Onanì","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Onanì","lemma":"Onanì","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies case","gloss":"Onanì"},{"surface":"sono","lemma":"essere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to piccole","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"più","lemma":"più","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies piccole","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"piccole","lemma":"piccolo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of sono","gloss":"smaller"},{"surface":"delle","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"comparative preposition marking mani","gloss":"than the"},{"surface":"tue","lemma":"tuo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"depends on mani","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"mani","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of piccole","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":27,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p12-s5","source":"Sì, guarda pure questa tabacchiera: è di corno, sì, di corno.","translation":"Yes, go on and look at this snuffbox: it's made of horn, yes, of horn.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sì","lemma":"sì","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"guarda","lemma":"guardare","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"pure","lemma":"pure","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies guarda","gloss":"go ahead"},{"surface":"questa","lemma":"questo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tabacchiera","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"tabacchiera","lemma":"tabacchiera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of guarda","gloss":"snuffbox"},{"surface":"è","lemma":"essere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to corno","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corno","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"corno","lemma":"corno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"horn"},{"surface":"sì","lemma":"sì","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corno","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"corno","lemma":"corno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with corno","gloss":"horn"}]},{"number":28,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p12-s6","source":"Tu sai cosa sia il corno, le corna?","translation":"Do you know what horn is, what horns are?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sai","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"sai","lemma":"sapere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of sai","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"sia","lemma":"essere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to corno","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of corno","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corno","lemma":"corno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of sai","gloss":"horn"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of corna","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corna","lemma":"corno","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with corno","gloss":"horns","note":"Corna is the irregular feminine plural of corno ('horn') when referring to animal horns."}]},{"number":29,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p12-s7","source":"Hai moglie?","translation":"Do you have a wife?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hai","lemma":"avere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"moglie","lemma":"moglie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Hai","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":30,"label":"13","id":"colpi-di-scure-p13-s1","source":"— Cosa?","translation":"\"What?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"}]},{"number":31,"label":"14","id":"colpi-di-scure-p14-s1","source":"— Come ti chiami?","translation":"\"What is your name?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Come","lemma":"come","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies chiami","gloss":"how","note":"'Come ti chiami' literally 'how do you call yourself' = 'what is your name'."},{"surface":"ti","lemma":"ti","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, singular","role":"direct object of chiami","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"chiami","lemma":"chiamare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"}]},{"number":32,"label":"15","id":"colpi-di-scure-p15-s1","source":"— Cosa?","translation":"\"What?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"}]},{"number":33,"label":"16","id":"colpi-di-scure-p16-s1","source":"— Non capisce niente! — grida zio Cosma, ridendo.","translation":"\"He understands nothing at all!\" shouts Uncle Cosma, laughing.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Non","lemma":"non","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies capisce","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"capisce","lemma":"capire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"niente","lemma":"niente","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of capisce","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"grida","lemma":"gridare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"zio","lemma":"zio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of grida","gloss":"Uncle"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies zio","gloss":"Cosma"},{"surface":"ridendo","lemma":"ridere","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on grida","gloss":"laughing"}]},{"number":34,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p16-s2","source":"— E questi sono uomini?","translation":"\"And these are men?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"E","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"questi","lemma":"questo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sono","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"sono","lemma":"essere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to uomini","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"uomini","lemma":"uomo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":35,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p16-s3","source":"Avete voi mogliera?","translation":"Do you have a wife?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Avete","lemma":"avere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"voi","lemma":"voi","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of Avete","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"mogliera","lemma":"moglie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Avete","gloss":"wife","note":"Mogliera is a regional/archaic form of moglie ('wife') used in the old man's speech."}]},{"number":36,"label":"17","id":"colpi-di-scure-p17-s1","source":"— No, — risponde il giovine e sorride con gli occhi chiari scintillanti.","translation":"\"No,\" answers the young man, and smiles with his bright eyes sparkling.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"risponde","lemma":"rispondere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of giovine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"giovine","lemma":"giovane","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of risponde","gloss":"young man","note":"Giovine is an older literary form of giovane ('young man')."},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sorride","lemma":"sorridere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with risponde","gloss":"smiles"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking occhi","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gli","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of occhi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"occhi","lemma":"occhio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of sorride","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"chiari","lemma":"chiaro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies occhi","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"scintillanti","lemma":"scintillante","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies occhi","gloss":"sparkling"}]},{"number":37,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p17-s2","source":"— E voi avete figliuole?","translation":"\"And do you have daughters?