{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-1","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 1","translated":"Chapter 1"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-1","lines":94},"previous":null,"next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-2","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h1-s1","source":"Ik ben makelaar in koffi, en woon op de Lauriergracht, N° 37.","translation":"I am a coffee broker, and I live on the Lauriergracht, No. 37.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"koffi","title":"koffi = koffie","body":"Period spelling of koffie ('coffee'). The repeated billboard phrase 'makelaar in koffi' becomes the comic refrain of the whole chapter, branding the narrator Droogstoppel as a man who measures the world in coffee."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben ... en woon ...","title":"Verb-second in both halves","body":"Each main clause keeps its finite verb in second position: 'Ik ben' and (subject dropped, understood) 'woon'. This V2 rule is the backbone of every Dutch main clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking to makelaar","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the field of brokerage","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in; specifies makelaar","gloss":"coffee","note":"Koffi is a nineteenth-century spelling of koffie."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ben and woon","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"woon","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with ben","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lauriergracht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lauriergracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op; location of woon","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"abbreviation introducing house number 37","gloss":"No.","note":"N° abbreviates nummer (‘number’)."}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h1-s2","source":"Het is myn gewoonte niet, romans te schryven, of zulke dingen, en het heeft dan ook lang geduurd, voor ik er toe overging een paar riem papier extra te bestellen, en het werk aantevangen, dat gy, lieve lezer, zoo-even in de hand hebt genomen, en dat ge lezen moet als ge makelaar in koffi zyt, of als ge wat anders zyt.","translation":"It is not my habit to write novels, or things of that sort, and so it was a long while before I brought myself to order a couple of extra reams of paper and begin the work that you, dear reader, have just taken into your hands, and that you must read whether you are a coffee broker or whether you are something else.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het heeft ... lang geduurd","title":"Present perfect with hebben","body":"heeft ... geduurd is the voltooid tegenwoordige tijd: present of hebben plus the past participle geduurd pushed to the end. Dutch prefers this perfect where English might use a simple past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat gy ... zoo-even in de hand hebt genomen","title":"Relative clause sends verbs to the end","body":"The relative pronoun dat ('that, which') opens a subordinate clause, so the finite hebt and participle genomen both move to the very end (verb-final order). gy is the literary 1860 'you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ge lezen moet","title":"Modal moet with a bare infinitive","body":"The modal moet ('must') governs the bare infinitive lezen with no te. In this subordinate clause both verbs cluster at the end. ge is the unstressed literary form of gij."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking to gewoonte","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of gewoonte","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"gewoonte","lemma":"gewoonte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"habit"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the copular predicate mijn gewoonte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"romans","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of schryven","gloss":"novels"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks the infinitive schryven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause complementing gewoonte","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates romans and zulke dingen","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated object of schryven","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses headed by is and heeft","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive subject of heeft geduurd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geduurd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of resultative dan ook","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of resultative dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"duration modifier of geduurd","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"geduurd","lemma":"duren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with heeft","gloss":"lasted"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause headed by overging","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of overging","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal part of ertoe overgaan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"part of ertoe overgaan","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"overging","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"verb of temporal clause introduced by voor","gloss":"proceeded"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifier governing riem papier","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"riem","lemma":"riem","morphology":"noun, common gender, measure plural","role":"measure noun governed by paar","gloss":"reams"},{"surface":"papier","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of measure noun riem","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"extra","lemma":"extra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestellen; indicates an additional order","gloss":"extra"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks the infinitive bestellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bestellen","lemma":"bestellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of overging","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates bestellen and aantevangen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of aantevangen","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"aantevangen","lemma":"aanvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive with bestellen","gloss":"begin","note":"Aantevangen is the old closed spelling of modern aan te vangen."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of genomen; refers to werk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt genomen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lezer","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to gy","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"time modifier of genomen","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of in de hand nemen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in in the idiom in de hand nemen","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of genomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of relative clause modifying werk","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two relative clauses modifying werk","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of lezen; refers to werk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet lezen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, second-person singular","role":"modal governing lezen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause headed by zyt","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyt","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in; specifies makelaar","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"verb of conditional clause introduced by als","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two als-clauses","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause headed by zyt","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"forms the predicative phrase wat anders","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of zyt with wat","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"verb of conditional clause introduced by als","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h1-s3","source":"Niet alleen dat ik nooit iets schreef wat naar een roman geleek, maar ik houd er zelfs niet van, iets dergelyks te lezen, omdat ik een man van zaken ben.","translation":"Not only have I never written anything resembling a novel, but I do not even care to read such a thing, because I am a man of business.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Niet alleen dat ik nooit iets schreef","title":"Simple past schreef (strong verb)","body":"schreef is the onvoltooid verleden tijd of schrijven, a strong verb that marks the past by changing the stem vowel (ij to ee) rather than adding -te/-de."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik houd er ... niet van","title":"Pronominal adverb split: er ... van","body":"houden van ('to like') keeps its preposition van, but the object is expressed by er, which splits off and sits earlier in the clause: 'I don't care for it.' This er + preposition pattern replaces van + a thing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ik een man van zaken ben","title":"omdat drives the verb to the end","body":"The subordinating conjunction omdat ('because') turns the clause verb-final, so ben lands last. Compare the coordinating want, which would keep normal word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of paired construction niet alleen ... maar","gloss":"Not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of paired construction niet alleen ... maar","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first clause in niet alleen ... maar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schreef","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of schreef","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of geleek; refers to iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by geleek","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of roman","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"roman","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of geleek","gloss":"novel"},{"surface":"geleek","lemma":"gelijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"resembled"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting main clause paired with niet alleen","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of contrasting clause; part of ervan houden","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal part of ervan houden, anticipating lezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies houd","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies houd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of ervan houden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"dergelyks","lemma":"dergelijk","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter genitive singular","role":"partitive complement of iets","gloss":"similar"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks the infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of ervan houden","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ben","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van; modifies man","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of causal clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"am"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h1-s4","source":"Sedert jaren vraag ik my af, waartoe zulke dingen dienen, en ik sta verbaasd over de onbeschaamdheid, waarmede een dichter of romanverteller u iets op de mouw durft spelden, dat nooit gebeurd is, en meestal niet gebeuren kan.","translation":"For years I have asked myself what such things are good for, and I stand amazed at the impudence with which a poet or a teller of novels dares to pin upon you something that never happened, and for the most part cannot happen.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vraag ik my af","title":"Separable verb afvragen split apart","body":"zich afvragen ('to ask oneself, wonder') is separable: the finite vraag stands in V2, the reflexive my (= me, here 1st-person reflexive) follows, and the prefix af is flung to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waartoe zulke dingen dienen","title":"Archaic interrogative waartoe","body":"waartoe ('to what end, what for') is a pronominal adverb (waar- + toe) with a formal, literary ring; it opens an embedded question whose verb dienen goes to the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"iets op de mouw spelden","title":"Idiom: to pin on someone's sleeve","body":"iemand iets op de mouw spelden literally 'to pin something on someone's sleeve' = to hoodwink someone, make them believe a fabrication. Droogstoppel accuses poets of exactly this."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of sedert; duration modifier of vraag","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb; part of mij afvragen","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of vraag af","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of mij afvragen","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"waartoe","lemma":"waartoe","morphology":"interrogative pronominal adverb","role":"predicative complement of dienen","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of dienen","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of embedded question governed by vraag af","gloss":"are good for"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses headed by vraag and sta","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sta","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sta","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with vraag","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"verbaasd","lemma":"verbaasd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of sta","gloss":"amazed"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onbeschaamdheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onbeschaamdheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onbeschaamdheid","lemma":"onbeschaamdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verbaasd","gloss":"impudence"},{"surface":"waarmede","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"manner adjunct of durft spelden; refers to onbeschaamdheid","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dichter","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dichter","lemma":"dichter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of durft","gloss":"poet"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates dichter and romanverteller","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"romanverteller","lemma":"romanverteller","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject with dichter","gloss":"novelist"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of spelden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of spelden","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom iemand iets op de mouw spelden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mouw","lemma":"mouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op in idiom iemand iets op de mouw spelden","gloss":"sleeve"},{"surface":"durft","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause modifying onbeschaamdheid","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"spelden","lemma":"spelden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of durft","gloss":"pin","note":"Iemand iets op de mouw spelden means to tell someone something untrue."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is gebeurd; refers to iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebeurd","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"gebeurd","lemma":"gebeuren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with is","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebeurd in relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates is gebeurd and kan gebeuren","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebeuren","gloss":"generally"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebeuren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gebeuren","lemma":"gebeuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal governing gebeuren; subject dat is understood","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h1-s5","source":"Als ik in myn vak--ik ben makelaar in koffi, en woon op de Lauriergracht N° 37--aan een principaal --een principaal is iemand die koffi verkoopt--een opgave deed, waarin maar een klein gedeelte der onwaarheden voorkwam, die in gedichten en romans de hoofdzaak uitmaken, zou hy terstond Busselinck & Waterman nemen. Dat zyn ook makelaars in koffi, doch hun adres behoeft ge niet te weten.","translation":"If in my line of work—I am a coffee broker, and I live on the Lauriergracht, No. 37—I were to hand a principal—a principal is someone who sells coffee—a statement in which there appeared only a small fraction of the untruths that make up the main substance of poems and novels, he would take his business to Busselinck & Waterman at once. They too are coffee brokers, but their address you need not know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een klein gedeelte der onwaarheden","title":"Genitive remnant: der","body":"der is a frozen genitive form ('of the') governing the plural onwaarheden: 'a small part of the untruths.' This inflected der survives in 1860 prose where modern Dutch would say van de."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou hy terstond ... nemen","title":"Conditional with zou","body":"The apodosis of the 'if' sentence uses zou + infinitive nemen ('he would take'), the standard way to mark a hypothetical consequence. hy is the 1860 spelling of hij."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause headed by deed","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vak","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vak","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in; field in which deed applies","gloss":"line of work"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of parenthetical ben and woon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking to makelaar","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in; specifies makelaar","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates parenthetical ben and woon","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"woon","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated verb with ben in parenthesis","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lauriergracht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lauriergracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op; location of woon","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"abbreviation introducing house number 37","gloss":"No."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks principaal as indirect object of deed","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of principaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"principaal","lemma":"principaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of deed","gloss":"principal","note":"Here principaal means a merchant who employs a broker."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of principaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"principaal","lemma":"principaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of parenthetical is","gloss":"principal"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking to iemand","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of verkoopt; refers to iemand","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verkoopt","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"verkoopt","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying iemand","gloss":"sells"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgave","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"opgave","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"statement"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause introduced by Als","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of voorkwam; refers to opgave","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses een klein gedeelte: only","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedeelte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gedeelte","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"gedeelte","lemma":"gedeelte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of voorkwam","gloss":"fraction"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"genitive determiner, plural","role":"introduces genitive modifier onwaarheden of gedeelte","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"onwaarheden","lemma":"onwaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive modifier of gedeelte","gloss":"untruths"},{"surface":"voorkwam","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying opgave","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of uitmaken; refers to onwaarheden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces domain adjunct gedichten en romans","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gedichten","lemma":"gedicht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of in; coordinates with romans","gloss":"poems"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"romans","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated complement of in with gedichten","gloss":"novels"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdzaak","lemma":"hoofdzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitmaken","gloss":"main substance"},{"surface":"uitmaken","lemma":"uitmaken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying onwaarheden","gloss":"make up"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal governing nemen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou nemen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"time modifier of nemen","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of compound proper-name object of nemen","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of compound proper-name object of nemen","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular; plural reference","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"copula linking to makelaars","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of makelaars","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"makelaars","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"brokers"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in; specifies makelaars","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates contrasting clauses headed by zyn and behoeft","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of adres","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"adres","lemma":"adres","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"behoeft","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"modal verb, present, second-person singular","role":"modal governing weten","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of behoeft","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates behoeft te weten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of behoeft","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h1-s6","source":"Ik pas er dus wel op, dat ik geen romans schryf, of andere valsche opgaven doe.","translation":"So I take good care to write no novels, nor to make any other false statements.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik pas er dus wel op, dat ...","title":"Separable oppassen + anticipatory er","body":"oppassen ('to take care') is separable (pas ... op), and er anticipates the dat-clause that follows. The little dus ('so') is a coordinating link that does not disturb V2."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik geen romans schryf","title":"geen negates an indefinite noun","body":"Because romans ('novels') is indefinite and plural, the negation is geen, not niet: 'that I write no novels.' Inside this dat-clause the verb schryf stands last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of pas","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"passen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb, with er ... op","gloss":"take care"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of pas ... op","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pas","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes pas ... op","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition, component of split pronominal adverb","role":"adpositional component of er ... op; complement of pas","gloss":"to","note":"Erop passen dat means to take care that something does or does not happen."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of pas ... op","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schryf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of romans","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"romans","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of schryf","gloss":"novels"},{"surface":"schryf","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the complement clause","gloss":"write","note":"Schryf is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern schrijf."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates schryf and doe","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies opgaven","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"valsche","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies opgaven","gloss":"false","note":"Valsche is the older spelling of modern valse."},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"statements"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"coordinated with schryf","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h1-s7","source":"Ik heb dan ook altyd opgemerkt dat menschen die zich met zoo-iets inlaten, gewoonlyk slecht wegkomen.","translation":"I have, moreover, always observed that people who meddle with that sort of thing usually come off badly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb ... altyd opgemerkt","title":"Perfect of separable opmerken","body":"heb ... opgemerkt is the present perfect; the participle of separable opmerken inserts ge- between prefix and stem: op-ge-merkt. altyd = altijd ('always')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"menschen die zich ... inlaten","title":"Reflexive separable verb zich inlaten","body":"zich inlaten met ('to get involved with, meddle in') is both reflexive (zich) and separable; in the relative clause the verb-cluster goes to the end. menschen = mensen."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"slecht wegkomen","title":"Idiom: to come off badly","body":"er slecht (van) wegkomen means 'to come off / fare badly.' Droogstoppel's smug moral: people who dabble in fiction end up the worse for it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of opgemerkt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the connective dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the connective dan ook","gloss":"moreover","note":"Dan ook works together here as a connective meaning moreover or accordingly."},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgemerkt","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"opgemerkt","lemma":"opmerken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the matrix clause","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of opgemerkt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of wegkomen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of inlaten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of inlaten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of inlaten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"complement of met","gloss":"that sort of thing"},{"surface":"inlaten","lemma":"inlaten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"predicate of the relative clause on menschen","gloss":"meddle"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wegkomen","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of wegkomen","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"wegkomen","lemma":"wegkomen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the object clause","gloss":"come off"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h1-s8","source":"Ik ben drie en veertig jaren oud, bezoek sedert twintig jaren de beurs, en kan dus voor den dag treden, als men iemand roept die ondervinding heeft.","translation":"I am forty-three years old, I have attended the exchange for twenty years, and so I can step forward when one calls for someone with experience.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bezoek sedert twintig jaren de beurs","title":"Present tense for ongoing duration","body":"Dutch uses the simple present bezoek with sedert ('since/for') to express an action still in progress: 'I have attended for twenty years.' English needs the perfect here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor den dag treden","title":"Case remnant den in a fixed phrase","body":"den is the old masculine accusative article, surviving in the set expression voor den dag treden ('to step forward, come forward'). Such den forms pepper 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben, bezoek, and kan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking Ik to oud","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"first part of drie en veertig","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links drie and veertig within the numeral","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"veertig","lemma":"veertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"second part of drie en veertig; quantifies jaren","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"measure complement of oud","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of ben","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with ben and kan","gloss":"have attended"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the duration adjunct of bezoek","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"twintig","lemma":"twintig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of sedert","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezoek","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kan with the preceding predicates","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of treden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kan treden","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom voor den dag treden","gloss":"forward","note":"Voor den dag treden is an idiom meaning to step or come forward."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor within the idiom","gloss":"public view"},{"surface":"treden","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kan","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of roept","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of roept","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of roept and antecedent of die","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"roept","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"calls for"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"experience"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause on iemand","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h1-s9","source":"Ik heb al wat huizen zien vallen!","translation":"I have seen many a house fall!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb al wat huizen zien vallen!","title":"Perfect with a double infinitive","body":"Perception verb zien ('to see') plus the bare infinitive vallen ('to fall') forms a double infinitive that replaces the expected participle gezien: 'I have seen fall.' al wat huizen = 'quite a few firms/houses.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"huizen ... vallen","title":"huis = trading house / firm","body":"huis here means a commercial firm, and vallen ('to fall') means to go bankrupt. The pun on 'houses falling' is deliberate, setting up his theater complaint later."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb zien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of zien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies wat huizen","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies huizen","gloss":"a few","note":"Al wat before a plural noun means quite a few or many a."},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of zien and understood subject of vallen","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive replacing past participle","role":"main verb of the perfect construction with heb","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zien","gloss":"fall"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h1-s10","source":"En gewoonlyk, wanneer ik de oorzaken naging, kwam het me voor, dat die moesten gezocht worden in de verkeerde richting die aan de meesten gegeven was in hun jeugd.","translation":"And usually, when I traced the causes, it seemed to me that they had to be sought in the wrong direction given to most people in their youth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwam het me voor","title":"Impersonal het + separable voorkomen","body":"het komt me voor ('it seems to me') uses dummy het as subject and the separable voorkomen. After the fronted wanneer-clause, V2 inversion puts kwam before het."