{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-11","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 11","translated":"Chapter 11"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-11","lines":300},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-10","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-12","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h11-s1","source":"Zoodat ik maar zeggen wil, om met Abraham Blankaart te spreken, dat ik dit hoofdstuk als \"essentieel\" beschouw, omdat het, naar ik meen, Havelaar beter doet kennen, en hy schynt nu toch eenmaal de held van de historie te zyn. --Tine, wat is dat voor ketimon?","translation":"So all I mean to say, to put it as Abraham Blankaart would, is that I regard this chapter as \"essential,\" because it makes Havelaar better known, I think, and after all he does seem to be the hero of the story. --Tine, what sort of ketimon is this?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat het … Havelaar beter doet kennen","title":"Causative doen kennen + comparative beter","body":"doet kennen ('makes better known') is a causative doen + bare infinitive; beter is the comparative of goed. omdat sends the cluster to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy schynt nu toch eenmaal de held van de historie te zyn","title":"schijnen + te-infinitive (impersonal flavor)","body":"schijnen ('to seem') governs a te-infinitive (te zyn, 'to be'). The chain of modal particles nu toch eenmaal ('after all, when it comes to it') is hard to translate but colors the resignation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"discourse connective introducing wil","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive spreken","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Abraham","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Abraham","lemma":"Abraham","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of spreken","gloss":"Abraham"},{"surface":"Blankaart","lemma":"Blankaart","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Abraham","gloss":"Blankaart"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks spreken as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"parenthetical infinitive modifying zeggen","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beschouw","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdstuk","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"hoofdstuk","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of beschouw","gloss":"chapter"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement essentieel","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"essentieel","lemma":"essentieel","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of beschouw","gloss":"essential"},{"surface":"beschouw","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of doet","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces parenthetical naar ik meen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical naar ik meen","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies kennen","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the omdat-clause","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of doet","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schynt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of independent coordinated clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schynt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schynt","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of adverbial phrase nu toch eenmaal","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of held","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"held","lemma":"held","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking historie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of historie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"historie","lemma":"historie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zyn as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of schynt","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"interrogative predicative complement of is","gloss":"what sort"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to wat voor ketimon","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"particle","role":"part of interrogative construction wat voor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ketimon","lemma":"ketimon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of wat voor ketimon","gloss":"cucumber","note":"Ketimon is an Indonesian loanword meaning cucumber."}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h11-s2","source":"Lieve meid, doe nooit plantenzuur by vruchten! Komkommers met zout, ananas met zout, pompelmoes met zout, al wat uit den grond komt, met zout.","translation":"My dear girl, never put vegetable acid with fruit! Cucumbers with salt, pineapple with salt, pomelo with salt, everything that comes out of the ground, with salt.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"doe nooit plantenzuur by vruchten","title":"Imperative + negative nooit","body":"doe is the imperative ('put'); nooit ('never') is the single negation. by here is the period spelling of bij, and the elliptical list (… met zout) drops the verb for staccato effect."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ketimon, pompelmoes","title":"Indies vocabulary","body":"ketimon is Malay for cucumber (a pickled relish), and pompelmoes is the pomelo — tropical foods that mark the Havelaars' new life in the Indies. The detail grounds the scene in Java."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies meid","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"meid","lemma":"meid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doe","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"plantenzuur","lemma":"plantenzuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"vegetable acid"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing vruchten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vruchten","lemma":"vrucht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of by","gloss":"fruit"},{"surface":"Komkommers","lemma":"komkommer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of elliptical instruction","gloss":"cucumbers"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zout","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zout","lemma":"zout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"salt"},{"surface":"ananas","lemma":"ananas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of coordinated elliptical instruction","gloss":"pineapple"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zout","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zout","lemma":"zout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"salt"},{"surface":"pompelmoes","lemma":"pompelmoes","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of coordinated elliptical instruction","gloss":"pomelo"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zout","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zout","lemma":"zout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"salt"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"quantifies wat","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing grond","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces elliptical accompaniment","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zout","lemma":"zout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"salt"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h11-s3","source":"Azyn by visch en by vleesch ... er staat iets van in Liebig ...","translation":"Vinegar with fish and with meat ... there is something about it in Liebig ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er staat iets van in Liebig","title":"Existential/locative er with split van","body":"er staat … in ('there is … in') combines existential er with the stranded preposition; van iets ('about it') is split as iets … van. The clipped style mimics Havelaar's distracted chatter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Azyn","lemma":"azijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of elliptical instruction","gloss":"vinegar"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing visch","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"visch","lemma":"vis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing vleesch","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vleesch","lemma":"vlees","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"meat"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative pronominal adverb paired with van","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is written"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"pronominal-adverb particle paired with er","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing Liebig","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Liebig","lemma":"Liebig","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in; metonymically Liebig's work","gloss":"Liebig"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h11-s4","source":"--Beste Max, vroeg Tine lachend, hoe lang meen je wel dat we hier zyn?","translation":"--Dear Max, asked Tine, laughing, how long do you suppose we have been here?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe lang meen je wel dat we hier zyn","title":"Long-distance question + verb-final embedded clause","body":"The question word hoe lang belongs to the embedded dat-clause (dat we hier zyn), which is verb-final; meen je is the matrix inversion. wel is a coloring particle adding mild challenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies vocative Max","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main reporting verb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"lachend","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"adverbial participle modifying vroeg","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"duration complement of zyn","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical verb in the question","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal particle softening the question","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h11-s5","source":"Die ketimon is van mevrouw Slotering.","translation":"This ketimon is from Mrs. Slotering.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ketimon","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ketimon","lemma":"ketimon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"cucumber"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"main copular verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source or possession","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname following mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h11-s6","source":"En Havelaar had moeite zich te herinneren dat hy pas gister was aangekomen, en dat Tine met den besten wil nog niets had kunnen regelen in keuken of huishouding.","translation":"And Havelaar had trouble remembering that he had only arrived the day before, and that Tine, with the best will in the world, could not yet have arranged a thing in kitchen or household.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar had moeite zich te herinneren dat hy pas gister was aangekomen","title":"Reflexive zich herinneren + embedded pluperfect","body":"zich herinneren ('to remember') is reflexive (zich … te herinneren). The dat-clause holds a pluperfect was aangekomen ('had arrived'), with the separable participle aangekomen at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat Tine … nog niets had kunnen regelen","title":"Pluperfect modal + niets","body":"had kunnen regelen is a pluperfect with a modal infinitive ('had not been able to arrange'); niets is the single negative. Such three-verb clusters all pile up at the clause end after dat."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of herinneren","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks herinneren as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"herinneren","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of had moeite","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aangekomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was aangekomen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was aangekomen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"gister","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was aangekomen","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aangekomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of the first dat-clause","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated clause of had kunnen regelen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of had kunnen regelen","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces concessive phrase met den besten wil","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"besten","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"wil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niets","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of regelen","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen regelen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of regelen","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"regelen","lemma":"regelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kunnen","gloss":"to arrange"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking keuken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"keuken","lemma":"keuken","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"huishouding","lemma":"huishouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of in","gloss":"household"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h11-s7","source":"Hyzelf was reeds lang te Rangkas-Betoeng!","translation":"He himself had long since been at Rangkas-Betoeng!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hyzelf was reeds lang te Rangkas-Betoeng!","title":"Emphatic pronoun hyzelf","body":"hyzelf ('he himself') intensifies the subject by suffixing -zelf. te before a place name is the older/literary 'at' (te Rangkas-Betoeng), common in 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, emphatic","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"duration adverb modifying was","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"locative preposition governing Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at","note":"Te is used here in the older locative sense ‘at’."},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h11-s8","source":"Had hy niet den ganschen nacht doorgebracht met lezen in 't archief, en was er niet reeds te veel door zyn ziel gegaan, dat in-verband stond met Lebak, dan dat hy zoo terstond weten kon dat hy eerst sedert gisteren dáár was?","translation":"Had he not spent the whole night reading in the archive, and had too much not already passed through his soul that bore on Lebak, for him to be able to grasp, just like that, that he had only been there since yesterday?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Had hy niet den ganschen nacht doorgebracht … was er niet reeds te veel door zyn ziel gegaan","title":"Rhetorical question in the pluperfect","body":"Both clauses are pluperfects (had … doorgebracht, was … gegaan) fronting the verb for a rhetorical 'Had he not …?'. den ganschen nacht keeps the old accusative -n on article and adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat in-verband stond met Lebak, dan dat hy zoo terstond weten kon","title":"te veel … dan dat (consecutive)","body":"The construction te veel … dan dat ('too much … for him to') expresses an excessive degree blocking a result; the dan dat-clause is verb-final (weten kon). This heavy syntax conveys Havelaar's overwhelmed state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doorgebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doorgebracht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doorgebracht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of nacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ganschen","lemma":"gans","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies nacht","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"nacht","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of doorgebracht","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"doorgebracht","lemma":"doorbrengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lezen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of met","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking archief","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of archief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"archief","lemma":"archief","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of lezen","gloss":"archive"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of gegaan","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ziel","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ziel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gegaan","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of coordinated question","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in-verband","lemma":"in verband","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of stond","gloss":"in connection"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying veel","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of stond","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"first part of dan dat construction","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause of weten kon","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weten kon","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terstond","gloss":"just like that"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of weten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sedert gisteren","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gisteren","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"gisteren","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of sedert","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject to daar","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h11-s9","source":"Tine begreep dit wel: zy begreep hem altyd!","translation":"Tine understood this well: she always understood him!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zy begreep hem altyd","title":"Imperfect begreep (strong verb)","body":"begreep is the strong imperfect of begrijpen ('to understand'), changing the stem vowel ij→ee rather than adding a dental ending. The narrative past carries the storytelling here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of begreep","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of begreep","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"always"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h11-s10","source":"--Ach ja, dat is waar, zeide hy. Maar toch moet je eens wat van Liebig lezen.","translation":"--Ah yes, that is true, he said. But still you ought to read some of Liebig.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zeide hy","title":"Archaic past zeide","body":"zeide is the older literary imperfect of zeggen ('said'); modern Dutch uses zei (which the text also uses elsewhere). The dialogue tags throughout favor this solemn form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ach","lemma":"ach","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lezen","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lezen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of lezen","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of lezen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lezen","gloss":"sometime"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Liebig","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Liebig","lemma":"Liebig","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Liebig"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of second sentence","gloss":"read"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h11-s11","source":"Verbrugge, heb jy veel gelezen van Liebig?","translation":"Verbrugge, have you read much of Liebig?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb jy veel gelezen van Liebig","title":"Stressed pronoun jy + perfect","body":"jy (modern jij) is the stressed form of 'you', singled out as Havelaar turns to Verbrugge. heb … gelezen is the present perfect with the participle at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"jy","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelezen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Liebig","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Liebig","lemma":"Liebig","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Liebig"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h11-s12","source":"--Wie is dat? vroeg Verbrugge.","translation":"--Who is that? asked Verbrugge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie is dat?","title":"Interrogative wie + demonstrative dat","body":"wie ('who') asks after a person; dat is the demonstrative 'that (one)' standing in as predicate. The verb is stays in second position after the question word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to --Wie","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h11-s13","source":"--Dat is iemand die veel geschreven heeft over 't inleggen van augurken.","translation":"--He is someone who has written a great deal about the pickling of gherkins.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand die veel geschreven heeft over 't inleggen van augurken","title":"Relative die + nominalized infinitive","body":"die introduces the relative clause on iemand, with the perfect geschreven heeft at the end. 't inleggen ('the pickling') is a nominalized infinitive used like a noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to iemand","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geschreven","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschreven","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inleggen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inleggen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inleggen","lemma":"inleggen","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"complement of over","gloss":"pickling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking augurken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"augurken","lemma":"augurk","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"gherkins"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h11-s14","source":"Ook heeft hy ontdekt hoe men gras in wol verandert ... je begrypt wel?","translation":"He has also discovered how one turns grass into wool ... you follow me, of course?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe men gras in wol verandert","title":"Indirect question with men, verb-final","body":"The embedded clause hoe men gras in wol verandert ('how one turns grass into wool') is verb-final after the question word hoe. men is the impersonal 'one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontdekt","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontdekt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontdekt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ontdekt","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"discovered"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces complement clause of ontdekt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verandert","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"gras","lemma":"gras","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verandert","gloss":"grass"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wol","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"wol","lemma":"wol","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verandert","gloss":"wool"},{"surface":"verandert","lemma":"veranderen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"turns"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begrypt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrypt","gloss":"of course"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h11-s15","source":"--Neen, zeiden Verbrugge en Duclari tegelyk.","translation":"--No, said Verbrugge and Duclari at the same time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"zeiden","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zeiden","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Verbrugge","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"tegelyk","lemma":"tegelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeiden","gloss":"simultaneously"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h11-s16","source":"--Wèl, de zaak zelf was toch altyd bekend: stuur een schaap 't land in ... en je zult zien!","translation":"--Well, the thing itself was always known, after all: send a sheep out into the country ... and you will see!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stuur een schaap 't land in","title":"Imperative with circumposition 't … in","body":"stuur is the imperative; het land in ('out into the country') is a circumpositional phrase where in follows its noun, expressing motion into. The clipped style fits Havelaar's teasing demonstration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bekend","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes zaak","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to bekend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekend","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekend","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"stuur","lemma":"sturen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of imperative clause","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schaap","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schaap","lemma":"schaap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of stuur","gloss":"sheep"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition marking land","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zien","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h11-s17","source":"Maar hy heeft de manier nagespoord, waaròp het geschiedt.","translation":"But he has traced out the manner in which it happens.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de manier nagespoord, waaròp het geschiedt","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative waaròp","body":"waaròp ('on which / in which') is the relative pronominal adverb modifying manier ('the manner in which it happens'); het geschiedt is verb-final. nagespoord is the participle of separable naspeuren/nasporen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nagespoord","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nagespoord","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of nagespoord","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of manier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manier","lemma":"manier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nagespoord","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"nagespoord","lemma":"nasporen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"traced out"},{"surface":"waaròp","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"oblique complement of geschiedt","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geschiedt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geschiedt","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying manier","gloss":"happens"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h11-s18","source":"Andere wyzen zeggen weer dat hy er weinig van weet. Nu is men bezig met zoeken naar middelen om 't heele schaap in de bewerking overteslaan ...","translation":"Other sages say again that he knows little about it. Now they are busy looking for ways to leave the whole sheep out of the process altogether ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"men is bezig met zoeken naar middelen om 't heele schaap … overteslaan","title":"bezig met + om … te (joined: overteslaan)","body":"bezig zijn met ('to be busy with') leads into an om … te purpose clause; the te-infinitive of separable overslaan ('to skip') is printed solid as overteslaan (modern over te slaan)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies wyzen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"wyzen","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"sages"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of ervan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"second part of ervan","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of zeggen","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezig","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to bezig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bezig","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"bezig","lemma":"bezig","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"busy"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zoeken","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"oblique complement of bezig","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking middelen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"middelen","lemma":"middel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of zoeken","gloss":"ways"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of overteslaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schaap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heele","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies schaap","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"schaap","lemma":"schaap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of overteslaan","gloss":"sheep"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bewerking","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewerking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bewerking","lemma":"bewerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of overteslaan","gloss":"process"},{"surface":"overteslaan","lemma":"overslaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival clause modifying middelen","gloss":"leave out","note":"Historically written as one word; modern Dutch writes over te slaan."}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h11-s19","source":"O, die geleerden!","translation":"Oh, those scholars!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of geleerden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"geleerden","lemma":"geleerde","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of exclamatory noun phrase","gloss":"scholars"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h11-s20","source":"Molière wist het wel ... ik houd veel van Molière.","translation":"Molière knew it well ... I am very fond of Molière.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik houd veel van Molière","title":"Fixed verb: houden van","body":"houden van ('to be fond of, love') is a fixed prepositional verb; veel intensifies it ('very fond'). wist is the strong imperfect of weten ('knew')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Molière","lemma":"Molière","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"Molière"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am fond"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies houd van","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Molière","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Molière","lemma":"Molière","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Molière"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h11-s21","source":"Als je wilt, zullen we samen een leerkursus houden, 's avends, een paar maal in de week.","translation":"If you like, we shall hold a course of study together, in the evenings, a couple of times a week.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als je wilt, zullen we samen een leerkursus houden","title":"Conditional als-clause + future zullen","body":"The als-clause is verb-final (je wilt); since it fills first position, the main clause inverts to zullen we. zullen … houden is the explicit future ('we shall hold')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'s avends, een paar maal in de week","title":"Genitive-s adverbial 's avends","body":"'s avonds ('in the evenings', here spelled 's avends) is a frozen genitive — the old des avonds contracted to 's. It survives as a fixed time adverbial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wilt","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of houden","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"samen","lemma":"samen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies houden","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leerkursus","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"leerkursus","lemma":"leercursus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"course of study"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"fossilized genitive article","role":"first part of adverbial phrase s avonds","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying houden","gloss":"evenings","note":"The fixed expression 's avonds means ‘in the evenings’."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifier modifying maal","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"maal","lemma":"maal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying houden","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking week","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of week","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"week","lemma":"week","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"week"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h11-s22","source":"Tine doet ook mee, als Max naar bed is.","translation":"Tine will join in too, once Max is in bed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tine doet ook mee, als Max naar bed is","title":"Separable meedoen + subordinate als","body":"doet … mee is from separable meedoen ('join in'), split around ook. The als-clause is verb-final (Max naar bed is). Max here is the Havelaars' small son."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of doet mee","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doet","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"meedoen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of doet mee","gloss":"joins in"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of is","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bed","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bed","lemma":"bed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h11-s23","source":"Duclari en Verbrugge wilden dit gaarne.","translation":"Duclari and Verbrugge were quite willing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wilden dit gaarne","title":"Imperfect of willen + archaic gaarne","body":"wilden is the plural imperfect of willen ('wanted to'); gaarne is the literary/archaic word for graag ('gladly, willingly'). The brief vrij elliptical sentence implies 'wanted to do this'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wilden","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Duclari","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"wilden","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were willing"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wilden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilden","gloss":"gladly"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h11-s24","source":"Havelaar zei dat hy niet veel boeken had, maar daaronder waren toch Schiller, Göthe, Heine, Vondel, Lamartine, Thiers, Say, Malthus, Scialoja, Smith, Shakespeare, Byron ...","translation":"Havelaar said he did not have many books, but among them there were nonetheless Schiller, Goethe, Heine, Vondel, Lamartine, Thiers, Say, Malthus, Scialoja, Smith, Shakespeare, Byron ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boeken","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"boeken","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of zei","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"daaronder","lemma":"daaronder","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of waren","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"Schiller","lemma":"Schiller","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"first item in the subject list of waren","gloss":"Schiller"},{"surface":"Göthe","lemma":"Goethe","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated in the subject list of waren","gloss":"Goethe"},{"surface":"Heine","lemma":"Heine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated in the subject list of waren","gloss":"Heine"},{"surface":"Vondel","lemma":"Vondel","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated in the subject list of waren","gloss":"Vondel"},{"surface":"Lamartine","lemma":"Lamartine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated in the subject list of waren","gloss":"Lamartine"},{"surface":"Thiers","lemma":"Thiers","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated in the subject list of waren","gloss":"Thiers"},{"surface":"Say","lemma":"Say","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated in the subject list of waren","gloss":"Say"},{"surface":"Malthus","lemma":"Malthus","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated in the subject list of waren","gloss":"Malthus"},{"surface":"Scialoja","lemma":"Scialoja","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated in the subject list of waren","gloss":"Scialoja"},{"surface":"Smith","lemma":"Smith","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated in the subject list of waren","gloss":"Smith"},{"surface":"Shakespeare","lemma":"Shakespeare","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated in the subject list of waren","gloss":"Shakespeare"},{"surface":"Byron","lemma":"Byron","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated in the subject list of waren","gloss":"Byron"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h11-s25","source":"Verbrugge zei dat hy geen engelsch las.","translation":"Verbrugge said that he read no English.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy geen engelsch las","title":"geen with a language + verb-final dat-clause","body":"geen negates the indefinite mass noun engelsch ('no English'); the dat-clause sends the imperfect las (strong past of lezen, 'read') to the end. Languages are lowercase in 1860 (engelsch)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of las","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of las","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of engelsch","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"engelsch","lemma":"Engels","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of las","gloss":"English","note":"Engelsch is the old spelling of modern Engels, here the English language."},{"surface":"las","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of zei","gloss":"read"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h11-s26","source":"--Wat drommel, je bent toch over de dertig!","translation":"--What the deuce, you are past thirty, surely!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je bent toch over de dertig","title":"Modal particle toch + over de dertig","body":"toch ('surely, after all') appeals to shared knowledge; over de dertig ('past thirty') uses over for 'more than' with an age. The exclamation chides Verbrugge for not knowing English."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"part of the exclamation wat drommel","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"drommel","lemma":"drommel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the exclamation wat drommel","gloss":"the deuce","note":"Wat drommel is a mild oath meaning ‘what the deuce.’"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with over de dertig","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bent","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of predicative phrase over de dertig","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dertig","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dertig","lemma":"dertig","morphology":"numeral","role":"object of over","gloss":"thirty"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h11-s27","source":"Wat heb je dan al dien tyd gedaan?","translation":"What have you been doing all that time?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedaan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"modifies dien tyd","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of gedaan","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h11-s28","source":"Maar dat moet nogal lastig voor je geweest zyn op Padang, waar zooveel engelsch gesproken wordt.","translation":"But that must have been rather awkward for you at Padang, where so much English is spoken.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar zooveel engelsch gesproken wordt","title":"worden-passive in a relative clause","body":"gesproken wordt is a present worden-passive ('is spoken'), verb-final in the waar-relative clause. Process passives with worden describe an action ongoing rather than a finished state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lastig","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of lastig","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"nogal","lemma":"nogal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lastig","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"lastig","lemma":"lastig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"awkward"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking je","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of voor","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"copula linking dat to lastig","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking location Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative adjunct of gesproken","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of Engels","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"engelsch","lemma":"Engels","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive gesproken","gloss":"English"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on Padang","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h11-s29","source":"Heb je miss Mata-api gekend?","translation":"Did you know Miss Mata-api?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s29.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gekend","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"miss","lemma":"miss","morphology":"title noun, singular","role":"title modifying Mata-api","gloss":"Miss"},{"surface":"Mata-api","lemma":"Mata-api","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of gekend","gloss":"Mata-api"},{"surface":"gekend","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h11-s30","source":"--Neen, ik ken dien naam niet.","translation":"--No, I do not know that name.