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"E","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"voi","lemma":"voi","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of avete","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"avete","lemma":"avere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"figliuole","lemma":"figliuola","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of avete","gloss":"daughters"}]},{"number":38,"label":"18","id":"colpi-di-scure-p18-s1","source":"— Sì, ma non fanno per te: soltanto, se tu vuoi, possono filare una corda per appiccarti.","translation":"\"Yes, but they're not for you: only, if you like, they could spin you a rope to hang you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sì","lemma":"sì","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"ma","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"non","lemma":"non","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fanno","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fanno","lemma":"fare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are","note":"'Fare per' = 'to be suited/right for'."},{"surface":"per","lemma":"per","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking te","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of fanno","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"soltanto","lemma":"soltanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies filare","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vuoi","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vuoi","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vuoi","lemma":"volere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on filare","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"possono","lemma":"potere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of filare","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"filare","lemma":"filare","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spin"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of corda","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"corda","lemma":"corda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of filare","gloss":"rope"},{"surface":"per","lemma":"per","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of appiccarti","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"appiccarti","lemma":"appiccare","morphology":"verb, infinitive, with attached clitic pronoun 'ti'","role":"adverbial clause on filare","gloss":"hang you","note":"The clitic '-ti' ('you') is attached to the infinitive appiccare ('to hang')."}]},{"number":39,"label":"19","id":"colpi-di-scure-p19-s1","source":"— Cosa?","translation":"\"What?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p19-s2","source":"Babbo Cosma, io conosco le vostre figliuole.","translation":"Father Cosma, I know your daughters.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Babbo","lemma":"babbo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to Babbo","gloss":"Cosma"},{"surface":"io","lemma":"io","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of conosco","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"conosco","lemma":"conoscere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of figliuole","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vostre","lemma":"vostro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"depends on figliuole","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"figliuole","lemma":"figliuola","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of conosco","gloss":"daughters"}]},{"number":41,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p19-s3","source":"Le ho viste a ballare, domenica, nella piazza della chiesa.","translation":"I saw them dancing, on Sunday, in the church square.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of viste","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ho","lemma":"avere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of viste","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"viste","lemma":"vedere","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ballare","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ballare","lemma":"ballare","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of viste","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"domenica","lemma":"domenica","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ballare","gloss":"Sunday"},{"surface":"nella","lemma":"in il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piazza","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"piazza","lemma":"piazza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ballare","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"della","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chiesa","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"chiesa","lemma":"chiesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies piazza","gloss":"church"}]},{"number":42,"label":"20","id":"colpi-di-scure-p20-s1","source":"Questa volta tocca al vecchio gridare:","translation":"This time it's the old man's turn to shout:","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Questa","lemma":"questo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of volta","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"volta","lemma":"volta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tocca","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"tocca","lemma":"toccare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vecchio","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tocca","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"gridare","lemma":"gridare","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tocca","gloss":"to shout"}]},{"number":43,"label":"21","id":"colpi-di-scure-p21-s1","source":"— Cosa?","translation":"\"What?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"}]},{"number":44,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p21-s2","source":"Cosa?","translation":"What?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"}]},{"number":45,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p21-s3","source":"Cosa conosci tu, pidocchioso, occhi di gatto, forestiere cornuto?","translation":"What do you know, you louse, cat-eyes, horned foreigner?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of conosci","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"conosci","lemma":"conoscere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of conosci","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"pidocchioso","lemma":"pidocchioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to tu","gloss":"louse"},{"surface":"occhi","lemma":"occhio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, in apposition to tu","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gatto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gatto","lemma":"gatto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies occhi","gloss":"cat"},{"surface":"forestiere","lemma":"forestiero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to tu","gloss":"foreigner"},{"surface":"cornuto","lemma":"cornuto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies forestiere","gloss":"horned"}]},{"number":46,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p21-s4","source":"Se osi chiamarmi ancora babbo Cosma ti bastono, come è vero San Francesco.","translation":"If you dare call me Father Cosma again I'll club you, as sure as Saint Francis is true.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of chiamarmi","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"osi","lemma":"osare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of chiamarmi","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"chiamarmi","lemma":"chiamare","morphology":"verb, infinitive, with attached clitic pronoun 'mi'","role":"complement of osi","gloss":"call me"},{"surface":"ancora","lemma":"ancora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies chiamarmi","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"babbo","lemma":"babbo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of chiamarmi","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to babbo","gloss":"Cosma"},{"surface":"ti","lemma":"ti","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of bastono","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"bastono","lemma":"bastonare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"club"},{"surface":"come","lemma":"come","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vero","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"è","lemma":"essere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to vero","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vero","lemma":"vero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"oath clause modifying bastono","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"San","lemma":"San","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"title, modifies Francesco","gloss":"Saint"},{"surface":"Francesco","lemma":"Francesco","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of