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat die moesten gezocht worden","title":"Passive infinitive under a modal","body":"moesten (past of moeten) governs the passive infinitive gezocht worden ('to be sought'): a modal plus participle plus worden. die refers back to de oorzaken."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die aan de meesten gegeven was","title":"State passive with zijn","body":"gegeven was ('was given') is a zijn-passive expressing a resulting state, formed from the past of zijn plus a participle. The relative die again sends the verbs to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the sentence to the preceding statement","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam ... voor","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of naging","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of naging","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of oorzaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of naging","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"naging","lemma":"nagaan","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"traced"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite part of kwam ... voor","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of kwam ... voor","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, first-person singular","role":"experiencer complement of kwam ... voor","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of kwam ... voor","gloss":"apparent"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of kwam ... voor","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of moesten worden gezocht; refers to oorzaken","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person plural","role":"modal auxiliary of worden gezocht","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"gezocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb in the passive construction","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gezocht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of gezocht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of richting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verkeerde","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies richting","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"richting","lemma":"richting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was gegeven; refers to richting","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient of gegeven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of meesten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meesten","lemma":"meest","morphology":"adjective, superlative, substantivized plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"most people"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb in the passive relative clause","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time adjunct of gegeven","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person plural","role":"possessor of jeugd","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"youth"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h1-s11","source":"Ik zeg: waarheid en gezond verstand, en hier blyf ik by. Voor de Schrift maak ik natuurlyk een uitzondering.","translation":"I say: truth and common sense, and here I stand fast. For Scripture I make an exception, of course.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hier blyf ik by","title":"Split pronominal adverb hier ... by","body":"ergens bij blijven ('to stand by something') here splits: hier + the stranded preposition by (= bij). Literally 'here I stand by (it).' The fronted hier triggers V2 inversion (blyf ik)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first element of the quoted content of zeg","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates waarheid and verstand","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gezond","lemma":"gezond","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies verstand","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"verstand","lemma":"verstand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with waarheid in the quoted content","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates blyf with zeg","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of blyf ... by; refers to the preceding principle","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"blyf","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb, with by","gloss":"stand fast"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of blyf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, component of split pronominal adverb","role":"adpositional component of hier ... bij; complement of blyf","gloss":"by","note":"Hierbij blijven means to stand by a statement or decision."},{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the exception's scope","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Schrift","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Schrift","lemma":"Schrift","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of Voor","gloss":"Scripture"},{"surface":"maak","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maak","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying maak","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of uitzondering","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"uitzondering","lemma":"uitzondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maak","gloss":"exception"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h1-s12","source":"De fout begint al van Van Alphen af, en wel terstond by den eersten regel over die \"lieve wichtjes.\" Wat drommel kon dien ouden heer bewegen, zich uittegeven voor een aanbidder van myn zusje Truitje die zeere oogen had, of van myn broêr Gerrit die altyd met zyn neus speelde? En toch, hy zegt: \"dat hy die versjes zong, door liefde gedrongen.\" Ik dacht dikwyls als kind: \"man, ik wilde u graag eens ontmoeten, en als ge my de marmerknikkers weigerde, die ik u vragen zou, of myn naam voluit in banket--ik heet Batavus--dan houd ik u voor een leugenaar.","translation":"The mischief begins right back with Van Alphen, and indeed in his very first line about those \"dear little ones.\" What the deuce could move that old gentleman to give himself out as an admirer of my little sister Truitje, who had sore eyes, or of my brother Gerrit, who was forever picking his nose? And yet he says \"that he sang those little verses, driven by love.\" As a child I often thought: man, I should dearly like to meet you once, and if you refused me the marbles I would ask of you, or my name spelled out in full in confectionery—I am called Batavus—then I should hold you for a liar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat drommel kon dien ouden heer bewegen","title":"Case remnant dien + adjective in -en","body":"dien ouden heer is an old masculine accusative ('that old gentleman'), with both the demonstrative dien and adjective ouden carrying the archaic -en ending. The modal kon takes the bare infinitive bewegen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"myn zusje Truitje ... myn broêr Gerrit","title":"Diminutives zusje and versjes","body":"zusje ('little sister') and versjes ('little verses') are -je diminutives, which always become neuter and lend a small, dear, or dismissive tone. broêr is a contracted broeder ('brother')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of fout","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"fout","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of begint","gloss":"mischief"},{"surface":"begint","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the starting point","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of the circumposition van ... af","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Van","lemma":"Van","morphology":"proper noun, part of surname","role":"first part of the name Van Alphen","gloss":"Van"},{"surface":"Alphen","lemma":"Alphen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the name Van Alphen","gloss":"Alphen"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes the circumposition van ... af","gloss":"onward"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the emphatic specification to the preceding clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes terstond","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begint","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the starting point of begint","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of regel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eersten","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, inflected","role":"modifies regel","gloss":"very first"},{"surface":"regel","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of by","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of regel","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of wichtjes","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wichtjes","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"wichtjes","lemma":"wichtje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive plural","role":"complement of over","gloss":"little ones"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bewegen","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"drommel","lemma":"drommel","morphology":"noun used as an expletive","role":"intensifies the interrogative Wat","gloss":"the deuce","note":"Wat drommel is a mild old-fashioned exclamation meaning what the deuce."},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of bewegen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, historical masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ouden","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, inflected, historical masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies heer","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewegen and understood subject of uittegeven","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"bewegen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kon","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of uittegeven","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"uittegeven","lemma":"uitgeven","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"complement of bewegen","gloss":"to pass off","note":"Uittegeven is the fused historical printing of modern uit te geven, here meaning to pass oneself off as something."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement of uittegeven","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of aanbidder","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"aanbidder","lemma":"aanbidder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of uittegeven","gloss":"admirer"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of aanbidder","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"possessor of zusje","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"zusje","lemma":"zusje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"little sister"},{"surface":"Truitje","lemma":"Truitje","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"apposition to zusje","gloss":"Truitje"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had; refers to Truitje","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zeere","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies oogen","gloss":"sore"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause on Truitje","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two van-complements of aanbidder","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the second complement of aanbidder","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"possessor of broêr","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"broêr","lemma":"broer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Gerrit","lemma":"Gerrit","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"apposition to broêr","gloss":"Gerrit"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of speelde; refers to Gerrit","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies speelde","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of speelde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of neus","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"neus","lemma":"neus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"speelde","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause on Gerrit","gloss":"was picking"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the sentence to the preceding question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks contrast with the preceding statement","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted object clause of zegt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zong","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of versjes","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"versjes","lemma":"versje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive plural","role":"direct object of zong","gloss":"little verses"},{"surface":"zong","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the quoted object clause","gloss":"sang"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent-like complement of gedrongen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"gedrongen","lemma":"dringen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"supplementary participial modifier of hy","gloss":"driven"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb introducing the quoted thought","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dacht","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative time adjunct kind","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, vocative","role":"vocative in the quoted thought","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"modal-like main verb with ontmoeten","gloss":"should like"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, second-person singular","role":"direct object of ontmoeten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"graag","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontmoeten","gloss":"dearly"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"modifies ontmoeten","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"ontmoeten","lemma":"ontmoeten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wilde","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the conditional statement to the preceding wish","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of weigerde","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of weigerde","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, first-person singular","role":"indirect object of weigerde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of marmerknikkers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"marmerknikkers","lemma":"marmerknikker","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of weigerde","gloss":"marbles"},{"surface":"weigerde","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, past, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of vragen; refers to marmerknikkers","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou vragen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, second-person singular","role":"person asked in zou vragen","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"ask for"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of vragen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates naam with marmerknikkers as objects of weigerde","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"possessor of naam","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second coordinated direct object of weigerde","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"voluit","lemma":"voluit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the understood rendering of naam","gloss":"in full"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the material in which the name is rendered","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"banket","lemma":"banket","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"confectionery","note":"Banket here means pastry or confectionery, not a banquet."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heet","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"am called"},{"surface":"Batavus","lemma":"Batavus","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"predicative complement of heet","gloss":"Batavus"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the consequence of the als-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the consequence clause","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, second-person singular","role":"direct object of houd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object complement of houd","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of leugenaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"leugenaar","lemma":"leugenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of u after houd voor","gloss":"liar"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h1-s13","source":"Maar ik heb Van Alphen nooit gezien.","translation":"But I never did set eyes on Van Alphen.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar ik heb Van Alphen nooit gezien","title":"Perfect with negative adverb nooit","body":"The perfect heb ... gezien wraps around the time adverb nooit ('never'), which is the single negator of the clause (no double negation in Dutch)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrast with the preceding sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"Van","lemma":"Van","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the surname Van Alphen","gloss":"Van"},{"surface":"Alphen","lemma":"Alphen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of gezien, with Van","gloss":"Alphen"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set eyes on"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h1-s14","source":"Hy was al dood, geloof ik, toen hy ons vertelde dat myn vader myn beste vrind was--ik hield meer van Pauweltje Winser, die naast ons woonde in de Batavierstraat--en dat myn kleine hond zoo dankbaar was. We hielden geen honden, omdat ze zoo onzindelyk zyn.","translation":"He was already dead, I believe, by the time he told us that my father was my best friend—I was fonder of Pauweltje Winser, who lived next to us on the Batavierstraat—and that my little dog was so grateful. We kept no dogs, because they are so unclean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy was al dood ... toen hy ons vertelde","title":"toen + simple past for a single past event","body":"toen ('when', in the past) requires the simple past vertelde and sends it to the clause end. Dutch uses toen for one-off past events, als for repeated or present/future ones."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik hield meer van Pauweltje","title":"Comparative meer ... van","body":"houden van takes meer ('more') to compare affection: 'I was fonder of Pauweltje.' hield is the strong past of houden. Pauweltje is a -tje diminutive of the name Pauwel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ze zoo onzindelyk zyn","title":"Causal omdat sends zijn to the end","body":"omdat ('because') makes the clause verb-final, so the finite zyn (= zijn) closes it: 'because they are so unclean.' onzindelyk = onzindelijk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"He","note":"Historical spelling of hij."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Hy to dood","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dood","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause geloof ik","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of vertelde","gloss":"by the time"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of vertelde","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"vertelde","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first content clause of vertelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"my","note":"Historical spelling of mijn."},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrind","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies vrind","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"vrind","lemma":"vriend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"friend","note":"Historical spelling of vriend."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking vader to vrind","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause hield van","gloss":"was fond"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies hield van","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes the idiom houden van","gloss":"of","note":"Houden van means “to be fond of” or “to love.”"},{"surface":"Pauweltje","lemma":"Pauweltje","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Pauweltje"},{"surface":"Winser","lemma":"Winser","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname of Pauweltje","gloss":"Winser"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of woonde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"next to"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of naast","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"woonde","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying Pauweltje Winser","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavierstraat","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Batavierstraat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Batavierstraat","lemma":"Batavierstraat","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Batavierstraat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two content clauses of vertelde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second content clause of vertelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hond","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hond","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"hond","lemma":"hond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dankbaar","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dankbaar","lemma":"dankbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hond to dankbaar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hielden","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"hielden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of honden","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"honden","lemma":"hond","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of hielden","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of zyn","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onzindelyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"onzindelyk","lemma":"onzindelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"unclean"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking ze to onzindelyk","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h1-s15","source":"Alles leugens! Zoo gaat dan de opvoeding voort.","translation":"All lies! And so a child's upbringing goes on.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoo gaat dan de opvoeding voort","title":"Fronted zoo triggers inversion; separable voortgaan","body":"Fronting zoo ('thus') forces V2 inversion (gaat before the subject de opvoeding), and the separable voortgaan ('to continue') drops its prefix voort to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of an elliptical copular clause","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicate noun in the elliptical clause Alles leugens","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat voort","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite part of the separable verb gaat voort","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat voort","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opvoeding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opvoeding","lemma":"opvoeding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gaat voort","gloss":"upbringing"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of gaat voort","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h1-s16","source":"Het nieuwe zusjen is van de groenvrouw gekomen in een groote kool. Alle Hollanders zyn dapper en edelmoedig.","translation":"The new little sister came from the greengrocer-woman in a big cabbage. All Hollanders are brave and high-minded.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het nieuwe zusjen is ... gekomen","title":"Perfect with zijn for a verb of motion","body":"Verbs of motion/change like komen form the perfect with zijn, not hebben: is ... gekomen ('has come'). zusjen is a period spelling of zusje, the diminutive of zus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zusjen","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zusjen","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"zusjen","lemma":"zusje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"subject of is gekomen","gloss":"little sister","note":"Historical spelling of zusje."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking groenvrouw","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of groenvrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groenvrouw","lemma":"groenvrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"greengrocer-woman"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kool","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kool","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kool","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"kool","lemma":"kool","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"cabbage"},{"surface":"Alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of Hollanders","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"Hollanders","lemma":"Hollander","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"Hollanders"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking Hollanders to dapper and edelmoedig","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"dapper","lemma":"dapper","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates dapper and edelmoedig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"edelmoedig","lemma":"edelmoedig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn, coordinated with dapper","gloss":"high-minded"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h1-s17","source":"De Romeinen waren bly dat de Batavieren hen lieten leven. De Bey van Tunis kreeg een kolyk als hy het wapperen hoorde van de nederlandsche vlag.","translation":"The Romans were glad that the Batavians let them live. The Bey of Tunis took a colic whenever he heard the Dutch flag flapping.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de Batavieren hen lieten leven","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"lieten (past of laten) plus the bare infinitive leven means 'let/allowed to live.' laten as a causative/permissive auxiliary takes a bare infinitive with no te."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Romeinen","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Romeinen","lemma":"Romein","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"Romans"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking Romeinen to bly","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"bly","lemma":"blij","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause complementing bly","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Batavieren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Batavieren","lemma":"Batavier","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of lieten","gloss":"Batavians"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of lieten and understood subject of leven","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"lieten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of lieten","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Bey","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Bey","lemma":"bei","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, title","role":"head of the subject phrase De Bey van Tunis","gloss":"Bey","note":"Historical spelling of the title now written bei in Dutch."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tunis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Tunis","lemma":"Tunis","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van, modifying Bey","gloss":"Tunis"},{"surface":"kreeg","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kolyk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kolyk","lemma":"koliek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kreeg","gloss":"colic","note":"Historical spelling of koliek."},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the recurring temporal clause of hoorde","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoorde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of the substantivized infinitive wapperen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wapperen","lemma":"wapperen","morphology":"verb, substantivized infinitive","role":"direct object of hoorde","gloss":"flapping"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of wapperen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vlag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsche","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vlag","gloss":"Dutch","note":"The ending -sche is the historical spelling of modern -se."},{"surface":"vlag","lemma":"vlag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van and semantic subject of wapperen","gloss":"flag"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h1-s18","source":"De hertog van Alva was een ondier.","translation":"The Duke of Alva was a monster.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hertog","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"hertog","lemma":"hertog","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the subject phrase De hertog van Alva","gloss":"Duke"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Alva","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Alva","lemma":"Alva","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van, modifying hertog","gloss":"Alva"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hertog to ondier","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ondier","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ondier","lemma":"ondier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"monster"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h1-s19","source":"De eb, in 1672 geloof ik, duurde wat langer dan gewoonlyk, expres om Nederland te beschermen. Leugens!","translation":"The ebb tide, in 1672 I believe, lasted somewhat longer than usual, expressly to protect the Netherlands. Lies!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De eb ... duurde wat langer dan gewoonlyk","title":"Comparative langer ... dan","body":"langer ... dan ('longer than') is the comparative with dan for 'than.' duurde is the weak past of duren ('to last'), adding -de to the stem."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"expres om Nederland te beschermen","title":"Purpose clause om ... te","body":"om ... te frames a purpose ('in order to protect the Netherlands'), closing with te + the infinitive beschermen. expres = 'on purpose, deliberately.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eb","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"eb","lemma":"eb","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of duurde","gloss":"ebb tide"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the parenthetical date phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause geloof ik","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"duurde","lemma":"duren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lasted"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies langer","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies duurde","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with gewoonlyk","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"usual"},{"surface":"expres","lemma":"expres","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duurde and the purpose clause","gloss":"expressly"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating infinitive marker","role":"introduces the purpose clause om te beschermen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of beschermen","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive beschermen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschermen","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"protect"},{"surface":"Leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"Lies"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h1-s20","source":"Nederland is Nederland gebleven, omdat onze oude luî goed op hun zaken pasten, en omdat ze het ware geloof hadden. Dàt is de zaak!","translation":"The Netherlands has remained the Netherlands because our old folk tended their affairs well, and because they held the true faith. That is the heart of it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nederland is Nederland gebleven","title":"Perfect of blijven with zijn","body":"blijven ('to remain') takes zijn in the perfect: is ... gebleven. The repeated noun Nederland frames a 'has stayed itself' construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat onze oude luî goed op hun zaken pasten","title":"Separable oppassen in a causal clause","body":"op ... passen ('to look after, tend') is separable; in this omdat-clause it lands verb-final as pasten. luî is a period spelling of lui ('folk, people')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is gebleven","gloss":"The Netherlands"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebleven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of gebleven","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"gebleven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"determiner of luî","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies luî","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"luî","lemma":"lui","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of pasten","gloss":"folk","note":"Historical spelling of lui, “people” or “folk.”"