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik ken dien naam niet","title":"Old accusative dien + niet","body":"dien is the masculine accusative of die ('that name' as direct object), a case remnant alive in 1860. niet negates the verb, placed late before the object's already in front."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative answer","gloss":"no","note":"Neen is an older form of modern nee."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ken","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ken","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ken","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h11-s31","source":"--'t Was ook haar naam niet. We noemden haar zoo, in 1843, omdat haar oogen zoo schitterden.","translation":"--It was not her name either. We called her that, in 1843, because her eyes sparkled so.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"We noemden haar zoo … omdat haar oogen zoo schitterden","title":"Weak imperfects noemden, schitterden","body":"noemden and schitterden are weak imperfects, formed with the dental -den ending. omdat sends schitterden to the end of its clause. oogen is the period plural of ogen ('eyes')."}],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of Was","gloss":"it","note":"’t is the elided form of het."},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking 't to naam","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb modifying niet","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of naam","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Was","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"noemden","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of noemden","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of noemden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time adjunct 1843","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schitterden","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of oogen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of schitterden","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schitterden","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"schitterden","lemma":"schitteren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the omdat-clause","gloss":"sparkled"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h11-s32","source":"Ze zal wel getrouwd zyn ...'t is al zoo lang geleden!","translation":"She is surely married by now ... it is all so long ago!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze zal wel getrouwd zyn","title":"zullen for probability, not future","body":"Here zal … zyn does not predict the future but expresses present probability ('she is surely married by now'); wel reinforces the guess. getrouwd zyn is a zijn-passive/state ('be married')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of getrouwd","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of getrouwd","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies getrouwd","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"getrouwd","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geleden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to geleden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"geleden","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ago"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h11-s33","source":"Nooit heb ik zoo-iets gezien ... ja toch, te Arles ... dáár moet je eens heen gaan!","translation":"I have never seen anything like it ... yes, though, at Arles ... there you really must go someday!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dáár moet je eens heen gaan","title":"Directional pronominal adverb daar … heen","body":"daar … heen ('there, to that place') is a split directional adverb expressing motion toward; moet … gaan is the modal cluster. The clause urges a visit to Arles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"anything like it"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"corrects the preceding claim","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Arles","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Arles","lemma":"Arles","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Arles"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"directional complement of gaan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gaan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softening temporal adverb modifying gaan","gloss":"someday"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"directional adverb","role":"directional particle accompanying gaan","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h11-s34","source":"Dat is 't schoonste wat ik gevonden heb op al myn reizen.","translation":"That is the most beautiful thing I have found in all my travels.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat is 't schoonste wat ik gevonden heb","title":"Superlative schoonste + free relative wat","body":"'t schoonste is the superlative of schoon ('most beautiful'); after a superlative the relative is wat, not dat ('the most beautiful thing that …'). gevonden heb is the verb-final perfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to 't","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized schoonste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoonste","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"substantivized adjective, superlative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"most beautiful thing"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevonden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reizen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"modifies myn reizen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of reizen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"reizen","lemma":"reis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"travels"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h11-s35","source":"Er bestaat niets, dunkt me, wat je zoo klaar de schoonheid in 't afgetrokkene voorstelt, als zichtbaar beeld van het ware, van 't onstoffelyk-reine, als een schoone vrouw. Gelooft me, gaat eens naar Arles en Nîmes ...","translation":"There is nothing, it seems to me, that sets beauty before you so clearly in the abstract, as the visible image of the true, of the immaterial-pure, as a beautiful woman. Believe me, go once to Arles and Nîmes ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er bestaat niets … wat je zoo klaar de schoonheid … voorstelt","title":"Existential er + niets + free relative wat","body":"Er bestaat niets ('there exists nothing') uses existential er with the negative niets; the relative on niets is wat. voorstelt ('presents/sets before') is verb-final in the relative clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Gelooft me, gaat eens naar Arles en Nîmes","title":"Archaic plural imperative -t","body":"Gelooft and gaat are old plural/polite imperatives ending in -t (modern Geloof, ga), addressed to the group. This -t imperative is a marker of solemn or 1860 register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive locative with bestaat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"bestaat","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bestaat","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"dunkt","lemma":"dunken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical verb","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer of dunkt","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of voorstelt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of voorstelt","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klaar","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"klaar","lemma":"klaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorstelt","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schoonheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoonheid","lemma":"schoonheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorstelt","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afgetrokkene","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afgetrokkene","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afgetrokkene","lemma":"afgetrokken","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"abstract","note":"In ’t afgetrokkene is an older expression meaning ‘in the abstract.’"},{"surface":"voorstelt","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"sets before"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces zichtbaar beeld","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zichtbaar","lemma":"zichtbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beeld","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"beeld","lemma":"beeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ware","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ware","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onstoffelyk-reine","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onstoffelyk-reine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onstoffelyk-reine","lemma":"onstoffelijk-rein","morphology":"substantivized compound adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"immaterial-pure","note":"Onstoffelyk is the old spelling of modern onstoffelijk."},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces een schoone vrouw","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies vrouw","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"Gelooft","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural or polite","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Gelooft","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural or polite","role":"main verb of the second imperative clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Arles","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Arles","lemma":"Arles","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Arles"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Nîmes","lemma":"Nîmes","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated with Arles","gloss":"Nîmes"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h11-s36","source":"Duclari, Verbrugge en--ik moet het erkennen!--ook Tine, konden een luiden lach niet onderdrukken by de gedachte zoo op-eens uit den westhoek van Java overtestappen naar Arles of Nîmes in 't zuiden van Frankryk.","translation":"Duclari, Verbrugge, and--I must confess it!--Tine too, could not suppress a loud laugh at the thought of leaping all at once from the western corner of Java over to Arles or Nîmes in the south of France.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"konden een luiden lach niet onderdrukken","title":"Imperfect modal konden + old accusative luiden","body":"konden is the plural imperfect of kunnen; niet onderdrukken closes the cluster ('could not suppress'). een luiden lach keeps the old masculine accusative -n on the adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"by de gedachte zoo op-eens … over te stappen naar Arles","title":"te-infinitive after a noun: overtestappen","body":"The te-infinitive overtestappen (separable overstappen, 'leap over') depends on de gedachte ('the thought of'); 1860 prints it solid. The comedy is the absurd geographic jump from Java to Provence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of konden","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated with Duclari","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Duclari and Tine around the parenthesis","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erkennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of erkennen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moet","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Tine","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated with Duclari and Verbrugge as subject of konden","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"konden","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of onderdrukken","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lach","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"luiden","lemma":"luid","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies lach","gloss":"loud","note":"Luiden is the older inflected form of luid here, not the verb luiden."},{"surface":"lach","lemma":"lach","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of onderdrukken","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderdrukken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"onderdrukken","lemma":"onderdrukken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of konden","gloss":"suppress"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gedachte","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedachte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gedachte","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies op-eens","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overtestappen","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking westhoek","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of westhoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"westhoek","lemma":"westhoek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"western corner"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"overtestappen","lemma":"overstappen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with incorporated te","role":"infinitival complement of gedachte","gloss":"leaping over","note":"Overtestappen represents modern over te stappen, with te placed inside the separable verb."},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Arles","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Arles","lemma":"Arles","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Arles"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Nîmes","lemma":"Nîmes","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated with Arles","gloss":"Nîmes"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zuiden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zuiden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zuiden","lemma":"zuiden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"south"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Frankryk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Frankryk","lemma":"Frankrijk","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"France","note":"Frankryk is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern Frankrijk."}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h11-s37","source":"Havelaar, waarschynlyk in zyn verbeelding op den toren staande, die door de Saracenen gebouwd is op den omgang van de arena te Arles, had zich eenigszins intespannen, voor hy de oorzaak van dien lach begreep, en toen ging hy voort:","translation":"Havelaar, probably standing in his imagination upon the tower the Saracens built on the gallery of the arena at Arles, had to collect himself somewhat before he grasped the cause of that laughter, and then he went on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar, … in zyn verbeelding op den toren staande","title":"Present participle staande as adjunct","body":"staande ('standing') is a present participle forming an absolute-like adjunct describing Havelaar. The -end(e) form names an action in progress, framing him lost in his daydream."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die door de Saracenen gebouwd is","title":"zijn-passive (state) in a relative clause","body":"gebouwd is is a zijn-passive giving the resulting state ('was/is built'); door marks the agent 'by the Saracens'. The relative die refers to the tower (toren) and is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had and staande","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"waarschynlyk","lemma":"waarschijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staande","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verbeelding","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verbeelding","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verbeelding","lemma":"verbeelding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"imagination"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toren","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of toren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toren","lemma":"toren","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"staande","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial modifier of Havelaar","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gebouwd is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Saracenen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Saracenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Saracenen","lemma":"Saraceen","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"agent of gebouwd","gloss":"Saracens"},{"surface":"gebouwd","lemma":"bouwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on toren","gloss":"built"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gebouwd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omgang","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of omgang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omgang","lemma":"omgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"gallery"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arena","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of arena","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arena","lemma":"arena","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"arena"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Arles","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Arles","lemma":"Arles","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Arles"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary governing intespannen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of intespannen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies intespannen","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"intespannen","lemma":"inspannen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"verbal complement of had","gloss":"exert","note":"Historical spelling fuses in te spannen into one written form."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of begreep","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of begreep","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lach","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of lach","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lach","lemma":"lach","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates had and ging","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with had","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of voortgaan","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h11-s38","source":"--Nu ja, ik meen ... als je daar in de buurt komt.","translation":"--Well yes, I mean ... if you happen to be in that neighborhood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s38.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of komt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of komt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buurt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buurt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buurt","lemma":"buurt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"neighborhood"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h11-s39","source":"Zóó-iets heb ik nooit ergens meer ontmoet.","translation":"I have never met with anything like it anywhere else.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zóó-iets heb ik nooit ergens meer ontmoet","title":"Fronting + single negative nooit","body":"Fronting the object Zóó-iets ('anything like it') forces inversion (heb ik); nooit is the one carrying negative, with ergens ('anywhere') and meer reinforcing it without a second 'not'. ontmoet is the participle in this perfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zóó-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of ontmoet","gloss":"anything like that"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontmoet","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontmoet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontmoet","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ergens","lemma":"ergens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontmoet","gloss":"anywhere"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ergens","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"ontmoet","lemma":"ontmoeten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governed by heb","gloss":"met"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h11-s40","source":"Ik was gewoon aan teleurstellingen by 't zien van alles wat zoo hoog wordt opgehemeld.","translation":"I was used to disappointments at the sight of everything that is praised so highly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"alles wat zoo hoog wordt opgehemeld","title":"worden-passive + free relative wat","body":"wordt opgehemeld is a worden-passive of separable ophemelen ('to praise to the skies'); after alles the relative is wat. The whole forms 'everything that is praised so highly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Ik to gewoon","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gewoon","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"used"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking teleurstellingen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"teleurstellingen","lemma":"teleurstelling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"disappointments"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zien","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"object of bij","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive opgehemeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoog","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgehemeld","gloss":"highly"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgehemeld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"opgehemeld","lemma":"ophemelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on alles","gloss":"praised"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h11-s41","source":"Ziet eens, by-voorbeeld, de watervallen waarvan men zooveel spreekt en schryft. Wat my betreft, ik heb weinig of niets gevoeld te Tondano, te Maros, te Schafhausen, by den Niagara.","translation":"Look, for instance, at the waterfalls people speak and write so much about. As far as I am concerned, I have felt little or nothing at Tondano, at Maros, at Schaffhausen, at the Niagara.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de watervallen waarvan men zooveel spreekt en schryft","title":"Pronominal adverb waarvan + men","body":"waarvan ('about which') fuses van with waar- for the relative on watervallen; men is the impersonal subject. spreekt en schryft are coordinated and stay verb-final in the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural or formal","role":"main verb of imperative clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal particle","role":"softens the imperative Ziet","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"by-voorbeeld","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverbial","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of watervallen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"watervallen","lemma":"waterval","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of Ziet","gloss":"waterfalls"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of spreekt and schryft","gloss":"about which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of spreekt","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreekt","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on watervallen","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates spreekt and schryft","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schryft","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with spreekt","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of betreft","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of betreft","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"betreft","lemma":"betreffen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevoeld","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gevoeld","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"coordinated with weinig","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"gevoeld","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governed by heb","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tondano","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Tondano","lemma":"Tondano","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Tondano"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Maros","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Maros","lemma":"Maros","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Maros"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Schafhausen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Schafhausen","lemma":"Schaffhausen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Schaffhausen","note":"Historical spelling of the place name Schaffhausen."},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Niagara","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Niagara","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Niagara","lemma":"Niagara","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of by","gloss":"Niagara"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h11-s42","source":"Men moet zyn boekjen inzien om daarby de vereischte maat zyner bewondering by de hand te hebben, over \"zóóveel voeten vals\" en \"zóóveel kubiek-voeten waters in de minuut\" en als die cyfers dan hoog zyn, moet men hè zeggen. Ik wil nooit weer watervallen zien, althans niet als ik er een omweg voor moet maken.","translation":"One has to consult one's guidebook to have the prescribed measure of one's admiration ready to hand, about \"so many feet of fall\" and \"so many cubic feet of water per minute,\" and when those figures are high, one is supposed to say ooh. I never want to see waterfalls again, at least not if I have to go out of my way for one.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men moet zyn boekjen inzien om … te hebben","title":"Modal moeten + diminutive boekjen + om … te","body":"moet … inzien ('must consult') is a modal over separable inzien; boekjen is the diminutive of boek ('little book, guidebook'). The om … te hebben clause states the purpose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"moet men hè zeggen","title":"Impersonal men + modal of obligation","body":"men ('one') with moet … zeggen prescribes expected behavior ('one is supposed to say ooh'). The inversion (moet men) follows the fronted als-clause. hè is an interjection of feigned wonder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of inzien","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of boekjen","gloss":"one’s"},{"surface":"boekjen","lemma":"boekje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of inzien","gloss":"guidebook","note":"The ending -jen is an older diminutive spelling, modern -je."},{"surface":"inzien","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moet","gloss":"consult"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive hebben","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebben","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vereischte","lemma":"vereist","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies maat","gloss":"prescribed"},{"surface":"maat","lemma":"maat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive","role":"possessor of bewondering","gloss":"of one’s"},{"surface":"bewondering","lemma":"bewondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of maat","gloss":"admiration"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase by de hand","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive introduced by om","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zóóveel","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"zóóveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of voeten","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"voeten","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"vals","lemma":"val","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of voeten","gloss":"of fall","note":"Vals is an archaic genitive meaning “of fall.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zóóveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of kubiek-voeten","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"kubiek-voeten","lemma":"kubieke voet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of understood over","gloss":"cubic feet"},{"surface":"waters","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of kubiek-voeten","gloss":"of water","note":"Waters is an archaic genitive meaning “of water.”"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking minuut","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of minuut","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minuut","lemma":"minuut","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of zyn","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of cyfers","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"cyfers","lemma":"cijfer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"figures"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoog","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking cyfers to hoog","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hè","lemma":"hè","morphology":"interjection","role":"quoted direct object of zeggen","gloss":"ooh"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moet","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"watervallen","lemma":"waterval","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"waterfalls"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the following condition","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maken","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement paired with voor","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omweg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"omweg","lemma":"omweg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"detour"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"prepositional part of er ... voor","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moet","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h11-s43","source":"Die dingen zeggen me niets! Gebouwen spreken me wat luider toe, vooral wanneer 't bladzyden uit de geschiedenis zyn.","translation":"Those things say nothing to me! Buildings speak to me a little more loudly, especially when they are pages out of history.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vooral wanneer 't bladzyden uit de geschiedenis zyn","title":"Subordinating wanneer + dummy 't","body":"wanneer ('when') is subordinating, sending zyn to the end; 't (het) is a dummy/anticipatory subject preceding the plural predicate bladzyden ('pages'). bladzyden is the period plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dingen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"Gebouwen","lemma":"gebouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of spreken","gloss":"buildings"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of spreken ... toe","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of luider","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"luider","lemma":"luid","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"more loudly"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of toespreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause of zyn","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"bladzyden","lemma":"bladzijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"pages"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geschiedenis","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking ’t to bladzyden","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h11-s44","source":"Maar hierby spreekt een gevoel van heel anderen aard! Men roept de vergangenheid op, en laat de schimmen van 't verledene de revue passeeren.","translation":"But here a feeling of an altogether different kind speaks! One calls up the past, and lets the shades of bygone things pass in review.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men roept de vergangenheid op, en laat de schimmen … de revue passeeren","title":"Separable oproepen + causative laten","body":"roept … op is separable oproepen ('call up'); laat … passeeren is causative laten + bare infinitive ('lets … pass'). en is coordinating, so the second clause keeps main-clause order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vergangenheid","title":"Germanism: vergangenheid","body":"vergangenheid is a German-flavored word for 'the past' (standard Dutch verleden); Multatuli sprinkles such Germanisms into Havelaar's cultured speech. de revue passeeren is the French idiom 'pass in review'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of spreekt","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hierby","lemma":"hierbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreekt","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevoel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of spreekt","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of anderen","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies aard","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of roept","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"roept","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb oproepen","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vergangenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vergangenheid","lemma":"vergangenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of roept ... op","gloss":"past","note":"Vergangenheid is an archaic word for the past."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of oproepen","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with roept","gloss":"lets"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schimmen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schimmen","lemma":"schim","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of laat and subject of passeeren","gloss":"shades"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verledene","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verledene","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verledene","lemma":"verleden","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of revue","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"revue","lemma":"revue","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of passeeren","gloss":"review"},{"surface":"passeeren","lemma":"passeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laat","gloss":"pass"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h11-s45","source":"Hieronder zyn zeer afschuwelyke, en dus, hoe belangryk dit soms wezen moog, men vindt in zyn gewaarwordingen niet altyd voldoening voor schoonheidsgevoel ... onvermengd althans nooit!","translation":"Among these are some that are quite ghastly, and so, however significant this may sometimes be, one does not always find in one's sensations a satisfaction for the sense of beauty ... unmixed, at any rate, never!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe belangryk dit soms wezen moog","title":"Concessive 'hoe … ook' with archaic subjunctive moog","body":"hoe belangryk … moog ('however significant it may be') is a concessive; moog is an archaic subjunctive of mogen. wezen is the older infinitive of zijn ('to be')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hieronder","lemma":"hieronder","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"fronted complement of zijn","gloss":"among these"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb; subject is afschuwelijke","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afschuwelyke","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"afschuwelyke","lemma":"afschuwelijk","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"ghastly ones"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links zijn and vindt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the ghastliness to the lack of satisfaction","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies belangrijk","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"belangryk","lemma":"belangrijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"complement of wezen","gloss":"significant"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"soms","lemma":"soms","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moog","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"moog","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vindt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"vindt","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finds"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewaarwordingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gewaarwordingen","gloss":"one's"},{"surface":"gewaarwordingen","lemma":"gewaarwording","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of vindt","gloss":"sensations"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates vindt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vindt","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"voldoening","lemma":"voldoening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vindt","gloss":"satisfaction"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoonheidsgevoel","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"schoonheidsgevoel","lemma":"schoonheidsgevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"sense of beauty"},{"surface":"onvermengd","lemma":"onvermengd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical modifier of voldoening","gloss":"unmixed"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"qualifies nooit","gloss":"at any rate"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptically negates vindt","gloss":"never"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h11-s46","source":"En zonder de geschiedenis er byteroepen, is er wel veel schoons in sommige gebouwen, maar 't wordt gewoonlyk bedorven door gidsen--van papier, van vleesch en been ...'t komt overeen uit!--gidsen, die je den indruk wegstelen door hun eentonig: \"deze kapel is opgericht door den bisschop van Munster in 1423 ... de zuilen zyn 63 voeten hoog, en rusten op ... ik weet niet wat, en het kan me niet schelen ook.","translation":"And without calling in history, there is indeed much that is beautiful in some buildings, but it is usually spoiled by guides--whether of paper, or of flesh and bone ... it comes to the same thing in the end!--guides who steal away your impression with their monotone: \"this chapel was erected by the bishop of Münster in 1423 ... the columns are 63 feet high, and rest upon ... I do not know what, and I do not care, either.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En zonder de geschiedenis er byteroepen","title":"zonder + te-infinitive (joined byteroepen)","body":"zonder governs a te-infinitive ('without calling in'); the separable bijroepen with infixed te is printed solid as byteroepen. 'er' belongs to the verbal complex (erbij roepen = to summon in, additionally) or is a locative pronoun; it does not anticipate de geschiedenis, the explicit object stated before it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"deze kapel is opgericht door den bisschop van Munster in 1423","title":"zijn-passive with agent door","body":"is opgericht ('was erected') is a zijn-passive expressing the resulting state; door den bisschop names the agent, with the old dative -n on den. deze is the near demonstrative for a de-word."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links with the preceding sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitival clause byteroepen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of byteroepen","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"particle of erbij roepen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"byteroepen","lemma":"bijroepen","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive of separable verb","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"calling","note":"Historical joined spelling of erbij te roepen, “to call in.”"