è","gloss":"Francis"}]},{"number":47,"label":"22","id":"colpi-di-scure-p22-s1","source":"Il giovane continua a sorridere, battendo le unghie sulla bottiglia.","translation":"The young man goes on smiling, tapping his nails on the bottle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"battendo","title":"Gerundio: simultaneous action","body":"«battendo le unghie» ('tapping his nails') is a gerund clause describing what the young man does at the same time as smiling — Italian gerunds routinely attach a second, simultaneous action to a main verb without a conjunction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of giovane","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"giovane","lemma":"giovane","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of continua","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"continua","lemma":"continuare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes on"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sorridere","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sorridere","lemma":"sorridere","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of continua","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"battendo","lemma":"battere","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on sorridere","gloss":"tapping"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of unghie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"unghie","lemma":"unghia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of battendo","gloss":"nails"},{"surface":"sulla","lemma":"su il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bottiglia","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"bottiglia","lemma":"bottiglia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies unghie","gloss":"bottle"}]},{"number":48,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p22-s2","source":"In fondo alla foresta s’ode il vento fremere con tristezza: i colpi delle scuri arrivano distinti.","translation":"Deep in the forest the wind can be heard shivering sadly: the blows of the axes arrive distinct.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase 'in fondo a'","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ode, fixed phrase 'in fondo a'","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"alla","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking foresta","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"foresta","lemma":"foresta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fondo","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"s’","lemma":"si","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive/passive","role":"passive marker with ode","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ode","lemma":"udire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vento","lemma":"vento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ode","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"fremere","lemma":"fremere","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of ode","gloss":"shivering"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tristezza","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"tristezza","lemma":"tristezza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of fremere","gloss":"sadness"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of colpi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"colpi","lemma":"colpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of arrivano","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"delle","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking scuri","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"scuri","lemma":"scure","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies colpi","gloss":"axes"},{"surface":"arrivano","lemma":"arrivare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrive"},{"surface":"distinti","lemma":"distinto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of arrivano","gloss":"distinct"}]},{"number":49,"label":"23","id":"colpi-di-scure-p23-s1","source":"— Ah, — dice zio Cosma, — vi avvicinate, vi avvicinate, figli del diavolo!","translation":"\"Ah,\" says Uncle Cosma, \"you're getting closer, you're getting closer, sons of the devil!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"dice","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"zio","lemma":"zio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dice","gloss":"Uncle"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies zio","gloss":"Cosma"},{"surface":"vi","lemma":"vi","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, plural","role":"reflexive marker with avvicinate","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"avvicinate","lemma":"avvicinarsi","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are getting closer"},{"surface":"vi","lemma":"vi","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, plural","role":"reflexive marker with avvicinate","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"avvicinate","lemma":"avvicinarsi","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"coordinated with avvicinate","gloss":"are getting closer"},{"surface":"figli","lemma":"figlio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, in apposition to vi","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diavolo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"diavolo","lemma":"diavolo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies figli","gloss":"devil"}]},{"number":50,"label":"24","id":"colpi-di-scure-p24-s1","source":"— Ebbene, — grida, rivolto al giovine, — taglierete tutto?","translation":"\"Well then,\" he shouts, turning to the young man, \"will you cut down everything?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ebbene","lemma":"ebbene","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well then"},{"surface":"grida","lemma":"gridare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"rivolto","lemma":"rivolgere","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on grida","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking giovine","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"giovine","lemma":"giovane","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of rivolto","gloss":"young man","note":"Giovine is an older literary form of giovane ('young man')."},{"surface":"taglierete","lemma":"tagliare","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will cut"},{"surface":"tutto","lemma":"tutto","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of taglierete","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":51,"label":"25","id":"colpi-di-scure-p25-s1","source":"— Cosa?","translation":"\"What?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"}]},{"number":52,"label":"26","id":"colpi-di-scure-p26-s1","source":"— Così! — fa atto di tagliare.","translation":"\"Like this!\" — he makes the motion of cutting.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Così","lemma":"così","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fa","gloss":"Like this"},{"surface":"fa","lemma":"fare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"atto","lemma":"atto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of fa","gloss":"motion"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tagliare","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tagliare","lemma":"tagliare","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying atto","gloss":"cutting"}]},{"number":53,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p26-s2","source":"— Tutto?","translation":"\"Everything?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tutto","lemma":"tutto","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Everything"}]},{"number":54,"label":"27","id":"colpi-di-scure-p27-s1","source":"— Tutto.","translation":"\"Everything.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tutto","lemma":"tutto","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Everything"}]},{"number":55,"label":"28","id":"colpi-di-scure-p28-s1","source":"— Questo anche? — chiede il vecchio, toccando il tronco dell’elce.","translation":"\"This one too?\" asks the old man, touching the trunk of the holm oak.