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pasten","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"to","note":"Passen op means “to tend” or “to look after.”"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"pasten","lemma":"passen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the first causal clause","gloss":"tended"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two causal clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geloof","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the second causal clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"Dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"That","note":"The accent marks emphatic stress."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dàt to zaak","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"heart of it"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h1-s21","source":"En dan komen later weer andere leugens. Een meisjen is een engel.","translation":"And then later still other lies come along. A girl is an angel.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En dan komen later weer andere leugens","title":"Fronted en dan and V2","body":"With the adverbial en dan ('and then') fronted, the finite komen jumps to second position ahead of the subject andere leugens, illustrating Dutch verb-second."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een meisjen is een engel","title":"Diminutive meisjen, neuter gender","body":"meisjen (= meisje, 'girl') is a frozen diminutive in -je, which makes it grammatically neuter (het meisje) even though it denotes a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the preceding thought","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come along"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies leugens","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisjen","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"meisjen","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"subject of is","gloss":"girl","note":"Historical spelling of meisje."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking meisjen to engel","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of engel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"engel","lemma":"engel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"angel"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h1-s22","source":"Wie dit het eerst ontdekte, heeft nooit zusters gehad. Liefde is een zaligheid.","translation":"Whoever discovered this first never had any sisters. Love is a bliss.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie dit het eerst ontdekte, heeft nooit zusters gehad","title":"Free relative wie + verb-final","body":"wie ('whoever') with no antecedent opens a free relative clause that goes verb-final (ontdekte). The main clause then inverts: heeft ... gehad. ontdekte is the weak past of ontdekken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontdekte; the whole free relative is subject of heeft","gloss":"Whoever"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ontdekte","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of the superlative adverbial het eerst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies ontdekte","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ontdekte","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the free relative clause","gloss":"discovered"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehad","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"zusters","lemma":"zuster","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"sisters"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Love"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Liefde to zaligheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaligheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zaligheid","lemma":"zaligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"bliss"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h1-s23","source":"Men vlucht met het een of ander voorwerp naar het einde der aarde. De aarde heeft geen einden, en die liefde is ook gekheid.","translation":"One flees with some object or other to the end of the earth. The earth has no ends, and that love is nonsense too.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het einde der aarde","title":"Genitive der aarde","body":"der aarde is a frozen genitive ('of the earth') governing the feminine noun aarde, common in 1860 set phrases where today one says van de aarde."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"De aarde heeft geen einden","title":"geen with an indefinite plural","body":"Because einden ('ends') is an indefinite plural, the negation is geen rather than niet: 'the earth has no ends.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vlucht","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"vlucht","lemma":"vluchten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flees"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorwerp","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of the idiom het een of ander","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"part of the idiom het een of ander","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom het een of ander","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"part of the idiom het een of ander","gloss":"other","note":"Het een of ander means “some … or other.”"},{"surface":"voorwerp","lemma":"voorwerp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking einde","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of einde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"einde","lemma":"einde","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine singular","role":"determiner of aarde","gloss":"of the","note":"Archaic genitive form of de, meaning “of the.”"},{"surface":"aarde","lemma":"aarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of einde","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aarde","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"aarde","lemma":"aarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of einden","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"einden","lemma":"einde","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"ends"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses of heeft and is","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking liefde to gekheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the predication is gekheid","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"gekheid","lemma":"gekheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h1-s24","source":"Niemand kan zeggen dat ik niet goed leef met myn vrouw--zy is een dochter van Last & Co, makelaars in koffi--niemand kan iets op ons huwelyk aanmerken.","translation":"No one can say that I do not live well with my wife—she is a daughter of Last & Co, coffee brokers—no one can find any fault with our marriage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Niemand kan zeggen dat ik niet goed leef","title":"Negative subject niemand + modal kan","body":"niemand ('no one') is the clause's single negator; the modal kan takes the bare infinitive zeggen, and the dat-clause that follows is verb-final (leef at the end)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zy is een dochter van Last & Co","title":"Possession with van","body":"Modern Dutch expresses 'a daughter of Last & Co' with van + noun rather than an inflected genitive, the everyday alternative to the older der/des forms. zy = zij."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"iets op ons huwelyk aanmerken","title":"Idiom: to find fault","body":"iets op iets aanmerken means 'to find fault with, raise an objection to' something. huwelyk = huwelijk ('marriage')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of leef","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leef","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leef","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"leef","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of zeggen","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of leef","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to dochter","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Last","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of dochter","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"Co","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Last","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"makelaars","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to Last & Co","gloss":"brokers"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of makelaars","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of aanmerken","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of aanmerken","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huwelyk","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of huwelyk","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"huwelyk","lemma":"huwelijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of aanmerken","gloss":"marriage","note":"Nineteenth-century spelling of huwelijk."},{"surface":"aanmerken","lemma":"aanmerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"find fault","note":"Iets op iets aanmerken means “to find fault with something.”"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h1-s25","source":"Ik ben lid van Artis, zy heeft een sjaallong van twee-en-negentig gulden, en van zulk een malle liefde die volstrekt aan het einde der aarde wil wonen, is toch tusschen ons nooit spraak geweest.","translation":"I am a member of Artis, she has a shawl-length that cost ninety-two guilders, and of any such foolish love that absolutely insists on living at the end of the earth there has never yet been talk between us.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"van zulk een malle liefde ... is toch ... nooit spraak geweest","title":"Fronted PP forces inversion; perfect with zijn","body":"The long fronted phrase 'van zulk een malle liefde ...' pushes the finite is into second position, and er is spraak geweest ('there has been talk') is a zijn-perfect. zulk een = 'such a.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gulden","title":"gulden = guilder","body":"The gulden (guilder) was the Dutch currency. Pricing his wife's shawl at ninety-two guilders is Droogstoppel's way of measuring affection in money."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to lid","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"lid","lemma":"lid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"member"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Artis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Artis","lemma":"Artis","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies lid","gloss":"Artis"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of its clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sjaallong","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sjaallong","lemma":"sjaallong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"long shawl"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the value in gulden","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"twee-en-negentig","lemma":"twee-en-negentig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies gulden","gloss":"ninety-two"},{"surface":"gulden","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"value complement of sjaallong","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liefde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"malle","lemma":"mal","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies liefde","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of spraak","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking einde","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of einde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"einde","lemma":"einde","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of wonen","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine singular","role":"determiner of aarde","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"aarde","lemma":"aarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies einde","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on liefde","gloss":"insists on"},{"surface":"wonen","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spraak","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"between","note":"Nineteenth-century spelling of tussen."},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of spraak","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spraak","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement with is geweest","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with is","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h1-s26","source":"Toen we getrouwd zyn, hebben wy een toertje naar den Haag gemaakt--ze heeft daar flanel gekocht, waarvan ik nog borstrokken draag--en verder heeft ons de liefde nooit de wereld ingejaagd. Dus: alles gekheid en leugens!","translation":"When we were married we made a little excursion to The Hague—she bought flannel there, of which I still wear undervests—and beyond that, love has never chased us out into the world. So: all nonsense and lies!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen we getrouwd zyn, hebben wy ... gemaakt","title":"toen-clause and a perfect main clause","body":"toen ('when', past) opens a verb-final clause (getrouwd zyn), and the main clause inverts to hebben wy ... gemaakt. Note trouwen takes zijn in the perfect of the state of being married."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"flanel ... waarvan ik nog borstrokken draag","title":"Relative pronominal adverb waarvan","body":"waarvan ('of which, from which') is a relative waar- + van replacing van + a thing for non-persons: 'flannel of which I still wear undervests.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de wereld ingejaagd","title":"Idiom: chased out into the world","body":"iemand de wereld injagen, 'to chase/drive someone out into the world,' here means love never drove them to dramatic flight. ingejaagd is the participle of separable injagen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of getrouwd","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"getrouwd","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with zyn","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking we to getrouwd in a result-state clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toertje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"toertje","lemma":"toer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"little excursion"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Haag","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Haag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Haag","lemma":"Haag","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of gemaakt","gloss":"Hague"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gekocht","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekocht","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekocht","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"flanel","lemma":"flanel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gekocht","gloss":"flannel"},{"surface":"gekocht","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with heeft","gloss":"bought"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"oblique complement of draag","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of draag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies draag","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"borstrokken","lemma":"borstrok","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of draag","gloss":"undervests"},{"surface":"draag","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"wear"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ingejaagd","gloss":"beyond that"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of ingejaagd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ingejaagd","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ingejaagd","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"directional complement of ingejaagd","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"ingejaagd","lemma":"injagen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with heeft","gloss":"chased into"},{"surface":"Dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of omitted is","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"gekheid","lemma":"gekheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of omitted is","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with gekheid","gloss":"lies"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h1-s27","source":"En zou myn huwelyk nu minder gelukkig wezen, dan van de menschen die zich uit liefde de tering op den hals haalden, of de haren uit het hoofd? Of denkt ge dat myn huishouden iets minder wel geregeld is, dan het wezen zou als ik voor zeventien jaar myn meisjen in verzen gezegd had dat ik haar trouwen wilde?","translation":"And would my marriage now be any less happy than that of the people who, out of love, brought consumption upon their necks, or tore the hair from their heads? Or do you suppose my household is the least bit less well ordered than it would be had I, seventeen years ago, told my girl in verse that I wished to marry her?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de menschen die zich ... de tering op den hals haalden","title":"Reflexive idiom + case remnant den hals","body":"zich iets op de hals halen ('to bring something upon oneself') is reflexive; den hals shows the old accusative den. haalden is the weak past plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan het wezen zou als ik ... gezegd had","title":"Pluperfect in a counterfactual","body":"gezegd had ('had said') is the voltooid verleden tijd: past of hebben plus participle, used here for the unreal past condition ('had I told'). The pairing with wezen zou marks a counterfactual."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de tering","title":"tering = consumption (tuberculosis)","body":"de tering is the old word for consumption / tuberculosis, the romantic-tragic disease of lovers in sentimental fiction, which Droogstoppel scorns as self-inflicted folly."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of huwelyk","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"huwelyk","lemma":"huwelijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zou wezen","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelukkig","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelukkig","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"gelukkig","lemma":"gelukkig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of menschen","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces omitted huwelyk van de menschen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"possessor in comparison","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of haalden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive indirect object of haalden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liefde","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of haalden","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tering","lemma":"tering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of haalden","gloss":"consumption"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hals","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of hals","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of haalden","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"haalden","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on menschen","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of haren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of omitted haalden","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of omitted haalden","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of denkt","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"denkt","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do suppose"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denkt","gloss":"you","note":"Ge is the unstressed form of the now-archaic pronoun gij."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of huishouden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of huishouden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"huishouden","lemma":"huishouden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"modifies minder","gloss":"the least bit","note":"Iets minder means “any less” or, emphatically here, “the least bit less.”"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wel","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geregeld","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"geregeld","lemma":"regelen","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking huishouden to geregeld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezegd","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaar","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"zeventien","lemma":"zeventien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"seventeen"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique time complement of gezegd","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of meisjen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"meisjen","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gezegd","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of trouwen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"trouwen","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"to marry"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"wished"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h1-s28","source":"Gekheid! Ik had dit toch even goed kunnen doen als ieder ander, want verzenmaken is een ambacht, zeker minder moeielyk dan ivoordraaien.","translation":"Nonsense! I could have done it just as well as anyone else, for making verses is a trade, surely less difficult than turning ivory.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik had dit toch even goed kunnen doen","title":"Modal in a perfect: double infinitive","body":"had ... kunnen doen ('could have done') puts the modal kunnen as a bare infinitive instead of a participle next to doen, the classic Dutch double-infinitive cluster. even goed als = 'just as well as.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"verzenmaken is een ambacht","title":"Nominalized compound verzenmaken","body":"verzenmaken ('verse-making') glues verzen + maken into a single noun, a right-headed Dutch compound used as the subject. ivoordraaien ('ivory-turning') is built the same way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zeker minder moeielyk dan ivoordraaien","title":"Comparative minder ... dan","body":"minder moeielyk dan ('less difficult than') is a comparative of inferiority using minder plus dan. moeielyk = moeilijk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gekheid","lemma":"gekheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement in verbal cluster","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ieder","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of comparison","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ieder","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"verzenmaken","lemma":"verzenmaken","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"making verses"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to ambacht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambacht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ambacht","lemma":"ambacht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies minder","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeielyk","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative adjective modifying ambacht","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ivoordraaien","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ivoordraaien","lemma":"ivoordraaien","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of comparison","gloss":"turning ivory"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h1-s29","source":"Hoe zouden anders de ulevellen met deviezen zoo goedkoop wezen?--Frits zegt: \"Uhlefeldjes\" ik weet niet, waarom?","translation":"How else would the motto-sweets with their little verses be so cheap?—Frits says \"Uhlefeldjes\"; I do not know why.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe zouden anders de ulevellen ... zoo goedkoop wezen?","title":"Conditional question with zouden","body":"A rhetorical question in the conditional: zouden ... wezen ('would ... be'). The fronted hoe forces inversion of subject and verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ulevellen met deviezen","title":"Motto-sweets","body":"ulevellen were wrapped sweets containing a printed verse or motto (devies). Droogstoppel cites their cheapness as proof that versifying is a trivial trade. Frits's variant 'Uhlefeldjes' is a running family joke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goedkoop","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goedkoop","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ulevellen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ulevellen","lemma":"ulevel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zouden wezen","gloss":"sweets","note":"Ulevellen were wrapped sweets containing a printed verse or motto."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deviezen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"deviezen","lemma":"devies","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of ulevellen","gloss":"mottos"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goedkoop","gloss":"so","note":"Nineteenth-century spelling of zo."},{"surface":"goedkoop","lemma":"goedkoop","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"cheap"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zouden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of its clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Uhlefeldjes","lemma":"Uhlefeldje","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"quoted direct speech of zegt","gloss":"Uhlefeld sweets","note":"Frits jokingly substitutes the surname Uhlefeld for ulevelletjes."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative complement of weet","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h1-s30","source":"--En vraag eens naar den prys van een stel billardballen! Ik heb niets tegen verzen op-zichzelf.","translation":"—And just ask the price of a set of billiard balls! I have nothing against verses in themselves.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En vraag eens naar den prys","title":"Imperative + den remnant","body":"vraag is a bare-stem imperative ('ask!'), softened by eens. den prys (= prijs) keeps the old accusative article den after the preposition naar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb niets tegen verzen op-zichzelf","title":"Negative object niets","body":"niets ('nothing') is the single negative element: 'I have nothing against verses in themselves.' op-zichzelf = 'in themselves, as such.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the preceding argument","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softens the imperative vraag","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prys","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of prys","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an archaic oblique masculine form of de."},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vraag","gloss":"price","note":"Nineteenth-century spelling of prijs."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stel","lemma":"stel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of prys","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"billardballen","lemma":"biljartbal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of stel","gloss":"billiard balls","note":"Billardballen is an older spelling of biljartballen."},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzen","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of tegen","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"op-zichzelf","lemma":"op zichzelf","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies verzen","gloss":"in themselves","note":"Modern Dutch normally writes op zichzelf without hyphens."}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h1-s31","source":"Wil men de woorden in gelid 't zetten, goed!","translation":"If a man wants to set the words in rank and file, well and good!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wil men de woorden in gelid 't zetten","title":"Conditional-by-inversion + modal wil","body":"Putting the modal wil first (with no als) creates an 'if'-meaning by inversion: 'If a man wants to set the words ...' The bare infinitive zetten ends the clause. 't = het."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"in gelid zetten","title":"Idiom: to line up in ranks","body":"in gelid ('in rank and file', a military image) zetten means to dress words into orderly metrical lines, Droogstoppel's contemptuous figure for writing verse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb governing zetten","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Wil","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zetten","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gelid","lemma":"gelid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in in the phrase in het gelid","gloss":"rank and file"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelid in inverted word order","gloss":"the","note":"The article belongs with gelid: the usual order is in 't gelid."},{"surface":"zetten","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of Wil","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective used as an interjection","role":"evaluative comment on the preceding clause","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h1-s32","source":"Maar zeg niets wat niet waar is. \"De lucht is guur, en 't is vier uur.\" Dit laat ik gelden, als het werkelijk guur en vier uur is.","translation":"But say nothing that is not true. \"The air is raw, and it is four o'clock.\" That I will let pass, if it really is raw and four o'clock.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar zeg niets wat niet waar is","title":"Imperative zeg + free relative wat","body":"zeg is an imperative ('say'); niets is its negative object; the free relative wat niet waar is ('whatever is not true') is itself verb-final. Two clauses, each with its own negator."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als het werkelijk guur en vier uur is","title":"Conditional als, verb-final","body":"The als-clause ('if it really is raw and four o'clock') is verb-final, ending in is. Dit laat ik gelden = 'that I will let pass,' with separable gelden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates this imperative with the preceding statement","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeg","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is, referring to niets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wat to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lucht","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking lucht to guur","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"guur","lemma":"guur","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"raw"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to vier uur","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vier","lemma":"vier","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies uur","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"time complement of is","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite causative verb governing gelden","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laat","gloss":"pass","note":"Laten gelden means to accept something or let it pass."