{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-10","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 10","translated":"Chapter 10"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-10","lines":75},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-9","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-11","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h10-s1","source":"TIENDE HOOFDSTUK Hoewel ik, waar 't principes geldt, niemand ontzie, heb ik toch begrepen dat ik met Stern een anderen weg moet inslaan dan met Frits, en daar het te voorzien is dat myn naam--de firma is Last & Co, maar ik heet Droogstoppel: Batavus Droogstoppel--in aanraking komen zal met een boek waarin zaken voorkomen, die niet strooken met den eerbied dien elk fatsoenlyk man en makelaar zichzelf verschuldigd is, acht ik het myn plicht u meetedeelen, hoe ik getracht heb ook dien Stern terugtebrengen op den waren weg.","translation":"TENTH CHAPTER. Although, where principles are at stake, I spare no one, I have nonetheless understood that I must take a different road with Stern than with Frits; and since it is to be foreseen that my name — the firm is Last & Co, but I am called Droogstoppel: Batavus Droogstoppel — will come into contact with a book containing matters that do not square with the respect every decent man and broker owes himself, I consider it my duty to inform you how I have tried to bring this Stern, too, back onto the true path.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoewel ik ... niemand ontzie, heb ik toch begrepen","title":"Concessive Hoewel + main-clause inversion","body":"'Hoewel' (although) is subordinating, verb-final ('ontzie'). With this clause first, the main clause inverts: 'heb ik toch begrepen'. 'niemand ontzien' = to spare no one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar het te voorzien is dat ... acht ik het myn plicht u meetedeelen","title":"Causal daar + delayed inversion","body":"An enormous 'daar'-clause ('since it is to be foreseen that...') fills first position, so the main clause inverts: 'acht ik het myn plicht'. 'meetedeelen' (mee-te-deelen) is the te-infinitive of separable meedelen."}],"words":[{"surface":"TIENDE","lemma":"tiende","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"tenth"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"chapter heading","gloss":"chapter"},{"surface":"Hoewel","lemma":"hoewel","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of ontzie","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontzie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces parenthetical clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, contracted","role":"impersonal subject of geldt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"principes","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of geldt","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"geldt","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ontzie","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"ontzie","lemma":"ontzien","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spare"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of begrepen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begrepen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrepen","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"begrepen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal complement of begrepen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of inslaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Stern","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of met","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of inslaan","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of inslaan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"inslaan","lemma":"inslaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moet","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with Frits","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Frits","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of met","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since","note":"Here daar means “since,” not a place."},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"impersonal subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive voorzien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voorzien","lemma":"voorzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicate infinitive with is","gloss":"be foreseen"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb with te voorzien","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of komen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of naam","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of firma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to Last","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicative name complement of is","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"Co","morphology":"proper noun, abbreviation","role":"part of company name Last & Co","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heet","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"am called"},{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicative name complement of heet","gloss":"Droogstoppel"},{"surface":"Batavus","lemma":"Batavus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first name in apposition to ik","gloss":"Batavus"},{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname in apposition to ik","gloss":"Droogstoppel"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in idiom in aanraking komen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"aanraking","lemma":"aanraking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"contact"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of voorkomen referring to boek","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of voorkomen","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"occur"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of strooken referring to zaken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies strooken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"strooken","lemma":"stroken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"square","note":"Older spelling of modern Dutch stroken."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eerbied","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of eerbied","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerbied","lemma":"eerbied","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verschuldigd referring to eerbied","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"elk","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man and makelaar","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies man","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated head with man","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"zichzelf","lemma":"zichzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of verschuldigd","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"verschuldigd","lemma":"verschuldigd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"owing"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with verschuldigd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"acht","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of acht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of acht","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of plicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object complement of het","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of meetedeelen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"meetedeelen","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of plicht","gloss":"to inform","note":"Older fused spelling of mee te delen."},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces content clause of meetedeelen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of getracht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"getracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of getracht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses dien Stern","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of Stern","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of terugtebrengen","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"terugtebrengen","lemma":"terugbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of getracht","gloss":"to bring back","note":"Older fused spelling of terug te brengen."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"path"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h10-s2","source":"Ik heb hem niet van den Heer gesproken--omdat hy Luthersch is--maar ik heb gewerkt op zyn gemoed en zyn eer.","translation":"I did not speak to him of the Lord — because he is Lutheran — but I worked upon his conscience and his sense of honor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat hy Luthersch is","title":"omdat-clause, verb-final","body":"'omdat' (because) is subordinating, sending 'is' to the end. 'Luthersch' (Lutheran, period spelling with -sch) explains why Droogstoppel won't preach the Reformed 'Heer' to Stern."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ik heb gewerkt op zyn gemoed en zyn eer","title":"werken op het gemoed","body":"'op iemands gemoed werken' = to work on someone's feelings/conscience. 'gemoed' = mind, heart, conscience; 'eer' = honour. Droogstoppel's manipulative tactic stated plainly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gesproken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gesproken","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Heer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of Heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"Heer","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Luthersch","lemma":"Luthers","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"Lutheran","note":"Older spelling of modern Dutch Luthers."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with Luthersch","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links contrasting main clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gewerkt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewerkt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gewerkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemoed","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of gemoed","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of eer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of op","gloss":"honor"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h10-s3","source":"Ziehier hoe ik dit heb aangelegd, en merk daarby op, hoever men het brengt met menschkunde.","translation":"See here how I went about it, and note in passing how far one can get with a knowledge of human nature.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"merk daarby op, hoever men het brengt met menschkunde","title":"Imperative of separable opmerken + indirect question","body":"'merk ... op' is the imperative of separable 'opmerken' (to note). 'hoever men het brengt' is an embedded question, verb-final. 'het ver brengen met' = to get far with."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"menschkunde","title":"menschkunde — knowledge of human nature","body":"A compound: 'mensch' (human) + 'kunde' (knowledge/science) = knowledge of human nature, shrewdness about people. Droogstoppel prides himself on it while displaying none."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ziehier","lemma":"ziehier","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"introduces the content clause","gloss":"see here"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangelegd in content clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aangelegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of aangelegd","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangelegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aangelegd","lemma":"aanleggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"gone about","note":"Het aanleggen means going about or arranging something."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated imperatives","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"merk","lemma":"merken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"finite base of separable merk ... op","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies merk op","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of merk ... op","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"hoever","lemma":"hoever","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brengt","gloss":"how far"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of brengt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object in idiom het ver brengen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"brengt","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"gets","note":"Het ver brengen means “to get far” or “to succeed.”"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menschkunde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"menschkunde","lemma":"menskunde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"knowledge of human nature","note":"Older spelling of menskunde, here meaning knowledge of human nature."}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h10-s4","source":"Ik had hem hooren zeggen: auf Ehrenwort, en vroeg wat hy daarmee bedoelde?","translation":"I had heard him say: auf Ehrenwort, and asked what he meant by it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik had hem hooren zeggen ... en vroeg wat hy daarmee bedoelde","title":"Perception verb hooren + bare infinitive; pronominal daarmee","body":"'had hem hooren zeggen' uses perception verb 'hooren' (hear) with a bare infinitive 'zeggen' — and an infinitivus pro participio (hooren, not gehoord) in the pluperfect. 'daarmee' (with it/that) is a pronominal adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hooren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren zeggen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of hooren and understood subject of zeggen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb in perfect infinitive construction","gloss":"heard","note":"Older spelling of horen; the infinitive replaces a participle after another infinitive."},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of hooren","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"auf","lemma":"auf","morphology":"preposition, German","role":"preposition marking Ehrenwort","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"Ehrenwort","lemma":"Ehrenwort","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, German","role":"object of auf","gloss":"word of honor","note":"German auf Ehrenwort means “on my word of honor.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated verbs","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of coordinated main clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bedoelde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bedoelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"daarmee","lemma":"daarmee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of bedoelde","gloss":"by it"},{"surface":"bedoelde","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of vroeg","gloss":"meant"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h10-s5","source":"--Wèl, zeide hy, dat ik myn eer verpand voor de waarheid van wat ik zeg.","translation":"\"Why,\" said he, \"that I pledge my honor for the truth of what I say.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik myn eer verpand voor de waarheid van wat ik zeg","title":"dat-clause + headless relative wat","body":"'dat ik ... verpand' is verb-final after 'dat'. 'wat ik zeg' is a headless relative ('what I say') after the preposition object 'van'. 'zyn eer verpanden' = to pledge one's honour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the reply","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of zeide","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verpand","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of eer","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verpand","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"verpand","lemma":"verpanden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"pledge"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waarheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the complement of waarheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of zeg","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying waarheid","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h10-s6","source":"--Dat is zeer veel, hernam ik.","translation":"\"That is a great deal,\" I returned.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hernam ik","title":"Inquit inversion: hernam ik","body":"'hernam ik' = 'I returned/rejoined', an inquit with subject after the verb. 'hernemen' (to take up again, here 'to reply') is a literary speech verb in the imperfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dat to veel","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"hernam","lemma":"hernemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hernam","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h10-s7","source":"Ben je zoo overtuigd, altyd de waarheid te zeggen?","translation":"\"Are you so certain of always telling the truth?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ben je zoo overtuigd, altyd de waarheid te zeggen?","title":"Adjective + te-infinitive","body":"'overtuigd ... te zeggen' = 'certain to say': the adjective 'overtuigd' governs a te-infinitive. Verb-first order marks the yes/no question. 'altyd de waarheid zeggen' = always to tell the truth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking je to overtuigd","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of overtuigd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overtuigd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"overtuigd","lemma":"overtuigen","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"predicative complement of Ben","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of overtuigd","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h10-s8","source":"--Ja, verklaarde hy, de waarheid zeg ik altyd.","translation":"\"Yes,\" he declared, \"the truth is what I always tell.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de waarheid zeg ik altyd","title":"Fronted object for emphasis","body":"Fronting the object 'de waarheid' (the truth) to first position throws the subject after the verb: 'zeg ik'. This topicalization stresses 'the truth' — verb-second order with a non-subject in front."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative reply","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"verklaarde","lemma":"verklaren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verklaarde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"fronted direct object of zeg","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"always"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h10-s9","source":"Als de borst me gloeit ... De lezer weet de rest.","translation":"When my breast glows ... The reader knows the rest.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gloeit","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of borst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"borst","lemma":"borst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gloeit","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"possessive dative with borst","gloss":"my","note":"Dutch can use a dative pronoun to express the possessor of a body part."},{"surface":"gloeit","lemma":"gloeien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the subordinate clause introduced by Als","gloss":"glows"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rest","lemma":"rest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"rest"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h10-s10","source":"--Dat is waarlyk zeer schoon, zei ik, en ik hield me heel onnoozel alsof ik het geloofde. Maar hierin lag juist de fynheid van den strik, dien ik hem spande met het doel om, zonder gevaar te loopen den ouden Stern in handen van Busselinck & Waterman te zien vallen, toch dat jonge kereltjen eens goed op zyn plaats te zetten, en hem te doen gevoelen hoe groot de afstand is tusschen iemand die pas begint--al doet dan ook zyn vader groote zaken--en een makelaar die twintig jaar de beurs bezocht heeft.","translation":"\"That is truly very fine,\" I said, and I played the perfect simpleton, as if I believed it. But in this lay precisely the subtlety of the snare I set for him — my aim being, without running the risk of seeing old Stern fall into the hands of Busselinck & Waterman, to put that young fellow firmly in his place after all, and to make him feel how great the distance is between a man just starting out — even if his father does do large business — and a broker who has frequented the exchange for twenty years.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik hield me heel onnoozel alsof ik het geloofde","title":"Reflexive zich houden + alsof irrealis","body":"'zich onnoozel houden' = to play the innocent/simpleton; reflexive 'me'. 'alsof ik het geloofde' (as if I believed it) uses an irrealis past, verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den strik, dien ik hem spande met het doel om ... te zetten","title":"Old accusative dien + om ... te","body":"'dien' is the old masculine accusative of the relative 'die', agreeing with 'den strik' (the snare). 