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Questo","lemma":"questo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase, modified by anche","gloss":"This one"},{"surface":"anche","lemma":"anche","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Questo","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"chiede","lemma":"chiedere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vecchio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of chiede","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"toccando","lemma":"toccare","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on chiede","gloss":"touching"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tronco","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tronco","lemma":"tronco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of toccando","gloss":"trunk"},{"surface":"dell’","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elce","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"elce","lemma":"elce","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tronco","gloss":"holm oak"}]},{"number":56,"label":"29","id":"colpi-di-scure-p29-s1","source":"— Sì.","translation":"\"Yes.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sì","lemma":"sì","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"}]},{"number":57,"label":"30","id":"colpi-di-scure-p30-s1","source":"— Vattene! — urla allora zio Cosma, — vattene via subito, anima pidocchiosa.","translation":"\"Get out!\" Uncle Cosma then howls, \"get out at once, lousy soul.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vattene","title":"«Vattene»: imperative + clitic","body":"«Vattene» packs three pieces into one word: the imperative «va'» ('go'), the reflexive clitic «ti» (elided to «te»), and the locative clitic «ne» — literally 'go yourself from here'. «Andarsene» ('to go away') is one of Italian's essential pronominal verbs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vattene","lemma":"andarsene","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, second-person, singular, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Get out"},{"surface":"urla","lemma":"urlare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"howls"},{"surface":"allora","lemma":"allora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies urla","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zio","lemma":"zio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of urla","gloss":"uncle"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies zio","gloss":"Cosma"},{"surface":"vattene","lemma":"andarsene","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, second-person, singular, reflexive","role":"parallel imperative to Vattene","gloss":"get out"},{"surface":"via","lemma":"via","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vattene","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"subito","lemma":"subito","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vattene","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"anima","lemma":"anima","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"pidocchiosa","lemma":"pidocchioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies anima","gloss":"lousy"}]},{"number":58,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p30-s2","source":"Vattene o ti ammazzo, ti schiaccio come una lucertola.","translation":"Get out or I'll kill you, I'll crush you like a lizard.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vattene","lemma":"andarsene","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, second-person, singular, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Get out"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ti","lemma":"ti","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of ammazzo","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ammazzo","lemma":"ammazzare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Vattene","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"ti","lemma":"ti","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of schiaccio","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"schiaccio","lemma":"schiacciare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with ammazzo","gloss":"crush"},{"surface":"come","lemma":"come","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lucertola","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lucertola","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lucertola","lemma":"lucertola","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of schiaccio","gloss":"lizard"}]},{"number":59,"label":"31","id":"colpi-di-scure-p31-s1","source":"— Cosa?","translation":"\"What?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"}]},{"number":60,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p31-s2","source":"— Il giovine non sorride più, e balza in piedi impensierito dal grido selvaggio del vecchio.","translation":"The young man no longer smiles, and leaps to his feet, troubled by the old man's savage cry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"balza","title":"Presente storico","body":"«balza» ('he leaps') is a present-tense verb dropped into past-tense narration — the «presente storico» (historical present), used here to make the young man's sudden fright feel immediate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of giovine","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"giovine","lemma":"giovine","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sorride","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"non","lemma":"non","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sorride, paired with più","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sorride","lemma":"sorridere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiles"},{"surface":"più","lemma":"più","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sorride, paired with non","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"balza","lemma":"balzare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sorride","gloss":"leaps"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piedi","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"piedi","lemma":"piede","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of balza","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"impensierito","lemma":"impensierito","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies giovine","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"dal","lemma":"da il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grido","gloss":"by the"},{"surface":"grido","lemma":"grido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of impensierito","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"selvaggio","lemma":"selvaggio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies grido","gloss":"savage"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vecchio","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies grido","gloss":"old man"}]},{"number":61,"label":"32","id":"colpi-di-scure-p32-s1","source":"— Tu hai paura di me? — continua a urlare zio Cosma.","translation":"\"Are you afraid of me?\" Uncle Cosma goes on howling.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of hai","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"hai","lemma":"avere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"paura","lemma":"paura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hai","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of paura","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"continua","lemma":"continuare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes on"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of urlare","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"urlare","lemma":"urlare","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of continua","gloss":"howling"},{"surface":"zio","lemma":"zio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of continua","gloss":"uncle"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies zio","gloss":"Cosma"}]},{"number":62,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p32-s2","source":"— Tu hai paura dei miei occhi?","translation":"\"Are you afraid of my eyes?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of hai","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"hai","lemma":"avere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"paura","lemma":"paura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hai","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"dei","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking occhi","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"miei","lemma":"mio","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"depends on occhi","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"occhi","lemma":"occhio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of paura","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":63,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p32-s3","source":"Giovine di ferula, statuetta intagliata nella foglia del fico d’India!","translation":"Young man made of fennel-stalk, little statue carved out of a prickly-pear leaf!