},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of guur","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"werkelijk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the coordinated predicates guur and vier uur","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"guur","lemma":"guur","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"raw"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vier","lemma":"vier","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies uur","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"time complement of is, coordinated with guur","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to guur and vier uur","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h1-s33","source":"Maar als 't kwartier voor drieën is, kan ik, die myn woorden niet in 't gelid zet, zeggen: \"de lucht is guur, en 't is kwartier voor drieën.\" De verzenmaker is door de guurheid van den eersten regel aan een vol uur gebonden. Het moet voor hem juist een, twee uur, enz. wezen, of de lucht mag niet guur zyn.","translation":"But if it is a quarter to three, then I, who do not set my words in rank and file, can say: \"the air is raw, and it is a quarter to three.\" The verse-maker, on account of the rawness of his first line, is bound to a full hour. For him it must be exactly one, two o'clock, and so on, or else the air may not be raw.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kan ik, die myn woorden niet ... zet, zeggen","title":"Embedded relative + V2 main clause","body":"The main clause keeps kan in second position; an inserted relative clause die ... zet ('who do not set') is verb-final. The modal kan then governs the bare infinitive zeggen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"is ... aan een vol uur gebonden","title":"State passive gebonden + den eersten regel","body":"is ... gebonden is a zijn-passive expressing a resulting state ('is bound'). door de guurheid van den eersten regel shows the old accusative den after door."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of de lucht mag niet guur zyn","title":"Modal mag with negation","body":"mag (from mogen, 'may') plus niet expresses prohibition: 'the air may not be raw.' The bare infinitive zyn closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kan","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of is","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kwartier","lemma":"kwartier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative time complement of is","gloss":"a quarter"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking drieën","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"drieën","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral, plural time form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to kwartier voor drieën","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing zeggen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan and zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zet","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelid","lemma":"gelid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zet","gloss":"rank and file"},{"surface":"zet","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause modifying ik","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking lucht to guur","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"guur","lemma":"guur","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"raw"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to kwartier voor drieën","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"kwartier","lemma":"kwartier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative time complement of is","gloss":"a quarter"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking drieën","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"drieën","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral, plural time form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzenmaker","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"verzenmaker","lemma":"verzenmaker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gebonden","gloss":"verse-maker"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebonden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the cause of gebonden","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of guurheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"guurheid","lemma":"guurheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door, expressing the cause of gebonden","gloss":"rawness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected masculine singular","role":"determiner of regel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eersten","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"adjective, archaic inflected masculine singular","role":"modifies regel","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"regel","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van, modifying guurheid","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uur","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vol","lemma":"vol","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uur","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gebonden","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"gebonden","lemma":"binden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle forming the predicate with is","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"impersonal subject of moet","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing wezen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the time expression een, twee uur","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"first item in the coordinated time expression","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"second item in the coordinated time expression","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"time predicate complement of wezen","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"enz","lemma":"enzovoorts","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"continues the list of hours","gloss":"and so on"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the alternative clause","gloss":"or else"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of mag and zijn","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing zijn","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies guur","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"guur","lemma":"guur","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"raw"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of mag","gloss":"be","note":"Historical spelling of modern zijn."}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h1-s34","source":"Zeven en negen is verboden door de maat. Daar gaat hy dan aan 't knoeien!","translation":"Seven and nine are forbidden by the meter. So there he goes, off to his bungling!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zeven en negen is verboden door de maat","title":"State passive with door-agent","body":"is verboden ('is forbidden') is a zijn-passive of resulting state; door de maat ('by the meter') names the agent with door."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar gaat hy dan aan 't knoeien!","title":"Fronted daar + aan 't + infinitive (progressive)","body":"Fronting daar inverts to gaat hy; aan 't knoeien ('to set to bungling') is the aan het + infinitive progressive, naming an action in progress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zeven","lemma":"zeven","morphology":"numeral","role":"subject of verboden","gloss":"Seven"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"negen","lemma":"negen","morphology":"numeral","role":"coordinated with Zeven","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verboden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"verboden","lemma":"verbieden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle forming the passive predicate with is","gloss":"forbidden"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maat","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maat","lemma":"maat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door; the force imposing the restriction","gloss":"meter"},{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb introducing the consequence","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the progressive construction aan 't knoeien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner in the progressive construction aan 't knoeien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"knoeien","lemma":"knoeien","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as a verbal noun","role":"activity in the construction aan 't knoeien","gloss":"bungling"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h1-s35","source":"Of het weêr moet veranderd, òf de tyd. Eén van beiden is dan gelogen.","translation":"Either the weather must be altered, or the time. One of the two is then a falsehood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Of het weêr moet veranderd, òf de tyd","title":"Correlative òf ... òf and an elided passive","body":"òf ... òf ('either ... or') is correlative. moet veranderd (worden) leaves the passive infinitive worden understood: 'must be changed.' weêr = weer ('weather'), tyd = tijd."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Eén van beiden is dan gelogen","title":"State passive gelogen","body":"is ... gelogen ('is a falsehood, has been lied') uses zijn + the strong participle of liegen to state a resulting condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"first member of the correlative conjunction of ... òf","gloss":"Either"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weêr","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weêr","lemma":"weer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of moet veranderd","gloss":"weather","note":"Weêr is an older spelling of modern weer, meaning weather here."},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing the passive veranderd","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"veranderd","lemma":"veranderen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in an elliptical passive with omitted worden","gloss":"be altered"},{"surface":"òf","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"second member of the correlative conjunction of ... òf","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject with het weer; veranderd is understood","gloss":"time","note":"Historical spelling of modern tijd."},{"surface":"Eén","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"subject of gelogen","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beiden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"beiden","lemma":"beide","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Eén van beiden to gelogen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelogen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"gelogen","lemma":"liegen","morphology":"verb, past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"a falsehood"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h1-s36","source":"En niet alleen die verzen lokken de jeugd tot onwaarheid. Ga eens in den schouwburg, en luister dáár wat er voor leugens aan den man worden gebracht.","translation":"And it is not only those verses that lure the young into untruth. Just go to the theater once, and listen there to the lies that are foisted on a man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ga eens in den schouwburg, en luister dáár","title":"Two imperatives, softened by eens","body":"ga and luister are bare-stem imperatives ('go,' 'listen'), softened by eens. den schouwburg keeps the archaic accusative den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat er voor leugens aan den man worden gebracht","title":"Process passive worden + idiom","body":"worden gebracht is a worden-passive ('are brought/foisted'). aan den man brengen ('to palm off, sell') keeps den; the er here is the existential/quantitative little word."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lokken","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alleen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the subject die verzen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of lokken","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"lokken","lemma":"lokken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lure"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jeugd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of lokken","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onwaarheid","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"onwaarheid","lemma":"onwaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of lokken","gloss":"untruth"},{"surface":"Ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal particle","role":"softens the imperative Ga","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the destination schouwburg","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected masculine singular","role":"determiner of schouwburg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schouwburg","lemma":"schouwburg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"theater"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"luister","lemma":"luisteren","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated imperative","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of luister","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"introduces the embedded interrogative clause governed by luister","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb in the embedded clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the interrogative construction wat voor","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of the passive worden gebracht","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in the idiom aan de man brengen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected masculine singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the embedded passive clause","gloss":"foisted","note":"Aan de man brengen means to foist, sell, or pass something off on someone."}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h1-s37","source":"De held van 't stuk wordt uit het water gehaald door iemand die op 't punt staat bankroet te maken. Dan geeft hy hem zyn halve vermogen.","translation":"The hero of the play is pulled out of the water by someone on the very brink of bankruptcy. Then he gives him half his fortune.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De held ... wordt uit het water gehaald","title":"Process passive with worden","body":"wordt ... gehaald ('is pulled out') is the worden-passive describing the action as it happens; door iemand names the agent. uit het water gehaald = 'hauled out of the water.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand die op 't punt staat bankroet te maken","title":"te-infinitive after op het punt staan","body":"op het punt staan ('to be on the verge') governs a te-infinitive: bankroet te maken ('to go bankrupt'). The relative die makes the clause verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of held","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"held","lemma":"held","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gehaald","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stuk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van, modifying held","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gehaald","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking water","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of water","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gehaald","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"gehaald","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle forming the passive predicate with wordt","gloss":"pulled"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"agent of gehaald","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking punt","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of punt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op in the idiom op het punt staan","gloss":"brink"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause modifying iemand","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"bankroet","lemma":"bankroet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of maken in the expression bankroet maken","gloss":"bankruptcy"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of op het punt staat","gloss":"go","note":"Bankroet maken is an older expression meaning to go bankrupt."},{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geeft","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of geeft","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vermogen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"halve","lemma":"half","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vermogen","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"vermogen","lemma":"vermogen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"fortune"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h1-s38","source":"Dat kan niet waar zyn. Toen onlangs op de Prinsengracht myn hoed te-water woei--Frits zegt: waaide--heb ik den man die hem my terugbracht, een dubbeltje gegeven; en hy was tevreden.","translation":"That cannot be true. When my hat blew into the water on the Prinsengracht the other day—Frits says: was blown—I gave the man who brought it back to me a dime; and he was content.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen ... myn hoed te-water woei","title":"toen + strong past woei","body":"toen ('when', past) sends the verb to the end; woei is the strong past of waaien ('to blow'). Frits's correction waaide offers the modern weak form, a deliberate joke about shifting usage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb ik den man die hem my terugbracht ... gegeven","title":"Perfect frame around a relative clause","body":"The perfect heb ... gegeven wraps the whole sentence; den man (old accusative den) is modified by die ... terugbracht (separable terugbrengen, verb-final)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing zijn","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of woei","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"onlangs","lemma":"onlangs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies woei","gloss":"the other day"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Prinsengracht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Prinsengracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Prinsengracht","lemma":"Prinsengracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Prinsengracht"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hoed","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hoed","lemma":"hoed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of woei","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"te-water","lemma":"te water","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"directional complement of woei","gloss":"into the water","note":"The older hyphenated spelling te-water means into the water."},{"surface":"woei","lemma":"waaien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the temporal clause introduced by Toen","gloss":"blew"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"waaide","lemma":"waaien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"quoted correction serving as object of zegt","gloss":"blew","note":"Frits offers the regular past form waaide in place of woei."},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb gegeven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected masculine singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of heb gegeven","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of terugbracht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of terugbracht, referring to hoed","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, first person singular","role":"indirect object of terugbracht","gloss":"me","note":"Historical spelling of modern mij."},{"surface":"terugbracht","lemma":"terugbrengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause modifying man","gloss":"brought back"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dubbeltje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dubbeltje","lemma":"dubbeltje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heb gegeven","gloss":"dime"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle forming the perfect with heb","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tevreden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hij to tevreden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"content"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h1-s39","source":"Ik weet wel dat ik iets meer had moeten geven als hy myzelf er uit gehaald had, maar zeker myn halve vermogen niet. 't Is immers duidelyk dat men op die wys maar tweemaal in 't water hoeft te vallen om doodarm te wezen.","translation":"I know well that I should have had to give something more had he hauled me out myself, but certainly not half my fortune. It is plain enough that at that rate a man need only fall into the water twice to be dirt-poor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik iets meer had moeten geven als hy ... gehaald had","title":"Pluperfect counterfactual with a modal","body":"had moeten geven ('should have had to give') is a pluperfect with a modal in double-infinitive form; the als-clause gehaald had is also pluperfect. Together they form an unreal past condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men op die wys maar tweemaal ... hoeft te vallen","title":"hoeven te + infinitive","body":"hoeven ('to need') takes a te-infinitive (te vallen, 'to fall'); maar ('only') limits it. men is the impersonal 'one.' op die wys = 'in that way.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om doodarm te wezen","title":"Purpose-result clause om ... te","body":"om ... te here gives a result/consequence ('so as to be / to end up dirt-poor'), closing with te + wezen. doodarm ('dead-poor') is an intensifying compound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of the direct object phrase of geven","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by had moeten","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of gehaald had","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gehaald had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"myzelf","lemma":"mijzelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gehaald","gloss":"me myself"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal component of er uit","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"prepositional adverb component","role":"combines with er as locative complement of gehaald","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"gehaald","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the conditional clause","gloss":"hauled"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehaald in the conditional clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical phrase myn halve vermogen niet","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vermogen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"halve","lemma":"half","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vermogen","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"vermogen","lemma":"vermogen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of the omitted geven","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the omitted geven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking 't to duidelyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duidelyk","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hoeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the adverbial phrase op die wys","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wys","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wys","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op in the adverbial phrase op die wys","gloss":"rate"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses tweemaal","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"tweemaal","lemma":"tweemaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vallen","gloss":"twice"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking water","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of water","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vallen","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"hoeft","lemma":"hoeven","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"main finite verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival marker","role":"marks the infinitive vallen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hoeft","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of wezen","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"doodarm","lemma":"doodarm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"dirt-poor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival marker","role":"marks the infinitive wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h1-s40","source":"Wat het ergste is by zulke vertooningen op het tooneel, het publiek gewent zich zóó aan al die onwaarheden, dat het ze mooi vindt en toejuicht.","translation":"What is worst about such spectacles on the stage is that the public grows so accustomed to all those untruths that it finds them fine and applauds them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het publiek gewent zich zóó aan al die onwaarheden","title":"Reflexive zich + zich gewennen aan","body":"zich gewennen aan ('to grow accustomed to') is reflexive: zich is the 3rd-person reflexive matching the subject het publiek. The aan-phrase names what one gets used to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat het ze mooi vindt en toejuicht","title":"Result clause dat, verb-final","body":"The dat-clause is verb-final: vindt and toejuicht (separable toejuichen, 'to applaud') both sit at the end. The first het is the public; ze is the untruths."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner nominalizing ergste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ergste","lemma":"erg","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"worst"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Wat to het ergste","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertooningen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vertooningen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"vertooningen","lemma":"vertoning","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of by","gloss":"spectacles"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tooneel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tooneel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tooneel","lemma":"toneel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op; modifies vertooningen","gloss":"stage"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of publiek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"publiek","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gewent","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"gewent","lemma":"gewennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grows accustomed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of gewent","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewent","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onwaarheden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"modifies die onwaarheden","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onwaarheden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"onwaarheden","lemma":"onwaarheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"untruths"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vindt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vindt and toejuicht","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vindt and toejuicht","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"mooi","lemma":"mooi","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vindt","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"vindt","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"finds"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toejuicht","lemma":"toejuichen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with vindt","gloss":"applauds"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h1-s41","source":"Ik had weleens lust zoo'n heel parterre in 't water te gooien, om te zien wie dat toe juichen gemeend had.","translation":"I have sometimes had a mind to throw a whole pit of them into the water, just to see who had meant that applause in earnest.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik had weleens lust zoo'n heel parterre ... te gooien","title":"lust hebben + te-infinitive","body":"lust hebben ('to have a desire') governs a te-infinitive: te gooien ('to throw'). had is the past, weleens 'now and then.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om te zien wie dat toe juichen gemeend had","title":"Purpose om ... te + free relative wie","body":"om te zien ('in order to see') is a purpose clause; the embedded free relative wie ... gemeend had ('who had meant it') is verb-final with a pluperfect."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"parterre","title":"parterre = the pit / stalls","body":"The parterre was the ground-floor standing/seating area of the theater, here standing by metonymy for the whole credulous audience he would dunk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main finite verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"weleens","lemma":"weleens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"lust","lemma":"lust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had; governs te gooien","gloss":"a mind"},{"surface":"zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of parterre","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies parterre","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"parterre","lemma":"parterre","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gooien","gloss":"theater pit","note":"Here `parterre` means the whole audience seated in the theater's pit."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking water","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of water","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gooien","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival marker","role":"marks the infinitive gooien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gooien","lemma":"gooien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of lust","gloss":"throw"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of zien","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival marker","role":"marks the infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gemeend had","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of the nominalized toe juichen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of toe juichen","gloss":"in approval","note":"Together `toe juichen` is the historical spacing of `toejuichen`, here used as a nominalized infinitive meaning “applause.”"},{"surface":"juichen","lemma":"toejuichen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"direct object of gemeend","gloss":"cheering"},{"surface":"gemeend","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the embedded question","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemeend","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h1-s42","source":"Ik, die van waarheid houd, waarschuw ieder dat ik voor 't opvisschen van myn persoon geen zoo hoog bergloon betalen wil.","translation":"I, who love the truth, give everyone fair warning that I will not pay so high a salvage fee for the fishing-out of my person.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik, die van waarheid houd, waarschuw ieder","title":"Appositive relative + V2 main verb","body":"The relative die van waarheid houd ('who love the truth') is inserted and verb-final, while the main clause keeps waarschuw in second position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik ... geen zoo hoog bergloon betalen wil","title":"geen + modal wil, verb-final","body":"geen negates the indefinite bergloon ('salvage fee'); the modal wil with bare infinitive betalen closes this dat-clause at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of waarschuw","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the prepositional complement of houd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on Ik","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"waarschuw","lemma":"waarschuwen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"warn"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of waarschuw","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of waarschuw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opvisschen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opvisschen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opvisschen","lemma":"opvissen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"fishing out"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking persoon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies opvisschen","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bergloon","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoog","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bergloon","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"bergloon","lemma":"bergloon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of betalen","gloss":"salvage fee"},{"surface":"betalen","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"main finite verb of the content clause","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h1-s43","source":"Wie met minder niet tevreden is, mag me laten liggen.","translation":"Whoever is not content with less may leave me lying there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie met minder niet tevreden is, mag me laten liggen","title":"Free relative wie + modal mag + laten","body":"wie ('whoever') opens a verb-final free relative. The main clause uses modal mag plus causative laten plus the bare infinitive liggen: 'may leave me lying.