'met het doel om ... op zyn plaats te zetten' = with the aim of putting him in his place (om ... te purpose)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een makelaar die twintig jaar de beurs bezocht heeft","title":"The Exchange refrain returns","body":"Droogstoppel's perennial boast — twenty years on the Amsterdam Exchange — recurs as his measure of all worth. He wields it to humiliate young Stern, 'a man just starting out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dat to schoon","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schoon","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schoon","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with zei","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of hield","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onnoozel","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"onnoozel","lemma":"onnozel","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of hield","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geloofde","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloofde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of geloofde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geloofde","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the alsof-clause","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lag","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hierin","lemma":"hierin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fynheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fynheid","lemma":"fijnheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"subtlety"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking strik","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine oblique","role":"determiner of strik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"strik","lemma":"strik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"snare"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of spande","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of spande","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of spande","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"spande","lemma":"spannen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying strik","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitives zetten and doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause loopen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of loopen","gloss":"risk"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive loopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"loopen","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zonder","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine accusative","role":"determiner of Stern","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouden","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Stern","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zien and subject of vallen","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"handen","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Busselinck","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Busselinck","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of loopen","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of zien","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zetten","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kereltjen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kereltjen","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"kereltjen","lemma":"kereltje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive singular","role":"direct object of zetten","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zetten","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zetten","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of plaats","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zetten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zetten","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive introduced by om","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive coordinated with zetten","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"gevoelen","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groot","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afstand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afstand","lemma":"afstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking afstand to groot","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of begint","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begint","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"begint","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on iemand","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of doet","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doet","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doet","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of vader","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of doet","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates iemand and makelaar","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of makelaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of tusschen","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bezocht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"twintig","lemma":"twintig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural sense","role":"duration adverbial modifying bezocht","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezocht","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"bezocht","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the relative clause modifying makelaar","gloss":"frequented"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bezocht","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h10-s11","source":"Het was me namelyk bekend dat hy allerlei tuig van verzen uit het hoofd wist--hy zegt: \"uitwendig\"--en daar verzen altyd leugens bevatten, was ik zeker dat ik hem zeer spoedig zou betrappen op onwaarheid.","translation":"For it was known to me that he had all manner of trashy verses by heart — he says: \"by rote\" — and since verses always contain lies, I was certain that I would very soon catch him out in an untruth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was me ... bekend dat hy allerlei tuig ... uit het hoofd wist","title":"Impersonal het + dat-clause","body":"'Het was me bekend dat...' uses dummy 'het' as a placeholder subject ('it was known to me that...'). The dat-clause is verb-final ('wist'). 'uit het hoofd weten/kennen' = to know by heart."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar verzen altyd leugens bevatten, was ik zeker","title":"Causal daar + inversion","body":"Fronted causal 'daar'-clause ('since verses always contain lies', verb-final 'bevatten') forces the main clause to invert: 'was ik zeker'. 'betrappen op onwaarheid' = to catch out in a falsehood."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"allerlei tuig van verzen ... \"uitwendig\"","title":"tuig; uit het hoofd vs. uitwendig","body":"'tuig' = trash, riff-raff (here 'trashy verses'). The joke: Stern, the German, mangles the idiom 'uit het hoofd' (by heart) into 'uitwendig' (which actually means 'outwardly/externally') — a non-native's slip Droogstoppel notes with contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with bekend","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to bekend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer complement of bekend","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"namelyk","lemma":"namelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying bekend","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"allerlei","lemma":"allerlei","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tuig","gloss":"all manner of"},{"surface":"tuig","lemma":"tuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"trash"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"uitwendig","lemma":"uitwendig","morphology":"adverb used substantively","role":"quoted complement of zegt","gloss":"by rote","note":"Here Stern uses uitwendig for learning or knowing something by rote."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the preceding clauses to the clause of was","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of bevatten","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of bevatten","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevatten","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bevatten","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"bevatten","lemma":"bevatten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the causal clause introduced by daar","gloss":"contain"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to zeker","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of betrappen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betrappen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of betrappen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spoedig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betrappen","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of betrappen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"betrappen","lemma":"betrappen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onwaarheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"onwaarheid","lemma":"onwaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"untruth"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h10-s12","source":"Dit duurde dan ook niet lang.","translation":"Nor did this take long.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of duurde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"duurde","lemma":"duren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the emphatic combination dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the emphatic combination dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duurde","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h10-s13","source":"Ik zat in de zykamer, en hy was in de suite ... want we hebben een suite. Marie was aan 't breien, en hy zou haar wat vertellen.","translation":"I was sitting in the side room, and he was in the parlor ... for we have a parlor. Marie was knitting, and he was going to tell her something.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Marie was aan 't breien, en hy zou haar wat vertellen","title":"Progressive aan het + breien; conditional zou","body":"'aan 't breien' = 'aan het breien', the progressive ('was knitting'). 'zou ... vertellen' is the conditional/future-in-the-past ('was going to tell'). 'breien' = to knit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de zykamer / de suite","title":"zijkamer and suite","body":"'zykamer' (zijkamer) = the side room; 'de suite' = the connected front-and-back parlor of a Dutch town house, opened by sliding doors. 'want we hebben een suite' is Droogstoppel preening over his respectable home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zykamer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zykamer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zykamer","lemma":"zijkamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"side room"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with zat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suite","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of suite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"suite","lemma":"suite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"parlor"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of hebben","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of suite","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"suite","lemma":"suite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"parlor"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the progressive construction","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the progressive construction aan het breien","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"contracted determiner","role":"part of the progressive construction aan het breien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"breien","lemma":"breien","morphology":"verb, infinitive used nominally","role":"lexical verb of the progressive construction","gloss":"knitting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertellen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vertellen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of vertellen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vertellen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"vertellen","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h10-s14","source":"Ik luisterde aandachtig toe, en toen 't uit was, vroeg ik hem of hy 't boek bezat, waarin het ding stond, dat hy daar zoo-even had opgedeund.","translation":"I listened attentively, and when it was over I asked him whether he had the book in which the thing stood that he had just reeled off there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vroeg ik hem of hy 't boek bezat, waarin het ding stond","title":"Indirect question of + relative waarin","body":"'of hy ... bezat' is an indirect yes/no question, verb-final. 'waarin het ding stond' is a relative clause with the pronominal-adverb relative 'waarin' (in which). 'opdeunen' = to reel/rattle off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of luisterde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"luisterde","lemma":"luisteren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; finite part of luisterde ... toe","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"aandachtig","lemma":"aandachtig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies luisterde","gloss":"attentively"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of luisterde ... toe","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links luisterde and vroeg","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause toen 't uit was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, contracted","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the temporal subordinate clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with luisterde","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"indirect object of vroeg","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question of bezat","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of bezat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bezat","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"bezat","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the indirect question","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of stond, referring to boek","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of ding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ding","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on boek","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of opgedeund, referring to ding","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had opgedeund","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of opgedeund","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of opgedeund","gloss":"just now","note":"Zoo-even is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern zo-even."},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgedeund","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"opgedeund","lemma":"opdeunen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"reeled off","note":"Opdeunen means to recite something in a monotonous or singsong fashion."}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h10-s15","source":"Hy zei ja, en bracht het my. Het was een deeltje der werken van zekeren Heine.","translation":"He said yes, and brought it to me. It was a volume of the works of a certain Heine.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was een deeltje der werken van zekeren Heine","title":"Diminutive deeltje + genitive der","body":"'deeltje' is the diminutive of 'deel' (volume/part) — a slim volume. 'der werken' is the plural genitive 'der' ('of the works'). 'zekeren Heine' keeps the old accusative/oblique -n on 'zeker' (a certain)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zei and bracht","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"direct-speech complement of zei","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zei and bracht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with zei","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, first person singular","role":"indirect object of bracht","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking Het to deeltje","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of deeltje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"deeltje","lemma":"deel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"volume"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive plural, archaic","role":"determiner of werken in a genitive phrase","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of deeltje","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the author complement of werken","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zekeren","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected, archaic","role":"modifies Heine","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"Heine","lemma":"Heine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Heine"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h10-s16","source":"Den volgenden morgen gaf ik hem--aan Stern, meen ik--de onderstaande:","translation":"The next morning I handed him — to Stern, I mean — the following:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Den volgenden morgen gaf ik hem ... de onderstaande","title":"Fronted time phrase + accusative -n","body":"'Den volgenden morgen' (the next morning) fronts and inverts: 'gaf ik'. The phrase is a fossilized accusative-of-time: 'den volgenden' both carry the old masculine accusative -n."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine accusative singular, archaic","role":"determiner of morgen","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine accusative singular, archaic","role":"modifies morgen","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial of gaf","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"handed"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"indirect object of gaf, clarified by aan Stern","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Stern as clarification of hem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of aan, in apposition to hem","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of the substantivized adjective onderstaande","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderstaande","lemma":"onderstaand","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"following"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h10-s17","source":"Beschouwingen omtrent de waarheidsliefde van iemand die het volgend prul van Heine vóórzegt aan een jong meisje dat in de suite zit te breien.","translation":"Reflections on the love of truth in someone who recites the following trash by Heine to a young girl sitting and knitting in the parlor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand die het volgend prul van Heine vóórzegt aan een jong meisje dat ... zit te breien","title":"Stacked relatives die / dat + zitten te","body":"Two relative clauses nest: 'die ... vóórzegt' (de-word iemand) and 'dat ... zit te breien' (het-word meisje, so 'dat'). 'zit te breien' is the 'zitten te + infinitive' progressive. 'vóórzeggen' = to recite/prompt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"prul / Beschouwingen / waarheidsliefde","title":"prul, Beschouwingen, waarheidsliefde","body":"'prul' = trash, a worthless trifle; 'Beschouwingen' = Reflections/Considerations (a mock-scholarly title); 'waarheidsliefde' = love of truth. Droogstoppel solemnly titles his philistine attack on a love poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Beschouwingen","lemma":"beschouwing","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of the title phrase","gloss":"Reflections"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces waarheidsliefde as topic of Beschouwingen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of waarheidsliefde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheidsliefde","lemma":"waarheidsliefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of omtrent","gloss":"love of truth"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor iemand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of vóórzegt, referring to iemand","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of prul","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgend","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies prul","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"prul","lemma":"prul","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vóórzegt","gloss":"trash"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Heine as author of prul","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Heine","lemma":"Heine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Heine"},{"surface":"vóórzegt","lemma":"voorzeggen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on iemand","gloss":"recites"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient of vóórzegt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies meisje","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zit, referring to meisje","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of zit","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of suite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"suite","lemma":"suite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"parlor","note":"Here suite means an adjoining or communicating reception room."},{"surface":"zit","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb governing te breien","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces breien after zit","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"breien","lemma":"breien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zit","gloss":"knitting"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h10-s18","source":"Auf Flügeln des Gesanges, Herzliebchen, trag ich dich fort,","translation":"On wings of song, sweetheart, I carry you away,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Auf","lemma":"auf","morphology":"preposition governing dative","role":"introduces Flügeln","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"Flügeln","lemma":"Flügel","morphology":"noun, masculine, dative plural","role":"object of Auf","gloss":"wings"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, masculine genitive singular","role":"determiner of Gesanges","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Gesanges","lemma":"Gesang","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of Flügeln","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"Herzliebchen","lemma":"Herzliebchen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"sweetheart"},{"surface":"trag","lemma":"tragen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular, poetic elision","role":"finite part of trag ... fort","gloss":"carry"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of trag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dich","lemma":"du","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, second person singular","role":"direct object of trag","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"fort","lemma":"fort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of trag ... fort","gloss":"away"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h10-s19","source":"Herzliebchen?","translation":"Herzliebchen?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Herzliebchen","lemma":"Herzliebchen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"echoed term used as a question","gloss":"Sweetheart"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h10-s20","source":"Marie, jouw Herzliebchen?","translation":"Marie, your Herzliebchen?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"jouw","lemma":"jouw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person singular","role":"determiner of Herzliebchen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Herzliebchen","lemma":"Herzliebchen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"sweetheart"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h10-s21","source":"Weten je ouweluî daarvan, en Louise Rosemeyer?","translation":"Do your old folks know of this, and Louise Rosemeyer?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"je ouweluî","title":"ouwelui — old folks","body":"'ouweluî' (modern ouwelui / ouwelui) = colloquial for 'old folks, parents'. The familiar, faintly mocking register fits Droogstoppel needling Marie about her German admirer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Do know"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person singular","role":"determiner of ouweluî","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ouweluî","lemma":"ouwelui","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural, colloquial","role":"subject of Weten","gloss":"old folks","note":"Ouweluî is an older spelling of colloquial ouwelui, meaning one's parents or older people."