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ferula","title":"«ferula»","body":"The «ferula» (giant fennel, Ferula communis) is a tall, hollow-stemmed plant common on Sardinian scrubland; its stalk is light and brittle. Calling the young man a «giovine di ferula» mocks him as flimsy and insubstantial next to the old shepherd."}],"words":[{"surface":"Giovine","lemma":"giovine","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Young man"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ferula","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ferula","lemma":"ferula","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Giovine","gloss":"fennel-stalk"},{"surface":"statuetta","lemma":"statuetta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Giovine","gloss":"little statue"},{"surface":"intagliata","lemma":"intagliare","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying statuetta","gloss":"carved"},{"surface":"nella","lemma":"in il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking foglia","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"foglia","lemma":"foglia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of intagliata","gloss":"leaf"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fico","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"fico","lemma":"fico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies foglia","gloss":"prickly-pear","note":"\"fico d'India\" (Indian fig) is the prickly-pear cactus, matching the translation's \"prickly-pear\" leaf."},{"surface":"d’","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking India","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"India","lemma":"India","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies fico","gloss":"India"}]},{"number":64,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p32-s4","source":"E sei tu che vieni a snidare il vecchio avvoltoio?","translation":"And is it you who comes to flush out the old vulture?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"E","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"sei","lemma":"essere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sei","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vieni","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vieni","lemma":"venire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"relative clause on tu","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of snidare","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"snidare","lemma":"snidare","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vieni","gloss":"flush out"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of avvoltoio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies avvoltoio","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"avvoltoio","lemma":"avvoltoio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of snidare","gloss":"vulture"}]},{"number":65,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p32-s5","source":"Ma io ti caverò gli occhi.","translation":"But I'll gouge your eyes out.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ma","lemma":"ma","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"io","lemma":"io","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of caverò","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ti","lemma":"ti","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"dative of possession with caverò","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"caverò","lemma":"cavare","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will gouge"},{"surface":"gli","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of occhi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"occhi","lemma":"occhio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of caverò","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":66,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p32-s6","source":"— Vattene! — riprende.","translation":"\"Get out!\" he goes on.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vattene","lemma":"andarsene","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, second-person, singular, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Get out"},{"surface":"riprende","lemma":"riprendere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes on"}]},{"number":67,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p32-s7","source":"— Non ti muovi?","translation":"\"Won't you move?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Non","lemma":"non","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies muovi","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ti","lemma":"ti","morphology":"pronoun, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive pronoun of muovi","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"muovi","lemma":"muoversi","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"move"}]},{"number":68,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p32-s8","source":"Senti, vedi questa immagine, sulla tabacchiera?","translation":"Listen, do you see this image, on the snuffbox?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Senti","lemma":"sentire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"vedi","lemma":"vedere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Senti","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"questa","lemma":"questo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of immagine","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"immagine","lemma":"immagine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of vedi","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"sulla","lemma":"su il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tabacchiera","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"tabacchiera","lemma":"tabacchiera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of vedi","gloss":"snuffbox"}]},{"number":69,"label":"33","id":"colpi-di-scure-p33-s1","source":"— Cosa?","translation":"\"What?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"}]},{"number":70,"label":"34","id":"colpi-di-scure-p34-s1","source":"— Ora ti dò io la cosa.","translation":"\"Now I'll give you the thing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ora","lemma":"ora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dò","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"ti","lemma":"ti","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of dò","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dò","lemma":"dare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"io","lemma":"io","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of dò","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cosa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dò","gloss":"thing"}]},{"number":71,"label":"35","id":"colpi-di-scure-p35-s1","source":"Zio Cosma si alza e si avvicina al giovine, mettendogli sotto gli occhi la tabacchiera.","translation":"Uncle Cosma rises and comes close to the young man, holding the snuffbox right under his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Zio","lemma":"zio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of alza","gloss":"Uncle"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"depends on Zio","gloss":"Cosma"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive pronoun of alza","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"alza","lemma":"alzarsi","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rises"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive pronoun of avvicina","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"avvicina","lemma":"avvicinarsi","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with alza","gloss":"comes close"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking giovine","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"giovine","lemma":"giovine","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of avvicina","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"mettendogli","lemma":"mettere","morphology":"verb, gerund, with attached indirect-object clitic \"gli\"","role":"adverbial clause on avvicina","gloss":"putting"},{"surface":"sotto","lemma":"sotto","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking occhi","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"gli","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of occhi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"occhi","lemma":"occhio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of mettendogli","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tabacchiera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tabacchiera","lemma":"tabacchiera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of mettendogli","gloss":"snuffbox"}]},{"number":72,"label":"36","id":"colpi-di-scure-p36-s1","source":"— Vedi: — dice — questo è un uomo che io ho ammacciato.","translation":"\"See,\" he says, \"this is a man I killed.