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"subject of is; heads the free relative clause that is subject of mag","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking minder","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"nominalized comparative pronoun","role":"object of met","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tevreden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula in the free relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"main finite verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of laten and understood subject of liggen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of mag","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"lying"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h1-s44","source":"Alleen Zondags zou ik iets meer geven, omdat ik dan myn kantilje ketting draag, en een anderen rok.","translation":"Only on Sundays would I give a little more, because then I wear my filigree chain and a different coat.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Alleen Zondags zou ik iets meer geven","title":"Fronted Zondags + conditional zou","body":"The fronted adverb Zondags ('on Sundays') triggers inversion (zou ik); zou + geven is the conditional. iets meer = 'a little more.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een anderen rok","title":"Case remnant: adjective -en on a masculine object","body":"anderen rok shows the old accusative inflection -en on the adjective before a masculine noun, a declension survival typical of 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Zondags","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Zondags","lemma":"zondag","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of geven","gloss":"on Sundays"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"main finite verb of the sentence","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"modifies meer","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"with iets, direct object of geven","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of draag","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of draag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of draag","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of ketting","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"kantilje","lemma":"kantille","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, attributive","role":"attributive modifier of ketting","gloss":"filigree","note":"`Kantilje` is an older form of `kantille`, ornamental gold or silver wire used like filigree."},{"surface":"ketting","lemma":"ketting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of draag","gloss":"chain"},{"surface":"draag","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the omdat-clause","gloss":"wear"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rok","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rok","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"rok","lemma":"rok","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of draag, coordinated with ketting","gloss":"coat"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h1-s45","source":"Ja, dat tooneel bederft velen, meer nog dan de romans. Het is zoo aanschouwelyk!","translation":"Yes, that stage corrupts many, more even than the novels do. It is so vivid to the eye!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat tooneel bederft velen, meer nog dan de romans","title":"Comparative meer ... dan","body":"meer nog dan ('even more than') compares the corrupting power of stage and novels with dan for 'than.' bederft is the present of bederven ('to spoil, corrupt')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het is zoo aanschouwelyk!","title":"Impersonal het as subject","body":"het is here a non-referential subject ('it is so vivid'), the dummy het used in evaluative statements. aanschouwelyk = aanschouwelijk ('vivid, graphic')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the statement","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of tooneel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tooneel","lemma":"toneel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bederft","gloss":"stage"},{"surface":"bederft","lemma":"bederven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"corrupts"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of bederft","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies bederft","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses meer","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with romans","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of romans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"romans","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of comparison after dan; understood subject of bederft","gloss":"novels"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Het to aanschouwelyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanschouwelyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"aanschouwelyk","lemma":"aanschouwelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"vivid to the eye"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h1-s46","source":"Met wat klatergoud en wat kant van uitgeslagen papier, ziet er dat alles zoo aanlokkelyk uit. Voor kinderen, meen ik, en voor menschen die niet in zaken zyn.","translation":"With a bit of tinsel and a bit of cut-out paper lace, the whole thing looks so alluring. For children, I mean, and for people who are not in business.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Met wat klatergoud ..., ziet er dat alles zoo aanlokkelyk uit","title":"Fronted PP + separable eruitzien","body":"The fronted 'met wat klatergoud ...' forces inversion (ziet ...), and the separable eruitzien ('to look, appear') scatters as ziet er ... uit. aanlokkelyk = aanlokkelijk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"menschen die niet in zaken zyn","title":"Relative die with verb-final zyn","body":"die ('who') opens a relative clause modifying menschen (= mensen), pushing zyn (= zijn) to the end. in zaken zijn = 'to be in business.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klatergoud","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klatergoud","gloss":"a bit of"},{"surface":"klatergoud","lemma":"klatergoud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Met","gloss":"tinsel"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kant","gloss":"a bit of"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Met, coordinated with klatergoud","gloss":"lace"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking papier","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uitgeslagen","lemma":"uitslaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle modifying papier","gloss":"cut-out"},{"surface":"papier","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies kant","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"eruitzien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite part of the separable verb ziet ... er ... uit","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal component of ziet er ... uit","gloss":"there","note":"Together `ziet er ... uit` means “looks” or “appears.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"modifies alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"whole thing"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanlokkelyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"aanlokkelyk","lemma":"aanlokkelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ziet er ... uit","gloss":"alluring"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ziet er ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kinderen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of Voor; complement of aanlokkelyk","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menschen; coordinated with Voor","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor; coordinated with kinderen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of zyn","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause on menschen","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h1-s47","source":"Zelfs als die tooneelmenschen armoede willen voorstellen, is hun voorstelling altyd leugenachtig.","translation":"Even when those theater folk want to portray poverty, their portrayal is always a lie.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zelfs als die tooneelmenschen armoede willen voorstellen","title":"als-clause with modal willen + bare infinitive","body":"The als-clause is verb-final, ending in willen voorstellen (modal + bare infinitive). voorstellen is separable, but a following modal keeps the cluster intact at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the als-clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of willen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tooneelmenschen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"tooneelmenschen","lemma":"toneelmens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of willen","gloss":"theater folk"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorstellen","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main finite verb of the als-clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"portray"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking voorstelling to leugenachtig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of voorstelling","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"voorstelling","lemma":"voorstelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"portrayal"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is leugenachtig","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"leugenachtig","lemma":"leugenachtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"false"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h1-s48","source":"Een meisje wier vader bankroet maakte, werkt om de familie te onderhouden.","translation":"A girl whose father has gone bankrupt works to support the family.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een meisje wier vader bankroet maakte","title":"Genitive relative wier","body":"wier ('whose') is the feminine/plural genitive relative pronoun, agreeing with meisje as 'a girl whose father.' Its clause is verb-final (maakte at the end)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"werkt om de familie te onderhouden","title":"Purpose om ... te","body":"om ... te frames the purpose 'in order to support the family,' closing with te + the infinitive onderhouden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of werkt","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"wier","lemma":"wie","morphology":"possessive relative pronoun","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"bankroet","lemma":"bankroet","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of maakte","gloss":"bankrupt","note":"The older expression `bankroet maken` means “to go bankrupt.”"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on meisje","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"werkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause om ... te onderhouden","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of onderhouden","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival marker","role":"marks the infinitive onderhouden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"onderhouden","lemma":"onderhouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"support"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h1-s49","source":"Heel goed. Daar zit ze dan te naaien, te breien of te borduren.","translation":"Very well. So there she sits, sewing, knitting, or embroidering.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar zit ze dan te naaien, te breien of te borduren","title":"zitten te + infinitive (durative)","body":"zitten te + infinitive expresses an ongoing seated activity: 'she sits sewing, knitting or embroidering.' Each verb takes its own te. Fronted daar inverts to zit ze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative adjective in an elliptical expression","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of zit","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zit","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zit","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying zit te naaien","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival marker","role":"marks the infinitive naaien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"naaien","lemma":"naaien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zit","gloss":"sewing"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival marker","role":"marks the infinitive breien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"breien","lemma":"breien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with naaien","gloss":"knitting"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival marker","role":"marks the infinitive borduren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"borduren","lemma":"borduren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with naaien and breien","gloss":"embroidering"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h1-s50","source":"Maar tel nu eens de steken die ze doet gedurende het heele bedryf.","translation":"But now just count the stitches she makes in the course of the whole act.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tel nu eens de steken die ze doet","title":"Imperative tel + relative die","body":"tel is a bare-stem imperative ('count'), softened by nu eens. The relative die ('that') modifies de steken and is verb-final (doet at the end)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the imperative clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"tel","lemma":"tellen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tel","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens the imperative tel","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of steken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"steken","lemma":"steek","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of tel","gloss":"stitches"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of doet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on steken","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"gedurende","lemma":"gedurende","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedryf","gloss":"in the course of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bedryf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heele","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bedryf","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"bedryf","lemma":"bedrijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of gedurende","gloss":"act"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h1-s51","source":"Ze praat, ze zucht, ze loopt naar 't venster, maar werken doet ze niet.","translation":"She talks, she sighs, she walks to the window, but work she does not.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"maar werken doet ze niet","title":"Fronted infinitive for emphasis + do-support","body":"Fronting the infinitive werken puts emphasis on it and forces inversion with the prop verb doet: literally 'but work she does not.' This werken doet ze niet is an emphatic Dutch pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of praat","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"praat","lemma":"praten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"talks"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of zucht","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zuchten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"sighs"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of loopt","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"loopt","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"walks"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking venster","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of venster","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"venster","lemma":"venster","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"fronted infinitive complement of doet","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb supporting fronted werken","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates werken doet","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h1-s52","source":"De familie die van dezen arbeid leven kan, heeft weinig noodig.","translation":"The family that can live on this labor has need of little.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De familie die van dezen arbeid leven kan","title":"Relative die + demonstrative dezen + modal kan","body":"die opens a relative clause; dezen arbeid shows the old masculine dative/accusative inflection of deze; the modal kan with bare infinitive leven goes to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbeid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object in the phrase weinig noodig hebben","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of heeft","gloss":"need of"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h1-s53","source":"Zoo'n meisjen is natuurlyk de heldin.","translation":"Such a girl is, of course, the heroine.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoo'n meisjen is natuurlyk de heldin","title":"zo'n + diminutive meisjen","body":"Zoo'n (= zo'n, 'such a') with the diminutive meisjen ('little girl'). The -je diminutive makes the noun neuter, though here paired with feminine heldin ('heroine')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of meisjen","gloss":"such a","note":"Older spelling of modern zo'n."},{"surface":"meisjen","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links meisjen to heldin","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying is","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heldin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heldin","lemma":"heldin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"heroine"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h1-s54","source":"Ze heeft eenige verleiders de trappen afgeworpen, ze roept gedurig: \"o myne moeder, o, myne moeder!\" en stelt dus de deugd voor.","translation":"She has thrown a few seducers down the stairs, she keeps crying \"oh, my mother, oh, my mother!\" and so she stands for virtue.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze heeft eenige verleiders de trappen afgeworpen","title":"Perfect of separable afwerpen","body":"heeft ... afgeworpen ('has thrown down') is the perfect of separable afwerpen; the participle inserts ge- as af-ge-worpen. de trappen = 'the stairs.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze roept gedurig ... en stelt dus de deugd voor","title":"Separable voorstellen split apart","body":"voorstellen ('to represent') is separable: the finite stelt stays in V2 and the prefix voor flies to the very end. dus ('so') links the clauses without disturbing order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of heeft afgeworpen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of afgeworpen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of verleiders","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"verleiders","lemma":"verleider","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of afgeworpen","gloss":"seducers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of trappen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trappen","lemma":"trap","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"directional complement of afgeworpen","gloss":"stairs"},{"surface":"afgeworpen","lemma":"afwerpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"thrown down"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of roept","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"roept","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies roept","gloss":"keeps"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the first vocative","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first vocative complement of roept","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the repeated vocative","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"repeated vocative complement of roept","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates roept and stelt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stelt","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb with the particle voor","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stelt voor","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deugd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of stelt voor","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of stelt ... voor","gloss":"for"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h1-s55","source":"Wat is dat voor een deugd, die een vol jaar noodig heeft voor een paar wollen kousen?","translation":"What sort of virtue is that, which needs a whole year for a pair of woolen stockings?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een deugd, die een vol jaar noodig heeft voor een paar wollen kousen","title":"Relative die, verb-final","body":"die refers to deugd (a de-word, so die not dat) and opens a verb-final relative clause ending in heeft. noodig hebben = 'to need.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative interrogative in wat voor een","gloss":"what","note":"Wat voor een is an idiom meaning “what sort of”."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links subject dat to deugd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition in interrogative idiom","role":"part of wat voor een","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deugd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vol","lemma":"vol","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies jaar","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object in the phrase een jaar noodig hebben","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of heeft","gloss":"need of"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paar","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor and measure head of kousen","gloss":"pair of"},{"surface":"wollen","lemma":"wollen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kousen","gloss":"woolen"},{"surface":"kousen","lemma":"kous","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of paar","gloss":"stockings"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h1-s56","source":"Geeft dit alles niet valsche denkbeelden van deugd, en \"werken voor den kost?\" Alles gekheid en leugens!","translation":"Does all this not give false notions of virtue, and of \"working for one's bread?\" All nonsense and lies!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Geeft dit alles niet valsche denkbeelden ...?","title":"Yes/no question by inversion","body":"A yes/no question fronts the finite verb Geeft before the subject dit alles. niet here seeks agreement ('does this not give ...?')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"werken voor den kost","title":"Case remnant den kost","body":"den kost ('one's bread/keep') preserves the old accusative den in this set phrase voor den kost werken, 'to work for a living.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"does give"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of Geeft","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Geeft","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"valsche","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies denkbeelden","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of Geeft","gloss":"notions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complements of denkbeelden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of van","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates deugd and werken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as a noun","role":"second object of van","gloss":"working"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kost","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of kost","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kost","lemma":"kost","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"bread","note":"Voor den kost werken means “to work for one’s livelihood”."},{"surface":"Alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of an omitted is","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"gekheid","lemma":"gekheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first predicative complement of omitted is","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates gekheid and leugens","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"second predicative complement of omitted is","gloss":"lies"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h1-s57","source":"Dan komt haar eerste minnaar--die vroeger klerk was aan 't kopieboek, maar nu schatryk--op-eens terug, en trouwt haar.","translation":"Then her first sweetheart—who was formerly a clerk at the copybook, but is now immensely rich—comes back all of a sudden, and marries her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan komt haar eerste minnaar ... op-eens terug","title":"Separable terugkomen + fronted Dan","body":"terugkomen ('to come back') is separable: fronted Dan inverts to komt, and the prefix terug lands at the end after a long parenthetical insertion. trouwt haar = 'marries her.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt terug","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"terugkomen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb with the particle terug","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of minnaar","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies minnaar","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"minnaar","lemma":"minnaar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of komt and trouwt","gloss":"sweetheart"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was and omitted is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"klerk","lemma":"klerk","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links die to klerk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kopieboek","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of kopieboek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kopieboek","lemma":"kopieboek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"copybook"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts klerk with schatryk","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omitted is","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"schatryk","lemma":"schatrijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of an omitted is","gloss":"immensely rich"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt terug","gloss":"all of a sudden"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of komt ... terug","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates komt and trouwt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"trouwt","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with komt","gloss":"marries"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, object","role":"direct object of trouwt","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h1-s58","source":"Ook weer leugens.","translation":"Lies again, too.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s58.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase weer leugens","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leugens","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of the verbless phrase","gloss":"lies"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h1-s59","source":"Wie geld heeft, trouwt geen meisjen uit een gefailleerd huis.","translation":"A man with money does not marry a girl from a bankrupt house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie geld heeft, trouwt geen meisjen","title":"Free relative wie + geen","body":"wie geld heeft ('whoever has money') is a verb-final free relative; the main clause negates the indefinite meisjen with geen ('marries no girl')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een gefailleerd huis","title":"gefailleerd = bankrupt","body":"gefailleerd ('failed, bankrupt') is from the commercial verb failleren; huis again means a firm/family business. The whole sentence is Droogstoppel's mercenary creed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"subject of heeft; heads the free relative serving as subject of trouwt","gloss":"a man who"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the free relative clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"trouwt","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marries"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of meisjen","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meisjen","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of trouwt","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gefailleerd","lemma":"failleren","morphology":"participial adjective","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"bankrupt"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h1-s60","source":"En als ge meent, dat dit op het tooneel er dóór kan als uitzondering, blyft toch myn aanmerking bestaan, dat men den zin voor waarheid bederft by het volk, dat de uitzondering als regel aanneemt, en dat men de publieke zedelykheid ondermynt, door het te gewennen iets toetejuichen op het tooneel, wat door elk fatsoenlyk makelaar of koopman voor een bespottelyke krankzinnigheid wordt gehouden in de wereld. Toen ik trouwde, waren wy op 't kantoor van myn schoonvader--Last & Co--met ons dertienen, en er ging wat om!","translation":"And if you think that on the stage this may pass as an exception, my objection still stands: that one corrupts the people's sense of truth by letting them accept the exception as the rule, and that one undermines public morality by accustoming them to applaud something on the stage which, out in the world, every respectable broker or merchant holds to be a ridiculous lunacy. When I married, we were thirteen of us in my father-in-law's office—Last & Co—and a good deal of business was going on!