},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of Weten","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links ouweluî and Louise Rosemeyer","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Louise","lemma":"Louise","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"first part of the coordinated subject Louise Rosemeyer","gloss":"Louise"},{"surface":"Rosemeyer","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"surname completing Louise Rosemeyer","gloss":"Rosemeyer"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h10-s22","source":"Is het braaf, dit te zeggen aan een kind, dat door zoo-iets al zeer ligt ongehoorzaam zou worden aan hare moeder, door zich in het hoofd te halen dat ze mondig is, omdat men haar: Herzliebchen noemt?","translation":"Is it proper to say such a thing to a child who, by something of the sort, might very easily grow disobedient to her mother — by getting it into her head that she is of age, because she is called: Herzliebchen?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een kind, dat ... ongehoorzaam zou worden aan hare moeder, door zich ... te halen","title":"Relative dat + conditional zou worden + reflexive","body":"'dat ... zou worden' is a relative clause with the conditional (zou + worden). 'door zich ... in het hoofd te halen' = 'by getting it into her head' (means via door + te-infinitive, with reflexive 'zich'). 'hare moeder' is the old inflected possessive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat men haar: Herzliebchen noemt","title":"omdat + impersonal men","body":"'omdat' sends 'noemt' to the end. 'men ... noemt' is the impersonal 'one calls'. 'mondig' = of age, legally independent — the supposed danger of the endearment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking het to braaf","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, anticipatory","role":"anticipatory subject for dit te zeggen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"braaf","lemma":"braaf","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject anticipated by het","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient of zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou worden, referring to kind","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause zoo-iets","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"something like that"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies zeer ligt","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies zou worden","gloss":"easily","note":"Ligt here is the older spelling of the adverb licht, meaning easily, not a form of liggen."},{"surface":"ongehoorzaam","lemma":"ongehoorzaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"disobedient"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of worden","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"grow"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of ongehoorzaam","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular, inflected archaic form","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the causal means expressed by zich ... te halen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"reflexive indirect object of halen","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hoofd as complement of halen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces halen after door","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"halen","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by door","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of halen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"mondig","lemma":"mondig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"of age"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking ze to mondig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of noemt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"direct object of noemt","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Herzliebchen","lemma":"Herzliebchen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object complement of haar after noemt","gloss":"sweetheart"},{"surface":"noemt","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the causal subordinate clause","gloss":"calls"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h10-s23","source":"Wat beduidt dat: voortdragen op je vleugels? Je hebt geen vleugels, en je gezang ook niet.","translation":"What does it mean: to carry someone off on your wings? You have no wings, and no singing either.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat beduidt dat: voortdragen op je vleugels?","title":"Separable voortdragen + possessive je","body":"'voortdragen' (to carry forth/away) is separable; quoted here as a bare infinitive. 'wat beduidt dat?' = what does that mean? 'je vleugels' = your wings (familiar possessive 'je')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"interrogative predicative complement of beduidt","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"beduidt","lemma":"beduiden","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"does mean"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of beduidt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voortdragen","lemma":"voortdragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival phrase explaining dat","gloss":"to carry off"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces vleugels as means of voortdragen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person singular","role":"determiner of vleugels","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vleugels","lemma":"vleugel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"wings"},{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of vleugels","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"vleugels","lemma":"vleugel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of hebt","gloss":"wings"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person singular","role":"determiner of gezang","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"gezang","lemma":"gezang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of an elliptical coordinated clause with heeft understood","gloss":"singing"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical negative predicate","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negative adverb","role":"negates the elliptical predicate","gloss":"does not"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h10-s24","source":"Probeer 't eens over de Lauriergracht, die niet eens heel breed is.","translation":"Just try it once across the Lauriergracht, which isn't even very wide.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Probeer 't eens over de Lauriergracht, die niet eens heel breed is","title":"Imperative Probeer + relative die","body":"'Probeer' is a bare-stem imperative. The relative 'die' (de-word 'Lauriergracht') opens a verb-final clause 'die ... breed is'. 'niet eens' = not even."}],"words":[{"surface":"Probeer","lemma":"proberen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Try"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, contracted","role":"direct object of Probeer","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal particle","role":"softens or urges the imperative Probeer","gloss":"just once"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the path across Lauriergracht","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of Lauriergracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of is, referring to Lauriergracht","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negative adverb","role":"negates is heel breed","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"focus particle","role":"combines with niet to emphasize heel breed","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of breed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"breed","lemma":"breed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking die to breed","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h10-s25","source":"Maar al had je vleugels, mag je dan zulke dingen voorstellen aan een meisje dat haar belydenis nog niet gedaan heeft? En al wàs 't kind aangenomen, wat beduidt dat aanbod van wegvliegen samen?","translation":"But even if you had wings, may you put such notions to a girl who has not yet made her confirmation? And even were the child confirmed, what does that offer to fly away together amount to?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar al had je vleugels, mag je dan ...?","title":"Concessive al + irrealis had","body":"'al had je vleugels' = 'even if you had wings', a concessive with fronted 'al', inverted verb, and irrealis past 'had'. The main clause inverts after resumptive 'dan': 'mag je dan...?' (modal mogen)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een meisje dat haar belydenis nog niet gedaan heeft ... al wàs 't kind aangenomen","title":"Relative dat + irrealis subjunctive wàs","body":"'dat ... gedaan heeft' relativizes het-word 'meisje'. 'al wàs 't kind aangenomen' = 'even were the child confirmed', a concessive with irrealis past 'wàs' and the passive participle 'aangenomen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the question contrastively to the preceding context","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"concessive particle","role":"introduces the concessive clause al had je vleugels","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, second person singular","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vleugels","lemma":"vleugel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"wings"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal auxiliary verb, present, second person singular","role":"auxiliary of voorstellen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of mag voorstellen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the consequence of the concessive condition","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of voorstellen","gloss":"notions"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by mag","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient of voorstellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of heeft gedaan, referring to meisje","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of belydenis","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"belydenis","lemma":"belijdenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"confirmation","note":"Belydenis is the older spelling of belijdenis; here it refers to a profession of faith preceding church confirmation."},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with niet to mean not yet","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negative adverb","role":"negates heeft gedaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by heeft","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the next coordinated question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"concessive particle","role":"introduces the concessive clause al wàs 't kind aangenomen","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"wàs","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular, emphatic stress","role":"passive auxiliary of aangenomen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was aangenomen","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"aangenomen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, past participle, passive","role":"past participle governed by wàs","gloss":"confirmed","note":"Aangenomen here means formally admitted as a church member after profession of faith."},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"interrogative predicative complement of beduidt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"beduidt","lemma":"beduiden","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"does amount to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of aanbod","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aanbod","lemma":"aanbod","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of beduidt","gloss":"offer"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the content of aanbod","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wegvliegen","lemma":"wegvliegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of aanbod van","gloss":"fly away"},{"surface":"samen","lemma":"samen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wegvliegen","gloss":"together"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h10-s26","source":"Foei!","translation":"For shame!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Foei","lemma":"foei","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"For shame"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h10-s27","source":"Fort nach den Fluren des Ganges, Da weiss ich den schönsten Ort;","translation":"away to the meadows of the Ganges — there I know the loveliest place;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Fort","lemma":"fort","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement understood with trag from the preceding line","gloss":"Away"},{"surface":"nach","lemma":"nach","morphology":"preposition governing dative","role":"introduces Fluren as destination","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, dative plural","role":"determiner of Fluren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Fluren","lemma":"Flur","morphology":"noun, feminine, dative plural","role":"object of nach","gloss":"meadows"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, masculine genitive singular","role":"determiner of Ganges","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Ganges","lemma":"Ganges","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of Fluren","gloss":"Ganges"},{"surface":"Da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of weiss","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"weiss","lemma":"wissen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular, historical spelling","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of weiss","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Ort","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schönsten","lemma":"schön","morphology":"adjective, superlative, masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies Ort","gloss":"loveliest"},{"surface":"Ort","lemma":"Ort","morphology":"noun, masculine, accusative singular","role":"direct object of weiss","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h10-s28","source":"Ga er dan alleen heen, en huur er een optrek, maar neem niet een meisje mee, dat haar moeder moet helpen in 't huishouden!","translation":"Go there alone, then, and rent yourself a lodging, but do not take a girl along who has to help her mother in the household!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ga er dan alleen heen, en huur er een optrek, maar neem niet een meisje mee","title":"Imperatives + pronominal er + separable meenemen","body":"Three imperatives: 'Ga ... heen' (separable heengaan, 'go thither'), 'huur', 'neem ... mee' (separable meenemen, 'take along'). 'er' here is the locative ('there'). 'maar' coordinates without verb-final."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een optrek","title":"optrek — a lodging, a place","body":"'optrek' = a (modest) lodging, pied-à-terre, place to stay. A homely, slightly dismissive word Droogstoppel uses to puncture Heine's romantic 'fairest spot' by the Ganges."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms erheen with heen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ga","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ga","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms erheen with er","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Ga and huur","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"huur","lemma":"huren","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with Ga","gloss":"rent"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of huur","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of optrek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"optrek","lemma":"optrek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of huur","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links contrasting imperative clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with Ga","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates neem mee","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of neem mee","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of neem ... mee","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of moet, referring to meisje","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of helpen","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb governing helpen","gloss":"has to"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces huishouden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of huishouden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huishouden","lemma":"huishouden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"household"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h10-s29","source":"Maar je meent het ook niet! Vooreerst heb je nooit den Ganges gezien, en kunt dus niet weten of 't daar goed leven is.","translation":"But you don't even mean it! In the first place, you have never seen the Ganges, and so cannot know whether life is good there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vooreerst heb je nooit den Ganges gezien, en kunt dus niet weten of 't daar goed leven is","title":"Fronted Vooreerst + negation nooit + indirect of","body":"Fronting 'Vooreerst' (in the first place) inverts: 'heb je'. 'nooit' is the single negation. The modal 'kunt' takes 'weten'; 'of 't daar goed leven is' is an indirect question, verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of meent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"meent","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, accusative","role":"direct object of meent","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb with niet","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates meent","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Vooreerst","lemma":"vooreerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying the following clause","gloss":"Firstly"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second person singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of hebt gezien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, historical accusative","role":"determiner of Ganges","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ganges","lemma":"Ganges","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"Ganges"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the perfect clause","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links hebt gezien and kunt weten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kunt","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, second person singular","role":"finite verb governing weten","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kunt weten","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kunt weten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kunt","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an indirect question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, nominative","role":"anticipatory subject of goed leven is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of leven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, infinitive used substantivally","role":"notional subject complement in goed leven is","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the indirect question","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h10-s30","source":"Wil ik je eens zeggen hoe de zaken staan?","translation":"Shall I tell you how matters really stand?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wil ik je eens zeggen hoe de zaken staan?","title":"Modal willen as offer + embedded hoe","body":"'Wil ik ... zeggen?' uses 'willen' in a verb-first question to make an offer ('Shall I tell you...?'). 'hoe de zaken staan' is an embedded question, verb-final. 'hoe de zaken staan' = how matters stand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite verb governing zeggen","gloss":"Shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wil zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal particle","role":"softens the proposal wil zeggen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by Wil","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the indirect question and modifies staan","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of the indirect question","gloss":"stand"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h10-s31","source":"Het zyn alles leugens, die je alleen dáárom vertelt, omdat je in al dat gevèrs je tot slaaf maakt van maat en rym.","translation":"They are all lies, which you tell for one reason only: because in all that versifying you make yourself a slave to meter and rhyme.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die je alleen dáárom vertelt, omdat je ... je tot slaaf maakt","title":"Pronominal daarom ... omdat; reflexive zich","body":"'dáárom ... omdat' = 'for the reason that' (the pronominal adverb 'daarom' anticipates the 'omdat'-clause). 'zich tot slaaf maken van' = to make oneself a slave to; reflexive 'je'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gevèrs / maat en rym","title":"geverс, maat, rijm","body":"'gevèrs' (gevers) = the constant making of verses, with a faintly contemptuous ge-...-s pattern (cf. gedoe). 'maat' = metre, 'rym' (rijm) = rhyme. Droogstoppel's thesis: poets lie because metre and rhyme force them to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, nominative","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"copula linking Het and leugens","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"quantifies leugens","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural, accusative","role":"direct object of vertelt, referring to leugens","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vertelt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses daarom","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"dáárom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"correlative adverb answered by omdat","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"vertelt","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of maakt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces gevèrs","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"quantifies dat gevèrs","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of gevèrs","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gevèrs","lemma":"gevèrs","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"versifying","note":"Gevèrs is a contemptuous coinage for the making of verse."