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ammacciato","title":"«ammacciato» — dialect for «ammazzato»","body":"«ammacciato» is a regional/dialectal variant of «ammazzato» ('killed'), part of the rough, non-standard Italian Deledda gives Zio Cosma to mark him as a Sardinian highlander rather than a mainland speaker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vedi","lemma":"vedere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"See"},{"surface":"dice","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"parenthetical, interrupts the quotation","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"questo","lemma":"questo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of è","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"è","lemma":"essere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to uomo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of uomo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"uomo","lemma":"uomo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of è","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ammacciato","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"io","lemma":"io","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of ammacciato","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ho","lemma":"avere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ammacciato","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ammacciato","lemma":"ammazzare","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause on uomo","gloss":"killed","note":"\"ammacciato\" is a dialectal spelling of \"ammazzato\" (killed)."}]},{"number":73,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p36-s2","source":"Capisci?","translation":"Understand?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Capisci","lemma":"capire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Understand"}]},{"number":74,"label":"37","id":"colpi-di-scure-p37-s1","source":"— Sì, — accenna il giovine, fissando sulla tabacchiera i dolci occhi un po’ spauriti.","translation":"\"Yes,\" the young man nods, fixing on the snuffbox his gentle, rather frightened eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sì","lemma":"sì","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"accenna","lemma":"accennare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"nods"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of giovine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"giovine","lemma":"giovine","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of accenna","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"fissando","lemma":"fissare","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on accenna","gloss":"fixing"},{"surface":"sulla","lemma":"su il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tabacchiera","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"tabacchiera","lemma":"tabacchiera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of fissando","gloss":"snuffbox"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of occhi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dolci","lemma":"dolce","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies occhi","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"occhi","lemma":"occhio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of fissando","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of po’, idiom \"un po'\"","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"po’","lemma":"po’","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spauriti","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"spauriti","lemma":"spaurito","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies occhi","gloss":"frightened"}]},{"number":75,"label":"38","id":"colpi-di-scure-p38-s1","source":"— Ebbene, come ho ammacciato questo cristiano, così ammaccierò te e i tuoi compagni quando verrete a tagliare qui.","translation":"\"Well then, just as I killed this Christian, so I'll kill you and your companions when you come to cut down here.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ebbene","lemma":"ebbene","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"Well then"},{"surface":"come","lemma":"come","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ammacciato","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ho","lemma":"avere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ammacciato","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ammacciato","lemma":"ammazzare","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"verb of the come-clause","gloss":"killed","note":"\"ammacciato\" is a dialectal spelling of \"ammazzato\" (killed)."},{"surface":"questo","lemma":"questo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cristiano","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"cristiano","lemma":"cristiano","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ammacciato","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"così","lemma":"così","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ammaccierò","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ammaccierò","lemma":"ammazzare","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will kill","note":"\"ammaccierò\" is a dialectal spelling of \"ammazzerò\" (I will kill)."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of ammaccierò","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of compagni","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuoi","lemma":"tuo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"depends on compagni","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"compagni","lemma":"compagno","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with te","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"quando","lemma":"quando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verrete","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"verrete","lemma":"venire","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on ammaccierò","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tagliare","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tagliare","lemma":"tagliare","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verrete","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tagliare","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":76,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p38-s2","source":"Avete compriso?","translation":"Have you understood?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Avete","lemma":"avere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of compriso","gloss":"Have"},{"surface":"compriso","lemma":"comprendere","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood","note":"\"compriso\" is a dialectal spelling of \"compreso\" (understood)."}]},{"number":77,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p38-s3","source":"E dillo a loro.","translation":"And tell it to them.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"E","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dillo","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular, with attached direct-object clitic \"lo\"","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell it"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loro","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"loro","lemma":"loro","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"oblique complement of dillo","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":78,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p38-s4","source":"E vattene via subito, ora, altrimenti guai!","translation":"And get out right now, or else trouble!