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men den zin voor waarheid bederft ... dat men ... ondermynt","title":"Impersonal men + verb-final dat-clauses","body":"A chain of dat-clauses, each with impersonal men ('one') as subject and the verb at the end (bederft, ondermynt). den zin keeps the old accusative den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"door het te gewennen iets toetejuichen","title":"door + te-infinitive (means)","body":"door + te-infinitive expresses the means: 'by accustoming them to applaud.' The embedded toetejuichen writes the te inside separable toejuichen, the 1860 habit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat ... voor een bespottelyke krankzinnigheid wordt gehouden","title":"Process passive houden voor","body":"wordt gehouden voor ('is held to be') is a worden-passive of the idiom iets voor iets houden. The relative wat ('which') opens the clause, sending wordt gehouden to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding argument","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of meent","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of meent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"meent","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of meent","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the prepositional phrase op het toneel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of tooneel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tooneel","lemma":"toneel","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"stage"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"forms erdoor with dóór","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dóór","lemma":"door","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"forms erdoor, complement of kan","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the complement clause; elliptical for erdoor kan gaan","gloss":"may pass"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the capacity expressed by uitzondering","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"uitzondering","lemma":"uitzondering","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"an exception"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the main clause","gloss":"continues"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyft","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of aanmerking","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"aanmerking","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of blyft bestaan","gloss":"objection"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of blyft","gloss":"to stand"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first clause specifying aanmerking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bederft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical accusative form","role":"determiner of zin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zin","lemma":"zin","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of bederft","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement voor waarheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"bederft","lemma":"bederven","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the first clause specifying aanmerking","gloss":"corrupts"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the affected group bij het volk","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of aanneemt; antecedent is volk","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of uitzondering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitzondering","lemma":"uitzondering","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of aanneemt","gloss":"exception"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement regel","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"regel","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"predicative complement of aanneemt","gloss":"the rule"},{"surface":"aanneemt","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying volk","gloss":"accepts"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two clauses specifying aanmerking","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clause specifying aanmerking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ondermynt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of zedelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"publieke","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies zedelykheid","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"zedelykheid","lemma":"zedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of ondermynt","gloss":"morality"},{"surface":"ondermynt","lemma":"ondermijnen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the second clause specifying aanmerking","gloss":"undermines"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the instrumental phrase door het te gewennen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, accusative","role":"direct object of gewennen; refers to volk","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive gewennen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gewennen","lemma":"gewennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"object of door and instrumental modifier of ondermynt","gloss":"accustom"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of toetejuichen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"toetejuichen","lemma":"toejuichen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te infix","role":"infinitival complement of gewennen","gloss":"to applaud","note":"The historical spelling writes modern toe te juichen as a single word."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the prepositional phrase op het toneel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of tooneel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tooneel","lemma":"toneel","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"stage"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of wordt gehouden; antecedent is iets","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of wordt gehouden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"elk","lemma":"elk","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner shared by makelaar and koopman","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies makelaar and koopman","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of door and agent of wordt gehouden","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates makelaar and koopman","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"koopman","lemma":"koopman","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"coordinated object of door and agent of wordt gehouden","gloss":"merchant"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement of gehouden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of krankzinnigheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bespottelyke","lemma":"bespottelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies krankzinnigheid","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"krankzinnigheid","lemma":"krankzinnigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of voor and predicative complement of gehouden","gloss":"lunacy"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the setting in de wereld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of trouwde","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of trouwde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"trouwde","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, first person plural","role":"finite verb of the main clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, first person plural, nominative","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location op het kantoor","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of kantoor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of kantoor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of schoonvader","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schoonvader","lemma":"schoonvader","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"father-in-law"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of the company name Last & Co","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"Co","morphology":"proper noun, abbreviation","role":"second element of the company name Last & Co","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the group-size expression met ons dertienen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, first person plural, oblique","role":"first part of the expression met ons dertienen","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"dertienen","lemma":"dertien","morphology":"cardinal numeral, substantivized plural form","role":"completes met ons dertienen and states the size of the group","gloss":"thirteen","note":"Met ons dertienen is the idiomatic construction for ‘with thirteen of us.’"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the final main clause with the preceding clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative element in the idiom er gaat wat om","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular, separated","role":"finite part of the separable verb ging om","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ging om","gloss":"a good deal"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of ging in the idiom er ging wat om","gloss":"on","note":"Er ging wat om means that a substantial amount of business or money was circulating."}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h1-s61","source":"En nog meer leugens op het tooneel. Als de held met zyn styven komediestap weggaat om 't verdrukte vaderland te redden, waarom gaat dan de dubbele achterdeur altyd vanzelf open?","translation":"And still more lies on the stage. When the hero strides off with his stiff theatrical gait to save the oppressed fatherland, why does the double back door always open of itself?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als de held ... weggaat om 't ... vaderland te redden","title":"als-clause (separable weggaan) + purpose om ... te","body":"The als-clause is verb-final with separable weggaat; it nests a purpose clause om ... te redden ('in order to save'). styven shows the old accusative adjective ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom gaat dan de dubbele achterdeur altyd vanzelf open?","title":"Question inversion + separable opengaan","body":"A wh-question fronts waarom and inverts (gaat ...); the separable opengaan scatters its prefix open to the end. vanzelf = 'of its own accord.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the fragment to the preceding argument","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meer","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, comparative","role":"quantifies leugens","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"head of the verbless fragment","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the prepositional phrase op het toneel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of tooneel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tooneel","lemma":"toneel","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"stage"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of weggaat","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of held","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"held","lemma":"held","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of weggaat","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner phrase met zijn stijven komediestap","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of komediestap","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"styven","lemma":"stijf","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies komediestap","gloss":"stiff"},{"surface":"komediestap","lemma":"komediestap","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"theatrical gait"},{"surface":"weggaat","lemma":"weggaan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"goes off"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause om te redden","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of vaderland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdrukte","lemma":"verdrukken","morphology":"past participle used attributively, inflected","role":"modifies vaderland","gloss":"oppressed"},{"surface":"vaderland","lemma":"vaderland","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of redden","gloss":"fatherland"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive redden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"redden","lemma":"redden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the purpose clause modifying weggaat","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"questions the reason for gaat open","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the main question","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the consequence in the question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of achterdeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dubbele","lemma":"dubbel","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies achterdeur","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"achterdeur","lemma":"achterdeur","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of gaat open","gloss":"back door"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat open","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat open","gloss":"of itself"},{"surface":"open","lemma":"open","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of gaat","gloss":"open"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h1-s62","source":"En verder, hoe kan de persoon die in verzen spreekt, voorzien wat de ander te antwoorden heeft, om hem 't rym gemakkelyk te maken? Als de veldheer tot de prinses Zegt: \"mevrouw, het is te laat, de poorten zyn gesloten\" hoe kan hy dan vooruit weten, dat zy zeggen wil: \"welaan dan, onversaagd, men doe het zwaard ontblooten?\" Want als zy nu eens, hoorende dat de poort toe was, antwoordde dat ze dan wat wachten zou tot er geopend werd, of dat zy een andermaal eens terug zou komen, waar bleef dan maat en rym?","translation":"And further, how can the character who speaks in verse foresee what the other has to answer, so as to make the rhyme easy for him? When the general says to the princess \"madam, it is too late, the gates are closed,\" how can he know in advance that she will want to say \"then up, undaunted; let the sword be drawn?\" For if she now, hearing that the gate was shut, were to answer that she would wait a while until it was opened, or that she would come back some other time, where then would meter and rhyme be?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de poorten zyn gesloten","title":"State passive zijn + gesloten","body":"zyn gesloten ('are closed') is a zijn-passive of resulting state, contrasting with the worden-passive of an action in progress. zyn = zijn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men doe het zwaard ontblooten","title":"Subjunctive/archaic men doe + causative","body":"men doe ('let one ...') is an old optative-subjunctive form of doen, here as a causative with ontblooten ('to bare the sword'). It belongs squarely to solemn 1860 verse register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoorende dat de poort toe was","title":"Present participle hoorende","body":"hoorende (= horend, 'hearing') is a present participle in -end(e) used adverbially: 'on hearing that the gate was shut.' The trailing -e is the literary 1860 form."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this question to the preceding argument","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying the question","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"questions the manner or possibility of voorzien","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of voorzien","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of kan voorzien","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of spreekt; antecedent is persoon","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner phrase in verzen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying persoon","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"voorzien","lemma":"voorzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"foresee"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"fronted direct object of antwoorden","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective, common gender singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive antwoorden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"antwoorden","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of heeft; takes wat as object","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb in the modal construction te antwoorden heeft","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause om te maken","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, dative","role":"benefactive object of maken","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of rym","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rym","lemma":"rijm","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"rhyme"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of rym with maken","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the purpose clause modifying voorzien","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of Zegt","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of veldheer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veldheer","lemma":"veldheer","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of Zegt","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the addressee of Zegt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of prinses","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prinses","lemma":"prinses","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of tot and addressee of Zegt","gloss":"princess"},{"surface":"Zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"vocative in the quoted speech addressed to the princess","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking het and laat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies laat","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of poorten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poorten","lemma":"poort","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"subject of zyn gesloten","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"copula linking poorten and gesloten","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"gesloten","lemma":"sluiten","morphology":"past participle used as a predicative adjective","role":"subject complement of zyn","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"questions the manner or possibility of weten","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weten","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kan weten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying weten","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"vooruit","lemma":"vooruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of weten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the complement clause","gloss":"will want to"},{"surface":"welaan","lemma":"welaan","morphology":"interjection","role":"exhortation opening the quoted reply","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"reinforces the exhortation welaan","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"onversaagd","lemma":"onversaagd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"depicts the implied addressee as undaunted","gloss":"undaunted"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third person singular","role":"jussive causative verb governing ontblooten","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of zwaard","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwaard","lemma":"zwaard","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of ontblooten in the causative construction","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ontblooten","lemma":"ontbloten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of causative doe","gloss":"unsheathe"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanation that follows","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual conditional clause of antwoordde","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies antwoordde","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds hypothetical emphasis to nu","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"hoorende","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present participle, historical form","role":"supplementary participial clause modifying zy","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of hoorende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of poort","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poort","lemma":"poort","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"gate"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"shut"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking poort and toe","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the counterfactual conditional clause","gloss":"were to answer"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first complement clause of antwoordde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zou wachten","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the consequence in the complement clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wachten and indicates a short duration","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"counterfactual auxiliary of wachten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of werd geopend","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive pronoun","role":"formal subject of the impersonal passive werd geopend","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geopend","lemma":"openen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive werd geopend","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geopend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two complement clauses of antwoordde","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second complement clause of antwoordde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zou komen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of andermaal","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"andermaal","lemma":"andermaal","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"temporal adverbial of zou komen","gloss":"other time"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds indefinite-time force to andermaal","gloss":"sometime"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of komen","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"counterfactual auxiliary of komen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"questions what would become of maat en rym","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the concluding question","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the consequence in the question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"maat","lemma":"maat","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"first part of the coordinated subject of bleef","gloss":"meter"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates maat and rym","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rym","lemma":"rijm","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"second part of the coordinated subject of bleef","gloss":"rhyme"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h1-s63","source":"Is het dus niet een pure leugen, als de veldheer de prinses vragend aanziet, om te weten wat ze doen wil na 't poortsluiten? Nog-eens: als 't mensch nu eens lust had gehad te gaan slapen, in plaats van iets te ontblooten?","translation":"Is it not, then, a pure lie when the general looks questioningly at the princess to learn what she means to do once the gate is shut? Once more: what if the creature had now taken a fancy to go to sleep, instead of drawing anything?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is het dus niet een pure leugen ...?","title":"Impersonal het in a yes/no question","body":"het here is the dummy subject of an evaluative question ('Is it not, then, a pure lie ...?'). The verb Is fronts for the yes/no question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om te weten wat ze doen wil","title":"Purpose om ... te + embedded modal","body":"om te weten ('in order to know') is a purpose clause; the embedded indirect question wat ze doen wil is verb-final with modal wil and bare infinitive doen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als 't mensch nu eens lust had gehad te gaan slapen","title":"Pluperfect counterfactual + te-infinitive","body":"lust had gehad ('had had a desire') is a pluperfect; te gaan slapen ('to go to sleep') is its te-infinitive. The whole als-clause sets up an unreal past. 't mensch ('the creature') is neuter and faintly contemptuous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking het to leugen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying Is","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leugen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pure","lemma":"puur","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies leugen","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"leugen","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aanziet","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of veldheer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veldheer","lemma":"veldheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aanziet","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of prinses","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prinses","lemma":"prinses","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanziet","gloss":"princess"},{"surface":"vragend","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial participle modifying aanziet","gloss":"questioningly"},{"surface":"aanziet","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the als-clause","gloss":"looks at"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause om te weten","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks weten as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the purpose clause modifying aanziet","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third-person feminine singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the embedded question","gloss":"means to"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poortsluiten","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of poortsluiten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poortsluiten","lemma":"poortsluiten","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of na in a temporal phrase","gloss":"gate is shut"},{"surface":"Nog-eens","lemma":"nog eens","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"discourse adverb introducing the repeated objection","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a hypothetical conditional clause","gloss":"what if"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds hypothetical emphasis to the conditional","gloss":"happened to"},{"surface":"lust","lemma":"lust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehad in lust hebben","gloss":"a fancy"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks gaan as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of lust gehad","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"slapen","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gaan","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of in plaats van","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"nominal part of in plaats van","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"final part of in plaats van, introducing the alternative","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of ontblooten","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks ontblooten as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontblooten","lemma":"ontbloten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of in plaats van","gloss":"drawing"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h1-s64","source":"Alles leugens! En dan die beloonde deugd!","translation":"All lies! And then that rewarded virtue!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s64.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of the verbless exclamation","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicate of the verbless exclamation","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a second verbless exclamation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying the exclamation","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of deugd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"beloonde","lemma":"belonen","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"modifies deugd","gloss":"rewarded"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"virtue"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h1-s65","source":"O, o, o! Ik ben sedert zeventien jaren makelaar in koffi--Lauriergracht, N° 37--en heb dus al zoo-iets bygewoond, maar het stuit my altyd vreeselyk, als ik de goede lieve waarheid zóó zie verdraaien.","translation":"Oh, oh, oh! I have been a coffee broker for seventeen years—Lauriergracht, No. 37—and so I have already witnessed something of this sort, but it always shocks me dreadfully to see the good, dear truth so distorted.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben sedert zeventien jaren makelaar ... en heb dus al zoo-iets bygewoond","title":"Present for duration + perfect of separable bijwonen","body":"ben ... sedert ... uses the present for ongoing duration ('have been for seventeen years'); heb ... bygewoond is the perfect of separable bijwonen ('to witness'), participle bij-ge-woond."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik de goede lieve waarheid zóó zie verdraaien","title":"Perception verb zien + bare infinitive","body":"zie verdraaien ('see distorted') is the perception verb zien plus a bare infinitive. The als-clause is verb-final; het stuit my = 'it shocks me.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"first of three repeated exclamations","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"second of three repeated exclamations","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"third of three repeated exclamations","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular","role":"subject of ben and heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking Ik to makelaar","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the duration zeventien jaren","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zeventien","lemma":"zeventien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"seventeen"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"object of sedert","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in, specifying the kind of broker","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"parenthetical street name in the speaker's address","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"abbreviation introducing the street number","gloss":"No."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates heb with ben after the parenthetical address","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of bygewoond","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bygewoond","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bygewoond","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of bygewoond","gloss":"something of this sort"},{"surface":"bygewoond","lemma":"bijwonen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb coordinated with ben","gloss":"witnessed"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause of stuit","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of stuit","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"stuit","lemma":"stuiten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the contrasting clause","gloss":"shocks"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, object","role":"direct object of stuit","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stuit","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"vreeselyk","lemma":"vreselijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stuit","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of zie","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies waarheid","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies waarheid","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verdraaien in the perception construction","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verdraaien","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the als-clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"verdraaien","lemma":"verdraaien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zie, with waarheid as its object","gloss":"being distorted"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h1-s66","source":"Beloonde deugd? Is 't niet om van de deugd een handelsartikel te maken?","translation":"Rewarded virtue? Is it not as good as making a trade article of virtue?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is 't niet om van de deugd een handelsartikel te maken?","title":"om ... te in a rhetorical question","body":"om ... te maken ('to make ... of') frames the consequence in a rhetorical question: 'is it not as good as making a trade article of virtue?' 't = het."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"handelsartikel","title":"Compound: handelsartikel","body":"handelsartikel ('trade article, commodity') glues handel + s + artikel. The linking -s is a common joint in Dutch noun compounds. Droogstoppel reduces virtue to merchandise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Beloonde","lemma":"belonen","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"modifies deugd","gloss":"rewarded"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main copular verb of the question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the predicative infinitive clause om te maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deugd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deugd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van in van de deugd ... maken","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handelsartikel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"handelsartikel","lemma":"handelsartikel","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"resultative predicative complement of maken","gloss":"trade article"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks maken as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the predicative infinitive clause","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h1-s67","source":"Het is zoo niet in de wereld, en 't is goed dat het niet zoo is. Want waar bleef de verdienste, als de deugd beloond werd?","translation":"It is not so in the world, and it is well that it is not so. For where would the merit be, if virtue were rewarded?