},{"surface":"je","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, second person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the result complement slaaf","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"slaaf","lemma":"slaaf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"result complement of maakt","gloss":"a slave"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of slaaf","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maat","lemma":"maat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"meter"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links maat and rym","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rym","lemma":"rijm","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of van with maat","gloss":"rhyme"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h10-s32","source":"Als de eerste regel geëindigd was op koek, wyn, kina, zou je aan Marie gevraagd hebben of ze meeging naar Broek, Berlyn, China, en zoo voort.","translation":"If the first line had ended on cake, wine, china, you would have asked Marie whether she'd come along to Broek, Berlin, China, and so forth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als de eerste regel geëindigd was op koek, wyn, kina, zou je ... gevraagd hebben","title":"Counterfactual: pluperfect + conditional perfect","body":"A full counterfactual: the 'als'-clause has a pluperfect 'geëindigd was', and the main clause the conditional perfect 'zou je ... gevraagd hebben' ('you would have asked'). The rhyme-driven absurdity is the point."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"koek, wyn, kina — Broek, Berlyn, China","title":"Droogstoppel's rhyme joke","body":"He claims Heine chose the Ganges only to rhyme; had the line ended on koek/wyn/kina, the destination would have been Broek (a Dutch village), Berlyn, or China to match. 'kina' = quinine/cinchona. The joke literalizes his contempt for poetry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of regel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, attributive","role":"modifies regel","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"regel","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was geëindigd","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"geëindigd","lemma":"eindigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the pluperfect conditional clause","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of geëindigd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the rhyming words","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"koek","lemma":"koek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"cake"},{"surface":"wyn","lemma":"wijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of op","gloss":"wine","note":"Wyn is the historical spelling of wijn."},{"surface":"kina","lemma":"kina","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of op","gloss":"cinchona"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second person singular","role":"auxiliary of gevraagd hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zou gevraagd hebben","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks Marie as the person asked","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the conditional perfect","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gevraagd governed by zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of meeging","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"meeging","lemma":"meegaan","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the indirect question","gloss":"came along"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destinations of meeging","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Broek","lemma":"Broek","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Broek"},{"surface":"Berlyn","lemma":"Berlijn","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated object of naar","gloss":"Berlin","note":"Berlyn is the historical Dutch spelling of Berlijn."},{"surface":"China","lemma":"China","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated object of naar","gloss":"China"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the destinations to zoo voort","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms zoo voort with voort","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms zoo voort with zoo","gloss":"forth"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h10-s33","source":"Je ziet dus dat je voorgestelde reisroute niet oprecht gemeend was, en dat alles neerkomt op een laf geklinkklank van woorden zonder slot of zin.","translation":"You see, then, that your proposed travel route was not sincerely meant, and that the whole thing comes down to a feeble jingle-jangle of words without point or sense.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Je ziet dus dat je voorgestelde reisroute niet oprecht gemeend was","title":"dat-clause + zijn-passive (state)","body":"'dat ... gemeend was' is a subordinate clause with a stative zijn-passive 'was gemeend' ('was meant'), verb-final. 'voorgestelde' is the past participle of separable voorstellen used attributively ('proposed')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een laf geklinkklank van woorden zonder slot of zin","title":"geklinkklank; zonder slot of zin","body":"'geklinkklank' = empty jingle-jangle (the ge-...-pattern of contemptuous nouns, cf. geklets); 'laf' = feeble, insipid; 'zonder slot of zin' = without rhyme or reason, lit. 'without conclusion or sense'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ziet","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first object clause of ziet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person singular","role":"possessor of reisroute","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"voorgestelde","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, past participle, attributive","role":"modifies reisroute","gloss":"proposed"},{"surface":"reisroute","lemma":"reisroute","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was gemeend","gloss":"travel route"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was gemeend","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"oprecht","lemma":"oprecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemeend","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"gemeend","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative participle with was","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula with gemeend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two object clauses of ziet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second object clause of ziet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of neerkomt","gloss":"the whole thing"},{"surface":"neerkomt","lemma":"neerkomen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the second object clause","gloss":"comes down"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes neerkomen op","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of geklinkklank","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"laf","lemma":"laf","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies geklinkklank","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"geklinkklank","lemma":"geklinkklank","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"jingle-jangle","note":"Geklinkklank is a mocking sound-imitative coinage for empty verbal jingling."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces woorden as complement of geklinkklank","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces slot and zin","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"slot","lemma":"slot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links slot and zin","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zin","lemma":"zin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of zonder","gloss":"sense"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h10-s34","source":"Hoe zou 't wezen, als Marie nu eens werkelyk lust kreeg om die malle reis te doen?","translation":"How would it be if Marie now actually took it into her head to make that absurd journey?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe zou 't wezen, als Marie nu eens werkelyk lust kreeg om ... te doen?","title":"Conditional zou wezen + om ... te","body":"'Hoe zou 't wezen' is the conditional ('how would it be'). The 'als'-clause has irrealis past 'kreeg'; 'om die malle reis te doen' is a purpose clause. 'lust krijgen om' = to take a fancy to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative complement of wezen","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, nominative","role":"subject of zou wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of kreeg","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of kreeg","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kreeg","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal particle","role":"adds hypothetical emphasis to the conditional clause","gloss":"for once"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kreeg","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"lust","lemma":"lust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kreeg","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"kreeg","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the om ... te infinitive modifying lust","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of reis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"malle","lemma":"mal","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies reis","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"reis","lemma":"reis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of lust","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h10-s35","source":"Ik spreek nu nog niet eens van de ongemakkelyke manier die je voorstelt!","translation":"I won't even speak yet of the uncomfortable manner you propose!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik spreek nu nog niet eens van de ongemakkelyke manier die je voorstelt","title":"Present spreken van + relative die","body":"'spreken van' = to speak of. 'nog niet eens' = not even yet. The relative 'die' (de-word 'manier') opens a verb-final clause 'die je voorstelt' (which you propose; separable voorstellen)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of spreek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"spreek","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreek","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms nog niet with niet","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates spreek","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"focus particle","role":"adds emphasis to the negation","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of spreek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of manier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ongemakkelyke","lemma":"ongemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies manier","gloss":"uncomfortable","note":"Ongemakkelyke is the historical spelling of ongemakkelijke."},{"surface":"manier","lemma":"manier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular, accusative","role":"direct object of voorstelt, referring to manier","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of voorstelt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"voorstelt","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"propose"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h10-s36","source":"Maar zy is, den Hemel zy dank, te verstandig om naar een land te verlangen, waarvan je zegt:","translation":"But she is, Heaven be thanked, too sensible to long for a land of which you say:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"te verstandig om naar een land te verlangen","title":"om … te for 'too … to'","body":"With te + adjective ('too sensible'), Dutch frames the consequence as an om … te purpose clause that closes on the infinitive verlangen. English collapses this to 'too sensible to long for'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den Hemel zy dank","title":"Frozen subjunctive 'zy'","body":"zy here is not 'she' but an archaic subjunctive of zijn ('may … be'), surviving in this set phrase 'Heaven be thanked'. den Hemel also carries the old dative/accusative -n on the article."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarvan je zegt","title":"Pronominal adverb waarvan","body":"Instead of 'van wat' ('of which'), Dutch fuses the preposition van with waar- into the relative adverb waarvan. Such waar-/daar- forms are obligatory when the antecedent is a thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking zy and verstandig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, historical dative","role":"determiner of Hemel in an absolute expression","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical dative","role":"recipient of dank in den Hemel zij dank","gloss":"Heaven"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the parenthetical optative den Hemel zy dank","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dank","lemma":"dank","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zy in the parenthetical optative","gloss":"thanks","note":"Den Hemel zij dank is an archaic formula meaning “Heaven be thanked.”"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies verstandig in te ... om","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"verstandig","lemma":"verstandig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the om ... te infinitive licensed by te verstandig","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of verlangen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verlangen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verlangen","lemma":"verlangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of te verstandig","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of zegt, referring to land","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h10-s37","source":"Da liegt ein rothblühender Garten Im stillen mondesschein; Die Lotosblumen erwarten Ihr trautes Schwesterlein; Die Veilchen kichern und kosen, Und schau'n nach den Sternen empor; Heimlich erzählen die Rosen Sich düftende Märchen in 's Ohr.","translation":"There lies a red-blossoming garden in the quiet moonlight; the lotus flowers await their dear little sister; the violets giggle and nuzzle and gaze up at the stars; secretly the roses whisper fragrant fairy-tales in one another's ear.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s37.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of liegt","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"liegt","lemma":"liegen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, masculine nominative singular","role":"determiner of Garten","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rothblühender","lemma":"rotblühend","morphology":"adjective, masculine nominative singular, attributive","role":"modifies Garten","gloss":"red-blossoming","note":"Roth is the historical German spelling of rot."},{"surface":"Garten","lemma":"Garten","morphology":"noun, masculine, nominative singular","role":"subject of liegt","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"Im","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition contracted with definite article, dative","role":"introduces mondesschein","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"stillen","lemma":"still","morphology":"adjective, masculine dative singular, attributive","role":"modifies mondesschein","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"mondesschein","lemma":"Mondschein","morphology":"noun, masculine, dative singular","role":"object of Im","gloss":"moonlight"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, definite, feminine nominative plural","role":"determiner of Lotosblumen","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Lotosblumen","lemma":"Lotosblume","morphology":"noun, feminine, nominative plural","role":"subject of erwarten","gloss":"lotus flowers"},{"surface":"erwarten","lemma":"erwarten","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"await"},{"surface":"Ihr","lemma":"ihr","morphology":"possessive determiner, neuter accusative singular","role":"determiner of Schwesterlein","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"trautes","lemma":"traut","morphology":"adjective, neuter accusative singular, attributive","role":"modifies Schwesterlein","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Schwesterlein","lemma":"Schwesterlein","morphology":"noun, neuter, accusative singular","role":"direct object of erwarten","gloss":"little sister"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter nominative plural","role":"determiner of Veilchen","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Veilchen","lemma":"Veilchen","morphology":"noun, neuter, nominative plural","role":"subject of kichern, kosen, and schau'n","gloss":"violets"},{"surface":"kichern","lemma":"kichern","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"first coordinated verb with subject Veilchen","gloss":"giggle"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links kichern and kosen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kosen","lemma":"kosen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"coordinated verb with kichern","gloss":"nuzzle"},{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links schau'n to the preceding coordinated verbs","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"schau'n","lemma":"schauen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural, elided","role":"coordinated verb with kichern and kosen","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"nach","lemma":"nach","morphology":"preposition, dative","role":"introduces Sternen as complement of schau'n","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, definite, dative plural","role":"determiner of Sternen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sternen","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"noun, masculine, dative plural","role":"object of nach","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"empor","lemma":"empor","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional modifier of schau'n","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"Heimlich","lemma":"heimlich","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erzählen","gloss":"Secretly"},{"surface":"erzählen","lemma":"erzählen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, definite, feminine nominative plural","role":"determiner of Rosen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosen","lemma":"Rose","morphology":"noun, feminine, nominative plural","role":"subject of erzählen","gloss":"roses"},{"surface":"Sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun, dative plural","role":"indirect object of erzählen","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"düftende","lemma":"duftend","morphology":"adjective, neuter accusative plural, attributive","role":"modifies Märchen","gloss":"fragrant"},{"surface":"Märchen","lemma":"Märchen","morphology":"noun, neuter, accusative plural","role":"direct object of erzählen","gloss":"fairy-tales"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition, accusative","role":"introduces Ohr as directional complement of erzählen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"das","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter accusative singular, elided","role":"determiner of Ohr","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ohr","lemma":"Ohr","morphology":"noun, neuter, accusative singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"ear"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h10-s38","source":"Wat wou je in dien tuin by maneschyn met Marie uitvoeren, Stern?","translation":"What did you mean to get up to in that garden by moonlight with Marie, Stern?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat wou je … uitvoeren","title":"Separable verb uitvoeren","body":"uitvoeren ('to get up to, carry out') is separable, but here the modal-flavored wou (wilde) keeps it whole as a final infinitive. wou is the colloquial past of willen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in dien tuin by maneschyn","title":"Period spelling: dien, by, maneschyn","body":"1860 spelling shows the old masculine accusative dien (modern die), y for ij in by ('by') and maneschyn ('moonlight'). Read y as ij throughout this text."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of uitvoeren","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"wou","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"modal verb governing uitvoeren","gloss":"did mean"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wou","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tuin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of tuin","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maneschijn","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"maneschyn","lemma":"maneschijn","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"moonlight"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Marie","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of met","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"uitvoeren","lemma":"uitvoeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wou","gloss":"get up to"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Stern"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h10-s39","source":"Is dat zedelyk, is dat braaf, is dat fatsoenlyk?","translation":"Is that moral, is that proper, is that decent?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is dat zedelyk, is dat braaf","title":"Inversion in yes/no questions","body":"A yes/no question puts the finite verb (is) first; this is the same V2 system seen from the other side, with the verb leading instead of standing second. The triple repetition is Droogstoppel's rhetorical hectoring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"braaf","title":"False friend: braaf","body":"In this moralizing context braaf means 'upright, decent, well-behaved' — not English 'brave'. Droogstoppel's whole vocabulary (zedelyk, fatsoenlyk) is the bourgeois language of respectability."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to zedelijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zedelyk","lemma":"zedelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to braaf","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"braaf","lemma":"braaf","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to fatsoenlijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"decent"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h10-s40","source":"Wil je dat ik beschaamd moet staan, evenals Busselinck & Waterman, met wie geen fatsoenlyk handelshuis iets te doen wil hebben, omdat hun dochter weggeloopen is, en omdat het knoeiers zyn?","translation":"Do you want me to have to stand ashamed, just like Busselinck & Waterman, with whom no respectable trading house will have anything to do, because their daughter ran off, and because they are bunglers?