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"emphasizes the assertion","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies schoons","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"schoons","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"subject of existential is","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebouwen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebouwen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"gebouwen","lemma":"gebouw","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"buildings"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links contrasting clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of wordt bedorven","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bedorven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wordt bedorven","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"bedorven","lemma":"bederven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"spoiled"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gidsen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"gidsen","lemma":"gids","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"agent of bedorven","gloss":"guides"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking papier","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"papier","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; describes guides","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vleesch","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vleesch","lemma":"vlees","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"been","lemma":"been","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with vleesch","gloss":"bone"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of komt overeen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"uitkomen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of komt ... uit","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"overeen","lemma":"overeen","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of uitkomen","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uitkomen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes komt ... uit","gloss":"turns out"},{"surface":"gidsen","lemma":"gids","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"apposition to earlier gidsen","gloss":"guides"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of wegstelen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of indruk","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wegstelen","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"wegstelen","lemma":"wegstelen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying gidsen","gloss":"steal away"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means of wegstelen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of eentonig","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"eentonig","lemma":"eentonig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of door; their monotonous recitation","gloss":"monotone"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kapel","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"kapel","lemma":"kapel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is opgericht","gloss":"chapel"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgericht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"opgericht","lemma":"oprichten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"erected"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of opgericht","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of bisschop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bisschop","lemma":"bisschop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of opgericht","gloss":"bishop"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Munster","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Munster","lemma":"Münster","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Münster"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time expression 1423","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zuilen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zuilen","lemma":"zuil","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zijn and rusten","gloss":"columns"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking zuilen to hoog","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"voeten","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying hoog","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of zijn","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links zijn and rusten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rusten","lemma":"rusten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated verb with subject zuilen","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces omitted support of rusten","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"object of op and complement of weet","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links weet and kan schelen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of kan schelen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of schelen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative singular","role":"indirect object of schelen","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schelen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"schelen","lemma":"schelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds “either” to the negative clause","gloss":"either"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h11-s47","source":"Dat gebabbel is vervelend, want men voelt dat men dan juist drie-en-zestig voet bewondering moet gereed hebben, om niet in de oogen van sommigen doortegaan voor een Vandaal of geschäfts-reiziger ... dàt is een ras! --De Vandalen?","translation":"That prattle is tiresome, for one feels that one must then have exactly sixty-three feet of admiration at the ready, so as not to pass, in the eyes of some, for a Vandal or a commercial traveler ... now there is a breed! --The Vandals?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om niet … door te gaan voor een Vandaal","title":"om … te + separable doorgaan voor","body":"om niet door te gaan voor ('so as not to pass for') is a negative purpose clause closing on the separable doorgaan voor ('be taken for'). niet negates the action."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"geschäfts-reiziger","title":"geschäfts-reiziger — commercial traveler","body":"Another mock-Germanism (German Geschäftsreisender) for a traveling salesman; pairing it with 'Vandaal' satirizes the cultureless philistine. The half-German wording itself is the joke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebabbel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gebabbel","lemma":"gebabbel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"prattle"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking gebabbel to vervelend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vervelend","lemma":"vervelend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"tiresome"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voelt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"voelt","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of reason clause","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of voelt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet hebben","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moet hebben","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies drie-en-zestig","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"drie-en-zestig","lemma":"drie-en-zestig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"modifies voet","gloss":"sixty-three"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular after numeral","role":"measure modifier of bewondering","gloss":"feet of"},{"surface":"bewondering","lemma":"bewondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"admiration"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"gereed","lemma":"gereed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of bewondering","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moet","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive doortegaan","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates doortegaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sommigen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sommigen","lemma":"sommige","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"some people"},{"surface":"doortegaan","lemma":"doorgaan","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive of separable verb","role":"purpose complement introduced by om","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Vandaal","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Vandaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Vandaal","lemma":"vandaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of doorgaan voor","gloss":"Vandal"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"geschäfts-reiziger","lemma":"geschäfts-reiziger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Vandaal","gloss":"commercial traveler","note":"A satirical German-Dutch compound meaning a commercial traveler."},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, emphatic singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dàt to ras","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ras","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ras","lemma":"ras","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"breed"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Vandalen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vandalen","lemma":"Vandaal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"elliptical question clarifying ras","gloss":"Vandals"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h11-s48","source":"--Neen, die anderen. Nu zou men zeggen, houd dan je gids in den zak, als hy gedrukt is, en laat hem buiten staan of zwygen in 't andere geval, maar behalve dat men werkelyk tot eenigszins juist oordeelen, dikwyls inlichting noodig heeft, zoude men, ook al kon men die inlichting altyd missen, toch te-vergeefs in eenig gebouw iets zoeken, dat langer dan een zeer kort oogenblik beantwoordt aan ons verlangen naar het schoone, omdat het niet beweegt.","translation":"--No, those others. Now one might say: keep your guide in your pocket, then, if it is the printed kind, and let it stand outside or hold its tongue in the other case; but apart from the fact that one really does often need information in order to judge at all rightly, even if one could always do without that information, one would still seek in vain, in any building, for anything that answers our longing for the beautiful for longer than a very brief moment, because it does not move.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"houd dan je gids in den zak, als hy gedrukt is","title":"Imperative + subordinate als + zijn-passive","body":"houd is the imperative ('keep'); the als-clause is verb-final, and gedrukt is is a zijn-passive state ('is printed'). den zak keeps the old accusative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoude men … toch te-vergeefs … iets zoeken, dat … beantwoordt … omdat het niet beweegt","title":"Archaic conditional zoude + nested clauses","body":"zoude is the archaic full form of zou (conditional 'one would seek in vain'); a relative dat-clause and a causal omdat-clause both run verb-final to beweegt. The long periodic sentence is high literary style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative answer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of anderen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"elliptical answer: the others","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen expressing possibility","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, imperative singular","role":"verb of quoted command","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds then to the command","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gids","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"gids","lemma":"gids","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of houd","gloss":"guide"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of zak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zak","lemma":"zak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gedrukt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of is gedrukt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gedrukt","lemma":"gedrukt","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"printed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hy to gedrukt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative singular","role":"coordinated command with houd","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative singular","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staan","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laat","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zwygen","lemma":"zwijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated complement of laat","gloss":"be silent"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geval","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geval","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces qualification to the command","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"behalve","lemma":"behalve","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms behalve dat: apart from the fact that","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of behalve","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nodig heeft","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose phrase with oordeelen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies juist","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oordeelen","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"oordeelen","lemma":"oordelen","morphology":"substantivized infinitive","role":"object of tot","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nodig heeft","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"inlichting","lemma":"inlichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nodig heeft","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement in nodig hebben","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"zoude","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zoeken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zoude zoeken","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive ook al","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of missen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon missen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of inlichting","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"inlichting","lemma":"inlichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of missen","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies missen","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"missen","lemma":"missen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kon; means do without here","gloss":"do without"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zoude zoeken","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"te-vergeefs","lemma":"tevergeefs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zoeken","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebouw","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"eenig","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of gebouw","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"gebouw","lemma":"gebouw","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of zoeken","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zoude","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of beantwoordt; antecedent iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies beantwoordt","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with oogenblik","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kort","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oogenblik","gloss":"brief"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"beantwoordt","lemma":"beantwoorden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of beantwoordt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verlangen","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"verlangen","lemma":"verlangen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoone","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schoone","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of beweegt; refers to building","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beweegt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beweegt","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"moves"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h11-s49","source":"Dit geldt, geloof ik, ook voor beeldhouwwerk en schilderstukken.","translation":"This holds, I believe, for sculpture and paintings as well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit geldt, geloof ik, ook voor beeldhouwwerk en schilderstukken","title":"Parenthetical geloof ik + compounds","body":"geloof ik ('I believe') is a parenthetical insertion that does not disturb the main V2 order (Dit geldt …). beeldhouwwerk and schilderstukken are right-headed noun compounds ('sculpture-work', 'painting-pieces')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geldt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"geldt","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical verb","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geldt","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beeldhouwwerk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"beeldhouwwerk","lemma":"beeldhouwwerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"sculpture"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schilderstukken","lemma":"schilderstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with beeldhouwwerk","gloss":"paintings"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h11-s50","source":"Natuur is beweging.","translation":"Nature is movement.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Natuur is beweging.","title":"Article-less abstract nouns","body":"Abstract nouns used generically (Natuur, beweging) drop the article in Dutch as in this aphorism — 'Nature is movement'. The bare predicate noun gives the line its epigrammatic punch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Natuur","lemma":"natuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking natuur to beweging","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"beweging","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"movement"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h11-s51","source":"Groei, honger, denken, gevoelen, is beweging ... stilstand is de dood!","translation":"Growth, hunger, thinking, feeling, is movement ... stillness is death!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Groei, honger, denken, gevoelen, is beweging","title":"Nominalized infinitives as subjects","body":"denken and gevoelen are infinitives used as nouns ('thinking, feeling'), listed beside ordinary nouns as compound subject. The singular verb is treats the whole list as one idea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Groei","lemma":"groei","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first subject of is","gloss":"Growth"},{"surface":"honger","lemma":"honger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject with Groei","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"coordinated subject with Groei","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"gevoelen","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"coordinated subject with Groei","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking subjects to beweging","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"beweging","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"stilstand","lemma":"stilstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"stillness"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking stilstand to dood","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of dood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h11-s52","source":"Zonder beweging, geen smart, geen genot, geen aandoening!","translation":"Without movement, no sorrow, no delight, no emotion!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zonder beweging, geen smart, geen genot","title":"geen in verbless ellipsis","body":"With the verb elided, geen alone negates each indefinite noun ('no sorrow, no delight'). Repeating geen keeps the one-negative-per-phrase rule while building rhetorical force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beweging","gloss":"Without"},{"surface":"beweging","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner, negative","role":"determiner of smart","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"smart","lemma":"smart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first item in elliptical list","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner, negative","role":"determiner of genot","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"genot","lemma":"genot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with smart","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner, negative","role":"determiner of aandoening","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"aandoening","lemma":"aandoening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with smart","gloss":"emotion"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h11-s53","source":"Beproef eens daar te zitten zonder u te verroeren, ge zult zien hoe spoedig je een spook-achtigen indruk maakt op ieder ander, en zelfs op je eigen verbeelding.","translation":"Try once sitting there without stirring, and you will see how soon you make a ghostly impression on everyone else, and even on your own imagination.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Beproef eens daar te zitten zonder u te verroeren, ge zult zien","title":"Reflexive zich verroeren + future ge zult","body":"zich verroeren ('to stir') is reflexive, here with the literary u (zonder u te verroeren); ge zult zien is the archaic 'you' with future zullen. The imperative Beproef opens the sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Beproef","lemma":"beproeven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"Try"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softens the imperative Beproef","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial of place with zitten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zitten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zitten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Beproef","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitive clause te verroeren","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, second person formal","role":"direct object of verroeren","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verroeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verroeren","lemma":"verroeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"stir"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zult","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second person singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zult","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of spoedig","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakt","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"spook-achtigen","lemma":"spookachtig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies indruk","gloss":"ghostly","note":"Historical spelling of modern ‘spookachtige’."},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"head of subordinate clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ieder ander","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized ander","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective used as noun, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"other person"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two op-phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses op je eigen verbeelding","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verbeelding","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive pronoun, second person singular","role":"possessor of verbeelding","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies verbeelding","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"verbeelding","lemma":"verbeelding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"imagination"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h11-s54","source":"By 't mooiste tableau vivant verlangt men al gauw naar een volgend nummer, hoe heerlyk ook de indruk was in 't begin.","translation":"At the finest tableau vivant one soon longs for the next number, however glorious the impression was at the beginning.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verlangt men al gauw naar een volgend nummer, hoe heerlyk ook de indruk was","title":"Inversion + concessive 'hoe … ook'","body":"Fronting By 't mooiste tableau vivant forces inversion (verlangt men); naar … verlangen ('to long for') is a fixed prepositional verb. hoe heerlyk ook … ('however glorious') is a concessive subclause."}],"words":[{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tableau vivant","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of tableau","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mooiste","lemma":"mooi","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive","role":"modifies tableau","gloss":"finest"},{"surface":"tableau","lemma":"tableau","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Bij","gloss":"tableau"},{"surface":"vivant","lemma":"vivant","morphology":"adjective, borrowed French, invariable","role":"modifies tableau","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"verlangt","lemma":"verlangen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"longs"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verlangt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms al gauw with gauw","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"gauw","lemma":"gauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verlangt","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of verlangt","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of nummer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"volgend","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies nummer","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"nummer","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of heerlijk","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"heerlyk","lemma":"heerlijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"glorious","note":"Historical spelling of modern ‘heerlijk’."},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive hoe ... ook","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking indruk to heerlijk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of begin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begin","lemma":"begin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"beginning"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h11-s55","source":"Daar nu onze schoonheidszucht niet voldaan is met één blik op iets schoons, maar behoefte heeft aan een reeks van opvolgende blikken, op de beweging van het schoone, lyden wy aan iets onvoldaans by 't aanschouwen van die soort van kunstwerken, en daarom beweer ik dat een schoone vrouw--mits geen portretschoonheid die stilstaat--het naast komt aan het ideaal van 't goddelyke.","translation":"Now since our craving for beauty is not satisfied with a single glance at something beautiful, but needs a series of successive glances at the movement of the beautiful, we suffer something unsatisfying at the contemplation of that sort of artwork; and that is why I maintain that a beautiful woman--provided it is not portrait-beauty that stands still--comes nearest to the ideal of the divine.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar nu onze schoonheidszucht niet voldaan is …, lyden wy aan iets onvoldaans","title":"Causal Daar + main-clause inversion","body":"Daar here is the literary causal conjunction 'since/because', which sends voldaan is to the end of its clause; the following main clause then inverts (lyden wy). lyden aan ('suffer from') is a fixed combination."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"mits geen portretschoonheid die stilstaat","title":"Conditional mits + compound portretschoonheid","body":"mits ('provided that') is a formal conditional conjunction; geen negates the indefinite noun. portretschoonheid ('portrait-beauty') is a right-headed compound, and stilstaat is from separable stilstaan ('stand still')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal subordinate clause","gloss":"Since"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the causal clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive pronoun, first person plural","role":"possessor of schoonheidszucht","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"schoonheidszucht","lemma":"schoonheidszucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is and heeft","gloss":"craving for beauty"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates voldaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voldaan","lemma":"voldoen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"satisfied"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula with voldaan","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of voldaan","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral, cardinal","role":"quantifies blik","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iets schoons","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head modified by schoons","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"schoons","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, partitive genitive","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates is and heeft","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"coordinated predicate with is","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of behoefte","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of reeks","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reeks","lemma":"reeks","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"series"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking blikken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"opvolgende","lemma":"opvolgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies blikken","gloss":"successive"},{"surface":"blikken","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"glances"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beweging","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of beweging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beweging","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking het schoone","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of substantivized schoone","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective used as noun, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"lyden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, present, first person plural","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"suffer","note":"Historical spelling of modern ‘lijden’."},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, first person plural, nominative","role":"subject of lyden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of lyden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head modified by onvoldaans","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"onvoldaans","lemma":"onvoldaan","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, partitive genitive","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"unsatisfying"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanschouwen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"nominalizes aanschouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanschouwen","lemma":"aanschouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of by","gloss":"contemplation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soort","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kunstwerken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kunstwerken","lemma":"kunstwerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"artworks"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beweer","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"beweer","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"maintain"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of beweer","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of beweer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies vrouw","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"mits","lemma":"mits","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical proviso","gloss":"provided"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner, negative","role":"determiner of portretschoonheid","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"portretschoonheid","lemma":"portretschoonheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate in elliptical proviso","gloss":"portrait beauty"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of stilstaat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stilstaat","lemma":"stilstaan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"relative clause modifying portretschoonheid","gloss":"stands still"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, superlative marker","role":"forms adverbial superlative het naast","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"adverbial complement of komt","gloss":"nearest"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison target of komt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of ideaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ideaal","lemma":"ideaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking het goddelijke","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of goddelyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goddelyke","lemma":"goddelijk","morphology":"adjective used as noun, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"divine","note":"Historical spelling of modern ‘goddelijke’."}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h11-s56","source":"Hoe groot de behoefte is aan de beweging die ik bedoel, kan men eenigszins opmaken uit de walging die een danseres veroorzaakt, al ware zy Elssler of Taglioni, wanneer ze na een dans op haar linkerbeen staat en 't publiek toegrynst.","translation":"How great the need is for the movement I mean, one can gather somewhat from the disgust caused by a danseuse, were she Elssler or Taglioni herself, when after a dance she stands on her left leg and grins out at the audience.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al ware zy Elssler of Taglioni","title":"Concessive 'al' + subjunctive ware","body":"al + the subjunctive ware ('even were she') is a high-register concessive — ware is the old past subjunctive of zijn. It means 'even if she were Elssler or Taglioni herself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of groot","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of behoefte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking behoefte to groot","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of behoefte","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of beweging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beweging","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of bedoel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of bedoel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bedoel","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"relative clause modifying beweging","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of opmaken","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan opmaken","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opmaken","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"opmaken","lemma":"opmaken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kan","gloss":"gather"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement of opmaken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of walging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"walging","lemma":"walging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"disgust"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of veroorzaakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of danseres","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"danseres","lemma":"danseres","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of veroorzaakt","gloss":"danseuse"},{"surface":"veroorzaakt","lemma":"veroorzaken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"relative clause modifying walging","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, third person singular","role":"copula in concessive clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Elssler","lemma":"Elssler","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"predicative complement of ware","gloss":"Elssler"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Elssler and Taglioni","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Taglioni","lemma":"Taglioni","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated predicative complement with Elssler","gloss":"Taglioni"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of staat and toegrynst","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dans","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of dans","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking linkerbeen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun, third person singular","role":"possessor of linkerbeen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"linkerbeen","lemma":"linkerbeen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"left leg"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"first predicate of temporal clause","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates staat and toegrynst","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of publiek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"publiek","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of toegrynst","gloss":"audience"},{"surface":"toegrynst","lemma":"toegrijnzen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"coordinated predicate with staat","gloss":"grins at","note":"Historical spelling of modern ‘toegrijnst’; the verb means to grin at someone."}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h11-s57","source":"--Dit geldt hier niet, zei Verbrugge, want dat is absoluut leelyk.","translation":"--That does not apply here, said Verbrugge, for that is absolutely ugly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of geldt","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"geldt","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"applies"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of geldt","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates geldt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking dat to leelijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"absoluut","lemma":"absoluut","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leelyk","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"leelyk","lemma":"lelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"ugly"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h11-s58","source":"--Dat vind ik ook. Maar zy geeft het toch als schoon, en als climax op al 't vorige, waarin werkelyk veel schoons kan geweest zyn.","translation":"--I think so too. But still she offers it as beautiful, and as the climax to all that went before, in which there really may have been much that was beautiful.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar zy geeft het toch als schoon, en als climax op al 't vorige","title":"schoon as predicate + nominalized 't vorige","body":"schoon ('beautiful') stands uninflected as a predicate after als; 't vorige ('what went before') is an adjective used as a neuter noun. maar coordinates without changing word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vind","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"offers"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, third person singular","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geeft","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative complement schoon","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"first predicative complement of geeft","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two als-phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative complement climax","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"climax","lemma":"climax","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second predicative complement of geeft","gloss":"climax"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of climax","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"quantifies het vorige","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of substantivized vorige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective used as noun, neuter singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"preceding"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying vorige","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kan geweest zijn","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"quantifies schoons","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"schoons","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective used as noun, partitive genitive","role":"subject of kan geweest zijn","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geweest zijn","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"perfect participle governed by zyn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary governed by kan","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h11-s59","source":"Ze geeft het als de pointe van 't epigram, als 't aux armes! van de marseillaise die zy zong met haar voeten, als 't ruischen van de wilgen op het graf der zoo-even besprongene liefde. O, misselyk!","translation":"She offers it as the point of the epigram, as the aux armes! of the Marseillaise she sang with her feet, as the rustling of the willows over the grave of the love just now assailed. Oh, sickening!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de marseillaise die zy zong met haar voeten","title":"Idiom: 'the Marseillaise … with her feet'","body":"Havelaar's flourish casts the dance as a performance 'sung with the feet'; aux armes! ('to arms!') is the Marseillaise's refrain, the rhetorical climax he likens to the dancer's pose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement pointe","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pointe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pointe","lemma":"pointe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of geeft","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement epigram","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of epigram","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"epigram","lemma":"epigram","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"epigram"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement aux armes","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aux armes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"aux","morphology":"French preposition-determiner contraction","role":"part of French phrase aux armes","gloss":"to the","note":"French aux armes means “to arms.”"},{"surface":"armes","lemma":"arme","morphology":"French noun, plural","role":"complement of aux","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement marseillaise","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of marseillaise","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"marseillaise","lemma":"marseillaise","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Marseillaise"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of zong","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zong","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zong","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on marseillaise","gloss":"sang"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voeten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of voeten","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"voeten","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of met","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement ruischen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ruischen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ruischen","lemma":"ruisen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, nominalized infinitive","role":"predicative complement of geeft","gloss":"rustling","note":"Ruischen is the historical spelling of modern ruisen, used here as a noun: “rustling.