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want waar bleef de verdienste, als de deugd beloond werd?","title":"Process passive worden in the past + want","body":"beloond werd ('were rewarded') is a worden-passive in the simple past inside an als-clause. want ('for') is a coordinating conjunction and does not send its verb to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wereld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, anticipatory","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking het to goed","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause explaining het","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zoo","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory question","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"locative complement of bleef","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular, conditional sense","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"would remain"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verdienste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdienste","lemma":"verdienste","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bleef","gloss":"merit"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the hypothetical condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deugd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive beloond","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"beloond","lemma":"belonen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle governed by werd","gloss":"rewarded"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of beloond","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h1-s68","source":"Waartoe dus die infame leugens altyd voorgewend?","translation":"Why, then, are these infamous lies forever held up before us?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waartoe dus die infame leugens altyd voorgewend?","title":"Archaic waartoe + elided passive","body":"waartoe ('to what end') is a formal interrogative. The verbless voorgewend (worden) leaves the passive auxiliary understood: 'why are these lies forever held up?' voorwenden = to feign/pretend."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waartoe","lemma":"waartoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"asks the purpose of voorgewend","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgewend","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of leugens","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"infame","lemma":"infaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies leugens","gloss":"infamous"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical passive voorgewend","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgewend","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"voorgewend","lemma":"voorwenden","morphology":"verb, past participle, passive","role":"main predicate with an omitted passive auxiliary","gloss":"held up"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h1-s69","source":"Daar is by-voorbeeld Lukas, onze pakhuisknecht, die reeds by den vader van Last & Co heeft gewerkt--de firma was toen Last & Meyer, maar de Meyers zyn er lang uit--dàt was dan toch wel een deugdzaam man.","translation":"Take, for instance, Lukas, our warehouse hand, who worked even for the father of Last & Co—the firm was then Last & Meyer, but the Meyers have long been out of it—now that was indeed a virtuous man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lukas ... die reeds by den vader van Last & Co heeft gewerkt","title":"Relative die + perfect, verb-final","body":"The relative die opens a clause whose perfect heeft gewerkt goes to the end. den vader keeps the old accusative den after by (= bij)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de Meyers zyn er lang uit","title":"Existential/locative er + uit","body":"er ... uit zijn ('to be out of it') uses the versatile er with the locative uit: the Meyers are 'long out' of the firm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"existential verb with Lukas as subject","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"by-voorbeeld","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical example marker","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"Lukas","lemma":"Lukas","morphology":"proper noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Lukas"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of pakhuisknecht","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"pakhuisknecht","lemma":"pakhuisknecht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Lukas","gloss":"warehouse hand"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of heeft gewerkt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft gewerkt","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the employer phrase bij den vader","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Last","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of the company name Last & Co","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"Co","morphology":"abbreviation, proper noun","role":"second element of the company name Last & Co","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewerkt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gewerkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of firma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking firma to Last & Meyer","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the predicative company name","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Meyer","lemma":"Meyer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Last in the predicative company name","gloss":"Meyer"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause of zyn","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Meyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Meyers","lemma":"Meyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"Meyers"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the contrasting clause","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"forms the complement er ... uit with uit","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"completes er ... uit as complement of zyn","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular, emphatic","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking dàt to man","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying was","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds concessive emphasis to was","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds affirmative emphasis to was","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"deugdzaam","lemma":"deugdzaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies man","gloss":"virtuous"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h1-s70","source":"Geen boon kwam er ooit te-kort, hy ging stipt naar de kerk, en drinken deed hy niet.","translation":"Not a single bean ever came up short, he went punctually to church, and drink he did not.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Geen boon kwam er ooit te-kort","title":"geen as subject + existential er","body":"Geen boon ('not a single bean') is the negative indefinite subject; er supports the existential reading, and te-kort komen ('to fall short') uses separable tekortkomen. kwam is the strong past of komen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"en drinken deed hy niet","title":"Fronted infinitive + do-support + niet","body":"Fronting drinken for emphasis forces the prop verb deed and inversion: 'and drink he did not.' Same emphatic pattern as werken doet ze niet earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boon","gloss":"not a single"},{"surface":"boon","lemma":"boon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"bean"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verbal part of the predicate te-kort kwam","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"supports the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"te-kort","lemma":"tekort","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative part of the separable verb tekortkomen","gloss":"up short"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person masculine singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"stipt","lemma":"stipt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"punctually"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kerk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kerk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kerk","lemma":"kerk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ging","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the third coordinated clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"drinken","lemma":"drinken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"fronted infinitival complement of deed","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite auxiliary supporting fronted drinken","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person masculine singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deed","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h1-s71","source":"Als myn schoonvader te Driebergen was, bewaarde hy het huis, en de kas, en alles.","translation":"When my father-in-law was at Driebergen, he kept watch over the house, and the cash box, and everything.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als myn schoonvader te Driebergen was, bewaarde hy het huis","title":"als (repeated/habitual) + simple past","body":"Here als signals a recurring past situation ('whenever ...'), and the verbs are simple past (was ... bewaarde). The fronted als-clause inverts the main clause to bewaarde hy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of schoonvader","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schoonvader","lemma":"schoonvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"father-in-law"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Driebergen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Driebergen","lemma":"Driebergen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te in the location phrase","gloss":"Driebergen"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"bewaarde","lemma":"bewaren","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept watch over"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person masculine singular","role":"subject of bewaarde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bewaarde","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kas with huis","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kas","lemma":"kas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with huis","gloss":"cash box"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates alles with huis and kas","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"coordinated with huis","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h1-s72","source":"Eens heeft hy aan de Bank zeventien gulden te veel ontvangen, en, hy bracht ze terug.","translation":"Once he received seventeen guilders too much from the Bank, and he brought it back.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Eens heeft hy ... ontvangen, en, hy bracht ze terug","title":"Perfect then simple past; separable terugbrengen","body":"heeft ... ontvangen is the perfect; bracht ... terug is the simple past of separable terugbrengen, prefix terug at the end. Fronted Eens ('once') inverts to heeft hy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft ontvangen","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of ontvangen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person masculine singular","role":"subject of heeft ontvangen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source aan de Bank","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Bank","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bank","lemma":"bank","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan, denoting the source","gloss":"Bank"},{"surface":"zeventien","lemma":"zeventien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies gulden","gloss":"seventeen"},{"surface":"gulden","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the direct-object measure phrase","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies veel in te veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying adverb","role":"modifies zeventien gulden as an excess amount","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governed by heeft","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clauses of ontvangen and bracht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person masculine singular","role":"subject of bracht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verbal part of the separable predicate bracht terug","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third-person plural, object","role":"direct object of bracht terug","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"separable particle of terugbrengen","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h1-s73","source":"Hy is nu oud en jichtig, en kan niet meer dienen. Nu heeft hy niets, want er gaat veel by ons om, en we hebben jong volk noodig.","translation":"He is old now and gouty, and can serve no longer. Now he has nothing, for a great deal of business passes through our hands, and we need young people.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er gaat veel by ons om","title":"Separable omgaan with existential er","body":"omgaan ('to go on, happen') is separable; er ... om frames the existential 'a lot goes on with us.' by ons = 'at our firm.' This phrase recurs as Droogstoppel's boast of busyness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"we hebben jong volk noodig","title":"nodig hebben = to need","body":"nodig hebben ('to need', here noodig) is a fixed verb-plus-adjective expression; jong volk ('young people, young staff') is its object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of is and kan","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking Hy to oud and jichtig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of is","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates oud and jichtig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"jichtig","lemma":"jichtig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is, coordinated with oud","gloss":"gouty"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates is and kan dienen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite modal governing dienen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kan dienen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with niet to mean no longer","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of heeft","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause headed by gaat","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"presentative element in the clause headed by gaat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular; separated from om","role":"main verb of the clause; forms omgaat with om","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of gaat om","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"head of the prepositional phrase bij ons modifying gaat om","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person plural, object form","role":"object of by","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of gaat, together forming omgaat","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses headed by gaat and hebben","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person plural, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, first person plural","role":"main verb in the idiom nodig hebben","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies volk","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative; historical spelling","role":"predicative complement in the idiom nodig hebben","gloss":"needed"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h1-s74","source":"Welnu, ik houd dien Lukas voor zeer deugdzaam, maar wordt hy nu beloond?","translation":"Well then, I hold that Lukas to be most virtuous, but is he now rewarded?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Welnu, ik houd dien Lukas voor zeer deugdzaam","title":"iemand voor iets houden + dien","body":"iets/iemand voor iets houden ('to consider someone to be') is the idiom behind houd ... voor. dien Lukas shows the old accusative dien of die."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"maar wordt hy nu beloond?","title":"Process passive worden as a question","body":"wordt ... beloond ('is rewarded') is a worden-passive; the yes/no question fronts wordt before the subject hy. The rhetorical answer comes in the next segments."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the statement","gloss":"Well then"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb in the construction houden voor","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, historical accusative form","role":"determiner of Lukas","gloss":"that","note":"Dien is the historically inflected masculine form of die."},{"surface":"Lukas","lemma":"Lukas","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of houd","gloss":"Lukas"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement deugdzaam in houden voor","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of deugdzaam","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"deugdzaam","lemma":"deugdzaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of Lukas after voor","gloss":"virtuous"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary governing beloond","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wordt beloond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of wordt beloond","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"beloond","lemma":"belonen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb in the passive wordt beloond","gloss":"rewarded"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h1-s75","source":"Komt er een prins die hem diamanten geeft, of een fee die hem boterhammen smeert?","translation":"Does a prince come along to give him diamonds, or a fairy to butter his bread?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Komt er een prins die hem diamanten geeft?","title":"Existential er-question + relative die","body":"Komt er een prins ('does a prince come') is an existential question with er and inversion; the relative die ... geeft is verb-final."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een fee die hem boterhammen smeert","title":"boterhammen smeren","body":"boterhammen smeren means 'to butter slices of bread.' The bathos of a fairy buttering an old man's sandwiches mocks the theater's tidy poetic-justice endings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the interrogative clause","gloss":"Does come"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"presentative element introducing prins and fee","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of prins","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prins","lemma":"prins","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Komt","gloss":"prince"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geeft; refers to prins","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of geeft","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"diamanten","lemma":"diamant","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"diamonds"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying prins","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates prins and fee","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of fee","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fee","lemma":"fee","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated subject of Komt","gloss":"fairy"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of smeert; refers to fee","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"benefactive indirect object of smeert","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"boterhammen","lemma":"boterham","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of smeert","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"smeert","lemma":"smeren","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying fee","gloss":"butters"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h1-s76","source":"Waarachtig niet!","translation":"Truly not!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Waarachtig","lemma":"waarachtig","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies the elliptical negation niet","gloss":"Truly"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the elliptical negative answer","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h1-s77","source":"Hy is arm, en blyft arm, en dit moet ook zoo wezen.","translation":"He is poor, and remains poor, and so it ought to be.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy is arm, en blyft arm, en dit moet ook zoo wezen","title":"Modal moet + bare infinitive wezen","body":"moet ... wezen ('must be') is a modal plus the older bare infinitive wezen (= zijn). The three coordinated clauses each keep V2 order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of is and blyft","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking Hy to arm","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates is arm and blyft arm","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular; historical spelling","role":"copular verb linking Hy to arm","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of blyft","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concluding clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of moet wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite modal governing wezen","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of zoo","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"be","note":"Wezen is a literary infinitive with the same meaning as zijn."}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h1-s78","source":"Ik kan hem niet helpen--want we hebben jong volk noodig, omdat er zooveel by ons omgaat--maar al kon ik, waar bleef zyn verdienste, als hy nu op zyn ouden dag een gemakkelyk leven leiden kon?","translation":"I cannot help him—for we need young people, since so much business passes through our hands—but even if I could, where would his merit be, if he could now, in his old age, lead a comfortable life?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat er zooveel by ons omgaat","title":"Causal omdat + separable omgaan + er","body":"omdat sends the verb to the end; separable omgaan reunites as omgaat there, with er for the existential reading. zooveel = zoveel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al kon ik, waar bleef zyn verdienste, als hy ... leiden kon?","title":"Concessive al + conditional als","body":"al kon ik ('even if I could') is a concessive with inversion; the als-clause uses modal kon plus bare infinitive leiden, verb-final. The whole is a layered counterfactual."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kan helpen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite modal governing helpen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of helpen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kan helpen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause headed by hebben","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person plural, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, first person plural","role":"main verb in the idiom nodig hebben","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies volk","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative; historical spelling","role":"predicative complement in the idiom nodig hebben","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause headed by omgaat","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"presentative element in the clause headed by omgaat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, historical spelling","role":"subject of omgaat","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"head of the prepositional phrase bij ons modifying omgaat","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person plural, object form","role":"object of by","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"omgaat","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting conditional question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive conditional clause al kon ik","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, first person singular","role":"finite verb of the elliptical clause, with helpen understood","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"interrogative complement of bleef","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the interrogative clause","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular; historical spelling","role":"possessive determiner of verdienste","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verdienste","lemma":"verdienste","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bleef","gloss":"merit"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause headed by kon","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kon leiden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of kon leiden","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the temporal phrase op zyn ouden dag","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular; historical spelling","role":"possessive determiner of dag","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ouden","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historically inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"old","note":"Ouden preserves an older masculine inflection; modern Dutch normally has oude here."},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of op in the temporal phrase","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected; historical spelling","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"comfortable"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of leiden","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"leiden","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"lead"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite modal governing leiden","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h1-s79","source":"Dan zouden alle pakhuisknechts wel deugdzaam worden, en iedereen, hetgeen Gods bedoeling niet wezen kan, omdat er dan geen byzondere belooning voor de braven overbleef hier-namaals.","translation":"Then all warehouse hands would turn virtuous, and everyone besides—which cannot be God's intention, since there would then be no special reward left for the upright in the hereafter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan zouden alle pakhuisknechts wel deugdzaam worden","title":"Conditional zouden + worden (become)","body":"zouden ... worden ('would become') is the conditional; here worden is the full verb 'to become,' not a passive auxiliary. Fronted Dan inverts to zouden."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat er dan geen byzondere belooning ... overbleef","title":"geen + separable overblijven, verb-final","body":"omdat sends the verb to the end (overbleef, separable overblijven); geen negates the indefinite belooning. hier-namaals = 'in the hereafter.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of zouden worden","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third person plural","role":"finite conditional auxiliary governing worden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of pakhuisknechts","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"pakhuisknechts","lemma":"pakhuisknecht","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of zouden worden","gloss":"warehouse hands"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the predicted result","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"deugdzaam","lemma":"deugdzaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"virtuous"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zouden","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates pakhuisknechts and iedereen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"iedereen","lemma":"iedereen","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"coordinated subject of zouden worden, with the predicate understood","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of kan wezen; refers to the preceding proposition","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Gods","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of bedoeling","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"bedoeling","lemma":"bedoeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kan wezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copular infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite modal governing wezen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause headed by overbleef","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"marks the existential construction with overbleef","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of overbleef","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of belooning","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"byzondere","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected; historical spelling","role":"modifies belooning","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"belooning","lemma":"beloning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular; historical spelling","role":"subject of overbleef","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the beneficiary de braven","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of braven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"braven","lemma":"braaf","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"upright"},{"surface":"overbleef","lemma":"overblijven","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"would be left"},{"surface":"hier-namaals","lemma":"hiernamaals","morphology":"adverb, historical hyphenation","role":"adverbial modifier of overbleef","gloss":"in the hereafter"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h1-s80","source":"Maar op een tooneel verdraaien ze dat ... alles leugens!","translation":"But on a stage they twist it all around ... all lies!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"op een tooneel verdraaien ze dat","title":"Fronted PP + V2 inversion","body":"The fronted prepositional phrase op een tooneel ('on a stage') pushes the finite verb verdraaien into second place ahead of the subject ze, a clean illustration of verb-second."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting statement","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the prepositional phrase op een tooneel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of tooneel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tooneel","lemma":"toneel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular; historical spelling","role":"object of op","gloss":"stage"},{"surface":"verdraaien","lemma":"verdraaien","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"twist around"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of verdraaien","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of verdraaien","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of the elliptical exclamation alles leugens","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicate noun in the elliptical exclamation alles leugens","gloss":"lies"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h1-s81","source":"Ik ben ook deugdzaam, maar vraag ik hiervoor belooning?","translation":"I too am virtuous, but do I ask any reward for it?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"maar vraag ik hiervoor belooning?","title":"Question inversion + pronominal adverb hiervoor","body":"A yes/no question fronts vraag before ik. hiervoor ('for this') is a pronominal adverb (hier- + voor) replacing voor + a thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben and vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"copula linking Ik to deugdzaam","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of Ik","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"deugdzaam","lemma":"deugdzaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"virtuous"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the interrogative clause","gloss":"do ask"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hiervoor","lemma":"hiervoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of vraag","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"belooning","lemma":"beloning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular; historical spelling","role":"direct object of vraag","gloss":"any reward"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h1-s82","source":"Als myn zaken goed gaan--en dit doen ze--als myn vrouw en kinderen gezond zyn, zoodat ik geen gemaal heb met dokter en apteker ... als ik jaar-in jaar-uit een sommetje kan ter-zy leggen voor den ouden dag ... als Frits knap opgroeit, om later in myn plaats te komen als ik naar Driebergen ga ... zie, dan ben ik heel tevreden. Maar dit alles is een natuurlyk gevolg van de omstandigheden, en omdat ik op de zaken pas.","translation":"When my affairs go well—and they do—when my wife and children are healthy, so that I have no bother with the doctor and the apothecary ... when year in, year out, I can lay a little sum by for my old age ... when Frits grows up clever, to take my place in time when I go to Driebergen ... why then, I am quite content. But all this is a natural consequence of circumstances, and of my tending to business.