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"E","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"vattene","lemma":"andarsene","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, second-person, singular, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get out"},{"surface":"via","lemma":"via","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vattene","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"subito","lemma":"subito","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vattene","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ora","lemma":"ora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vattene","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"altrimenti","lemma":"altrimenti","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies guai","gloss":"or else"},{"surface":"guai","lemma":"guaio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of an elliptical exclamation, modified by altrimenti","gloss":"trouble"}]},{"number":79,"label":"39","id":"colpi-di-scure-p39-s1","source":"Il giovine ha perfettamente capito e va via, a capo chino, sorridendo fra sè.","translation":"The young man has understood perfectly and goes away, head bowed, smiling to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of giovine","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"giovine","lemma":"giovine","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of capito","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"avere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of capito","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"perfettamente","lemma":"perfettamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies capito","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"capito","lemma":"capire","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"andare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with capito","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"via","lemma":"via","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies va","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking capo, idiom \"a capo chino\"","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"capo","lemma":"capo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of va","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"chino","lemma":"chino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies capo","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"sorridendo","lemma":"sorridere","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on va","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"fra","lemma":"fra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sè","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sè","lemma":"sè","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of sorridendo","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":80,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p39-s2","source":"Egli pensa alle graziose figliuole del vecchio, una delle quali, bianca e sottile come un giglio, gli ha sorriso coi grandi occhi neri tentatori.","translation":"He thinks of the old man's pretty daughters, one of whom, white and slender as a lily, smiled at him with her large, tempting black eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Egli","lemma":"egli","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pensa","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"pensa","lemma":"pensare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"a il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking figliuole","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"graziose","lemma":"grazioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies figliuole","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"figliuole","lemma":"figliuola","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pensa","gloss":"daughters"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vecchio","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies figliuole","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sorriso","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"delle","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quali","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"quali","lemma":"quale","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"modifies una","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"bianca","lemma":"bianco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies una","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sottile","lemma":"sottile","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with bianca","gloss":"slender"},{"surface":"come","lemma":"come","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking giglio","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of giglio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"giglio","lemma":"giglio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sottile","gloss":"lily"},{"surface":"gli","lemma":"gli","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of sorriso","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"avere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of sorriso","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"sorriso","lemma":"sorridere","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on una","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"coi","lemma":"con il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking occhi","gloss":"with the"},{"surface":"grandi","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies occhi","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"occhi","lemma":"occhio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of sorriso","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"neri","lemma":"nero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies occhi","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"tentatori","lemma":"tentatore","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies occhi","gloss":"tempting"}]},{"number":81,"label":"40","id":"colpi-di-scure-p40-s1","source":"— Io la sposerei; — pensa — ma il vecchio è un lupo.","translation":"\"I'd marry her,\" he thinks, \"but the old man is a wolf.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Io","lemma":"io","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sposerei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"la","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sposerei","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"sposerei","lemma":"sposare","morphology":"verb, conditional, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would marry"},{"surface":"pensa","lemma":"pensare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"parenthetical, interrupts the quotation","gloss":"he thinks"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"ma","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vecchio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of è","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"è","lemma":"essere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lupo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lupo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lupo","lemma":"lupo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of è","gloss":"wolf"}]},{"number":82,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p40-s2","source":"Però è simpatico.","translation":"But he's likeable.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Però","lemma":"però","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the whole clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"è","lemma":"essere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to simpatico","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"simpatico","lemma":"simpatico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of è","gloss":"likeable"}]},{"number":83,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p40-s3","source":"Chissà!","translation":"Who knows!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Chissà","lemma":"chissà","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Who knows"}]},{"number":84,"label":"41","id":"colpi-di-scure-p41-s1","source":"— Babbo Cosma, — grida, voltandosi, — tanti saluti a vostra figlia.","translation":"\"Father Cosma,\" he shouts, turning back, \"many greetings to your daughter.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Babbo","lemma":"babbo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative head, addressed to Cosma","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to Babbo","gloss":"Cosma"},{"surface":"grida","lemma":"gridare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"voltandosi","lemma":"voltarsi","morphology":"verb, gerund, reflexive","role":"adverbial clause on grida","gloss":"turning back"},{"surface":"tanti","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of saluti","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"saluti","lemma":"saluto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"greetings"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking figlia","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vostra","lemma":"vostro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"depends on figlia","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"figlia","lemma":"figlia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of a, recipient of saluti","gloss":"daughter"}]},{"number":85,"label":"42","id":"colpi-di-scure-p42-s1","source":"— Aspetta, capretto cornuto, aspetta!","translation":"\"Wait, you horned little goat, wait!