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"met wie geen fatsoenlyk handelshuis iets te doen wil hebben","title":"Relative wie after a preposition","body":"For a person governed by a preposition, Dutch uses met wie ('with whom'). geen negates the indefinite noun handelshuis, and the verb cluster wil hebben sits at the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat hun dochter weggeloopen is","title":"Subordinate omdat sends verbs to the end","body":"omdat ('because') is a subordinating conjunction, so the perfect cluster weggeloopen is moves to the clause end. weggeloopen is the past participle of separable weglopen ('run away')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"knoeiers","title":"knoeiers — bunglers","body":"A knoeier is a botcher or shady dealer; in commercial mouth like Droogstoppel's it brands a rival firm as both incompetent and disreputable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do want"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Wil","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of Wil","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet staan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"beschaamd","lemma":"beschaamd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of staan","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of staan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb governed by moet","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"evenals","lemma":"evenals","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"marks comparison with Busselinck & Waterman","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first conjunct in comparison with ik","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second conjunct in comparison with ik","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing wie","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"object of met; refers to Busselinck & Waterman","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of handelshuis","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies handelshuis","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"handelshuis","lemma":"handelshuis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"trading house"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement within iets te doen hebben","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of is weggelopen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of is weggelopen","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"weggeloopen","lemma":"weglopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of perfect is weggelopen","gloss":"run off"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of weggelopen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two omdat clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of zijn","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"they","note":"Here het refers collectively to the people of the firm."},{"surface":"knoeiers","lemma":"knoeier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"bunglers"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking het to knoeiers","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h10-s41","source":"Wat zou ik moeten antwoorden, als men my op de beurs vroeg, waarom myn dochter zoo lang in dien rooien tuin is gebleven?","translation":"What should I have to answer if I were asked on the exchange why my daughter stayed so long in that red garden?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat zou ik moeten antwoorden, als men my … vroeg","title":"Conditional zou + impersonal men","body":"zou + the verb cluster moeten antwoorden gives the conditional 'what should I have to answer'; men ('one') is the impersonal subject, and the als-clause pushes vroeg to the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"op de beurs","title":"de beurs — the Exchange","body":"The beurs is the Amsterdam commodities exchange where brokers like Droogstoppel meet; his fear is purely reputational — what the other traders would think."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of antwoorden","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of moeten antwoorden","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of zou","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"antwoorden","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb governed by moeten","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of vroeg","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vroeg","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beurs","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of conditional clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies is gebleven","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of is gebleven","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is gebleven","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tuin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of tuin","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"rooien","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies tuin","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gebleven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gebleven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of is gebleven","gloss":"stayed"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h10-s42","source":"Want dit begryp je toch, dat niemand me gelooven zou, als ik zei dat zy daar wezen moest om een bezoek te brengen aan de lotusbloemen die, zooals je zegt, haar al lang gewacht hebben.","translation":"For you do understand this much, that no one would believe me if I said she had to be there to pay a visit to the lotus flowers which, as you say, have long been waiting for her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat niemand me gelooven zou","title":"Negative word niemand + conditional","body":"niemand ('no one') is the single negative carrying the clause; gelooven zou is the conditional with zou at the end, governed by subordinating dat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om een bezoek te brengen aan de lotusbloemen","title":"Purpose clause om … te","body":"om … te brengen frames the purpose ('in order to pay a visit'). The light verb idiom een bezoek brengen aan means 'to pay a visit to'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die … haar al lang gewacht hebben","title":"Relative die for a de-word plural","body":"die introduces the relative clause on lotusbloemen (a plural, hence die), and the perfect gewacht hebben goes to the end. Note the dialectal gewacht for 'awaited'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of begrijp","gloss":"this much"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begrijp","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"emphasizes begrijp","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces appositive clause explaining dit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou geloven","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of geloven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geloven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of zei","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of conditional clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"place complement of wezen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive brengen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of bezoek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lotusbloemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of lotusbloemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lotusbloemen","lemma":"lotusbloem","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"lotus flowers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben gewacht; refers to lotusbloemen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause of zegt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of gewacht","gloss":"for her","note":"Here wachten is used transitively in the older sense “await.”"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebben gewacht","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"gewacht","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of hebben gewacht","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of gewacht","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h10-s43","source":"Even zoo zou ieder verstandig mensch my uitlachen, als ik gek genoeg was om te zeggen: Marie is daar in dien rooien tuin waarom rood, en niet geel of paars?--om te luisteren naar 't snappen en giechelen van de viooltjes, of naar de sprookjes die de rozen elkaar heimelyk in 't oor blazen. Al kon zoo iets waar zyn, wat zou Marie er aan hebben, als het toch zoo heimelijk geschiedt, dat zy er niets van verstaat?","translation":"Just so, every sensible person would laugh at me if I were foolish enough to say: Marie is there in that red garden — why red, and not yellow or purple? — to listen to the chattering and giggling of the violets, or to the fairy tales the roses whisper to one another secretly in the ear. Even if such a thing could be true, what good would it do Marie, if it all happens so secretly that she understands none of it?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik gek genoeg was om te zeggen","title":"gek genoeg om te zeggen","body":"The pattern adjective + genoeg + om te + infinitive ('foolish enough to say') is the standard Dutch frame for 'enough to'. The als-clause supplies the condition for the conditional zou … uitlachen in the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat zou Marie er aan hebben","title":"Split pronominal adverb er … aan","body":"The idiom er aan hebben ('to get something out of it') splits the pronominal adverb eraan around the verb. Here er stands in for the unreal scenario just described."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Al kon zoo iets waar zyn","title":"Concessive 'al' + inversion","body":"al + inverted verb (kon) means 'even if', a concessive without 'als'. The subjunctive flavor of kon … zyn marks it as hypothetical: 'even if such a thing could be true'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zo","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou uitlachen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of uitlachen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"verstandig","lemma":"verstandig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of zou uitlachen","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of uitlachen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"uitlachen","lemma":"uitlachen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"laugh at"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of was","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies gek","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to gek","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive zeggen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of gek genoeg","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"place complement of is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tuin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of tuin","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"rooien","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies tuin","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"questions rood","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"rood","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"color under question","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links rood with contrasting colors","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negative adverb","role":"negates geel or paars","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geel","lemma":"geel","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"first alternative to rood","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links geel and paars","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"paars","lemma":"paars","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"second alternative to rood","gloss":"purple"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive luisteren","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive luisteren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"luisteren","lemma":"luisteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking snappen and giechelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of snappen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"snappen","lemma":"snappen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"first object of naar","gloss":"chattering","note":"Here snappen is a verbal noun meaning quick, chattering speech, not modern “understanding.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links snappen and giechelen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"giechelen","lemma":"giechelen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"second object of naar","gloss":"giggling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks source viooltjes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of viooltjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"viooltjes","lemma":"viooltje","morphology":"noun, diminutive, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"violets"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two naar phrases","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sprookjes","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of sprookjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sprookjes","lemma":"sprookje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of naar","gloss":"fairy tales"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of blazen; refers to sprookjes","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of rozen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rozen","lemma":"roos","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of blazen","gloss":"roses"},{"surface":"elkaar","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun, indirect object","role":"indirect object of blazen","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"heimelyk","lemma":"heimelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blazen","gloss":"secretly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het oor blazen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of oor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oor","lemma":"oor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"blazen","lemma":"blazen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"whisper","note":"Literally “blow into the ear”; here it means whisper."},{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"concessive conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause of kon zijn","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"demonstrative adverb","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of kon zijn","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kon","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object within er wat aan hebben","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zou hebben","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"part of er wat aan hebben","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"prepositional adverb particle","role":"completes er wat aan hebben","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"get","note":"Er wat aan hebben means “to get some benefit from it.”"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of geschiedt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of geschiedt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"emphasizes geschiedt","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies heimelijk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"heimelijk","lemma":"heimelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedt","gloss":"secretly"},{"surface":"geschiedt","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of conditional clause","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause of verstaat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of verstaat","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"part of er niets van verstaan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of verstaat","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"prepositional adverb particle","role":"completes er niets van verstaan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verstaat","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of result clause","gloss":"understands"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h10-s44","source":"Maar leugens zyn het, flauwe leugens! En leelyk zyn ze ook, want neem eens een potlood, en teeken een roos met een oor, en zie eens hoe dat er uitziet?","translation":"But lies they are, feeble lies! And ugly besides, for take up a pencil and draw a rose with an ear, and see how that looks.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar leugens zyn het, flauwe leugens!","title":"Fronting for emphasis","body":"Normal order would be Het zyn leugens; fronting leugens ('lies') throws the emphasis forward and forces the verb zyn to stay second — V2 in action. flauwe takes -e as an attributive adjective before a plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"neem eens een potlood, en teeken een roos","title":"Imperatives neem, teeken","body":"Bare-stem imperatives (neem 'take', teeken 'draw') issue the command; eens softens it to 'just take'. The period spelling teeken doubles the vowel (modern teken)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking het to leugens","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"flauwe","lemma":"flauw","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies leugens","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition emphasizing leugens","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"leelyk","lemma":"lelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"ugly"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking ze to lelijk","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lelijk zijn","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory imperative clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"first imperative","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens imperative neem","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of potlood","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"potlood","lemma":"potlood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"pencil"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links neem and teken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"teeken","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"second imperative","gloss":"draw"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of roos","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"roos","lemma":"roos","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of teken","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oor","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of oor","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"oor","lemma":"oor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links teken and zie","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"third imperative","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens imperative zie","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces embedded question of uitziet","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of uitziet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"part of eruitzien","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"uitziet","lemma":"eruitzien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of embedded question","gloss":"looks"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h10-s45","source":"En wat beduidt het, dat die Märchen zoo düftend zyn?","translation":"And what is the meaning of those Märchen being so düftend?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat die Märchen zoo düftend zyn","title":"Present participle as predicate","body":"düftend is Heine's German present participle ('fragrant'), which Droogstoppel mockingly quotes; the Dutch -end participle works the same way as a predicate adjective. zyn closes the dat-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beduidt","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of beduidt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"beduidt","lemma":"beduiden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with beduidt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Märchen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"Märchen","lemma":"Märchen","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"fairy tales"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies düftend","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"düftend","lemma":"duften","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"fragrant","note":"German düftend means ‘fragrant’; modern German normally spells it duftend."},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h10-s46","source":"Wil ik je dat eens zeggen in goed rond hollandsch?","translation":"Shall I tell you that in plain, round Dutch?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wil ik je dat eens zeggen","title":"Modal wil in an offer","body":"Inverted willen here softens to an offer ('Shall I tell you?'), sending the main verb zeggen to the end as a bare infinitive. dat is the demonstrative object 'that'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"goed rond hollandsch","title":"Idiom: rond hollandsch","body":"'Plain, round Dutch' means blunt, unvarnished speech — the no-nonsense honesty the merchant prides himself on, opposed to Stern's flowery German."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"Shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Wil","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hollandsch","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hollandsch","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"rond","lemma":"rond","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hollandsch","gloss":"round","note":"Goed rond Hollands means plain, direct Dutch."},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"oblique complement of zeggen","gloss":"Dutch"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h10-s47","source":"Dat wil zeggen dat er een luchtjen is aan die malle sprookjes ... zóó is het!","translation":"It means that there's something fishy about those silly fairy tales ... that's what it is!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er een luchtjen is aan die malle sprookjes","title":"Existential er + diminutive luchtjen","body":"Existential er introduces 'there is', and luchtjen is the diminutive of lucht ('a little smell'). The idiom een luchtje aan iets means 'something fishy about it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"is meant"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"marks the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of luchtjen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"luchtjen","lemma":"luchtje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"something fishy","note":"Er is een luchtje aan means that something is suspicious or fishy."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sprookjes","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sprookjes","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"malle","lemma":"mal","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies sprookjes","gloss":"silly"},{"surface":"sprookjes","lemma":"sprookje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"fairy tales"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the concluding clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h10-s48","source":"Da hüpfen herbei, und lauschen Die frommen, klugen Gazellen; Und in der Ferne rausche Des heiligen Stromes Wellen...","translation":"There the gentle, clever gazelles come bounding up and listen; and far off murmur the waves of the holy river...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s48.