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als myn zaken goed gaan ... zie, dan ben ik heel tevreden","title":"Stacked als-clauses resolving in dan + inversion","body":"A series of als-clauses (all verb-final: gaan, zyn, leggen, opgroeit) builds suspense; the resolving main clause inverts after dan to ben ik. This is the canonical Dutch 'if ..., then ...' rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om later in myn plaats te komen","title":"Purpose om ... te","body":"om ... te komen ('in order to take my place later') is a purpose clause closing with te + komen. in myn plaats = 'in my stead.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of gaan","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of gaan","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of gaan","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gaan with doen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of zijn","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw and kinderen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first conjunct of the subject of zijn","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links vrouw and kinderen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second conjunct of the subject of zijn","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"gezond","lemma":"gezond","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"healthy"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking vrouw and kinderen to gezond","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of heb","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of gemaal","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"gemaal","lemma":"gemaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"bother","note":"An archaic use meaning trouble or bother, not “husband.”"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the result clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement dokter en apteker","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dokter","lemma":"dokter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first conjunct of the complement of met","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links dokter and apteker","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"apteker","lemma":"apotheker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second conjunct of the complement of met","gloss":"apothecary"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of leggen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of kan leggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"jaar-in","lemma":"jaar in","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of the adverbial expression jaar-in jaar-uit","gloss":"year in"},{"surface":"jaar-uit","lemma":"jaar uit","morphology":"adverb","role":"second part of the adverbial expression jaar-in jaar-uit","gloss":"year out"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of sommetje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sommetje","lemma":"som","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of leggen","gloss":"little sum"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of leggen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ter-zy","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of terzijde leggen","gloss":"aside"},{"surface":"leggen","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kan","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose phrase den ouden dag","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, historical inflected form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouden","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical inflected form","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of opgroeit","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of opgroeit","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"knap","lemma":"knap","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of opgroeit","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"opgroeit","lemma":"opgroeien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"grows up"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive te komen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"in time"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase in mijn plaats","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of ga","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ga","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination Driebergen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Driebergen","lemma":"Driebergen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Driebergen"},{"surface":"ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"discourse marker introducing the conclusion","gloss":"you see","note":"Here zie is an attention-getting discourse marker, literally “see.”"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the conclusion of the conditional clauses","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to tevreden","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tevreden","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit alles to gevolg","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies gevolg","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement omstandigheden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of omstandigheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two explanations of gevolg","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of pas","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of pas","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement de zaken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"passen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the causal clause","gloss":"tend"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h1-s83","source":"Voor myn deugd eisch ik niets. En dat ik toch deugdzaam bèn, blykt uit myn liefde voor de waarheid.","translation":"For my virtue I ask nothing. And that I am nevertheless virtuous is shown by my love of the truth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En dat ik toch deugdzaam bèn, blykt uit myn liefde","title":"Fronted dat-clause as subject + blijken uit","body":"The whole dat-clause ('that I am nevertheless virtuous') is the fronted subject, with bèn at its end; the main verb blykt (blijken uit, 'to be shown by'; uit is a preposition governing the complement, not a separable prefix) then follows. The grave accent on bèn marks stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement mijn deugd","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of deugd","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"eisch","lemma":"eisen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of eis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of eis","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the following sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of blijkt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben deugdzaam","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"deugdzaam","lemma":"deugdzaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"virtuous"},{"surface":"bèn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular, emphatic spelling","role":"copula linking ik to deugdzaam","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"blykt","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb taking the preceding subject clause","gloss":"is shown"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the evidential complement mijn liefde","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement de waarheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h1-s84","source":"Deze is, na myn gehechtheid aan het geloof, myn hoofdneiging. En ik wenschte dat ge hiervan overtuigd waart, lezer, omdat het de verontschuldiging is voor 't schryven van dit boek.","translation":"This love is, after my attachment to the faith, my chief inclination. And I should wish you to be convinced of it, reader, because it is the excuse for the writing of this book.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik wenschte dat ge hiervan overtuigd waart","title":"Past subjunctive waart for a wish","body":"waart is the old 2nd-person past subjunctive of zijn ('were'), used after a wish: 'I should wish you were convinced of this.' ge ... hiervan overtuigd is a state-passive idea with the pronominal hiervan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de verontschuldiging ... voor 't schryven van dit boek","title":"Nominalized infinitive 't schryven","body":"'t schryven (= het schrijven, 'the writing') is an infinitive used as a neuter noun with the article het, the standard Dutch way to nominalize an action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this love"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking deze to hoofdneiging","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the ranked complement mijn gehechtheid","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of gehechtheid","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"gehechtheid","lemma":"gehechtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"attachment"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement het geloof","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of geloof","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdneiging","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hoofdneiging","lemma":"hoofdneiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"chief inclination"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the following sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wenschte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should wish"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of wenschte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular, archaic form","role":"subject of waart","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of overtuigd","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"overtuigd","lemma":"overtuigen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"predicative complement of waart","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"waart","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, second-person singular, archaic","role":"copula linking ge to overtuigd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of is","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of verontschuldiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verontschuldiging","lemma":"verontschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"excuse"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to verontschuldiging","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement het schrijven","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, elided","role":"determiner of schrijven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement dit boek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"book"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h1-s85","source":"Een tweede neiging, die my even sterk als waarheidsliefde beheerscht, is de hartstocht voor myn vak.","translation":"A second inclination, which rules me just as strongly as my love of truth, is the passion for my profession.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een tweede neiging, die my even sterk ... beheerscht","title":"Relative die + comparison even ... als","body":"die opens a relative clause (verb-final beheerscht); even sterk ... als ('just as strongly as') is the equative comparison. beheerscht = beheerst ('rules, governs')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of neiging","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tweede","lemma":"tweede","morphology":"ordinal adjective, attributive","role":"modifies neiging","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"neiging","lemma":"neiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"inclination"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of beheerscht","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, historical spelling","role":"direct object of beheerscht","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of the comparison even ... als","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beheerscht","gloss":"strongly"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison waarheidsliefde","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"waarheidsliefde","lemma":"waarheidsliefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical comparison with the preceding clause","gloss":"love of truth"},{"surface":"beheerscht","lemma":"beheersen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"rules"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking neiging to hartstocht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of hartstocht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hartstocht","lemma":"hartstocht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement mijn vak","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vak","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vak","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"profession"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h1-s86","source":"Ik ben namelyk makelaar in koffi, Lauriergracht N° 37.","translation":"I am, namely, a coffee broker, Lauriergracht No. 37.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"namelyk","title":"namelyk = namely / that is","body":"namelyk (= namelijk) introduces an explanation, 'namely, you see.' Here it underscores the comic compulsion with which Droogstoppel re-announces his trade and address yet again."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to makelaar","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"namelyk","lemma":"namelijk","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"clarifies the preceding statement","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the commodity koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"address supplement to the sentence","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces the street number 37","gloss":"No."}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h1-s87","source":"Welnu, lezer, aan myn onkreukbare liefde voor de waarheid, en aan myn yver voor de zaken, hebt gy te danken dat deze bladen geschreven zyn. Ik zal u vertellen hoe dit is toegegaan.","translation":"Well then, reader, it is to my incorruptible love of the truth, and to my zeal for business, that you owe the writing of these pages. I will tell you how it came about.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan myn ... liefde ..., hebt gy te danken dat deze bladen geschreven zyn","title":"Fronted PP + hebben te danken + state passive","body":"The fronted aan-phrase inverts to hebt gy; iets aan iets te danken hebben ('to owe something to') uses te + danken. The dat-clause ends in the zijn-passive geschreven zyn ('are written')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal u vertellen hoe dit is toegegaan","title":"Future with zullen + perfect toegaan","body":"zal ... vertellen ('will tell') is the explicit future with zullen. The embedded hoe dit is toegegaan ('how this came about') is a verb-final perfect of separable toegaan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the conclusion","gloss":"well then"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the first cause with danken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"onkreukbare","lemma":"onkreukbaar","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies liefde","gloss":"incorruptible"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first prepositional complement of danken","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement de waarheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two complements of danken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the second cause with danken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of ijver","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"yver","lemma":"ijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second prepositional complement of danken","gloss":"zeal"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement de zaken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"finite verb of hebt te danken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular, archaic form","role":"subject of hebt te danken","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive danken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"danken","lemma":"danken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by hebt","gloss":"owe","note":"The construction aan iets te danken hebben means “to owe something to something.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of danken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of bladen","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"bladen","lemma":"blad","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of the passive zijn geschreven","gloss":"pages"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zal vertellen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of vertellen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular, formal","role":"indirect object of vertellen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vertellen","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the embedded clause of toegegaan","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is toegegaan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of toegegaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"toegegaan","lemma":"toegaan","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the embedded perfect clause","gloss":"come about"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h1-s88","source":"Daar ik nu voor 't oogenblik afscheid van u neem--ik moet naar de beurs--noodig ik u straks op een tweede hoofdstuk. Tot weerziens dus!","translation":"Since for the moment I now take my leave of you—I must go to the exchange—I invite you presently to a second chapter. Until we meet again, then!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar ik nu voor 't oogenblik afscheid van u neem","title":"Causal Daar + separable afscheid nemen","body":"Daar here is the literary causal conjunction 'since/because,' sending the verb to the end (neem). afscheid nemen van ('to take leave of') is a fixed separable-like phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"noodig ik u straks op een tweede hoofdstuk","title":"V2 inversion after a fronted clause + separable uitnodigen","body":"After the long fronted Daar-clause, the main clause inverts: noodig ik ('I invite'). uitnodigen is separable, though here the prefix is absorbed in the period spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of neem","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies neem","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal phrase het oogenblik","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, elided","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"afscheid","lemma":"afscheid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement u","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, singular, formal","role":"object of van","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the causal clause","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb with an understood gaan","gloss":"must go"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination de beurs","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodigen","morphology":"verb, present, singular, historical spelling","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invite"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of noodig","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, formal","role":"direct object of noodig","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"straks","lemma":"straks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodig","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement een tweede hoofdstuk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdstuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tweede","lemma":"tweede","morphology":"ordinal adjective, attributive","role":"modifies hoofdstuk","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"hoofdstuk","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"chapter"},{"surface":"Tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the farewell expression tot weerziens","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"weerziens","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"noun in a fixed expression","role":"object of tot","gloss":"we meet again","note":"Tot weerziens is a conventional farewell meaning “until we meet again.”"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds a concluding sense to the farewell","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h1-s89","source":"Eilieve, steek het by u ...'t is een kleine moeite ... het kan te-pas komen ... ei zie, daar is het: een adreskaartje! Die Co ben ik, sedert de Meyers er uit zyn ... de oude Last is myn schoonvader.","translation":"Pray, slip it into your pocket ... it is a small trouble ... it may come in handy ... why look, here it is: a visiting card! That Co is I, ever since the Meyers went out of it ... old Last is my father-in-law.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Eilieve, steek het by u","title":"Imperative steek + archaic interjection Eilieve","body":"steek is a bare-stem imperative ('slip/put'); Eilieve ('pray, prithee') is an old polite interjection. by u = 'on your person.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die Co ben ik, sedert de Meyers er uit zyn","title":"Fronted Die Co + V2; sedert-clause with er uit","body":"Fronting Die Co ('that Co') inverts to ben ik. The sedert-clause ('ever since the Meyers are out of it') uses er ... uit and is verb-final."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"adreskaartje","title":"Diminutive compound adreskaartje","body":"adreskaartje ('little visiting/calling card') joins adres + kaart + the diminutive -je. The diminutive both miniaturizes and adds a coaxing, ingratiating tone as he presses his card on the reader."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eilieve","lemma":"eilieve","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker modifying steek","gloss":"pray","note":"An archaic interjection used to add gentle insistence to a request."},{"surface":"steek","lemma":"steken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slip"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of steek","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of bij","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject to moeite","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies moeite","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of komen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"te-pas","lemma":"te pas","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"adverbial complement of komen","gloss":"in handy","note":"The modern spelling is te pas; te pas komen means ‘come in handy.’"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kan","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ei","lemma":"ei","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing zie","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of is","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of adreskaartje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"adreskaartje","lemma":"adreskaartje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"visiting card"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Co","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"compagnie","morphology":"noun, abbreviation, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking ik to Co","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of zijn","gloss":"ever since"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Meyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Meyers","lemma":"Meyers","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"Meyers"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle complement of zijn","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Last","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies Last","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Last to schoonvader","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of schoonvader","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schoonvader","lemma":"schoonvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"father-in-law"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h1-s90","source":"______________________________ | | | LAST & Co | | | | MAKELAARS IN KOFFI | | | | Lauriergracht, N° 37 | |______________________________| TWEEDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"______________________________ | | | LAST & Co | | | | COFFEE BROKERS | | | | Lauriergracht, No. 37 | |______________________________| SECOND CHAPTER","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s90.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"LAST","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of company name","gloss":"LAST"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"compagnie","morphology":"noun, abbreviation, singular","role":"second element of company name","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"MAKELAARS","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of occupational description","gloss":"BROKERS"},{"surface":"IN","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking KOFFI","gloss":"IN"},{"surface":"KOFFI","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of IN","gloss":"COFFEE"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"street name in the address","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"noun, abbreviation","role":"label introducing the house number","gloss":"No.","note":"N° is an older abbreviation for nummer, ‘number.’"},{"surface":"TWEEDE","lemma":"tweede","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"SECOND"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of chapter heading","gloss":"CHAPTER"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h1-s91","source":"Het was slap op de beurs, maar de voorjaarsveiling zal 't wel goed maken.","translation":"Trade was slack on the exchange, but the spring auction will surely set it right.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de voorjaarsveiling zal 't wel goed maken","title":"Future with zullen + separable goedmaken","body":"zal ... maken ('will set right') is the zullen-future; wel adds reassuring confidence. voorjaarsveiling ('spring auction') is a noun compound voorjaar + s + veiling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"impersonal subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject to slap","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"slap","lemma":"slap","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"slack"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beurs","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of voorjaarsveiling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorjaarsveiling","lemma":"voorjaarsveiling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zal","gloss":"spring auction"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of maken","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of het","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"set"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h1-s92","source":"Denk niet dat er niets by ons omgaat. By Busselinck & Waterman is 't nog slapper.","translation":"Do not imagine that nothing passes through our hands. At Busselinck & Waterman's it is slacker still.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Denk niet dat er niets by ons omgaat","title":"Negative imperative + existential er ... omgaat","body":"Denk niet ('do not imagine') is a negated imperative; the dat-clause has existential er with niets and separable omgaat at the end. by ons = 'at our firm.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"By Busselinck & Waterman is 't nog slapper","title":"Comparative slapper + fronted PP","body":"nog slapper ('slacker still') is the comparative of slap; the fronted By-phrase inverts to is 't. Droogstoppel can never resist a dig at his rivals."}],"words":[{"surface":"Denk","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Denk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of Denk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker in the clause of omgaat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of omgaat","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, first-person plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"omgaat","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the complement clause","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Busselinck and Waterman","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first coordinated object of Bij","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Busselinck","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject to slapper","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slapper","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"slapper","lemma":"slap","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"slacker"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h1-s93","source":"Een vreemde wereld! Men woont zoo iets by, als men zoo'n twintig jaren de beurs bezoekt.","translation":"A strange world! One witnesses such things when one has attended the exchange for some twenty years.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men woont zoo iets by, als men ... bezoekt","title":"Impersonal men + separable bijwonen","body":"men ('one') is the impersonal subject in both clauses; separable bijwonen ('to witness') splits as woont ... by. The als-clause is verb-final (bezoekt)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vreemde","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies wereld","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of exclamatory noun phrase","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of woont","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"woont","lemma":"bijwonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular, separated","role":"main verb, completed by bij","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"demonstrative adverb","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bijwonen","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bijwonen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separated particle of woont","gloss":"in person","note":"Woont ... by is the historical spelling of woont ... bij, from bijwonen, ‘witness’ or ‘attend.’"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of bezoekt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bezoekt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"indefinite approximative determiner","role":"modifies twintig jaren","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"twintig","lemma":"twintig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"adverbial of duration modifying bezoekt","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezoekt","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"bezoekt","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"has attended"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h1-s94","source":"Verbeeld u dat ze daar getracht hebben--Busselinck & Waterman, meen ik--my Ludwig Stern aftenemen.","translation":"Imagine—they actually tried there—Busselinck & Waterman, I mean—to take Ludwig Stern away from me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h1-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Verbeeld u dat ze daar getracht hebben ... my Ludwig Stern aftenemen","title":"Reflexive imperative + perfect + separable afnemen","body":"Verbeeld u ('imagine,' reflexive imperative with u) opens it; the dat-clause has the perfect getracht hebben and the te-infinitive aftenemen (1860 spelling of af te nemen, separable afnemen 'to take away')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbeeld","lemma":"verbeelden","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of Verbeeld","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of Verbeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of getracht","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"getracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the complement clause","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of getracht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first coordinated element identifying ze","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Busselinck","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, first-person singular","role":"indirect object of afnemen","gloss":"from me"},{"surface":"Ludwig","lemma":"Ludwig","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of direct object of afnemen","gloss":"Ludwig"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of direct object of afnemen","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"aftenemen","lemma":"afnemen","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of getracht","gloss":"to take away","note":"This older spelling joins modern af te nemen into one word."}]}]}