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement wilgen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wilgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wilgen","lemma":"wilg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"willows"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement graf","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of graf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"graf","lemma":"graf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies besprongene","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"besprongene","lemma":"bespringen","morphology":"past participle used as adjective, inflected","role":"modifies liefde","gloss":"assailed"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of graf","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection expressing disgust","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"misselyk","lemma":"misselijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"exclamation","gloss":"sickening","note":"Misselyk is the historical spelling of misselijk."}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h11-s60","source":"En dat ook de toeschouwers, die gewoonlyk--zooals wy allen, meer of min--hun smaak gronden op gewoonte en navolging, dàt oogenblik beschouwen als het treffendste, blykt hieruit dat men juist dàn uitberst in toejuiching, alsof men wilde te kennen geven: al het vorige was ook wel heel mooi, maar nu kan ik 't waarachtig niet langer uithouden van bewondering!\" je zei dat die slot-pose volstrekt leelyk was--ik ook! doch vanwaar komt dit?","translation":"And that the spectators too, who usually--like all of us, more or less--ground their taste on habit and imitation, regard that very moment as the most striking, is plain from this: that it is precisely then that one bursts out in applause, as though one wished to convey: all that came before was very pretty too, but now I really cannot contain my admiration any longer!\" You said that closing pose was utterly ugly--so do I! but where does this come from?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"blykt hieruit dat men juist dàn uitberst in toejuiching","title":"Pronominal adverb hieruit + separable uitbarsten","body":"blykt hieruit ('is plain from this') uses hieruit, the hier-form of the pronominal adverb; the dat-clause is verb-final with separable uitberst (uitbarsten, 'burst out'). The deferred dat-clause supplies the 'this'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alsof men wilde te kennen geven","title":"alsof + imperfect subjunctive wilde","body":"alsof ('as if') takes verb-final order; the imperfect wilde reads as an unreal subjunctive ('as though one wished'). te kennen geven is a fixed idiom 'to make known, convey'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dat","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of blykt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toeschouwers","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toeschouwers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toeschouwers","lemma":"toeschouwer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of beschouwen","gloss":"spectators"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of gronden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gronden","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical comparison","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject understood with gronden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"modifies wy","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"part of phrase meer of min","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links meer and min","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"min","lemma":"min","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase meer of min","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of smaak","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"smaak","lemma":"smaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gronden","gloss":"taste"},{"surface":"gronden","lemma":"gronden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on toeschouwers","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces basis of gronden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"gewoonte","lemma":"gewoonte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"habit"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"navolging","lemma":"navolging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with gewoonte","gloss":"imitation"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, emphatic","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of beschouwen","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"beschouwen","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of subject clause introduced by dat","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement treffendste","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of treffendste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"treffendste","lemma":"treffend","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominalized","role":"predicative complement of beschouwen","gloss":"most striking"},{"surface":"blykt","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is plain"},{"surface":"hieruit","lemma":"hieruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal complement of blykt","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitberst","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dàn","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"dàn","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"modifies uitberst","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"uitberst","lemma":"uitbarsten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"bursts out"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement toejuiching","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"toejuiching","lemma":"toejuiching","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"applause"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of clause introduced by alsof","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive phrase te kennen geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of idiom te kennen geven","gloss":"convey","note":"Te kennen geven is an idiom meaning “to convey” or “make known.”"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"modifies het vorige","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vorige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective, nominalized","role":"subject of was","gloss":"preceding"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking vorige to mooi","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mooi","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal emphasis on mooi","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mooi","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"mooi","lemma":"mooi","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links contrasting clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uithouden","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of uithouden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of uithouden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"waarachtig","lemma":"waarachtig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uithouden","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uithouden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies uithouden","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"uithouden","lemma":"uithouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"endure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bewondering","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"bewondering","lemma":"bewondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of uithouden","gloss":"admiration"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slot-pose","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"slot-pose","lemma":"slotpose","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"closing pose"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leelyk","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"leelyk","lemma":"lelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"ugly"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking slot-pose to leelyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of elliptical agreement","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks agreement with preceding statement","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"vanwaar","lemma":"vanwaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of komt","gloss":"from where"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of question","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h11-s61","source":"Het is omdat de beweging ophield, en daarmee de geschiedenis die de danseres verhaalde.","translation":"It comes from the fact that the movement ceased, and with it the story the danseuse was telling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het is omdat de beweging ophield, en daarmee de geschiedenis","title":"Cleft 'Het is omdat' + pronominal adverb daarmee","body":"Het is omdat … is a causal cleft ('it comes from the fact that'); ophield is the strong imperfect of ophouden ('cease'). daarmee ('with it/thereby') links the second clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with is","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with causal clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ophield","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beweging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beweging","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ophield","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"ophield","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"ceased"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarmee","lemma":"daarmee","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of omitted ophield","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of omitted ophield, coordinated with beweging","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of verhaalde","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of danseres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"danseres","lemma":"danseres","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verhaalde","gloss":"danseuse"},{"surface":"verhaalde","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on geschiedenis","gloss":"was telling"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h11-s62","source":"Geloof me, stilstand is de dood!","translation":"Believe me, stillness is death!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative verb","gloss":"Believe"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Geloof","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"stilstand","lemma":"stilstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"stillness"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking stilstand to dood","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h11-s63","source":"--Maar, bracht Duclari in 't midden, ge hebt ook de watervallen verworpen als uitdrukking van het schoone. Watervallen bewegen toch!","translation":"--But, put in Duclari, you have also rejected waterfalls as an expression of the beautiful. Waterfalls do move, after all!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ge hebt ook de watervallen verworpen als uitdrukking van het schoone","title":"Archaic ge + perfect; nominalized adjective","body":"ge is the literary 'you'; hebt … verworpen is the perfect with the strong participle verworpen ('rejected'). het schoone ('the beautiful') is an adjective used as a neuter noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces objection","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of bracht","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het midden brengen","gloss":"in","note":"In het midden brengen means “to put forward” or “interject.”"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of midden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"midden","lemma":"midden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom in het midden brengen","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verworpen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verworpen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of watervallen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"watervallen","lemma":"waterval","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verworpen","gloss":"waterfalls"},{"surface":"verworpen","lemma":"verwerpen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by hebt","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement uitdrukking","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"uitdrukking","lemma":"uitdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of verworpen","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement schoone","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schoone","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, nominalized, inflected","role":"complement of van","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"Watervallen","lemma":"waterval","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of bewegen","gloss":"Waterfalls"},{"surface":"bewegen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the contradiction","gloss":"after all"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h11-s64","source":"--Ja, maar ... zonder geschiedenis!","translation":"--Yes, but ... without a story!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s64.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces qualification","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geschiedenis","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"a story"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h11-s65","source":"Ze bewegen, maar komen niet van de plaats.","translation":"They move, but they do not get anywhere.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze bewegen, maar komen niet van de plaats.","title":"Coordinating maar keeps word order","body":"maar ('but') is a coordinating conjunction, so the second clause keeps normal main-clause order (komen … niet), not verb-final. van de plaats komen ('to get anywhere, budge') is an idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bewegen","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"bewegen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated with bewegen","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom van de plaats komen","gloss":"from","note":"Niet van de plaats komen means “not get anywhere” or literally “not leave the spot.”"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h11-s66","source":"Ze bewegen zich als een hobbelpaard, minus nog het va et vient. Ze geven geluid, maar spreken niet.","translation":"They move like a rocking horse, minus even the va et vient. They make a sound, but they do not speak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze bewegen zich als een hobbelpaard","title":"Reflexive zich bewegen","body":"bewegen zich is reflexive here ('move themselves'); zich is the 3rd-person reflexive. als een hobbelpaard ('like a rocking horse') is the simile. va et vient is French for 'to and fro'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bewegen","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"bewegen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of bewegen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison hobbelpaard","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hobbelpaard","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hobbelpaard","lemma":"hobbelpaard","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"rocking horse"},{"surface":"minus","lemma":"minus","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces excluded element","gloss":"minus"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the exclusion","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of va","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"aller","morphology":"French verb, present, third-person singular","role":"first part of French phrase va et vient","gloss":"goes","note":"French va et vient literally means “goes and comes,” here the rocking motion."},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"French conjunction","role":"links va and vient","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vient","lemma":"venir","morphology":"French verb, present, third-person singular","role":"second part of French phrase va et vient","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"geluid","lemma":"geluid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"a sound"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"contrasting verb coordinated with geven","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h11-s67","source":"Ze roepen: hrroe.. hrroe ... hrroe ... en nooit iets anders!","translation":"They cry: hrroe.. hrroe ... hrroe ... and never anything else!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s67.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of roepen","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"hrroe","lemma":"hrroe","morphology":"interjection, imitative sound","role":"quoted cry of roepen","gloss":"roar"},{"surface":"hrroe","lemma":"hrroe","morphology":"interjection, imitative sound","role":"repeated quoted cry","gloss":"roar"},{"surface":"hrroe","lemma":"hrroe","morphology":"interjection, imitative sound","role":"repeated quoted cry","gloss":"roar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links quoted cry to elliptical phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of omitted roepen","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h11-s68","source":"Roep jy eens zesduizend jaar, of langer: hrroe, hrroe ... en zie eens hoe weinigen je voor een onderhoudend mensch zullen aanzien.","translation":"You cry for six thousand years, or longer: hrroe, hrroe ... and just see how few will take you for an entertaining fellow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zie eens hoe weinigen je voor een onderhoudend mensch zullen aanzien","title":"Imperative + embedded future, verb-final","body":"Roep and zie are imperatives ('cry', 'see'); the embedded clause hoe weinigen … zullen aanzien is verb-final with future zullen. iemand aanzien voor ('take someone for') is a separable idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Roep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the challenge","gloss":"Cry"},{"surface":"jy","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Roep","gloss":"you","note":"Jy is the historical spelling of jij."},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softening particle with imperative Roep","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"zesduizend","lemma":"zesduizend","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"six thousand"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular used after numeral","role":"duration adjunct of Roep","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"elliptical alternative to zesduizend jaar","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"hrroe","lemma":"hrroe","morphology":"interjection, imitative sound","role":"quoted cry of Roep","gloss":"roar"},{"surface":"hrroe","lemma":"hrroe","morphology":"interjection, imitative sound","role":"repeated quoted cry","gloss":"roar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links imperatives Roep and zie","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative coordinated with Roep","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softening particle with imperative zie","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces exclamative object clause of zie","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"weinigen","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zullen aanzien","gloss":"few people"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of aanzien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement mensch","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onderhoudend","lemma":"onderhoudend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"entertaining"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of aanzien","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of aanzien","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"aanzien","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zullen","gloss":"regard"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h11-s69","source":"--Ik zal de proef niet nemen, zei Duclari, Maar ik ben het toch nog niet met u eens, dat de door u gevorderde beweging zoo volstrekt noodzakelyk wezen zou.","translation":"--I will not put it to the test, said Duclari, but I am still not of one mind with you that the movement you demand should be so absolutely necessary.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben het toch nog niet met u eens, dat … wezen zou","title":"het eens zijn met + conditional wezen zou","body":"het eens zijn met ('to agree with') is a fixed expression; the dat-clause states the point of disagreement and is verb-final with the conditional wezen zou ('would be'). u is the polite/literary 'you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de door u gevorderde beweging","title":"Pre-nominal participle phrase","body":"door u gevorderde ('demanded by you') is a past participle used attributively before beweging, with -e agreement and the agent door u embedded inside the noun phrase — a compact, German-like construction common in formal Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nemen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of nemen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of proef","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"proef","lemma":"proef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"test"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nemen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb for quoted speech","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ben","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula in het met u eens zijn","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"fixed pronoun in het eens zijn","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben het eens","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates ben het eens","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement u","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"complement of met","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"in agreement"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beweging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"agent of gevorderde","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gevorderde","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, past participle, attributive","role":"modifies beweging","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"beweging","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodzakelijk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodzakelijk","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"noodzakelyk","lemma":"noodzakelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"should"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h11-s70","source":"Ik schenk u nu de watervallen, maar een goed schilderstuk kan toch, dunkt me, veel uitdrukken.","translation":"I grant you the waterfalls for now, but a good painting can surely, it seems to me, express a great deal.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik schenk u nu de watervallen","title":"Dative u with schenken","body":"schenken takes an indirect object; u is the literary dative 'to you' ('I grant you the waterfalls'). The idiom here means to concede a point in argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schenk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"schenk","lemma":"schenken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of schenk","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schenk","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of watervallen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"watervallen","lemma":"waterval","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of schenk","gloss":"waterfalls"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schilderstuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies schilderstuk","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"schilderstuk","lemma":"schilderstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kan uitdrukken","gloss":"painting"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of uitdrukken","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kan uitdrukken","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"dunkt","lemma":"dunken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical verb","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer of dunkt","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of uitdrukken","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"uitdrukken","lemma":"uitdrukken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"express"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h11-s71","source":"--Wel zeker, maar slechts voor één oogenblik.","translation":"--Why, certainly, but only for a single moment.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s71.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle reinforcing zeker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of elliptical reply","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts with preceding affirmation","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voor één ogenblik","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral, cardinal","role":"quantifies ogenblik","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h11-s72","source":"Ik zal trachten myn meening te verklaren door een voorbeeld.","translation":"I shall try to make my meaning clear by an example.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal trachten myn meening te verklaren door een voorbeeld","title":"Future zullen + trachten + te-infinitive","body":"zal trachten is the future of trachten ('try'), which itself governs the te-infinitive te verklaren ('to explain'). myn is the period spelling of mijn ('my')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trachten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of trachten","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"trachten","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of mening","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verklaren","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verklaren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verklaren","lemma":"verklaren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of trachten","gloss":"make clear"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means voorbeeld","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbeeld","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"voorbeeld","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"example"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h11-s73","source":"Het is van daag 18 Februari ...","translation":"Today is the 18th of February ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het is van daag 18 Februari","title":"Impersonal het for dates","body":"het here is the impersonal/dummy subject used for dates and time ('today is …'), pointing at no real entity — the same het as in weather expressions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of date expression","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"first element of historical vandaag","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"daag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second element of historical vandaag","gloss":"day","note":"Van daag is the historical two-word spelling of modern vandaag, “today.”"},{"surface":"Februari","lemma":"februari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"month in date expression","gloss":"February"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h11-s74","source":"--Wel neen, zei Verbrugge, we hebben nog Januari ...","translation":"--Why no, said Verbrugge, we are still in January ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle reinforcing neen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of interjected reply","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of reported clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebben Januari","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"Januari","lemma":"januari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"January"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h11-s75","source":"--Neen, neen, het is heden de 18de Februari 1587, en je bent opgesloten in 't kasteel Fotheringhay ...","translation":"--No, no, today is the 18th of February 1587, and you are locked up in Fotheringhay Castle ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je bent opgesloten in 't kasteel Fotheringhay","title":"zijn-passive (state) opgesloten","body":"bent opgesloten is a zijn-passive describing the resulting state ('are locked up'), from separable opsluiten. de 18de is the ordinal 'the 18th'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"first interjected denial","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated interjected denial","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of date expression","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"heden","lemma":"heden","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of is","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of 18de","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"achttiende","morphology":"ordinal numeral","role":"head of date expression","gloss":"18th","note":"The tokenizer’s surface de comes from source 18de, the ordinal “18th.”"},{"surface":"Februari","lemma":"februari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"month complement of 18de","gloss":"February"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates date clause and bent opgesloten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bent opgesloten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking je to opgesloten","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"opgesloten","lemma":"opsluiten","morphology":"past participle used as a predicative adjective","role":"predicative complement of bent","gloss":"locked up"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location kasteel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kasteel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kasteel","lemma":"kasteel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"castle"},{"surface":"Fotheringhay","lemma":"Fotheringhay","morphology":"proper noun","role":"name in apposition to kasteel","gloss":"Fotheringhay"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h11-s76","source":"--Ik? vroeg Duclari, die meende niet goed verstaan te hebben.","translation":"--I? asked Duclari, who thought he had not heard rightly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die meende niet goed verstaan te hebben","title":"Relative die + perfect te-infinitive","body":"die introduces a relative clause on Duclari; meende ('thought') governs the perfect te-infinitive verstaan te hebben ('to have understood'). niet goed negates 'rightly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"elliptical quoted question","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun; subject of meende","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on Duclari","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates goed verstaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstaan","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by hebben","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks perfect infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive complement of meende","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h11-s77","source":"--Ja, gy.","translation":"--Yes, you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ja, gy.","title":"The literary pronoun gy","body":"gy (gij) is the emphatic literary/archaic 'you' of 1860 Dutch, here used for solemn address. In modern Dutch this would be jij or u."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative reply","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"elliptical subject emphasized by reply","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h11-s78","source":"Ge verveelt u, en zoekt afleiding.","translation":"You are bored, and you look for some diversion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge verveelt u, en zoekt afleiding","title":"Reflexive zich vervelen with ge/u","body":"zich vervelen ('to be bored') is reflexive — with archaic ge the reflexive is u (Ge verveelt u). en coordinates the second verb zoekt, keeping main-clause order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verveelt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"verveelt","lemma":"vervelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"reflexive predicate with u","gloss":"are bored"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of verveelt","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates verveelt and zoekt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with verveelt","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"afleiding","lemma":"afleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zoekt","gloss":"diversion"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h11-s79","source":"Dáár in dien muur is een opening, maar zy is te hoog om er doortezien, en dit wil je toch.","translation":"There in that wall is an opening, but it is too high to see through, and that is just what you want to do.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zy is te hoog om er doortezien","title":"te hoog om … te (joined doortezien)","body":"te hoog om … te ('too high to') frames an impossibility; the te-infinitive of separable doorzien ('see through') is written solid as doortezien. er stands for the opening (the thing seen through)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location muur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of muur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"muur","lemma":"muur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opening","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"opening","lemma":"opening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to hoog","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoog","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive doortezien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal complement of door in doortezien","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"doortezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive with fused door and te","role":"infinitive complement of te hoog","gloss":"see through","note":"Here doortezien is a closed spelling of modern door te zien, “to see through.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates preceding clause and dit wil je","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wil","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h11-s80","source":"Ge zet uw tafel er voor, en daarop een stoel met drie pooten, waarvan één wat zwak, je zag eens op de kermis een akrobaat die zeven stoelen op elkaar zette, en zich zelf daarop met het hoofd naar beneden. Eigenliefde en verveling dringen u iets dergelyks te doen.","translation":"You set your table before it, and on top of it a chair with three legs, one of them somewhat weak; you once saw at the fair an acrobat who stacked seven chairs on top of one another, and himself on top of them, head downward. Self-regard and boredom drive you to do something of the kind.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge zet ... er voor","title":"Pronominal adverb split: er ... voor","body":"Instead of 'voor het' (before it), Dutch fuses the preposition with a fronted 'er', and here even splits the two apart across the clause ('er' early, 'voor' late). This 'er ... voor' frame is the everyday way to say 'in front of it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een stoel ... waarvan één wat zwak","title":"Relative waarvan","body":"'waarvan' is the pronominal-adverb relative meaning 'of which': 'a chair... of which one [leg was] somewhat weak'. It replaces 'van welke/van wie' for things."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dringen u iets dergelyks te doen","title":"te + infinitive complement","body":"'dringen ... te doen' = 'drive [you] to do', with the governed verb appearing as 'te doen' at the clause end. Note the period spelling 'dergelyks' (= dergelijks) with y for ij."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"uw tafel","title":"Period possessive uw","body":"'uw' is the possessive of the formal/literary 'gij/ge' used throughout this monologue. Multatuli addresses the reader directly with 'Ge ... uw ...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zet","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of tafel","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zet","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal complement of voor","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"forms er voor: before it","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of omitted zet","gloss":"on it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stoel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stoel","lemma":"stoel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of omitted zet","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pooten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies pooten","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"pooten","lemma":"poot","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of met","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces elliptical relative clause on pooten","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral used pronominally","role":"subject of omitted is","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of zwak","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"zwak","lemma":"zwak","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of omitted is","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parallel clause to zet","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"indefinite temporal modifier of zag","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location kermis","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kermis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kermis","lemma":"kermis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of akrobaat","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"akrobaat","lemma":"acrobaat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"acrobat"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun; subject of zette","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zeven","lemma":"zeven","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies stoelen","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"stoelen","lemma":"stoel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zette","gloss":"chairs"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement elkaar","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"elkaar","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of op","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"zette","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on akrobaat","gloss":"stacked"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates stoelen and zich zelf as objects of zette","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"coordinated direct object of zette","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes zich","gloss":"self"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of omitted zette","gloss":"on them"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces accompanying posture phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces direction beneden","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"beneden","lemma":"beneden","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"downward"},{"surface":"Eigenliefde","lemma":"eigenliefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject of dringen","gloss":"self-regard"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Eigenliefde and verveling","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verveling","lemma":"verveling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject of dringen","gloss":"boredom"},{"surface":"dringen","lemma":"dringen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drive"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of dringen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of direct object of doen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"dergelyks","lemma":"dergelijk","morphology":"adjective, partitive genitive","role":"partitive modifier of iets","gloss":"similar"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of dringen","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h11-s81","source":"Ge beklimt waggelend dien stoel ... bereikt uw oogmerk ... slaat een blik door de opening, en roept: o, god!","translation":"You climb the wobbling chair ... you reach your aim ... you cast a glance through the opening, and cry out: oh, God!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge beklimt waggelend dien stoel","title":"Present participle as adverb; case-remnant dien","body":"'waggelend' is the -end present participle used adverbially ('totteringly'). 'dien stoel' shows the old masculine accusative 'dien' (modern 'die'), a 19th-century case remnant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge beklimt ... bereikt ... slaat ... en roept","title":"Verb-second across a chain","body":"Each main clause keeps the finite verb in second position even as Multatuli strings them with ellipses. The subject 'Ge' is understood and carried through the series."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beklimt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"beklimt","lemma":"beklimmen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climb"},{"surface":"waggelend","lemma":"waggelen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"depictive modifier of subject Ge","gloss":"staggering"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of stoel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stoel","lemma":"stoel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beklimt","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"bereikt","lemma":"bereiken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with subject Ge","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of oogmerk","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"oogmerk","lemma":"oogmerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bereikt","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"slaat","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with subject Ge","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of blik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of slaat","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces path opening","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opening","lemma":"opening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates slaat and roept","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"roept","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with subject Ge","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing address to God","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"god","lemma":"god","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative after o","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h11-s82","source":"En je valt!","translation":"And you fall!