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hüpfen","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"hüpfen","lemma":"hüpfen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb coordinated with lauschen","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"herbei","lemma":"herbei","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of hüpfen ... herbei","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links hüpfen and lauschen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lauschen","lemma":"lauschen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated with hüpfen","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, nominative plural","role":"determiner of Gazellen","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"frommen","lemma":"fromm","morphology":"adjective, nominative plural","role":"modifies Gazellen","gloss":"pious"},{"surface":"klugen","lemma":"klug","morphology":"adjective, nominative plural","role":"modifies Gazellen","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"Gazellen","lemma":"Gazelle","morphology":"noun, feminine plural, nominative","role":"subject of hüpfen and lauschen","gloss":"gazelles"},{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rausche","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ferne","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative feminine singular","role":"determiner of Ferne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ferne","lemma":"Ferne","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, dative","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"rausche","lemma":"rauschen","morphology":"verb, present, singular form","role":"main verb with subject Wellen","gloss":"murmurs","note":"The source has rausche although the plural subject Wellen would normally require rauschen."},{"surface":"Des","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, genitive masculine singular","role":"determiner of Stromes","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"heiligen","lemma":"heilig","morphology":"adjective, genitive masculine singular","role":"modifies Stromes","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"Stromes","lemma":"Strom","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of Wellen","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"Wellen","lemma":"Welle","morphology":"noun, feminine plural, nominative","role":"subject of rausche","gloss":"waves"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h10-s49","source":"Da wollen wir niedersinken Unter den Palmenbaum, Und Ruhe und Liebe trinken, Und träumen seligen Traum.","translation":"There let us sink down beneath the palm tree, and drink in peace and love, and dream a blessed dream.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niedersinken","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"wollen","lemma":"wollen","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of niedersinken, trinken, and träumen","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"wir","lemma":"wir","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of wollen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"niedersinken","lemma":"niedersinken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wollen","gloss":"sink down"},{"surface":"Unter","lemma":"unter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Palmenbaum","gloss":"Beneath"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, accusative masculine singular","role":"determiner of Palmenbaum","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Palmenbaum","lemma":"Palmenbaum","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"oblique complement of unter","gloss":"palm tree"},{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links niedersinken and trinken","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Ruhe","lemma":"Ruhe","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of trinken","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Ruhe and Liebe","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Liebe","lemma":"Liebe","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, accusative","role":"coordinated with Ruhe","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"trinken","lemma":"trinken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with niedersinken","gloss":"drink in"},{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links trinken and träumen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"träumen","lemma":"träumen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with niedersinken","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"seligen","lemma":"selig","morphology":"adjective, accusative masculine singular","role":"modifies Traum","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"Traum","lemma":"Traum","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of träumen","gloss":"dream"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h10-s50","source":"Kan je niet naar Artis gaan--je hebt immers aan je vader geschreven dat ik lid ben?--zeg, kan je niet in Artis terecht, als je dan volstrekt vreemde dieren zien wilt?","translation":"Can't you go to Artis — you've written to your father, haven't you, that I'm a member? — tell me, can't you make do with Artis, if you absolutely must see foreign animals?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Kan je niet naar Artis gaan","title":"Modal kunnen + final infinitive","body":"Inverted kan je opens the question, and the modal kunnen sends the main verb gaan to the end as a bare infinitive. niet negates the verb (not a noun), hence niet rather than geen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gaan","gloss":"Can"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Artis","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Artis","lemma":"Artis","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gaan","gloss":"Artis"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Kan","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschreven","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vader","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of geschreven","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary hebt","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ben","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"lid","lemma":"lid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"a member"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, imperative singular","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal verb with elliptical complement","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Artis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Artis","lemma":"Artis","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of kan","gloss":"Artis"},{"surface":"terecht","lemma":"terecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of kan","gloss":"make do"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zien","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilt","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"vreemde","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dieren","gloss":"foreign"},{"surface":"dieren","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"animals"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilt","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"wilt","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the als-clause","gloss":"want"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h10-s51","source":"Moeten het juist die gazellen aan den Ganges wezen, die toch in 't wild nooit zoo goed zyn waartenemen, als in een nette omheining van gekoolteerd yzer?","translation":"Must it be precisely those gazelles by the Ganges, which after all can never be observed so well in the wild as in a tidy enclosure of tarred iron?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die toch in 't wild nooit zoo goed zyn waartenemen","title":"te-infinitive of ability + joined spelling","body":"zyn … waar te nemen means 'are to be observed/can be observed'; 1860 prints the te-infinitive as one word waartenemen. nooit is the single negative for 'never'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gekoolteerd yzer","title":"gekoolteerd — tarred","body":"gekoolteerd (from teer, 'tar') describes the tarred iron of the zoo enclosure; the bathetic detail underscores Droogstoppel's preference for the tidy and man-made over the wild."}],"words":[{"surface":"Moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of wezen, agreeing with gazellen","gloss":"Must"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory pronoun with wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gazellen","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gazellen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"gazellen","lemma":"gazel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"gazelles"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ganges","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Ganges","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ganges","lemma":"Ganges","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"Ganges"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Moeten","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the relative clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wild","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wild","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wild","lemma":"wild","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waartenemen","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waartenemen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"waartenemen","lemma":"waarnemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitive with zyn","gloss":"to be observed","note":"The historical solid spelling waartenemen corresponds to modern waar te nemen."},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with omheining","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omheining","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omheining","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nette","lemma":"net","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies omheining","gloss":"tidy"},{"surface":"omheining","lemma":"omheining","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"enclosure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yzer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gekoolteerd","lemma":"koolteren","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"modifies yzer","gloss":"tarred"},{"surface":"yzer","lemma":"ijzer","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"iron"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h10-s52","source":"Waarom noem je die dieren vroom en verstandig?","translation":"Why do you call those animals pious and wise?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waarom noem je die dieren vroom en verstandig?","title":"Question word + inversion","body":"After the question word waarom the subject and verb invert (noem je), keeping the finite verb in second position. die dieren are the demonstrative object 'those animals'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noem","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"noem","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noem","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dieren","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"dieren","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of noem","gloss":"animals"},{"surface":"vroom","lemma":"vroom","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of dieren","gloss":"pious"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verstandig","lemma":"verstandig","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement coordinated with vroom","gloss":"wise"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h10-s53","source":"Het laatste laat ik gelden--ze maken althans zulke zotte verzen niet--maar: vroom?","translation":"The latter I'll let pass — at least they don't make such foolish verses — but: pious?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het laatste laat ik gelden","title":"Causative/permissive laten","body":"laten + infinitive (gelden) here means 'to let pass / allow to stand'. Fronting the object Het laatste ('the latter') forces inversion, so the verb laat stays second."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zulke zotte verzen","title":"zulk(e) — such","body":"zulke ('such') is a literary-flavored determiner; with zotte ('foolish') it drips contempt for poetry. zulk belongs to the older/solemn register the brief flags as archaïsch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of laatste","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative, substantivized","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"latter"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laat","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"parallel clause to laat","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"zotte","lemma":"zot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verzen","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical contrast vroom","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"vroom","lemma":"vroom","morphology":"adjective","role":"elliptical contrast with laatste","gloss":"pious"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h10-s54","source":"Wat beteekent dat!","translation":"What does that mean!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat beteekent dat!","title":"Exclamatory question word order","body":"Though punctuated as an exclamation, the clause keeps V2 question order with the verb beteekent second after Wat. beteekent shows the doubled-vowel period spelling of betekent ('mean')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of beteekent","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"beteekent","lemma":"betekenen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of beteekent","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h10-s55","source":"Is 't niet misbruik maken van een heilige uitdrukking die alleen mag gebruikt worden voor menschen van 't ware geloof?","translation":"Is it not a misuse of a holy expression that may be applied only to people of the true faith?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die alleen mag gebruikt worden voor menschen van 't ware geloof","title":"Modal + passive infinitive","body":"mag gebruikt worden stacks a modal (mogen) over a worden-passive infinitive: 'may be used'. The relative die refers back to uitdrukking and sends the cluster to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is 't niet misbruik maken","title":"Impersonal/dummy 't and nominalized infinitive","body":"'t (het) is the dummy subject of the question, and misbruik maken ('to misuse') functions as a nominalized infinitive complement. Reductions like 't for het and 'maken van' are everyday speech rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking 't to maken","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"a misuse","note":"Misbruik maken van is a fixed expression meaning ‘to misuse’ or ‘to take improper advantage of.’"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitive complement of Is","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitdrukking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitdrukking","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heilige","lemma":"heilig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uitdrukking","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"uitdrukking","lemma":"uitdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive gebruikt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebruikt","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebruikt","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"gebruikt","lemma":"gebruiken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the relative clause","gloss":"used"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gebruikt","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menschen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geloof","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geloof","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"faith"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h10-s56","source":"En dan die heilige stroom?","translation":"And then that holy stream?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stroom","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heilige","lemma":"heilig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stroom","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"stroom","lemma":"stroom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"stream"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h10-s57","source":"Mag je aan Marie dingen vertellen, die haar tot een heidin zouden maken? Mag je haar doen wankelen in de overtuiging dat er geen ander heilig water is, dan dat van den doop, en geen andere heilige rivier dan de Jordaan?","translation":"May you tell Marie things that would turn her into a heathen? May you make her waver in the conviction that there is no other holy water than that of baptism, and no other holy river than the Jordan?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die haar tot een heidin zouden maken","title":"Conditional zouden + feminine-derived noun","body":"zouden maken is the conditional 'would make'; tot … maken means 'turn into'. heidin is the feminine of heiden ('heathen woman'), with haar as the object pronoun 'her'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Mag je haar doen wankelen in de overtuiging","title":"Causative doen + bare infinitive","body":"doen wankelen ('cause to waver') is a causative with doen, parallel to laten, taking a bare infinitive. The modal mag opens the question by inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vertellen","gloss":"May"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertellen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Marie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of vertellen","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vertellen","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"vertellen","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of Mag","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zouden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking heidin","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heidin","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heidin","lemma":"heidin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of tot","gloss":"heathen"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zouden in the relative clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"Mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"May"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of doen and understood subject of wankelen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of Mag","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"wankelen","lemma":"wankelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"waver"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overtuiging","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overtuiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overtuiging","lemma":"overtuiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of wankelen","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"marks the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of water","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies water","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"heilig","lemma":"heilig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies water","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the content clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with water","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the comparative phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doop","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of doop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doop","lemma":"doop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"baptism"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links water and the elliptical rivier clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rivier","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rivier","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"heilige","lemma":"heilig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rivier","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"rivier","lemma":"rivier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of an elided is","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with rivier","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Jordaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Jordaan","lemma":"Jordaan","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"comparative complement of rivier","gloss":"Jordan"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h10-s58","source":"Is dit niet ondermynen van zedelykheid, deugd, godsdienst, christendom en fatsoen?","translation":"Is this not an undermining of morality, virtue, religion, Christianity, and decency?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is dit niet ondermynen van zedelykheid","title":"Nominalized infinitive as predicate","body":"ondermynen ('to undermine') is used as a noun ('an undermining of'), a common Dutch nominalized infinitive. The piled-up abstractions (deugd, godsdienst, fatsoen) parody the merchant's moral bluster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking dit to ondermynen","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ondermynen","lemma":"ondermijnen","morphology":"substantivized verb, infinitive","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"an undermining"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ondermynen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zedelykheid","lemma":"zedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"morality"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with zedelykheid","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"godsdienst","lemma":"godsdienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with zedelykheid","gloss":"religion"},{"surface":"christendom","lemma":"christendom","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with zedelykheid","gloss":"Christianity"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links fatsoen to the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fatsoen","lemma":"fatsoen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with zedelykheid","gloss":"decency"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h10-s59","source":"Denk over dit alles eens na, Stern!","translation":"Think all of this over once, Stern!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Denk over dit alles eens na, Stern!","title":"Separable verb nadenken split by imperative","body":"The imperative of nadenken ('think over') splits: the stem Denk leads and the prefix na lands at the end (Denk … na). over dit alles is the prepositional object in between."