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aspetta","lemma":"aspettare","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Wait"},{"surface":"capretto","lemma":"capretto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"little goat"},{"surface":"cornuto","lemma":"cornuto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies capretto","gloss":"horned"},{"surface":"aspetta","lemma":"aspettare","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"repeated, parallel to Aspetta","gloss":"wait"}]},{"number":86,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p42-s2","source":"— Il vecchio fa un salto felino, stacca un fucile dall’elce, mentre il giovine scappa ridendo infantilmente.","translation":"The old man makes a feline leap, snatches a rifle down from the holm oak, while the young man flees, laughing like a child.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vecchio","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"vecchio","lemma":"vecchio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fa","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"fa","lemma":"fare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of salto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"salto","lemma":"salto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of fa","gloss":"leap"},{"surface":"felino","lemma":"felino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies salto","gloss":"feline"},{"surface":"stacca","lemma":"staccare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with fa","gloss":"snatches"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fucile","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fucile","lemma":"fucile","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of stacca","gloss":"rifle"},{"surface":"dall’","lemma":"da il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elce","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"elce","lemma":"elce","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of stacca","gloss":"holm oak"},{"surface":"mentre","lemma":"mentre","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of scappa","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of giovine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"giovine","lemma":"giovine","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of scappa","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"scappa","lemma":"scappare","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the mentre-clause","gloss":"flees"},{"surface":"ridendo","lemma":"ridere","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on scappa","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"infantilmente","lemma":"infantilmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ridendo","gloss":"like a child"}]},{"number":87,"label":"43","id":"colpi-di-scure-p43-s1","source":"— Non ne vale la pena! — dice zio Cosma, crollando la testa con disprezzo.","translation":"\"It's not worth it!\" says Uncle Cosma, shaking his head with contempt.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Non","lemma":"non","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vale","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"pronoun","role":"pronominal complement of vale","gloss":"of it","note":"Idiomatic \"non ne vale la pena\" = \"it isn't worth it\"; ne refers back to the thing under discussion."},{"surface":"vale","lemma":"valere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pena","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pena","lemma":"pena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of vale","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"dice","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"zio","lemma":"zio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dice","gloss":"Uncle"},{"surface":"Cosma","lemma":"Cosma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies zio","gloss":"Cosma"},{"surface":"crollando","lemma":"crollare","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on dice","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of testa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"testa","lemma":"testa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of crollando","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking disprezzo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"disprezzo","lemma":"disprezzo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of crollando","gloss":"contempt"}]},{"number":88,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p43-s2","source":"— Quelli non sono uomini.","translation":"\"Those are not men.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quelli","lemma":"quello","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sono","gloss":"Those"},{"surface":"non","lemma":"non","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sono","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sono","lemma":"essere","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to uomini","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"uomini","lemma":"uomo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun of sono","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":89,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p43-s3","source":"Ora avranno paura di avvicinarsi.","translation":"Now they'll be afraid to come near.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ora","lemma":"ora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies avranno","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"avranno","lemma":"avere","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will have"},{"surface":"paura","lemma":"paura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of avranno","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of avvicinarsi","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"avvicinarsi","lemma":"avvicinarsi","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"clause modifying paura","gloss":"come near"}]},{"number":90,"label":"44","id":"colpi-di-scure-p44-s1","source":"E si rimette a intagliare la tabacchiera.","translation":"And he goes back to carving the snuffbox.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"E","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on rimette","gloss":"himself","note":"Part of the reflexive verb rimettersi a (\"to go back to doing\"); the pronoun has no separate word in the smooth translation."},{"surface":"rimette","lemma":"rimettersi","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes back"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of intagliare","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"intagliare","lemma":"intagliare","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of rimette","gloss":"carving"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tabacchiera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tabacchiera","lemma":"tabacchiera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of intagliare","gloss":"snuffbox"}]},{"number":91,"label":"","id":"colpi-di-scure-p44-s2","source":"I colpi delle scuri, replicati dall’eco, par che ripetano:","translation":"The blows of the axes, echoed back, seem to repeat:","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"I","lemma":"il","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of colpi","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"colpi","lemma":"colpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of par","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"delle","lemma":"di il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking scuri","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"scuri","lemma":"scure","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies colpi","gloss":"axes"},{"surface":"replicati","lemma":"replicare","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clause modifying colpi","gloss":"echoed back"},{"surface":"dall’","lemma":"da il","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eco, agent of replicati","gloss":"by the"},{"surface":"eco","lemma":"eco","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"agent of replicati","gloss":"echo"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"parere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seem","note":"\"Par\" is a literary elision of \"pare\" (parere, \"to seem\")."},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of par","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ripetano","lemma":"ripetere","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of par","gloss":"repeat"}]},{"number":92,"label":"45","id":"colpi-di-scure-p45-s1","source":"— Veniamo, veniamo.","translation":"\"We're coming, we're coming.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Veniamo","lemma":"venire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"We're coming"},{"surface":"veniamo","lemma":"venire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"repeated, parallel to Veniamo","gloss":"we're coming"}]}]}