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En je valt!","title":"vallen — strong verb, present","body":"'valt' is the present of strong 'vallen' (to fall). Note the abrupt switch from the formal 'Ge' of the previous lines to familiar 'je' for dramatic immediacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of valt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of valt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fall"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h11-s83","source":"Weet je me nu te zeggen waarom je: o god! riep, en gevallen bent?","translation":"Can you now tell me why you cried: oh God! and why you fell?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Weet je me nu te zeggen waarom ... riep, en gevallen bent?","title":"weten te + infinitive; perfect of zijn-verb","body":"'Weet je ... te zeggen' is the idiom 'weten te' = 'be able to / know how to'. 'gevallen bent' is the perfect of 'vallen', which takes 'zijn' (not 'hebben') because it is a verb of motion/change of state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom je: o god! riep, en gevallen bent","title":"Verb-final subordinate clause","body":"After 'waarom' the clause is a bijzin: its verbs ('riep', 'bent') sit at the end, behind the subject 'je'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb in question","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Weet","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces subordinate question governed by zeggen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of riep and bent gevallen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing address to God","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"god","lemma":"god","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative after o","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first predicate of subordinate question","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates riep and bent gevallen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by bent","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gevallen","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h11-s84","source":"--Ik denk dat de derde poot van den stoel brak, zei Verbrugge sententieus.","translation":"--I think the third leg of the chair broke, said Verbrugge sententiously.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de derde poot van den stoel brak","title":"Verb-final dat-clause; case-remnant den","body":"'dat ... brak' sends the finite verb 'brak' (strong past of 'breken') to the end. 'van den stoel' preserves the old dative/accusative article 'den' after a preposition, typical of 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"denk","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of brak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of poot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"derde","lemma":"derde","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies poot","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"poot","lemma":"poot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of brak","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of stoel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stoel","lemma":"stoel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"brak","lemma":"breken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of denk","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"sententieus","lemma":"sententieus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"sententiously"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h11-s85","source":"--Nu ja, die poot brak misschien, maar niet dáárom ben je gevallen.","translation":"--Well yes, that leg may have broken, but that is not why you fell.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet dáárom ben je gevallen","title":"Fronted dáárom forces inversion","body":"Putting 'dáárom' (for that reason) first pushes the finite verb 'ben' into second position before the subject 'je' — classic V2 inversion. The accent marks the emphatic stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the discourse marker nu ja","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the discourse marker nu ja","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of poot","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"poot","lemma":"poot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of brak","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"brak","lemma":"breken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brak","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevallen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dáárom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevallen","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevallen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevallen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"fallen"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h11-s86","source":"Die poot is gebroken omdat je gevallen bent.","translation":"That leg broke because you fell.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die poot is gebroken omdat je gevallen bent","title":"omdat sends verbs to the end","body":"The subordinator 'omdat' (because) opens a verb-final clause: 'je gevallen bent'. Both 'is gebroken' and 'gevallen bent' are perfects, the second with 'zijn' for the motion verb 'vallen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of poot","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"poot","lemma":"poot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gebroken","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebroken","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gebroken","lemma":"breken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gevallen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevallen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevallen","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h11-s87","source":"Voor elke andere opening had je 't een jaar lang op dien stoel uitgehouden, en nu moest je vallen, al waren er dertien pooten onder dien stoel geweest, ja, al had je op den grond gestaan.","translation":"For any other opening you would have held out on that chair for a year, but now you had to fall, even had there been thirteen legs under that chair, yes, even had you been standing on the ground.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al waren er dertien pooten ... geweest, ja, al had je op den grond gestaan","title":"Concessive 'al' with inversion (= even if)","body":"'al' + inverted verb ('al waren er...', 'al had je...') means 'even if / even though', the verb leading the clause. The pluperfect subjunctive ('waren ... geweest', 'had ... gestaan') marks a contrary-to-fact hypothesis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had je 't ... uitgehouden","title":"Conditional pluperfect; separable uithouden","body":"'had ... uitgehouden' is the pluperfect of separable 'uithouden' (to hold out/endure); the participle 'uitgehouden' closes the clause. The whole sentence is an unreal conditional ('would have held out')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er ... dertien pooten","title":"Existential er","body":"'er ... geweest' uses existential 'er' to assert existence: 'even had there been thirteen legs'. This 'er' has no English equivalent beyond 'there'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opening","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opening","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies opening","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"opening","lemma":"opening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of uitgehouden","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgehouden","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitgehouden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of uitgehouden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"duration complement of uitgehouden","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jaar","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stoel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of stoel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stoel","lemma":"stoel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"uitgehouden","lemma":"uithouden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vallen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vallen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vallen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moest","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waren","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential subject pooten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dertien","lemma":"dertien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies pooten","gloss":"thirteen"},{"surface":"pooten","lemma":"poot","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"legs","note":"Pooten is the nineteenth-century spelling of poten."},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stoel","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of stoel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stoel","lemma":"stoel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by waren","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker reinforcing the concession","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of gestaan","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gestaan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grond","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"gestaan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"stood"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h11-s88","source":"--Ik neem er genoegen mee, zei Duclari.","translation":"--I am content with that, said Duclari.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik neem er genoegen mee","title":"Pronominal adverb split: er ... mee","body":"The idiom 'genoegen nemen met' (to be content with) becomes 'er ... mee' when the object is a 'thing': 'er' and 'mee' (= met) wrap around 'genoegen'. Literally 'I take pleasure therewith'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement paired with mee","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"satisfaction"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"adverbial preposition","role":"completes er ... mee","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parallel clause to neem","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Duclari"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h11-s89","source":"Ik zie dat ge u in 't hoofd hebt gezet, my coûte que coûte te laten vallen.","translation":"I see that you have got it into your head to make me fall, coûte que coûte.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ge u in 't hoofd hebt gezet ... te laten vallen","title":"Reflexive + perfect + causative laten","body":"'zich iets in 't hoofd zetten' = 'to get something into one's head'; with 'ge' the reflexive is 'u'. 'te laten vallen' is causative 'laten' (to make/let) + bare 'vallen': 'to make [me] fall'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hebt gezet ... te laten vallen","title":"te + laten + bare infinitive cluster","body":"The end of the clause stacks 'te laten vallen': 'te' governs 'laten', which itself takes the bare infinitive 'vallen' (causative verbs take no 'te' on their complement)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"coûte que coûte","title":"French interjection","body":"A French set phrase, 'cost what it may / at all costs'. Multatuli sprinkles such French (and Latin/German) tags throughout to mark Havelaar's cosmopolitan, restless mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of gezet","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gezet","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezet","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gezet","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of zie and head of the idiom zich in het hoofd zetten","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"coûte","lemma":"coûter","morphology":"French verb, present, singular","role":"first verb of the parenthetical phrase coûte que coûte","gloss":"costs","note":"Coûte que coûte is a French idiom meaning at any cost."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"French relative pronoun","role":"object linking the two forms of coûte","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"coûte","lemma":"coûter","morphology":"French verb, present, singular","role":"second verb of the parenthetical phrase coûte que coûte","gloss":"it costs"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the clause of laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement expressing what was resolved","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"fall"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h11-s90","source":"Ik lig daar nu zoo lang ik ben ... maar ik weet waarachtig niet waarom?","translation":"Here I lie now, stretched out full length ... but I truly do not know why?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zoo lang ik ben","title":"Idiom: 'zoo lang als ik ben'","body":"'Ik lig daar zoo lang ik ben' = 'I lie there stretched out to my full length'. The idiom uses one's own height as the measure of the sprawl."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik weet waarachtig niet waarom","title":"niet for verbal/adverbial negation","body":"Here 'niet' negates the verb ('I truly do not know'), the default negator; 'geen' would be used only to negate an indefinite noun. 'waarachtig' = 'truly, really'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of lig","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"lig","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of lig","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lig","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement in zo lang ik ben","gloss":"long","note":"Zo lang ik ben means stretched out to my full length."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the comparative clause zo lang ik ben","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"waarachtig","lemma":"waarachtig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative complement of weet","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h11-s91","source":"--Wel, dat is toch zeer eenvoudig! Ge zaagt daar een vrouw, gekleed in 't zwart, die geknield lag voor een blok.","translation":"--Why, that is quite simple! You saw there a woman, dressed in black, who knelt before a block.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge zaagt daar een vrouw ... die geknield lag","title":"Imperfect zaagt; relative die","body":"'zaagt' is the 2nd-person imperfect of strong 'zien' (you saw); 'die geknield lag' is a relative clause ('who knelt'), 'die' for the de-word 'vrouw'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gekleed in 't zwart","title":"Past participle as adjective","body":"'gekleed' (dressed), the participle of 'kleden', modifies 'vrouw' attributively — the resulting-state sense. \"'t zwart\" = het zwart, the colour used as a noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to eenvoudig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenvoudig","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenvoudig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zaagt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zaagt","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zaagt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zaagt","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"gekleed","lemma":"kleden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clause modifying vrouw","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zwart","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zwart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwart","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geknield","lemma":"knielen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial complement of lag","gloss":"kneeling"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying vrouw","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking blok","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of blok","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"blok","lemma":"blok","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of lag","gloss":"block"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h11-s92","source":"En ze boog het hoofd, en blank als zilver was de hals die afstak by 't zwart fluweel. En daar stond een man met een groot zwaard, en hy hield het hoog, en zyn blik staarde op dien blanken hals, en hy zocht den boog dien zyn zwaard beschryven zou, om dáár ... dáár, tusschen die wervels heen, te worden doorgedreven met juistheid en kracht ... en toen viel je, Duclari. je viel omdat je dat alles zag, en dáárom riep je: o god!","translation":"And she bowed her head, and white as silver was the neck that stood out against the black velvet. And there stood a man with a great sword, and he held it high, and his gaze rested on that white neck, and he sought out the arc his sword would trace, to be driven through right there ... there, between those vertebrae, with precision and force ... and then you fell, Duclari. You fell because you saw all that, and that is why you cried: oh God!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"blank als zilver was de hals","title":"Fronted predicate → inversion","body":"Fronting the predicate 'blank als zilver' (white as silver) inverts subject and verb: 'was de hals'. Multatuli uses this poetic inversion for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den boog dien zyn zwaard beschryven zou","title":"Relative dien (acc.) + future zou","body":"'dien' is the old masculine accusative relative ('the arc that...'), object of 'beschryven'. 'beschryven zou' = conditional 'would trace', with the auxiliary at the clause end after the infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om ... te worden doorgedreven met juistheid en kracht","title":"om ... te + passive infinitive","body":"'om ... te worden doorgedreven' is a purpose clause ('in order to be driven through') with a worden-passive infinitive. 'doorgedreven' is the participle of separable 'doordrijven'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"en toen viel je","title":"toen + inversion in the narrative past","body":"Fronted 'toen' (then/when, of the past) forces inversion: 'viel je'. 'toen' is for completed past events, contrasting with 'dan' for present/future."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of boog","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of boog","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"boog","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of boog","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"blank","lemma":"blank","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison blank als zilver","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zilver","lemma":"zilver","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hals to blank","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hals","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of afstak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"afstak","lemma":"afsteken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on hals","gloss":"stood out"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fluweel","gloss":"against","note":"By is the nineteenth-century spelling of bij; here it means against or beside."},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fluweel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwart","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies fluweel","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"fluweel","lemma":"fluweel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"velvet"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stond","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of stond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zwaard","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zwaard","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zwaard","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"zwaard","lemma":"zwaard","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of stond","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with stond","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of hield","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of blik","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of staarde","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"staarde","lemma":"staren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with hield","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hals","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of hals","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"blanken","lemma":"blank","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hals","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of staarde","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with staarde","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of boog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boog","lemma":"boog","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zocht","gloss":"arc"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of beschryven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zwaard","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zwaard","lemma":"zwaard","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of beschryven","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"beschryven","lemma":"beschrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"trace","note":"Beschryven is the nineteenth-century spelling of beschrijven."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of beschryven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of doorgedreven","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doorgedreven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats and emphasizes the location of doorgedreven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wervels","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wervels","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"wervels","lemma":"wervel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tusschen","gloss":"vertebrae"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"postposition","role":"completes tusschen ... heen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the clause of doorgedreven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of doorgedreven","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"doorgedreven","lemma":"doordrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the passive purpose clause","gloss":"driven through"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking juistheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"juistheid","lemma":"juistheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of doorgedreven","gloss":"precision"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with juistheid","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressing je","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zag","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on viel","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dáárom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies riep","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with viel","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation o god","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"god","lemma":"god","morphology":"proper noun, masculine singular","role":"vocative in the exclamation o god","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h11-s93","source":"Volstrekt niet omdat er maar drie pooten aan je stoel waren. En lang nadat je uit Fotheringhay werd verlost--op voorspraak van je neef, denk ik, of omdat het de menschen verveelde je daar langer onverplicht den kost te geven, als een kanarievogeltje--lang daarna, ja, tot heden toe, droom je wakend van die vrouw, en in je slaap zelfs schrik je op, en valt met zwaren schok neer op je legerstede, omdat je den arm wilt grypen van den beul.","translation":"Not at all because there were only three legs to your chair. And long after you were freed from Fotheringhay--through the intercession of your cousin, I suppose, or because people grew tired of keeping you there any longer, gratis, like a canary--long afterward, yes, to this very day, you dream waking of that woman, and even in your sleep you start up, and fall back with a heavy jolt onto your bed, because you mean to seize the arm of the executioner.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nadat je uit Fotheringhay werd verlost","title":"worden-passive in a nadat-clause","body":"'werd verlost' is a worden-passive in the past ('were freed'), inside a verb-final clause opened by 'nadat' (after). The agent is unnamed, as passives allow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"droom je wakend van die vrouw","title":"Present participle wakend; droom je","body":"'wakend' (waking) is an -end present participle used adverbially: 'you dream while awake'. 'dromen van' takes the preposition 'van'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat je den arm wilt grypen van den beul","title":"Modal wil + bare infinitive; den (case remnant)","body":"Modal 'wilt' (want) sends 'grypen' to the end as a bare infinitive. 'den arm', 'den beul' keep the old accusative/dative 'den'. Note 'beul' = executioner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waren","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb with waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pooten","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies pooten","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"pooten","lemma":"poot","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stoel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of stoel","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"stoel","lemma":"stoel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of waren","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the preceding sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nadat-clause","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verlost","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive verlost","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Fotheringhay","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Fotheringhay","lemma":"Fotheringhay","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of verlost","gloss":"Fotheringhay"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verlost","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"verlost","lemma":"verlossen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"freed"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorspraak","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"voorspraak","lemma":"voorspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verlost","gloss":"intercession"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neef","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of neef","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"neef","lemma":"neef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"cousin"},{"surface":"denk","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verveelde","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"formal subject of verveelde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verveelde","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"verveelde","lemma":"vervelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"bored"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"onverplicht","lemma":"onverplicht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"free of charge","note":"Here onverplicht means without payment or obligation, hence “gratis.”"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of kost","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kost","lemma":"kost","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"board","note":"Den kost geven means to provide someone with food and board."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verveelde","gloss":"provide"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with kanarievogeltje","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kanarievogeltje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kanarievogeltje","lemma":"kanarievogel","morphology":"noun, diminutive, neuter singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"canary"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies daarna","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies droom","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker emphasizing tot heden toe","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking heden","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"heden","lemma":"heden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes tot heden toe","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"droom","lemma":"dromen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of droom","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wakend","lemma":"waken","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial modifier of droom","gloss":"awake"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slaap","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of slaap","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"slaap","lemma":"slaap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schrik","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"schrik","lemma":"schrikken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schrik","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of schrik ... op","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with schrik","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schok","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zwaren","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schok","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"schok","lemma":"schok","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of valt","gloss":"jolt"},{"surface":"neer","lemma":"neer","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of valt ... neer","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking legerstede","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of legerstede","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"legerstede","lemma":"legerstede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of arm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of grijpen","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"wilt","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"grypen","lemma":"grijpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilt","gloss":"seize"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beul","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of beul","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beul","lemma":"beul","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"executioner"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h11-s94","source":"Is dit niet waar?","translation":"Is this not true?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is dit niet waar?","title":"Yes/no question: verb first","body":"A yes/no question puts the finite verb first ('Is dit ... waar?'). 'dit' is the neuter near demonstrative used as a pronoun, 'this'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h11-s95","source":"--Ik wil 't wel gelooven, maar bepaald zeker kan ik 't waarlyk niet zeggen, omdat ik nooit te Fotheringhay door een gat in den muur heb gezien.","translation":"--I am willing enough to believe it, but I truly cannot say for certain, because I never looked through a hole in the wall at Fotheringhay.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ik nooit ... door een gat in den muur heb gezien","title":"omdat-clause with negative nooit","body":"The 'omdat' clause is verb-final ('heb gezien'); 'nooit' (never) is the single negative permitted in the clause — no double negation. 'den muur' shows the old accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wil 't wel gelooven","title":"Modal willen + bare infinitive","body":"'wil ... gelooven' = 'am willing to believe', modal 'willen' with the bare infinitive at the end. 'wel' here softens to 'readily/willingly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gelooven","gloss":"am willing"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gelooven","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil gelooven","gloss":"readily"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"bepaald","lemma":"bepaald","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeker","gloss":"definitely"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezien","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Fotheringhay","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Fotheringhay","lemma":"Fotheringhay","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Fotheringhay"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gat","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gat","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gat","lemma":"gat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"hole"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of muur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muur","lemma":"muur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"seen"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h11-s96","source":"--Goed, goed! Ik ook niet.","translation":"--Good, good! Neither did I.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated exclamation","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of omitted verb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omitted verb","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates omitted verb","gloss":"not","note":"Ik ook niet is an elliptical “Neither did I.”"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h11-s97","source":"Maar nu neem ik een schildery die 't onthoofden van Maria Stuart voorstelt.","translation":"But now I take a painting that represents the beheading of Mary Stuart.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een schildery die 't onthoofden van Maria Stuart voorstelt","title":"Nominalized infinitive 't onthoofden","body":"\"'t onthoofden\" = 'het onthoofden', the infinitive 'onthoofden' (to behead) used as a neuter noun, 'the beheading'. The relative 'die' + verb-final 'voorstelt' close the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of neem","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies neem","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schildery","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schildery","lemma":"schilderij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"painting"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voorstelt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onthoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onthoofden","lemma":"onthoofden","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"direct object of voorstelt","gloss":"beheading"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Maria","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Maria","lemma":"Maria","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Mary"},{"surface":"Stuart","lemma":"Stuart","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Maria","gloss":"Stuart"},{"surface":"voorstelt","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on schildery","gloss":"represents"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h11-s98","source":"Laat ons aannemen dat de voorstelling volmaakt is. Daar hangt ze, in vergulden lyst, aan een rood koord als je verkiest ... ik weet wat je zeggen wilt, goed!","translation":"Let us assume that the representation is perfect. There it hangs, in a gilded frame, on a red cord if you please ... I know what you want to say, fine!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Laat ons aannemen dat ...","title":"Hortative 'laat ons' (let us)","body":"'Laat ons aannemen' is the literary hortative 'let us assume', formed with 'laten' + bare infinitive. Modern Dutch often prefers 'laten we'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar hangt ze, in vergulden lyst","title":"Fronted Daar → inversion","body":"Fronting locative 'Daar' inverts to 'hangt ze'. 'vergulden' (gilded) is a participle-adjective; 'lyst' = lijst, frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik weet wat je zeggen wilt","title":"Relative 'wat' without antecedent","body":"'wat' here is the free relative 'what' (no antecedent noun): 'I know what you want to say'. The clause is verb-final: 'zeggen wilt'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Laat and understood subject of aannemen","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"aannemen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Laat","gloss":"assume"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of volmaakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorstelling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorstelling","lemma":"voorstelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"representation"},{"surface":"volmaakt","lemma":"volmaakt","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to volmaakt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hangt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"hangt","lemma":"hangen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hangs"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hangt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lyst","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vergulden","lemma":"verguld","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies lyst","gloss":"gilded"},{"surface":"lyst","lemma":"lijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"frame"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koord","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rood","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies koord","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"koord","lemma":"koord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"cord"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verkiest","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verkiest","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"verkiest","lemma":"verkiezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"please","note":"Als je verkiest is a polite aside meaning “if you please.”"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilt","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"wilt","lemma":"willen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"fine"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h11-s99","source":"Neen, neen, ge ziet die lyst niet, ge vergeet zelfs dat ge uw rotting hebt afgegeven aan den ingang van de schilderzaal ... ge vergeet uw naam, uw kind, het nieuw-model politiemuts, en dus alles, om niet te zien een schildery, maar om werkelyk daarop Maria Stuart te aanschouwen: geheel juist als te Fotheringhay.","translation":"No, no, you do not see that frame, you even forget that you handed in your cane at the entrance of the picture-gallery ... you forget your name, your child, the new-model police cap, and so everything, in order not to see a painting, but really to behold Mary Stuart upon it: exactly as at Fotheringhay.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ge vergeet zelfs dat ge uw rotting hebt afgegeven","title":"Separable afgeven in a dat-clause","body":"Inside the 'dat' clause the separable verb stays together as a perfect: 'hebt afgegeven' at the end ('afgeven' = to hand in/over). 'rotting' = a walking-cane."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om niet te zien een schildery, maar om werkelyk ... te aanschouwen","title":"Twin om ... te purpose clauses","body":"Two parallel 'om ... te' purpose clauses ('in order not to see... but really to behold...'). Note the archaic order 'te zien een schildery' rather than modern 'een schildery te zien'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"schilderzaal / schildery","title":"Period spelling: schilder-, schildery","body":"'schildery' = schilderij (painting), with y for ij; 'schilderzaal' is a compound 'picture-gallery'. The 'sch-' cluster and the y-spelling are hallmarks of the 1860 page."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parallel clause to vergeet","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lyst","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lyst","lemma":"lijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ziet","gloss":"frame"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ziet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vergeet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vergeet","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vergeet","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of afgegeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of afgegeven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of rotting","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"rotting","lemma":"rotting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afgegeven","gloss":"cane","note":"Rotting is an older word for a walking stick or cane."