}],"words":[{"surface":"Denk","lemma":"nadenken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"finite base of separable nadenken","gloss":"Think"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement dit alles","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of over","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softening adverb modifying Denk","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"nadenken","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing Denk ... na","gloss":"reflect"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Stern"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h10-s60","source":"Je vader is een achtenswaardig huis, en ik ben zeker dat hy 't goedvindt dat ik zoo op je gemoed werk, en dat hy gaarne zaken doet met iemand die deugd en godsdienst voorstaat. Ja, principes zyn me heilig, en ik heb geen schroom om ronduit te zeggen wat ik meen.","translation":"Your father is a respectable house, and I am sure he approves of my working so on your conscience, and that he gladly does business with someone who upholds virtue and religion. Yes, principles are sacred to me, and I have no qualms about saying outright what I mean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy 't goedvindt dat ik zoo op je gemoed werk","title":"Stacked dat-clauses, verb-final","body":"Two dat-clauses nest: each subordinator drives its verb to the end (goedvindt, werk). goedvindt is from separable goedvinden ('approve'), here written solid because no element intervenes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"principes zyn me heilig","title":"Dative me ('to me')","body":"me is the unstressed dative 'to me' (iets is iemand heilig = 'something is sacred to someone'). zyn (are) stays second after the fronted subject principes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking vader to huis","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"achtenswaardig","lemma":"achtenswaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"house","note":"Here huis means a commercial firm or house, represented by the father."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking to zeker","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of goedvindt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of goedvindt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory object of goedvindt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"goedvindt","lemma":"goedvinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of zeker","gloss":"approves"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of goedvindt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of werk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement gemoed","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of gemoed","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"object clause of goedvindt","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause coordinated with goedvindt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doet","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of doet","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of clause coordinated with goedvindt","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of met","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of voorstaat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorstaat","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"godsdienst","lemma":"godsdienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with deugd","gloss":"religion"},{"surface":"voorstaat","lemma":"voorstaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying iemand","gloss":"upholds"},{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"principes","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"copula linking principes to heilig","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer complement of heilig","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"heilig","lemma":"heilig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb coordinated with zyn","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schroom","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"schroom","lemma":"schroom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"qualms"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitival complement of schroom","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ronduit","lemma":"ronduit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of schroom","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of meen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of object clause of zeggen","gloss":"mean"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h10-s61","source":"Maak dus geen geheim van wat ik je zeg, schryf 't gerust aan je vader dat je hier in een soliede familie bent, en dat ik je zoo op 't goede wys. En vraag jezelf eens af, wat er van je zou geworden zyn, als je by Busselinck & Waterman waart gekomen?","translation":"So make no secret of what I tell you; write to your father with an easy mind that you are here in a sound family, and that I am guiding you so well toward the good. And ask yourself what would have become of you if you had landed with Busselinck & Waterman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maak dus geen geheim van wat ik je zeg","title":"Imperative + geen + free relative wat","body":"Maak is the imperative; geen negates the indefinite noun geheim ('make no secret'); wat ik je zeg is a headless relative ('of what I tell you'). dus ('so') is a coordinating connector and does not throw the verb to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat er van je zou geworden zyn, als je by Busselinck & Waterman waart gekomen","title":"Conditional + pluperfect 'waart gekomen'","body":"The main clause uses conditional zou … geworden zyn ('would have become'); the als-clause uses the pluperfect subjunctive waart gekomen — an unreal past condition. waart is the archaic 2nd-person past of zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maak","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Make"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Maak","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geheim","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Maak","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement clause of geheim","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeg","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeg","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause introduced by wat","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"schryf","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with Maak","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of schryf","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gerust","lemma":"gerust","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schryf","gloss":"freely"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vader","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bent","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bent","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking familie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soliede","lemma":"solide","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies familie","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bent","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"verb of object clause of schryf","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause coordinated with dat ... bent","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wys","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of wys","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wys","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement het goede","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of goede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"wys","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of clause coordinated with bent","gloss":"guide"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vraag","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"afvragen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"finite base of separable afvragen","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"jezelf","lemma":"jezelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive indirect object of vraag","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vraag","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"afvragen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing vraag ... af","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of geworden","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with wat ... van je geworden","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking je","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in zou ... geworden zyn","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary with geworden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gekomen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of waart gekomen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces company name","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of coordinated company name","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second element of coordinated company name","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"waart","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of conditional clause introduced by als","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h10-s62","source":"Dáár zou je ook zulke verzen opgezegd hebben, en dáár had men niet op je gemoed gewerkt, omdat het knoeiers zyn.","translation":"There too you would have recited such verses, and there no one would have worked upon your conscience, because they are bunglers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dáár zou je ook zulke verzen opgezegd hebben","title":"Conditional perfect with separable verb","body":"zou … opgezegd hebben is the conditional perfect ('would have recited'). opgezegd is the participle of separable opzeggen, and fronting Dáár forces the inversion zou je."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"modifies opgezegd","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgezegd","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opgezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgezegd","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of opgezegd","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"opgezegd","lemma":"opzeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in zou ... opgezegd hebben","gloss":"recited"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of opgezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"modifies gewerkt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewerkt","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gewerkt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewerkt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemoed","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gemoed","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gewerkt","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"gewerkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"they","note":"Het refers collectively to the people at Busselinck & Waterman."},{"surface":"knoeiers","lemma":"knoeier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"bunglers"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"copula linking het to knoeiers","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h10-s63","source":"Schryf dit gerust aan je vader, want als er principes in 't spel zyn, ontzie ik niemand.","translation":"Write this freely to your father, for when principles are in play, I spare no one.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want als er principes in 't spel zyn, ontzie ik niemand","title":"want (coordinating) vs als (subordinating)","body":"want ('for') joins clauses without verb-final order, but the embedded als-clause does send its verb to the end (zyn). The main clause then inverts (ontzie ik) because the als-clause occupies first position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Schryf","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Write"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of Schryf","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"gerust","lemma":"gerust","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Schryf","gloss":"freely"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vader","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of zyn","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in er ... in het spel zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"principes","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces fixed phrase in het spel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spel","lemma":"spel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ontzie","lemma":"ontzien","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"spare"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontzie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ontzie","gloss":"no one"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h10-s64","source":"Dáár zouden de meisjes met je meegegaan zyn naar den Ganges, en dan lag je daar nu misschien onder dien boom in 't natte gras, terwyl je nu, omdat ik je zoo vaderlyk waarschuwde, hier by ons kunt blyven in een fatsoenlyk huis.","translation":"There the girls would have gone off with you to the Ganges, and then you might be lying now under that tree in the wet grass, whereas now, because I warned you so fatherly, you can stay here with us in a decent house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan lag je daar nu misschien onder dien boom","title":"Imperfect lag in a hypothetical present","body":"After the unreal conditional, the simple past lag ('lay') expresses a present hypothetical ('you might be lying now'). Dutch often uses the imperfect this way for counterfactual present situations."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"terwyl je nu … hier by ons kunt blyven","title":"Subordinating terwyl","body":"terwyl ('whereas/while') is subordinating, so the modal cluster kunt blyven moves to the clause end. It contrasts the imagined Ganges fate with the safe present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"modifies meegegaan","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of meegegaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of meegegaan","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking je","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of meegegaan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"meegegaan","lemma":"meegaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by zouden ... zyn","gloss":"gone along"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of meegegaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination Ganges","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of Ganges","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ganges","lemma":"Ganges","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Ganges"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb coordinated with zouden ... meegegaan zyn","gloss":"would be lying"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement boom","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gras","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"natte","lemma":"nat","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gras","gloss":"wet"},{"surface":"gras","lemma":"gras","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"grass"},{"surface":"terwyl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause of kunt blyven","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kunt blyven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kunt blyven","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waarschuwde","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of waarschuwde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of waarschuwde","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vaderlyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vaderlyk","lemma":"vaderlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waarschuwde","gloss":"fatherly"},{"surface":"waarschuwde","lemma":"waarschuwen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of causal clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"warned"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyven","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement ons","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"personal pronoun","role":"object of by","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"kunt","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of blyven","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kunt","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement huis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h10-s65","source":"Schryf dat alles aan je vader, en zeg hem dat je zoo dankbaar bent dat je by ons zyt gekomen, en dat ik zoo goed voor je zorg, en dat de dochter van Busselinck & Waterman is weggeloopen, en groet hem zeer van my, en schryf dat ik nog 1/16 procent courtage zal laten vallen beneden hun bod, omdat ik geen onderkruipers lyden kan, die een konkurrent het brood uit den mond stelen door gunstiger voorwaarden.","translation":"Write all this to your father, and tell him that you are so grateful to have come to us, and that I take such good care of you, and that the daughter of Busselinck & Waterman has run off, and give him my warmest greetings, and write that I will drop another 1/16 percent of brokerage below their bid, because I cannot abide underminers who steal the bread from a competitor's mouth by offering more favorable terms.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat je by ons zyt gekomen","title":"Perfect with zijn for motion + archaic zyt","body":"Verbs of motion/change like komen form the perfect with zijn, not hebben (zyt gekomen, 'have come'). zyt is the archaic 2nd-person form of zijn (modern bent)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik nog 1/16 procent courtage zal laten vallen","title":"Future zullen + causative laten vallen","body":"zal … laten vallen stacks the future zullen over the causative idiom laten vallen ('let drop / lower'), all clustered at the end after subordinating dat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Schryf","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Write"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of Schryf","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"postmodifies dat","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vader","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Schryf and zeg","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"coordinated with Schryf","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of zeg","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of zeg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dankbaar","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dankbaar","lemma":"dankbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of bent","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"copula linking je and dankbaar","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of dankbaar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyt gekomen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"object of by","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links complement clauses of zeg","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zorg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zorg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zorg","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking je","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorgen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links complement clauses of zeg","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weggeloopen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is weggeloopen","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Busselinck & Waterman","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first name in the object of van","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated name in the object of van","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of weggeloopen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"weggeloopen","lemma":"weglopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"run off"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links groet with the preceding imperatives","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"groet","lemma":"groeten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"coordinated with Schryf and zeg","gloss":"greet"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of groet","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groet","gloss":"warmly"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"object of van","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links schryf with the preceding imperatives","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schryf","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"coordinated with Schryf, zeg, and groet","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of schryf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zal laten vallen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the omitted numerical quantity","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"procent","lemma":"procent","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of laten vallen","gloss":"percent"},{"surface":"courtage","lemma":"courtage","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"specifies the kind of percentage","gloss":"brokerage"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of laten vallen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of zal","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"beneden","lemma":"beneden","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bod","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of bod","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"bod","lemma":"bod","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of beneden","gloss":"bid"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause of zal laten vallen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan lyden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner, negative","role":"determiner of onderkruipers","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"onderkruipers","lemma":"onderkruiper","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of lyden","gloss":"underminers"},{"surface":"lyden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"abide","note":"Historical spelling of modern lijden; here it means tolerate."},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of lyden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of stelen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of konkurrent","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"konkurrent","lemma":"concurrent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of stelen","gloss":"competitor’s","note":"Historical spelling of modern concurrent."},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of brood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brood","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of stelen","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mond","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of mond","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an old inflected form of de."},{"surface":"mond","lemma":"mond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"stelen","lemma":"stelen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause on onderkruipers","gloss":"steal"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means of stelen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"gunstiger","lemma":"gunstig","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies voorwaarden","gloss":"more favorable"},{"surface":"voorwaarden","lemma":"voorwaarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"terms"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h10-s66","source":"En doe me toch 't genoegen, in je voorlezingen uit Sjaalman's pak, wat meer degelyks te brengen.","translation":"And do me the favor, in your readings from Sjaalman's parcel, of bringing something more solid.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"doe me toch 't genoegen … wat meer degelyks te brengen","title":"Imperative + partitive genitive degelyks","body":"doe is the imperative; wat meer degelyks ('something more solid') is a partitive construction where the adjective takes -s after wat/iets. The te-infinitive te brengen completes the request."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this imperative to the preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"indirect object of doe","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens the imperative doe","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of genoegen","gloss":"the","note":"Contracted form of het."},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorlezingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of voorlezingen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"voorlezingen","lemma":"voorlezing","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"readings"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pak","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Sjaalman's","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of pak","gloss":"Sjaalman's"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of the direct object of brengen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying adverb, comparative","role":"modifies degelyks","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"degelyks","lemma":"degelijk","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"postmodifies wat","gloss":"substantial","note":"Historical spelling of modern degelijks."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"specifies the requested genoegen","gloss":"bring"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h10-s67","source":"Ik heb er opgaven gezien van de koffi-produktie der laatste twintig jaren, uit alle residentien op Java: lees zóó-iets eens voor! Zieje, dan kunnen de Rosemeyers, die in suiker doen, eens te hooren krygen wat er eigenlyk omgaat in de wereld.","translation":"I have seen returns there on the coffee production of the last twenty years, from all the residencies in Java: read something like that aloud! You see, then the Rosemeyers, who are in sugar, can hear for once what really goes on in the world.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"opgaven … van de koffi-produktie der laatste twintig jaren","title":"Genitive der ('of the')","body":"der is the frozen genitive/dative form of de, here 'of the last twenty years'. In modern Dutch this would be van de. koffi shows the period spelling of koffie."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat er eigenlyk omgaat in de wereld","title":"Separable omgaan + existential er","body":"omgaat is from separable omgaan ('to go on, happen'); wat is the headless relative subject and er signals existence ('what really goes on'). The verb sits late in the embedded clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of gezien","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi-produktie","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of koffi-produktie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koffi-produktie","lemma":"koffieproductie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"coffee production","note":"Historical spelling and hyphenation of modern koffieproductie."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive plural","role":"determiner of jaren","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is an old genitive form of de."},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"twintig","lemma":"twintig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive modifier of koffi-produktie","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentien","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residentien","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"residentien","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"residencies","note":"Residenties were colonial administrative districts."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"lees","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"zóó-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of lees","gloss":"something like that","note":"Historical spelling and hyphenation of modern zoiets."},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies lees","gloss":"for once"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of lees forming voorlezen","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"Zieje","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular with enclitic pronoun","role":"discourse marker introducing the explanation","gloss":"you see","note":"Zieje represents modern zie je."},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kunnen krygen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person plural","role":"auxiliary of te hooren krygen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Rosemeyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosemeyers","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of kunnen krygen","gloss":"Rosemeyers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suiker","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause on Rosemeyers","gloss":"deal","note":"In suiker doen means to trade in sugar."},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies te hooren krygen","gloss":"for once"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive hooren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of krygen","gloss":"hear","note":"Historical spelling of modern horen."},{"surface":"krygen","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of omgaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial element with omgaat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omgaat","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"omgaat","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"goes on"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wereld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h10-s68","source":"En je moet ook de meisjes en ons allen niet zoo uitmaken voor kannibalen die wat van je hebben opgeslikt ... dit is niet fatsoenlyk, myn beste jongen. Geloof toch iemand die weet wat er in de wereld te koop is!","translation":"And you mustn't make out the girls and all of us to be cannibals who've swallowed something of yours ... that's not decent, my dear boy. Do believe someone who knows what's to be had in the world!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je moet ook … ons allen niet zoo uitmaken voor kannibalen","title":"Modal moeten + niet + separable uitmaken","body":"moet … uitmaken voor ('make out to be') is a modal over a separable verb; niet negates the whole action. ons allen is 'all of us' as the object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Geloof toch iemand die weet wat er in de wereld te koop is","title":"Imperative + relative die + te koop idiom","body":"Geloof is the imperative; die weet is a relative clause on iemand. The idiom wat er te koop is ('what's to be had / what's going on') uses existential er plus te koop."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet uitmaken","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of uitmaken","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitmaken","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"first direct object of uitmaken","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links meisjes and ons allen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"head of the coordinated direct object","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"postmodifies ons","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates moet uitmaken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitmaken","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"uitmaken","lemma":"uitmaken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moet","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object complement kannibalen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"kannibalen","lemma":"kannibaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object complement of meisjes en ons allen","gloss":"cannibals"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben opgeslikt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of opgeslikt","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking je","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"object of van","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person plural","role":"auxiliary of opgeslikt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"opgeslikt","lemma":"opslikken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause on kannibalen","gloss":"swallowed"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking dit and fatsoenlyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates fatsoenlyk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of jongen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies jongen","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"Geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the final sentence","gloss":"Believe"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"urges compliance with Geloof","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of Geloof","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on iemand","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of te koop is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial element in the embedded question","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wereld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed predicate te koop","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"koop","lemma":"koop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the fixed predicate te koop","gloss":"sale","note":"Te koop is the fixed expression “for sale” or “to be had.”"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h10-s69","source":"Ik heb je vader reeds bediend voor zyn geboorte--zyn firma, meen ik, neen ... ònze firma, meen ik: Last & Co--vroeger was het Last & Meyer, maar de Meyers zyn er lang uit--je begrypt dus dat ik 't goed met je meen.","translation":"I served your father even before he was born — his firm, I mean, no ... our firm, I mean: Last & Co — earlier it was Last & Meyer, but the Meyers have long been out — so you understand that I mean well by you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb je vader reeds bediend voor zyn geboorte","title":"Present perfect heb … bediend","body":"heb … bediend is the present perfect of bedienen ('to serve'), with the participle at the end. The absurd claim ('before he was born') marks Droogstoppel's bluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de Meyers zyn er lang uit","title":"Pronominal er with separable uit","body":"er uit zyn ('to be out of it') uses er for the firm and uit as the stranded particle: 'the Meyers have long been out (of the firm)'. lang here means 'long since'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb bediend","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of bediend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bediend","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voor zyn geboorte","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"bediend","lemma":"bedienen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geboorte","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of geboorte","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geboorte","lemma":"geboorte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"birth"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of firma","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"correction in apposition to vader","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"retracts the preceding correction","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ònze","lemma":"onze","morphology":"possessive pronoun, emphatic","role":"possessor of firma","gloss":"our","note":"The written accent marks contrastive emphasis: our firm."},{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second correction in apposition to vader","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of the firm name","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"Co","morphology":"proper noun, abbreviation","role":"second element of the firm name","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies was","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking het and Last & Meyer","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of the predicative firm name","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Meyer","lemma":"Meyer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second element of the predicative firm name","gloss":"Meyer"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses headed by was and zyn","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Meyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Meyers","lemma":"Meyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"Meyers"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"copula linking Meyers and uit","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal component paired with uit","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn uit","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"forms eruit with er as predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begrypt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the final sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrypt","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of begrypt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of meen","gloss":"it","note":"Contracted form of het."},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking je","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"object of met","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"mean","note":"Het goed met iemand menen means to mean well by someone."}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h10-s70","source":"En spoor Frits aan, dat hy wat beter oppast, en leer hem geen verzen maken, en houd je alsof je het niet zag, als hy gezichten trekt tegen den boekhouder, en al zulke dingen meer.","translation":"And urge Frits to pay better attention, and don't teach him to make verses, and pretend not to notice when he pulls faces at the bookkeeper, and all such things besides.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"spoor Frits aan, dat hy wat beter oppast","title":"Separable aansporen + oppassen","body":"The imperative of aansporen ('urge on') splits (spoor … aan); the dat-clause then sends oppast (from separable oppassen, 'pay attention') to its end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"houd je alsof je het niet zag","title":"Reflexive zich houden + alsof","body":"zich houden alsof ('to act as if') is reflexive — here je is the 2nd-person reflexive. alsof ('as if') is subordinating, so zag goes to the end; the imperfect zag gives an unreal sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of spoor","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"spoor","lemma":"sporen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spur"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of spoor","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of spoor ... aan","gloss":"urge"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of oppast","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of oppast","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beter","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies oppast","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"oppast","lemma":"oppassen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"pays attention"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"leer","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative coordinated with spoor","gloss":"teach"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of leer","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzen","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of leer","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative coordinated with spoor","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of houd","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zag","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zag","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the alsof-clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of trekt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trekt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gezichten","lemma":"gezicht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of trekt","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"trekt","lemma":"trekken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the als-clause","gloss":"pulls"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing boekhouder","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boekhouder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boekhouder","lemma":"boekhouder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"bookkeeper"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"predeterminer of zulke dingen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of appended elliptical phrase","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zulke dingen","gloss":"besides"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h10-s71","source":"Geef hem een goed voorbeeld, omdat je zooveel ouder bent, en tracht hem bedaardheid en deftigheid inteprenten, want hy moet makelaar worden.","translation":"Set him a good example, since you are so much older, and try to instill composure and dignity in him, for he is to become a broker.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tracht hem bedaardheid en deftigheid inteprenten","title":"te-infinitive written solid: inteprenten","body":"trachten ('try') governs a te-infinitive, here the separable inprenten ('to instill'), printed as one word inteprenten in 1860 style (modern in te prenten). The two abstract -heid nouns are the things instilled."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want hy moet makelaar worden","title":"Modal moeten of destiny + want","body":"moet … worden expresses what is ordained ('he is to become'); makelaar ('broker') takes no article in this predicate. want ('for') coordinates and leaves word order untouched."}],"words":[{"surface":"Geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of Geef","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voorbeeld","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"voorbeeld","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Geef","gloss":"example"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ouder","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ouder","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"ouder","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of bent","gloss":"older"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to ouder","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative coordinated with Geef","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of inteprenten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"bedaardheid","lemma":"bedaardheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of inteprenten","gloss":"composure"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deftigheid","lemma":"deftigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with bedaardheid","gloss":"dignity"},{"surface":"inteprenten","lemma":"inprenten","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of tracht","gloss":"to instill","note":"The historical fused spelling inteprenten corresponds to modern in te prenten."},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of worden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of worden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of worden","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moet","gloss":"become"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h10-s72","source":"Ik ben je vaderlyke vriend","translation":"I am your fatherly friend,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben je vaderlyke vriend","title":"Adjective -e: vaderlyke","body":"vaderlyke takes -e as an attributive adjective before the de-word vriend ('fatherly friend'). The phrase is the unctuous sign-off of the sanctimonious merchant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Ik to vriend","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of vriend","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vaderlyke","lemma":"vaderlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vriend","gloss":"fatherly"},{"surface":"vriend","lemma":"vriend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"friend"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h10-s73","source":"Batavus Droogstoppel.","translation":"Batavus Droogstoppel.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Batavus","lemma":"Batavus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"given name","gloss":"Batavus"},{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname of Batavus","gloss":"Droogstoppel"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h10-s74","source":"(firma: Last & Co, makelaars in koffi, Lauriergracht, N° 37.)","translation":"(firm: Last & Co, coffee brokers, Lauriergracht, No. 37.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of the firm name","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"compagnie","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"second element of the firm name","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"makelaars","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition describing the firm","gloss":"brokers"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"street name in the address","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces the street number","gloss":"No."}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h10-s75","source":"ELFDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"ELEVENTH CHAPTER","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h10-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ELFDE HOOFDSTUK","title":"elfde — eleventh","body":"elfde is the ordinal 'eleventh' (from elf, 'eleven'); hoofdstuk ('chapter') is a neuter compound of hoofd ('head/main') + stuk ('piece')."}],"words":[{"surface":"ELFDE","lemma":"elfde","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"eleventh"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the title","gloss":"chapter"}]}]}