},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of afgegeven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"afgegeven","lemma":"afgeven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"clausal complement of vergeet","gloss":"handed in"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ingang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of ingang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ingang","lemma":"ingang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schilderzaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schilderzaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schilderzaal","lemma":"schilderzaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"picture gallery"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vergeet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vergeet","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of naam","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vergeet","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of vergeet","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of politiemuts","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuw-model","lemma":"nieuw-model","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies politiemuts","gloss":"new-model"},{"surface":"politiemuts","lemma":"politiemuts","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of vergeet","gloss":"police cap"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alles","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"coordinated direct object of vergeet","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces purpose infinitive zien","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying vergeet","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schildery","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schildery","lemma":"schilderij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"painting"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces coordinated purpose infinitive aanschouwen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanschouwen","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanschouwen","gloss":"on it"},{"surface":"Maria","lemma":"Maria","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of aanschouwen","gloss":"Mary"},{"surface":"Stuart","lemma":"Stuart","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Maria","gloss":"Stuart"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive aanschouwen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"aanschouwen","lemma":"aanschouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated purpose infinitive with zien","gloss":"behold"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies juist","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies comparison with Fotheringhay","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with Fotheringhay","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Fotheringhay","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Fotheringhay","lemma":"Fotheringhay","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Fotheringhay"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h11-s100","source":"De beul staat er volkomen zóó als hy werkelyk moet gestaan hebben, ja, ik wil zóóver gaan dat je den arm uitstrekt om den slag afteweren!","translation":"The executioner stands there entirely as he must really have stood, yes, I will go so far as to say that you stretch out your arm to ward off the blow!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De beul staat er volkomen zóó als hy werkelyk moet gestaan hebben","title":"Modal perfect: moet gestaan hebben","body":"'moet gestaan hebben' stacks modal 'moeten' + perfect infinitive 'gestaan hebben' ('must have stood'). The cluster sits at the clause end after the comparative 'als'-clause opens."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat je den arm uitstrekt om den slag afteweren","title":"Separable uitstrekken; afteweren (= af te weren)","body":"'uitstrekt' is separable 'uitstrekken' (stretch out). 'afteweren' is the 1860 joined spelling of 'af te weren' — om-te with a separable verb, where 'te' is written inside the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beul","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beul","lemma":"beul","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"executioner"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"volkomen","lemma":"volkomen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gestaan","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet hebben gestaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestaan","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of hebben gestaan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"gestaan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the comparative clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gestaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zóóver","lemma":"zover","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of gaan","gloss":"so far"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitstrekt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitstrekt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative form","role":"determiner of arm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitstrekt","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"uitstrekt","lemma":"uitstrekken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"stretch out"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive af te weren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative form","role":"determiner of slag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slag","lemma":"slag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afweren","gloss":"blow"},{"surface":"afteweren","lemma":"afweren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying uitstrekt","gloss":"ward off","note":"Historical spelling joins af, te, and weren; modern Dutch writes af te weren."}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h11-s101","source":"Zóó ver dat je roept: \"laat die vrouw leven, misschien betert zy zich!\" je ziet, ik geef je beau jeu wat de uitvoering van 't schilderstuk aangaat ...","translation":"So far that you cry: \"let that woman live, perhaps she will mend her ways!\" You see, I grant you beau jeu as far as the execution of the painting is concerned ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"laat die vrouw leven","title":"Imperative + causative laten","body":"'laat ... leven' is an imperative of causative 'laten' + bare infinitive: 'let that woman live'. 'die' is the demonstrative determiner before the de-word 'vrouw'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"misschien betert zy zich","title":"Reflexive 'zich beteren'","body":"'zich beteren' = 'to mend one's ways'; with 3rd-person 'zy' the reflexive is 'zich'. Fronted 'misschien' inverts to 'betert zy'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"beau jeu","title":"French: 'beau jeu'","body":"'ik geef je beau jeu' = 'I grant you fair play / a good hand' — i.e. Havelaar concedes the painting could be technically flawless, to make his point harder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree complement of zóó","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of roept","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of roept","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"roept","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of laat and understood subject of leven","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laat","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betert","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"betert","lemma":"beteren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"mends"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betert","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of betert","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of geef","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"beau","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, French","role":"modifier in French phrase beau jeu","gloss":"free","note":"French beau jeu, literally “fine game,” means a favorable opportunity or free rein."},{"surface":"jeu","lemma":"jeu","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, French","role":"direct object of geef in phrase beau jeu","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"object of aangaat; introduces wat ... aangaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitvoering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitvoering","lemma":"uitvoering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aangaat","gloss":"execution"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schilderstuk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schilderstuk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schilderstuk","lemma":"schilderstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying uitvoering","gloss":"painting"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative construction wat ... aangaat","gloss":"concerns"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h11-s102","source":"--Ja, maar wat dan verder?","translation":"--Yes, but what then, further?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s102.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"answer particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of elliptical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verder","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial predicate in the elliptical question","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h11-s103","source":"Is dan de indruk niet even treffend, als toen ik 'tzelfde in werkelykheid zag te Fotheringhay?","translation":"Is the impression not just as striking as when I saw the same thing in reality at Fotheringhay?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als toen ik 'tzelfde in werkelykheid zag","title":"Comparison with als toen; verb-final","body":"'even treffend, als toen ik ... zag' = 'just as striking as when I saw...'. 'toen' opens a past time-clause that is verb-final ('zag'). \"'tzelfde\" = hetzelfde, 'the same'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking indruk to treffend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying the question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies treffend","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies treffend","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"treffend","lemma":"treffend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"striking"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of zag","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tzelfde","lemma":"hetzelfde","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"the same thing","note":"’tzelfde is an elided spelling of hetzelfde."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werkelykheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"werkelykheid","lemma":"werkelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in modifying zag","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Fotheringhay","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Fotheringhay","lemma":"Fotheringhay","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Fotheringhay"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h11-s104","source":"--Neen, volstrekt niet, en wel omdat je niet waart geklommen op een stoel met drie pooten.","translation":"--No, not at all, and precisely because you had not climbed onto a chair with three legs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat je niet waart geklommen op een stoel","title":"Pluperfect with zijn: waart geklommen","body":"'waart geklommen' is the pluperfect of motion verb 'klimmen', taking 'zijn' (here 2nd-person archaic 'waart'). It expresses the unreal 'you had not climbed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative answer particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies niet","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical negative answer","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb in en wel omdat","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geklommen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geklommen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geklommen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waart","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geklommen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geklommen","lemma":"klimmen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the omdat-clause","gloss":"climbed"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stoel","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stoel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stoel","lemma":"stoel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pooten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies pooten","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"pooten","lemma":"poot","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of met modifying stoel","gloss":"legs"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h11-s105","source":"Je neemt een stoel--met vier pooten ditmaal, en liefst een fauteuil--je gaat voor de schildery zitten, om goed en lang te genieten--we genieten nu eenmaal by 't aanschouwen van iets akeligs--en welken indruk meent ge dat zy op je maakt?","translation":"You take a chair--with four legs this time, and preferably an armchair--you sit down before the painting, to enjoy it well and long--we do, after all, enjoy the contemplation of something dreadful--and what impression do you suppose it makes on you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om goed en lang te genieten","title":"om ... te purpose","body":"'om ... te genieten' = 'in order to enjoy'. 'genieten' is intransitive here ('to take pleasure'); the adverbs 'goed en lang' sit before 'te genieten'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"we genieten nu eenmaal by 't aanschouwen van iets akeligs","title":"Nominalized infinitive 't aanschouwen","body":"\"'t aanschouwen van iets akeligs\" = 'the contemplation of something dreadful', the infinitive 'aanschouwen' used as a noun after 'by' (= bij). 'nu eenmaal' = 'after all, just the way it is'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"welken indruk meent ge dat zy op je maakt?","title":"Interrogative welk(en) + embedded dat-clause","body":"'welken indruk' is the formal interrogative 'which/what impression' with the old accusative -en. The main question 'meent ge' embeds a verb-final 'dat zy op je maakt'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neemt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"neemt","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stoel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stoel","lemma":"stoel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of neemt","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pooten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vier","lemma":"vier","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies pooten","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"pooten","lemma":"poot","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of met modifying stoel","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"ditmaal","lemma":"ditmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the chair description","gloss":"this time"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"liefst","lemma":"liefst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical neemt","gloss":"preferably"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fauteuil","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"fauteuil","lemma":"fauteuil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"alternative direct object of neemt","gloss":"armchair"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb in periphrastic gaat zitten","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place complement of zitten","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schildery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schildery","lemma":"schilderij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"painting"},{"surface":"zitten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gaat","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive te genieten","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genieten","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genieten","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive genieten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"genieten","lemma":"genieten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying gaat zitten","gloss":"enjoy"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of genieten","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"genieten","lemma":"genieten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"parallel clause to neemt","gloss":"enjoy"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of adverbial phrase nu eenmaal","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of adverbial phrase nu eenmaal","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstance of aanschouwen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nominalized aanschouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanschouwen","lemma":"aanschouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, nominalized infinitive","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"contemplation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"complement of van modifying aanschouwen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"akeligs","lemma":"akelig","morphology":"adjective, partitive form","role":"partitive modifier of iets","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"welken","lemma":"welk","morphology":"interrogative determiner, historical masculine accusative form","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"fronted direct object of maakt","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"meent","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"matrix verb governing dat-clause","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakt; refers to schildery","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking je","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of maakt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"makes"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h11-s106","source":"--Wèl, schrik, angst, medelyden, ontroering ... evenals toen ik door de opening van den muur zag.","translation":"--Why, fright, terror, pity, emotion ... just as when I looked through the opening in the wall.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"evenals toen ik door de opening van den muur zag","title":"evenals + past time-clause","body":"'evenals toen ... zag' = 'just as when I looked', a verb-final comparison clause introduced by 'toen'. 'van den muur' again preserves old 'den'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"medelyden","title":"medelijden — pity","body":"'medelyden' (= medelijden) is 'pity, compassion' (literally 'co-suffering'), a recurring keyword Havelaar will dissect into 'evenlydendheid' and 'gelykvoeligheid' below."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the elliptical answer","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"schrik","lemma":"schrik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first item in elliptical answer","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"angst","lemma":"angst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated item in elliptical answer","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"medelyden","lemma":"medelijden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated item in elliptical answer","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"ontroering","lemma":"ontroering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated item in elliptical answer","gloss":"emotion"},{"surface":"evenals","lemma":"evenals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zag","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zag","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opening","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opening","lemma":"opening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zag","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement modifying opening","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine dative form","role":"determiner of muur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muur","lemma":"muur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"looked"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h11-s107","source":"We hebben gesteld dat de schildery volmaakt is, ik moet dus daarvan geheel denzelfden indruk hebben als van de werkelykheid.","translation":"We have stipulated that the painting is perfect, so I must have from it entirely the same impression as from reality.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik moet ... van de werkelykheid","title":"Genitive remnant: denzelfden indruk","body":"'denzelfden indruk' carries the old masculine accusative ending -en on both demonstrative and adjective ('the same impression'). 'dus' is a coordinating conjunction ('so'), so the verb stays in second position."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gesteld","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gesteld","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"stipulated"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of volmaakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schildery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schildery","lemma":"schilderij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of volmaakt","gloss":"painting"},{"surface":"volmaakt","lemma":"volmaakt","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of the dat-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebben","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of hebben","gloss":"from it"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies denzelfden","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"denzelfden","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"adjective, historical masculine accusative form","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werkelykheid","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werkelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"werkelykheid","lemma":"werkelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van in comparative phrase","gloss":"reality"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h11-s108","source":"--Neen! Binnen twee minuten voel je pyn in je rechterarm, uit sympathie met den beul die zoo lang dat zwaar stuk staal onbewegelyk omhoog moet houden.","translation":"--No! Within two minutes you feel a pain in your right arm, out of sympathy with the executioner who must hold that heavy piece of steel aloft, motionless, for so long.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Binnen twee minuten voel je pyn","title":"Fronted time phrase → inversion (T-M-P)","body":"The time adverbial 'Binnen twee minuten' is fronted, inverting to 'voel je'. In the middle field, Dutch favours Time before Manner before Place."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... dat zwaar stuk staal onbewegelyk omhoog moet houden","title":"Modal moet houden; relative die","body":"Relative 'die' (the executioner who...) opens a verb-final clause; modal 'moet' + bare 'houden' close it. 'omhoog houden' is separable ('hold aloft')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative answer particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking minuten","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies minuten","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"minuten","lemma":"minuut","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of binnen","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"voel","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voel","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"pyn","lemma":"pijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voel","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rechterarm","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of rechterarm","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"rechterarm","lemma":"rechterarm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in modifying pijn","gloss":"right arm"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sympathie","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"sympathie","lemma":"sympathie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit modifying voel","gloss":"sympathy"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beul","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine dative form","role":"determiner of beul","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beul","lemma":"beul","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met modifying sympathie","gloss":"executioner"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of moet houden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"duration modifier of houden","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zwaar","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stuk","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"staal","lemma":"staal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"noun complement of stuk","gloss":"steel"},{"surface":"onbewegelyk","lemma":"onbeweeglijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner modifier of houden","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"omhoog","lemma":"omhoog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies houden","gloss":"aloft"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of houden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of the relative clause","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h11-s109","source":"--Sympathie met den beul?","translation":"--Sympathy with the executioner?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sympathie","lemma":"sympathie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of elliptical question","gloss":"sympathy"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of sympathie","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine dative form","role":"determiner of beul","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beul","lemma":"beul","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"executioner"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h11-s110","source":"--Ja! evenlydendheid, gelykvoeligheid, weetje? En tevens met de vrouw die daar zoo lang in ongemakkelyke houding, en waarschynlyk in onaangename stemming, voor dat blok ligt.","translation":"--Yes! fellow-suffering, fellow-feeling, you know? And likewise with the woman who lies there before that block for so long, in an uncomfortable posture, and probably in an unpleasant frame of mind.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"evenlydendheid, gelykvoeligheid","title":"Multatuli's coined compounds","body":"Havelaar invents 'evenlydendheid' (fellow-suffering) and 'gelykvoeligheid' (fellow-feeling) to gloss 'sympathie'. Such transparent native compounds show Dutch's habit of gluing roots together."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de vrouw die daar zoo lang in ongemakkelyke houding ... voor dat blok ligt","title":"Relative die + delayed verb","body":"The relative 'die' opens a long verb-final clause whose finite verb 'ligt' arrives only at the very end, after all the adverbials — a hallmark of Dutch subordinate order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative exclamation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"evenlydendheid","lemma":"evenlijdendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first item in apposition to the preceding idea","gloss":"fellow-suffering","note":"An uncommon coined noun meaning the sharing of another's suffering."},{"surface":"gelykvoeligheid","lemma":"gelijkvoeligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with evenlydendheid","gloss":"fellow-feeling","note":"An uncommon coined noun meaning the sharing of another's feelings."},{"surface":"weetje","lemma":"weten","morphology":"fused verb phrase, present, second-person singular","role":"parenthetical clause addressing the listener","gloss":"you know","note":"The printed form fuses weet and je, literally “know you.”"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this continuation to the preceding exclamation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the understood preceding predicate","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces vrouw as complement of the understood predicate","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces houding","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ongemakkelyke","lemma":"ongemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies houding","gloss":"uncomfortable"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"posture"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two in-phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waarschynlyk","lemma":"waarschijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the understood second in-phrase","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces stemming","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"onaangename","lemma":"onaangenaam","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies stemming","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"stemming","lemma":"stemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"frame of mind"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces blok","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative","role":"determiner of blok","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"blok","lemma":"blok","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"block"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying vrouw","gloss":"lies"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h11-s111","source":"Je hebt nog altyd medelyden met haar, maar ditmaal niet omdat ze onthoofd moet worden, maar omdat men haar zoo lang laat wachten vóór ze onthoofd wordt, en als je nog iets zeggen of roepen zoudt, in 't eind--gesteld dat je aandrift voelt je met de zaak te bemoeien--zou 't niets anders wezen dan: \"sla toch in-godsnaam toe, man, 't mensch wacht er op!\" En wanneer je later die schildery weerziet, en meermalen weerziet, is zelfs reeds je eerste indruk: \"is die historie nog niet afgeloopen?","translation":"You still feel pity for her, but this time not because she is to be beheaded, but because they keep her waiting so long before she is beheaded; and if you were still to say or cry out anything, in the end--supposing you felt an urge to meddle in the affair--it would be nothing other than: \"do strike, for God's sake, man, the poor creature is waiting for it!\" And when you later see that painting again, and see it many times, even your first impression is already: \"is that story still not over?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet omdat ze onthoofd moet worden, maar omdat men haar zoo lang laat wachten","title":"worden-passive vs causative laten","body":"'onthoofd moet worden' is a modal + worden-passive ('must be beheaded'). Contrast 'laat wachten' = causative 'laten' + bare infinitive ('makes her wait'). 'men' is the impersonal 'one/they'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vóór ze onthoofd wordt","title":"worden-passive after vóór","body":"'vóór ze onthoofd wordt' = 'before she is beheaded', a present worden-passive in a verb-final clause introduced by 'vóór'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als je nog iets zeggen of roepen zoudt","title":"Conditional zou(dt) in an als-clause","body":"'zoudt' is the archaic 2nd-person of 'zou' (conditional), here in an 'als' (if) clause: 'if you were still to say or cry out'. The infinitives precede the auxiliary at the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"'t mensch","title":"'t mensch — neuter 'mensch'","body":"Normally 'de mens' (a person), but \"'t mensch\" (neuter) is a colloquial, often pitying or dismissive way to refer to a woman — here 'the poor creature'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb governing medelijden","gloss":"feel","note":"Dutch has medelijden met, literally “have pity with.”"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebt","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebt","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"medelyden","lemma":"medelijden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebt","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces haar in the idiom medelijden met","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, object form","role":"object of met","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts the following qualification","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ditmaal","lemma":"ditmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the understood hebt medelijden","gloss":"this time"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the first omdat-clause as the reason","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of moet worden onthoofd","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"onthoofd","lemma":"onthoofden","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb in the passive construction","gloss":"beheaded"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden onthoofd","gloss":"is to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of onthoofd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts the true reason with the rejected one","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the true reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wachten","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"causative verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb governing haar and wachten","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laat","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of wordt","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wordt onthoofd","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"onthoofd","lemma":"onthoofden","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb in the passive construction","gloss":"beheaded"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of onthoofd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the conditional construction to the preceding sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the condition governed by zoudt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zoudt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zoudt zeggen or roepen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen and roepen","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zoudt","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates zeggen and roepen","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with zeggen","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"zoudt","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past conditional, second-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zeggen and roepen","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces eind","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"past participle, absolute construction","role":"introduces the parenthetical condition","gloss":"supposing"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause governed by gesteld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of voelt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"aandrift","lemma":"aandrift","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voelt","gloss":"urge"},{"surface":"voelt","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"finite verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, second-person singular","role":"reflexive object of bemoeien","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zaak as complement of bemoeien","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces bemoeien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bemoeien","lemma":"bemoeien","morphology":"reflexive verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of aandrift","gloss":"meddle"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past conditional, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, neuter, nominative","role":"subject of zou wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adjective, indefinite","role":"modifies niets","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the words that it would amount to","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"sla","lemma":"toeslaan","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular","role":"finite base of separable toeslaan","gloss":"strike"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal particle","role":"adds urging emphasis to sla toe","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"in-godsnaam","lemma":"in godsnaam","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"modifies sla toe","gloss":"for God's sake"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toeslaan","morphology":"separable particle","role":"completes sla ... toe, meaning strike","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of mens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wacht","gloss":"poor creature","note":"Here mensch refers sympathetically to the woman, hence “poor creature.”"},{"surface":"wacht","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is waiting"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement split across er ... op","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition, part of pronominal adverb","role":"completes er ... op as complement of wacht","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the following sentence to the preceding one","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of weerziet","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of both occurrences of weerziet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weerziet","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative","role":"determiner of schilderij","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"schildery","lemma":"schilderij","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of weerziet","gloss":"painting"},{"surface":"weerziet","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"first finite verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"see again"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two occurrences of weerziet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second weerziet","gloss":"many times"},{"surface":"weerziet","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"coordinated with the first weerziet","gloss":"see again"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb linking indruk to the quotation","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses reeds je eerste indruk","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive pronoun, second-person singular","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, inflected","role":"modifies indruk","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the quoted question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative","role":"determiner of historie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"historie","lemma":"historie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is afgeloopen","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet afgeloopen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates afgeloopen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"afgeloopen","lemma":"aflopen","morphology":"past participle","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"over"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h11-s112","source":"Staat hy, en ligt zy daar nòg?\"","translation":"Is he still standing, and is she still lying there?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s112.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Staat hy, en ligt zy daar nòg?","title":"Yes/no question with inversion","body":"Two yes/no questions: verb first ('Staat hy...', 'ligt zy...'). The accented 'nòg' stresses 'still'. The pair echoes the painting frozen forever."}],"words":[{"surface":"Staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the first question","gloss":"is standing"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of Staat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two questions","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the second question","gloss":"is lying"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"nòg","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"still"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h11-s113","source":"--Maar wat is dan voor beweging in de schoonheid der vrouwen te Arles? vroeg Verbrugge.","translation":"--But then what kind of movement is there in the beauty of the women at Arles? asked Verbrugge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat is dan voor beweging in de schoonheid der vrouwen","title":"Genitive der; 'wat voor' (what kind of)","body":"'der vrouwen' is the genitive plural 'of the women' (case remnant 'der'). 'wat ... voor beweging' is the split idiom 'wat voor' = 'what kind of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces Verbrugge's contrasting question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"interrogative modifier in wat voor beweging","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the existential question","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition in interrogative construction","role":"links wat with beweging","gloss":"kind of","note":"Wat voor means “what kind of.”"},{"surface":"beweging","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces schoonheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of schoonheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoonheid","lemma":"schoonheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive plural","role":"genitive determiner of vrouwen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive dependent of schoonheid","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Arles","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Arles","lemma":"Arles","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te, modifying vrouwen","gloss":"Arles"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"reporting verb for the preceding question","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h11-s114","source":"--O, dàt is iets anders!","translation":"--Oh, that is something else!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s114.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular, emphatic","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third-person singular","role":"links dàt to iets anders","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adjective, indefinite","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h11-s115","source":"Zy spelen een geschiedenis uit in haar trekken. Karthago bloeit en bouwt schepen op haar voorhoofd ... hoor den Hannibals-eed tegen Rome ... daar vlechten zy koorden voor de bogen ... daar brandt de stad ...","translation":"They play out a whole history in their features. Carthage blooms and builds ships upon their brow ... hear the oath of Hannibal against Rome ... there they plait cords for the bows ... there the city burns ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zy spelen een geschiedenis uit in haar trekken","title":"Separable uitspelen","body":"'spelen ... uit' is separable 'uitspelen' (to act/play out): the prefix 'uit' splits to the end of the clause. 'haar trekken' = their features."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar vlechten zy koorden ... daar brandt de stad","title":"Fronted 'daar' → inversion, repeated","body":"Each clause fronts 'daar' (there), inverting to 'vlechten zy' and 'brandt de stad' — V2 driving an incantatory, present-tense vision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person plural, nominative","role":"subject of spelen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"spelen","lemma":"uitspelen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"finite base of separable uitspelen","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of spelen uit","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uitspelen","morphology":"separable particle","role":"completes spelen ... uit, meaning enact fully","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces trekken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun, third-person plural","role":"determiner of trekken","gloss":"their","note":"Haar is used historically here as a plural possessive, modern hun."},{"surface":"trekken","lemma":"trek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"features"},{"surface":"Karthago","lemma":"Karthago","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of bloeit and bouwt","gloss":"Carthage"},{"surface":"bloeit","lemma":"bloeien","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"blooms"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates bloeit and bouwt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bouwt","lemma":"bouwen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with bloeit","gloss":"builds"},{"surface":"schepen","lemma":"schip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bouwt","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces voorhoofd","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun, third-person plural","role":"determiner of voorhoofd","gloss":"their","note":"Haar is used historically here as a plural possessive, modern hun."},{"surface":"voorhoofd","lemma":"voorhoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"hoor","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Hannibals-eed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hannibals-eed","lemma":"Hannibalseed","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hoor","gloss":"oath of Hannibal"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Rome","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Rome","lemma":"Rome","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"Rome"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vlechten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vlechten","lemma":"vlechten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"plait"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person plural, nominative","role":"subject of vlechten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"koorden","lemma":"koord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vlechten","gloss":"cords"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces bogen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of bogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bogen","lemma":"boog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"bows"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brandt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"brandt","lemma":"branden","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"burns"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of stad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stad","lemma":"stad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of brandt","gloss":"city"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h11-s116","source":"--Max, Max, ik geloof waarlyk dat je te Arles je hart verloren hebt, plaagde Tine.","translation":"--Max, Max, I truly believe you lost your heart at Arles, Tine teased.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik geloof waarlyk dat je te Arles je hart verloren hebt","title":"Perfect in a dat-clause","body":"'dat je ... verloren hebt' is verb-final ('hebt' last, participle 'verloren' before it). 'je hart verliezen' = 'to lose one's heart / fall in love'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"repeated vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb introducing the dat-clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verloren hebt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of verloren hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Arles","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Arles","lemma":"Arles","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Arles"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive pronoun, second-person singular","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verloren","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"verloren","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb of verloren hebt","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of verloren","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"plaagde","lemma":"plagen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"reporting verb for the preceding speech","gloss":"teased"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of plaagde","gloss":"Tine"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h11-s117","source":"--Ja, voor een oogenblik ...maar ik vond het terug: dat zult ge hooren.","translation":"--Yes, for a moment ... but I found it again: that you shall hear.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zult ge hooren","title":"Future with zullen; fronted object","body":"Fronting the object 'dat' inverts to 'zult ge'; 'zult ... hooren' = future 'you shall hear', the infinitive at the end. 'ge' is the literary 'you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces oogenblik","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts the following clause with the response","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"terugvinden","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"finite base of separable terugvinden","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, neuter","role":"direct object of vond terug","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terugvinden","morphology":"separable particle","role":"completes vond ... terug, meaning recovered","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of horen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, present, second-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of horen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zult horen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zult","gloss":"hear"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h11-s118","source":"Verbeeldt u ... ik zeg niet, daar heb ik een vrouw gezien, die zóó of zóó schoon was, neen: allen waren zy schoon, en 't was dus een onmogelykheid daar pour tout de bon verliefd te worden, omdat elke volgende weer de vorige uit je bewondering verdrong, en ik dacht daarby waarlyk aan Caligula of Tiberius--van wien vertellen ze 't fabeltje? --die 't heele menschelyk geslacht maar één hoofd toewenschte.","translation":"Imagine ... I do not say, there I saw a woman who was beautiful in this way or that, no: they were all of them beautiful, and so it was an impossibility to fall in love there pour tout de bon, because each one that followed crowded the one before out of your admiration again; and I truly thought there of Caligula or Tiberius--of which of them do they tell the little fable?--who wished the whole human race had but a single head.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een onmogelykheid daar pour tout de bon verliefd te worden","title":"te + worden (to become)","body":"'verliefd te worden' = 'to fall in love' (lit. 'to become in love'), a te-infinitive complement to the noun 'onmogelykheid'. 'verliefd worden' uses 'worden' for entering a state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat elke volgende weer de vorige uit je bewondering verdrong","title":"Inseparable verdringen; strong imperfect; verb-final","body":"'verdrong' is the strong imperfect of 'verdringen' (to crowd/push out), here at the end of the 'omdat' clause. 'elke volgende ... de vorige' = 'each following one... the previous one'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die 't heele menschelyk geslacht maar één hoofd toewenschte","title":"Relative die; separable toewensen","body":"The relative 'die' (who) opens a verb-final clause closing on 'toewenschte', imperfect of separable 'toewensen' (to wish upon someone). 'maar één' = 'only one'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pour tout de bon","title":"French: 'in real earnest'","body":"'pour tout de bon' = 'genuinely, in real earnest'. Another of Havelaar's French tags, underscoring that he could not fall truly in love amid so many beauties."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbeeldt","lemma":"verbeelden","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal singular","role":"main verb; takes reflexive u","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of Verbeeldt","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of ik zeg niet","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by heb","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"first alternative modifying schoon","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links zóó and zóó","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"second alternative modifying schoon","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die to schoon","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"rejects the preceding formulation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"emphatic complement of zy","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking zy to schoon","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking 't to onmogelykheid","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onmogelykheid","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onmogelykheid","lemma":"onmogelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"impossibility"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verliefd worden","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"French preposition","role":"first word of French phrase pour tout de bon","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"French adverb","role":"part of French phrase pour tout de bon","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"French preposition","role":"part of French phrase pour tout de bon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bon","lemma":"bon","morphology":"French adjective used nominally","role":"completes French phrase pour tout de bon","gloss":"earnest","note":"French pour tout de bon means “in earnest” or “genuinely.”"},{"surface":"verliefd","lemma":"verliefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks worden as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula with verliefd","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verdrong","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of volgende","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"volgende","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"subject of verdrong","gloss":"following one"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verdrong","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vorige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"direct object of verdrong","gloss":"previous one"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces uit je bewondering","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of bewondering","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"bewondering","lemma":"bewondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"admiration"},{"surface":"verdrong","lemma":"verdringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"crowded out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with was","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dacht","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dacht","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of denken aan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Caligula","lemma":"Caligula","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Caligula"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Tiberius","lemma":"Tiberius","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Caligula","gloss":"Tiberius"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"vertellen","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of parenthetical question","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vertellen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fabeltje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fabeltje","lemma":"fabel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of vertellen","gloss":"little fable"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of toewenschte","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geslacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heele","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies geslacht","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"menschelyk","lemma":"menselijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies geslacht","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"geslacht","lemma":"geslacht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of toewenschte","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies één","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies hoofd","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of toewenschte","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"toewenschte","lemma":"toewensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"wished"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h11-s119","source":"Zóó namelyk kwam onwillekeurig de wensch in my op, dat de vrouwen te Arles ...","translation":"For in just that way the wish rose up in me, involuntarily, that the women of Arles ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwam onwillekeurig de wensch in my op","title":"Separable opkomen, split apart","body":"'kwam ... op' is separable 'opkomen' (to rise up / occur), with 'op' driven to the end. 'de wensch kwam in my op' = 'the wish rose up in me'. 'onwillekeurig' = involuntarily."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam ... op","gloss":"in that way"},{"surface":"namelyk","lemma":"namelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"connects this explanation to the preceding thought","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of kwam ... op","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"onwillekeurig","lemma":"onwillekeurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam ... op","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wensch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wensch","lemma":"wens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of in my opkomen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of in","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of kwam ... op; gives the sense arose","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause expressing the wish","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of hadden in h11-s120","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place name Arles","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Arles","lemma":"Arles","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Arles"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h11-s120","source":"--Maar één hoofd hadden samen?","translation":"--Had but a single head between them?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar één hoofd hadden samen?","title":"Elliptical wish-clause (had but one head)","body":"An elided continuation of the previous wish: '[that the women of Arles] had but one head together'. 'hadden' (imperfect/subjunctive of 'hebben') closes the verb-final clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses één","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies hoofd","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of content clause begun in h11-s119","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"samen","lemma":"samen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hadden","gloss":"together"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h11-s121","source":"--Ja ... --Om 't afteslaan?","translation":"\"Yes ...\" \"To turn it down?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Om 't afteslaan?","title":"om ... te with separable verb (afteslaan)","body":"'afteslaan' = 'af te slaan' written joined per 1860 convention; the pun on 'afslaan' = both 'to strike off (a head)' and 'to decline/refuse'. The om-te frames a purpose: 'in order to ...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative reply","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of afteslaan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"afteslaan","lemma":"afslaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by Om","gloss":"turn down","note":"Older joined spelling of af te slaan, here meaning “to reject it.”"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h11-s122","source":"--Wel neen! Om.. het te kussen op 't voorhoofd, wilde ik zeggen, maar dat is het niet!","translation":"\"Why, no! To ... to kiss it on the forehead, I meant to say — but that isn't it either!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Om.. het te kussen op 't voorhoofd, wilde ik zeggen","title":"om ... te + modal wilde","body":"'om ... te kussen' is the purpose infinitive; 'wilde ik zeggen' = 'I meant to say', imperfect of modal 'willen'. Note 'het' (the single head, a het-word) as object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"intensifies neen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of kussen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks kussen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kussen","lemma":"kussen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by Om","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorhoofd","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorhoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorhoofd","lemma":"voorhoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of parenthetical ik wilde zeggen","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat and het","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h11-s123","source":"Neen, om er op te staren, en er van te droomen, en om ... goed te zyn!","translation":"No, to gaze at it, and to dream of it, and to ... be good!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om er op te staren, en er van te droomen","title":"Pronominal adverb in om-te: er op / er van","body":"'er op ... staren' and 'er van ... droomen' wrap 'er' (it, the head) around 'op' and 'van' inside two purpose clauses. 'staren op' and 'dromen van' fix the prepositions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om ... goed te zyn","title":"om ... te zyn (period spelling)","body":"'om ... goed te zyn' = 'in order to be good', the purpose infinitive of 'zijn'. 'zyn' shows y for ij. The bathetic turn ('to be good') is pure Havelaar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal object in er ... op","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes er ... op as object of staren","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks staren as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"staren","lemma":"staren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by om","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal object in er ... van","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes er ... van as object of droomen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks droomen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"droomen","lemma":"dromen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive coordinated with staren","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks zyn as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by om","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h11-s124","source":"Duclari en Verbrugge vonden waarschynlyk dit slot weer byzonder vreemd.","translation":"Duclari and Verbrugge probably found this ending uncommonly strange once again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vonden waarschynlyk dit slot weer byzonder vreemd","title":"vonden — imperfect of vinden","body":"'vonden' is the strong imperfect plural of 'vinden' (to find/think). 'iets vreemd vinden' = 'to find something strange'. 'dit slot' = 'this ending/conclusion'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vonden","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Duclari","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"vonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"waarschynlyk","lemma":"waarschijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vonden","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slot","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"slot","lemma":"slot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vonden","gloss":"ending"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreemd","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"byzonder","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreemd","gloss":"uncommonly"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement describing slot","gloss":"strange"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h11-s125","source":"Maar Max bemerkte hun verrassing niet, en ging voort:","translation":"But Max did not notice their surprise, and went on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Max bemerkte hun verrassing niet, en ging voort","title":"Separable voortgaan; niet negation","body":"'ging voort' is separable 'voortgaan' (to go on/continue). 'niet' negates the verb 'bemerkte'. 'hun' is the plural possessive 'their'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bemerkte","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bemerkte","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"bemerkte","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of verrassing","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"verrassing","lemma":"verrassing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bemerkte","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bemerkte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of ging ... voort","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ging ... voort; gives the sense continued","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h11-s126","source":"--Want zóó edel waren de trekken, dat men iets als schaamte voelde, slechts een mensch te wezen, en niet een vonk ... een straal--neen, dat waar stof!--een gedachte!","translation":"\"For so noble were the features that one felt something like shame at being merely a human being, and not a spark ... a ray — no, that would be matter! — a thought!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want zóó edel waren de trekken, dat men ... voelde","title":"want (coordinating) + zóó ... dat result clause","body":"'Want' (for/because) is coordinating and keeps V2 — but the fronted 'zóó edel' inverts to 'waren de trekken'. The 'dat' result clause is verb-final: 'voelde' at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"slechts een mensch te wezen","title":"te + wezen (archaic 'zijn')","body":"'te wezen' = 'te zijn' (to be), 'wezen' being the older/literary infinitive of 'zijn'. 'slechts' = only. The te-infinitive complements 'schaamte voelde ... te wezen'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dat waar stof","title":"Subjunctive 'ware' → 'waar'","body":"'dat waar stof' = 'that would be matter', with 'waar' a shortened subjunctive of 'zijn' ('ware'), used for a hypothetical. A solemn, archaic touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of edel","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"edel","lemma":"edel","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking trekken to edel","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of trekken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trekken","lemma":"trek","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"features"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of voelde","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with schaamte","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"schaamte","lemma":"schaamte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mensch te wezen","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"human being"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks wezen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement explaining the shame","gloss":"be","note":"Wezen is a literary infinitive of zijn, “to be.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the elliptical alternative een vonk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vonk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vonk","lemma":"vonk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical predicative alternative to mensch","gloss":"spark"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of straal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"straal","lemma":"straal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical alternative to vonk","gloss":"ray"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"rejects straal as the intended image","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of waar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"copula linking dat to stof","gloss":"would be","note":"Waar is an older subjunctive form of zijn: “would be.”"},{"surface":"stof","lemma":"stof","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of waar","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedachte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gedachte","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical correction replacing straal","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h11-s127","source":"Maar ... dan zat daar op-eens een broêr of een vader naast die vrouwen, en ... godbewaarme, ik heb er een gezien die haar neus snoot!","translation":"\"But ... then there would suddenly sit a brother or a father beside those women, and ... God preserve me, I once saw one of them blow her nose!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan zat daar op-eens een broêr of een vader","title":"Fronted dan → inversion; imperfect zat","body":"Fronted 'dan' (then) inverts to 'zat daar'. 'broêr' is the contracted spelling of 'broeder/broer' (brother). 'op-eens' = suddenly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb er een gezien die haar neus snoot","title":"Quantitative er; relative die; snoot","body":"'er een' uses quantitative 'er' standing for 'one of them'. 'snoot' is the strong imperfect of 'snuiten' (to blow one's nose). The bathos puncturing the rapture is the point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zat","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zat","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would sit"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zat","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of broêr","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"broêr","lemma":"broer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"brother","note":"Broêr is a nineteenth-century contracted spelling of broer."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with broêr","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouwen","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouwen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of naast","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"godbewaarme","lemma":"godbewaarme","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"God preserve me","note":"A contracted spelling of God bewaar me, “God preserve me.”"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"partitive pronoun referring to the women","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by heb","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of snoot","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of neus","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"neus","lemma":"neus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of snoot","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"snoot","lemma":"snuiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"blew"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h11-s128","source":"--Ik wist wel dat je er weer een zwarten streep over halen zou, zei Tine verdrietig.","translation":"\"I knew very well that you would draw a black line through it all again,\" said Tine sorrowfully.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat je er weer een zwarten streep over halen zou","title":"Conditional zou; pronominal er ... over","body":"'er ... over halen' wraps 'er' and 'over' around the idiom ('a streep over iets halen' = to cross/cancel something out). 'halen zou' = conditional 'would draw', auxiliary last. 'zwarten' keeps old accusative -en."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een zwarten streep over halen","title":"Idiom: to draw a black line through","body":"'er een streep door/over halen' is 'to cancel/spoil it'. Tine accuses Max of always undercutting his own raptures with a sour final stroke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause governed by wist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of halen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal object completed by over","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies halen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of streep","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zwarten","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies streep","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"streep","lemma":"streep","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of halen","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes er ... over, meaning through it","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"halen","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"draw"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of halen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb for the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"verdrietig","lemma":"verdrietig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"sorrowfully"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h11-s129","source":"--Kan ik 't helpen?","translation":"\"Can I help it?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Kan ik 't helpen?","title":"Modal kunnen; idiom 'het helpen'","body":"'Kan ik 't helpen?' = 'Can I help it?' — yes/no question, modal 'kan' first. 'iets kunnen helpen' here means 'to be able to do anything about it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of helpen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of helpen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of helpen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by Kan","gloss":"help"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h11-s130","source":"Ik had ze liever dood zien vallen!","translation":"I would sooner have seen them drop down dead!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik had ze liever dood zien vallen","title":"Perception verb 'zien' + bare infinitive","body":"'had ze ... zien vallen' = 'would sooner have seen them fall dead': perception verb 'zien' takes a bare infinitive 'vallen', and in this perfect the cluster ends 'zien vallen' (the 'IPP/Ersatzinfinitiv' effect). 'liever' = comparative of 'graag', rather."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first-person singular","role":"finite auxiliary governing zien","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third-person plural","role":"raised object of zien and subject of vallen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"graag","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies the verbal phrase zien vallen","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"adjective used predicatively","role":"resultative complement of vallen","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by had","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of zien","gloss":"fall"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h11-s131","source":"Mag zulk een meisje zich profaneeren?","translation":"Is such a girl permitted to profane herself?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Mag zulk een meisje zich profaneeren?","title":"Modal mogen; reflexive zich","body":"'Mag ... profaneeren?' = 'Is ... permitted to...', modal 'mogen' (may/be allowed). 'zich profaneeren' is reflexive ('profane oneself'). 'zulk een' = 'such a'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zulk een meisje","title":"Diminutive 'meisje' is neuter","body":"'meisje' is itself a frozen diminutive (-je) and therefore a het-word, even though it denotes a girl — which is why the pronoun referring to it can be neuter ('het kind' too)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite modal governing profaneren","gloss":"May"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of mag and profaneren","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of profaneren","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"profaneeren","lemma":"profaneren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by mag","gloss":"profane","note":"Historical spelling with doubled ee; modern Dutch profaneren."}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h11-s132","source":"--Maar, mynheer Havelaar, vroeg Verbrugge, als ze nu eens verkouwen is?","translation":"\"But, Mr. Havelaar,\" asked Verbrugge, \"what if she happens to have a cold?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ze nu eens verkouwen is","title":"als-clause: verb-final; verkouwen","body":"'als ze ... verkouwen is' = 'if/what if she happens to be cold-stricken', a verb-final 'als' clause. 'verkouwen' = verkouden (having a cold), the period -ou- spelling. 'nu eens' adds a hypothetical 'just suppose'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces Verbrugge's objection","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun used as title, masculine singular","role":"vocative title modifying Havelaar","gloss":"Mr.","note":"Historical spelling mynheer; modern Dutch mijnheer."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative addressed by Verbrugge","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"with nu eens introduces a hypothetical question","gloss":"what if","note":"Als ... nu eens idiomatically means “what if ...?”"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of hypothetical phrase als ... nu eens","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"part of hypothetical phrase als ... nu eens","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"verkouwen","lemma":"verkouden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"with a cold","note":"Historical verkouwen corresponds to modern verkouden, “having a cold.”"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking ze to verkouwen","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h11-s133","source":"--Wèl, ze moest niet verkouwen zyn met zulk een neus!","translation":"\"Well, she ought not to have a cold with a nose like that!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze moest niet verkouwen zyn met zulk een neus","title":"Modal moeten (ought) in the imperfect","body":"'moest ... zyn' = 'ought to be / should be', imperfect of modal 'moeten' used for a (counterfactual) propriety: 'she ought not to be cold-stricken'. 'niet' negates the predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of moest and zijn","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite modal governing zijn","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verkouwen zijn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verkouwen","lemma":"verkouden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"with a cold"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"be","note":"Historical spelling zyn; modern Dutch zijn."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstantial phrase met zulk een neus","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of neus","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of neus","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"neus","lemma":"neus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"nose"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h11-s134","source":"--Ja, maar ...","translation":"\"Yes, but ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s134.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an unfinished objection","gloss":"but"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h11-s135","source":"Alsof 't booze spel sprak, op-eens moest Tine niezen, en ... voor ze er aan dacht, had ze haar neus gesnoten!","translation":"As though some mischievous spirit had spoken, all at once Tine had to sneeze, and ... before she so much as thought of it, she had blown her nose!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s135.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor ze er aan dacht, had ze haar neus gesnoten","title":"Pluperfect; pronominal er ... aan","body":"'had ze ... gesnoten' is the pluperfect of 'snuiten'. 'er aan dacht' wraps 'er ... aan' for 'denken aan' (to think of it). 'voor ze ...' = 'before she ...', verb-final."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Alsof 't booze spel sprak","title":"Idiom: as if mischief itself spoke","body":"'Alsof 't booze spel sprak' ≈ 'as though some mischievous spirit had spoken' — a fixed expression for an uncanny, ill-timed coincidence (Tine sneezes right after the nose-blowing argument)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"moest Tine niezen","title":"Modal moeten = 'had to'","body":"'moest ... niezen' = 'had to sneeze' (an involuntary necessity). Fronted 'op-eens' inverts to 'moest Tine'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual clause sprak","gloss":"As though"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of spel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"booze","lemma":"boos","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies spel","gloss":"mischievous","note":"Here boos is used in the older sense “mischievous” or “malicious.”"},{"surface":"spel","lemma":"spel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"game","note":"In this idiom het boze spel personifies a mischievous agency or spirit."},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the alsof-clause","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moest niezen","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite modal governing niezen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of moest and niezen","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"niezen","lemma":"niezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"sneeze"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the sneeze and nose-blowing clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause dacht","gloss":"before","note":"Voor means “before” here, not the preposition “for.”"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of aan in eraan denken","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"combines with er as eraan, complement of dacht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of gesnoten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had gesnoten","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of neus","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"neus","lemma":"neus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gesnoten","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"gesnoten","lemma":"snuiten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by had","gloss":"blown"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h11-s136","source":"--Beste Max, wil je er niet boos om worden? vroeg ze met teruggehouden lach.","translation":"\"Dearest Max, you won't be cross about it, will you?\" she asked, holding back a laugh.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wil je er niet boos om worden?","title":"Modal willen as polite future; er ... om","body":"'wil je ... worden?' softens into a request ('won't you...?'). 'er ... om' (boos worden om iets = to get angry about something) splits the pronominal adverb. 'worden' marks entering a state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met teruggehouden lach","title":"Participle-adjective teruggehouden","body":"'teruggehouden' (held back, from separable 'terughouden') is a past participle used attributively before 'lach' (laugh): 'with a held-back laugh'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Beste","lemma":"best","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies Max in direct address","gloss":"Dearest"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, second-person singular","role":"finite modal governing worden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of wil and worden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of om in erom","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wil worden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"boos","lemma":"boos","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"combines with er as erom, complement of boos","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by wil","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a manner phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"teruggehouden","lemma":"terughouden","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies lach","gloss":"restrained"},{"surface":"lach","lemma":"lach","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"laugh"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h11-s137","source":"Hy antwoordde niet.","translation":"He gave no answer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s137.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"He","note":"Historical spelling Hy; modern Dutch hij."},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates antwoordde","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h11-s138","source":"En, hoe gek het schynt of is ... ja, hy was er boos om!","translation":"And — however foolish it may seem, or is ... yes, he was cross about it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy was er boos om","title":"Pronominal er ... om","body":"'er ... om' fills the 'om iets' slot of 'boos zijn om' (to be cross about something): 'he was cross about it'. The 'er' fronts, 'om' lands at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe gek het schynt of is","title":"Impersonal het; schijnen","body":"'hoe gek het schynt of is' uses impersonal/dummy 'het' as subject of 'schynt' (it seems) and 'is'. 'hoe ... ook' is the concessive 'however foolish'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects with the preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"introduces the concessive degree clause","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of schijnt and is","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of schijnt and is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"first verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"seems","note":"Historical spelling schynt; modern Dutch schijnt."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates schijnt and is","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with schijnt; links het to gek","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphatic discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he","note":"Historical spelling hy; modern Dutch hij."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third-person singular","role":"links hij to boos","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of om in erom","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"boos","lemma":"boos","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"combines with er as erom, complement of boos","gloss":"about"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h11-s139","source":"En, wat óók vreemd klinkt, Tine was bly dat hy boos was, en van haar vergde meer te zyn dan de Phoceesche vrouwen te Arles al was 't dan ook niet omdat ze reden had grootsch op haar neus te wezen.","translation":"And — what also sounds strange — Tine was glad that he was cross, and that he demanded of her that she be more than the Phocaean women at Arles, even if it was not because she had any reason to be proud of her nose.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tine was bly dat hy boos was, en van haar vergde meer te zyn","title":"Genitive 'der' inside the clause; te + zyn","body":"'van haar vergde meer te zyn' = 'demanded of her to be more', with the te-infinitive 'te zyn'. 'vergen van' = to demand of. The whole rides on coordinating 'en' keeping V2."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects with the preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of klinkt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"óók","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klinkt","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of klinkt","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"klinkt","lemma":"klinken","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical relative clause","gloss":"sounds"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third-person singular","role":"links Tine to blij","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"bly","lemma":"blij","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"glad","note":"Historical spelling bly; modern Dutch blij."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of blij","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was and vergde","gloss":"he","note":"Historical spelling hy; modern Dutch hij."},{"surface":"boos","lemma":"boos","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third-person singular","role":"links hij to boos","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates was and vergde within the dat-clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the person from whom something is demanded","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, third-person singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"vergde","lemma":"vergen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with was","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of vergde","gloss":"be","note":"Historical spelling zyn; modern Dutch zijn."},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the standard of comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of vrouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Phoceesche","lemma":"Phocaeïsch","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vrouwen","gloss":"Phocaean","note":"Phoceesche is a historical spelling meaning “Phocaean.”"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location Arles","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Arles","lemma":"Arles","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Arles"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"with dan ook introduces a concessive clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"part of concessive phrase al ... dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive phrase al ... dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the omdat-clause as the reason","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a rejected reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb governing reden and the infinitival clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"grootsch","lemma":"groots","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"proud","note":"Historical spelling grootsch; modern Dutch groots, here meaning “proud.”"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of groots","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of neus","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"neus","lemma":"neus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement governed by reden had","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"h11-s140","source":"Als Duclari nog meende dat Havelaar \"gek\" was, had men 't hem niet ten-kwade kunnen duiden wanneer hy zich in deze meening versterkt voelde, by 't bemerken der korte verstoordheid die er, na en om dat neussnuiten, op Havelaars gelaat te lezen was.","translation":"If Duclari still thought Havelaar \"mad,\" he could not have been blamed for feeling confirmed in that opinion at noticing the brief vexation that was to be read on Havelaar's face after, and on account of, that nose-blowing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had men 't hem niet ten-kwade kunnen duiden","title":"Modal perfect with IPP: kunnen duiden","body":"'had men ... kunnen duiden' = 'one could not have held it against him', a pluperfect where modal 'kunnen' appears as a bare infinitive (not participle) — the IPP effect. 'iets ten kwade duiden' = to take something amiss."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer hy zich in deze meening versterkt voelde","title":"Reflexive zich; demonstrative deze","body":"'zich ... versterkt voelde' = 'felt himself confirmed', 3rd-person reflexive 'zich'. 'deze meening' (this opinion) uses near demonstrative 'deze' for the de-word 'meening'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"der korte verstoordheid die ... te lezen was","title":"Genitive 'der'; passive-like 'te lezen was'","body":"'der korte verstoordheid' is genitive ('of the brief vexation'). 'te lezen was' = 'was to be read', the 'zijn + te + infinitive' construction expressing possibility/obligation, close to a passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause meende","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meende","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of meende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third-person singular","role":"links Havelaar to gek","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite auxiliary governing kunnen duiden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had kunnen duiden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter singular","role":"formal direct object in het iemand ten kwade duiden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of duiden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates had kunnen duiden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ten-kwade","lemma":"ten kwade","morphology":"fixed adverbial phrase","role":"part of idiom het iemand ten kwade duiden","gloss":"against","note":"Het iemand ten kwade duiden means “to hold something against someone.”"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary governing duiden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"duiden","lemma":"duiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the circumstantial clause voelde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"he","note":"Historical spelling hy; modern Dutch hij."},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of voelde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the respect in which he felt confirmed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of mening","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"opinion","note":"Historical spelling meening; modern Dutch mening."},{"surface":"versterkt","lemma":"versterken","morphology":"past participle","role":"object complement after voelde","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the wanneer-clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the occasion of feeling confirmed","gloss":"at","note":"Historical spelling by; modern Dutch bij."},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of bemerken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bemerken","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"noticing"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive singular","role":"determiner of verstoordheid","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"korte","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies verstoordheid","gloss":"brief"},{"surface":"verstoordheid","lemma":"verstoordheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of bemerken","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, common gender singular","role":"subject of was; refers to verstoordheid","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of existential-passive construction er ... te lezen was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal relation to neussnuiten","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates na and om","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the causal relation to neussnuiten","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of neussnuiten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"neussnuiten","lemma":"neussnuiten","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object shared by na and om","gloss":"nose-blowing"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of the visible vexation","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of gelaat","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in the construction te lezen was","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite auxiliary in the relative clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"h11-s141","source":"Maar deze was teruggekeerd van Karthago, en hy las--met de snelheid waarmee hy lezen kon, als hy niet te ver van-huis was met zyn geest--op de gezichten van zyn gasten, dat zy de twee volgende stellingen opwierpen:","translation":"But the man had returned from Carthage, and he read — with the swiftness with which he could read when his mind was not too far from home — on the faces of his guests that they were putting forward the two following propositions:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s141.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"deze was teruggekeerd van Karthago","title":"Demonstrative 'deze' as 'the latter'; pluperfect","body":"'deze' here means 'the latter / this man' (Havelaar). 'was teruggekeerd' is the pluperfect of motion verb 'terugkeren', with 'zijn'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met de snelheid waarmee hy lezen kon","title":"Pronominal relative 'waarmee'","body":"'waarmee' = 'with which', a pronominal-adverb relative ('the swiftness with which...'). The clause is verb-final: 'lezen kon'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zy de twee volgende stellingen opwierpen","title":"Separable opwerpen in a dat-clause","body":"'opwierpen' is the strong imperfect of separable 'opwerpen' (to raise/put forward), verb-final after 'dat'. 'stellingen' = propositions, set up for the numbered list that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting main clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"subject of was teruggekeerd; refers to Havelaar","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of teruggekeerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"teruggekeerd","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle governed by was","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the point of return","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Karthago","lemma":"Karthago","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Carthage"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates was teruggekeerd and las","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of las","gloss":"he","note":"Historical spelling hy; modern Dutch hij."},{"surface":"las","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"second coordinated main verb","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a manner phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of snelheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"snelheid","lemma":"snelheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"swiftness"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"instrumental modifier of lezen; refers to snelheid","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of kon lezen","gloss":"he","note":"Historical spelling hy; modern Dutch hij."},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite modal governing lezen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal-conditional clause was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he","note":"Historical spelling hy; modern Dutch hij."},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"head of the predicative phrase te ver van-huis","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van-huis","lemma":"van huis","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"adverbial complement of ver","gloss":"from home","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern van huis."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking hy to te ver van-huis","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces geest as the respect in which he was far away","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of geest","gloss":"his","note":"Historical spelling zyn; modern Dutch zijn."},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces where he read the guests' thought","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of gezichten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gezichten","lemma":"gezicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessive relation to gasten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of gasten","gloss":"his","note":"Historical spelling zyn; modern Dutch zijn."},{"surface":"gasten","lemma":"gast","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause read from their faces","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person plural","role":"subject of opwierpen","gloss":"they","note":"Historical spelling zy; modern Dutch zij."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of stellingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies stellingen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"volgende","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies stellingen","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"stellingen","lemma":"stelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of opwierpen","gloss":"propositions"},{"surface":"opwierpen","lemma":"opwerpen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"finite verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"put forward"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"h11-s142","source":"1° Wie niet wil dat zyn vrouw haar neus snuit, is een gek.","translation":"1° Whoever does not want his wife to blow her nose is a fool.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie niet wil dat zyn vrouw haar neus snuit, is een gek","title":"Free relative 'wie'; nested dat-clause","body":"'Wie ...' is the headless relative 'whoever'; its long subject clause ('Wie ... snuit') is itself verb-final, and the main verb 'is' follows in second position of the whole. 'snuit' = present of 'snuiten'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of snuit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of snuit","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of neus","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"neus","lemma":"neus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of snuit","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"snuit","lemma":"snuiten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Wie-clause to gek","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of gek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"fool"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"h11-s143","source":"2° Wie gelooft dat een in schoone lynen geteekende neus niet mag gesnoten worden, doet verkeerd dit geloof toetepassen op mevrouw Havelaar, wier neus een beetje en pomme de terre is.","translation":"2° Whoever believes that a nose drawn in fine lines may not be blown does wrong to apply this belief to Mrs. Havelaar, whose nose is a little en pomme de terre.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s143.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een in schoone lynen geteekende neus","title":"Extended participle attribute (German-style)","body":"'een in schoone lynen geteekende neus' = 'a nose drawn in fine lines': the participle 'geteekende' (drawn) carries a whole phrase 'in schoone lynen' before it, framed between article and noun — a learned, German-flavoured construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet mag gesnoten worden","title":"Modal + worden-passive infinitive","body":"'mag gesnoten worden' = 'may be blown', modal 'mogen' + a worden-passive infinitive. 'gesnoten' is the participle of strong 'snuiten'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"doet verkeerd dit geloof toetepassen op mevrouw Havelaar, wier neus ...","title":"Separable toetepassen; genitive relative 'wier'","body":"'toetepassen' = 'toe te passen' joined (apply). 'wier' is the genitive relative 'whose' (for a female/de-word antecedent): 'Mrs. Havelaar, whose nose...'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en pomme de terre","title":"French: 'like a potato'","body":"'en pomme de terre' = 'potato-shaped' — a teasing way to describe Tine's nose as a little round and homely, undercutting the high aesthetic argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of gelooft","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"gelooft","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of neus","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase modifying geteekende","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies lynen","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"lynen","lemma":"lijn","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"lines","note":"Old spelling of lijnen."},{"surface":"geteekende","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"past participle, adjectival, inflected","role":"modifies neus","gloss":"drawn","note":"Old spelling of getekende."},{"surface":"neus","lemma":"neus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of mag worden gesnoten","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates mag worden gesnoten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"gesnoten","lemma":"snuiten","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"blown"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gesnoten","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb; subject is the Wie-clause","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"complement of doet","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of geloof","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of toetepassen","gloss":"belief"},{"surface":"toetepassen","lemma":"toepassen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of doet","gloss":"to apply","note":"Historical fused spelling of toe te passen."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of toepassen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"wier","lemma":"wie","morphology":"possessive relative determiner","role":"possessor of neus","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"neus","lemma":"neus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of beetje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"beetje","lemma":"beetje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular used adverbially","role":"degree modifier of en pomme de terre","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"French preposition","role":"introduces the French predicate phrase","gloss":"in the shape of","note":"The French phrase en pomme de terre means “potato-shaped.”"},{"surface":"pomme","lemma":"pomme","morphology":"French noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of pomme de terre","gloss":"apple"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"French preposition","role":"links pomme to terre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"terre","lemma":"terre","morphology":"French noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking neus to en pomme de terre","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"h11-s144","source":"De eerste stelling liet Havelaar rusten, maar ... de tweede!","translation":"The first proposition Havelaar let pass, but ... the second!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De eerste stelling liet Havelaar rusten","title":"Fronted object + causative laten","body":"Fronting the object 'De eerste stelling' inverts to 'liet Havelaar'. 'liet rusten' = causative 'laten' + bare 'rusten': 'let [it] rest / let pass'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of stelling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies stelling","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"stelling","lemma":"stelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of liet rusten","gloss":"proposition"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"rusten","lemma":"rusten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of liet","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting ellipsis","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of tweede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tweede","lemma":"tweede","morphology":"ordinal adjective used as noun","role":"direct object of implied liet niet rusten","gloss":"second"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"h11-s145","source":"--O, riep hy, alsof hy te antwoorden had, schoon zyn gasten te beleefd waren geweest hun stellingen uittespreken, dàt zal ik u verklaren. Tine is ...","translation":"\"Oh,\" he cried, as though he had something to answer, although his guests had been too polite to speak their propositions aloud, \"that I shall explain to you. Tine is ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"alsof hy te antwoorden had","title":"'te + infinitive + hebben' (have to)","body":"'te antwoorden had' = 'had something to answer', the 'iets te doen hebben' = 'to have something to do' pattern, verb-final after 'alsof'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schoon zyn gasten te beleefd waren geweest hun stellingen uittespreken","title":"Archaic 'schoon' (= although); separable uitspreken","body":"'schoon' here is the literary concessive 'although' (= hoewel/ofschoon). 'te beleefd ... uittespreken' uses 'te ... om te' sense ('too polite to speak'); 'uittespreken' = 'uit te spreken' joined."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dàt zal ik u verklaren","title":"Fronted object + future zullen","body":"Fronted 'dàt' inverts to 'zal ik'; 'zal ... verklaren' = future 'I shall explain', infinitive last. 'u' is the formal/respectful object pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation before riep","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks antwoorden as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"antwoorden","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of had","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the alsof-clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gasten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gasten","lemma":"gast","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren geweest","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies beleefd","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"beleefd","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of waren geweest","gloss":"polite"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"past participle","role":"copula linking gasten to te beleefd","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of stellingen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"stellingen","lemma":"stelling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of uittespreken","gloss":"propositions"},{"surface":"uittespreken","lemma":"uitspreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"complement licensed by te beleefd","gloss":"to speak aloud","note":"Historical fused spelling of uit te spreken."},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, emphatic","role":"direct object of verklaren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verklaren","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verklaren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of verklaren","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"verklaren","lemma":"verklaren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of the unfinished sentence","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"h11-s146","source":"--Beste Max! zeide zy smeekend. Dit beteekende: \"vertel toch niet aan die heeren waarom ik in uw schatting verheven moest zyn boven verkoudheid!\"","translation":"\"Dearest Max!\" she said imploringly. This meant: \"do not tell those gentlemen why, in your estimation, I was to be raised above catching cold!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s146.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom ik in uw schatting verheven moest zyn boven verkoudheid","title":"Modal moeten + verb-final waarom-clause","body":"'waarom ik ... verheven moest zyn' is verb-final ('moest zyn' last): 'why I had to be raised'. 'verheven' (exalted) is a participle-adjective; 'uw schatting' = your estimation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zeide zy smeekend","title":"Archaic 'zeide'; participle smeekend","body":"'zeide' is the older literary imperfect of 'zeggen' (modern 'zei'). 'smeekend' is the -end present participle used adverbially ('imploringly')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Beste","lemma":"best","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies vocative Max","gloss":"dearest"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"smeekend","lemma":"smeken","morphology":"present participle used adverbially","role":"modifies zeide","gloss":"imploringly","note":"Old spelling of smekend."},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of beteekende","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"beteekende","lemma":"betekenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant","note":"Old spelling of betekende."},{"surface":"vertel","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal particle","role":"adds an imploring emphasis to vertel","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates vertel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient of vertel","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of heeren","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"heeren","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the embedded clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moest worden verheven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the viewpoint phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of schatting","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"schatting","lemma":"schatting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"estimation"},{"surface":"verheven","lemma":"verheven","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate complement of zyn","gloss":"elevated","note":"Here verheven is a predicative adjective with zijn, not an eventive passive."},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn verheven","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking ik to verheven","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of verheven","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"verkoudheid","lemma":"verkoudheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of boven","gloss":"a cold"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"h11-s147","source":"Havelaar scheen te verstaan wat Tine meende, want hy antwoordde:","translation":"Havelaar seemed to understand what Tine meant, for he answered:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar scheen te verstaan wat Tine meende, want hy antwoordde","title":"scheen te + infinitive; want keeps V2","body":"'scheen te verstaan' = 'seemed to understand' (schijnen governs 'te'). 'want' (for) is coordinating, so 'hy antwoordde' stays V2. 'wat Tine meende' is a free relative, verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verstaan as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of scheen","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of meende","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the clause embedded under verstaan","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"h11-s148","source":"--Goed, kind! Maar weet je wel, heeren, dat men zich dikwyls bedriegt in 't beoordeelen der aanspraken van sommige menschen op stoffelyke onvolkomenheid?","translation":"\"Very well, child! But do you know, gentlemen, that one is often mistaken in judging the claims of certain people to material imperfection?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s148.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men zich dikwyls bedriegt in 't beoordeelen der aanspraken","title":"Reflexive zich; nominalized infinitive; genitive der","body":"'zich bedriegt' = reflexive 'is mistaken'; 'men' is impersonal 'one'. \"'t beoordeelen der aanspraken\" = 'the judging of the claims', a nominalized infinitive governing a genitive plural 'der'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective used interjectionally","role":"forms an interjection","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal particle","role":"adds emphasis to weet","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"heeren","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"vocative","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bedriegt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bedriegt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of bedriegt","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedriegt","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"bedriegt","lemma":"bedriegen","morphology":"verb, present, singular, reflexive","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"is mistaken"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the activity in which one errs","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of beoordeelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beoordeelen","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive plural","role":"determiner of aanspraken","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"aanspraken","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of beoordeelen","gloss":"claims"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessors of aanspraken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of aanspraken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stoffelyke","lemma":"stoffelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies onvolkomenheid","gloss":"material","note":"Old spelling of stoffelijke."},{"surface":"onvolkomenheid","lemma":"onvolkomenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"imperfection"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"h11-s149","source":"Ik ben zeker dat de gasten nooit van die aanspraken gehoord hadden.","translation":"I am certain that the guests had never heard of such claims.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s149.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Ik to zeker","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of ben","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gehoord hadden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of gasten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gasten","lemma":"gast","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of gehoord hadden","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehoord","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of gehoord","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of aanspraken","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"aanspraken","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"claims"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"h11-s150","source":"--Ik heb op Sumatra een meisje gekend, ging hy voort, de dochter van een datoe ... welnu, ik houd het er voor dat zy op die onvolkomenheid geen recht had.","translation":"\"On Sumatra I once knew a girl,\" he went on, \"the daughter of a datu ... well now, I hold that she had no right to that imperfection.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik houd het er voor dat zy ... geen recht had","title":"Idiom 'het ervoor houden dat'; geen","body":"'ik houd het er voor dat...' = 'I hold/maintain that...' (the 'er voor' is fixed). 'geen recht' uses 'geen' to negate the indefinite noun 'recht' (right) — 'no right'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb gekend","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location Sumatra","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Sumatra","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Sumatra"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gekend","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"gekend","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb governed by heb","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of ging voort","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"completes ging voort, “went on”","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to meisje","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of dochter","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of datoe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"datoe","lemma":"datu","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"datu","note":"A datu is a local traditional chief or dignitary."},{"surface":"welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker before ik houd","gloss":"well now"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb in the idiom het ervoor houden","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun","role":"fixed object in het ervoor houden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of ervoor","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition, part of pronominal adverb","role":"completes ervoor in the idiom het ervoor houden","gloss":"as true"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of recht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of onvolkomenheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"onvolkomenheid","lemma":"onvolkomenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"imperfection"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"h11-s151","source":"En toch heb ik haar in 't water zien vallen by een schipbreuk ... evenals een ander.","translation":"\"And yet I saw her fall into the water in a shipwreck ... just like anyone else.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s151.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb ik haar in 't water zien vallen by een schipbreuk","title":"Perfect + perception 'zien' + bare infinitive (IPP)","body":"'heb ik haar ... zien vallen' = 'I saw her fall' in the perfect, where 'zien' surfaces as a bare infinitive (IPP) rather than a participle. 'by een schipbreuk' = during a shipwreck."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb zien vallen","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb zien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of zien and understood subject of vallen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the direction of vallen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of water","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive replacing past participle","role":"main perception verb governed by heb","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zien","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstance of vallen","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of schipbreuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schipbreuk","lemma":"schipbreuk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"shipwreck"},{"surface":"evenals","lemma":"evenals","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective, singular","role":"standard of comparison after evenals","gloss":"other person"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"h11-s152","source":"Ik, een mensch, heb haar moeten helpen om aan land te komen.","translation":"\"I, a human being, had to help her reach the shore.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb haar moeten helpen om aan land te komen","title":"Modal moeten (IPP) + om ... te","body":"'heb ... moeten helpen' is a perfect with modal 'moeten' as a bare infinitive (IPP). 'om aan land te komen' = 'in order to reach the shore', a purpose clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb moeten helpen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Ik","gloss":"human being"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of moeten helpen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of helpen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive replacing past participle","role":"modal auxiliary of helpen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moeten","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination land","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks komen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"h11-s153","source":"--Maar.. had ze dan moeten vliegen als een meeuw?","translation":"\"But ... was she supposed to fly like a gull, then?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ze dan moeten vliegen als een meeuw?","title":"Modal moeten in a yes/no question","body":"'had ze ... moeten vliegen?' = 'was she supposed to fly?', a perfect with modal 'moeten' (IPP) fronted as a question. 'als een meeuw' = like a gull."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of moeten vliegen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had moeten vliegen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive replacing past participle","role":"modal auxiliary of vliegen","gloss":"supposed to"},{"surface":"vliegen","lemma":"vliegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moeten","gloss":"fly"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of meeuw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"meeuw","lemma":"meeuw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"standard of comparison after als","gloss":"gull"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"h11-s154","source":"--Wel zeker, of ... neen, ze had geen lichaam moeten hebben.","translation":"\"Why, certainly — or ... no, she ought to have had no body at all.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze had geen lichaam moeten hebben","title":"geen + modal moeten","body":"'geen lichaam' negates the indefinite noun 'lichaam' (body): 'no body'. 'had ... moeten hebben' = 'ought to have had', a counterfactual modal perfect (IPP)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal particle","role":"adds emphatic affirmation","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms the affirmative response with Wel","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a self-correction","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negates the preceding idea","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had moeten hebben","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of moeten hebben","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of lichaam","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"lichaam","lemma":"lichaam","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive replacing past participle","role":"modal auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moeten","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"h11-s155","source":"Wilt ge dat ik u vertel hoe ik kennis met haar maakte? 't Was in '42.","translation":"\"Would you like me to tell you how I came to know her? It was in '42.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s155.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wilt ge dat ik u vertel hoe ik kennis met haar maakte?","title":"Modal willen as a question; nested clauses","body":"'Wilt ge dat ...?' = 'Would you like me to ...?' The 'dat' clause and the embedded 'hoe ...' clause are both verb-final ('vertel', 'maakte'). 'kennis maken met' = to get to know."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t Was in '42","title":"Impersonal het with a date","body":"\"'t Was in '42\" uses dummy 'het' for time ('it was in '42'). The apostrophe-42 = 1842, situating the Si Oepi Keteh tale in Havelaar's early career."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wilt","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb governing the dat-clause","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Wilt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vertel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of vertel","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vertel","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakte","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in kennis maakte","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of met","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the hoe-clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of Was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the year","gloss":"in"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"h11-s156","source":"Ik was kontroleur van Natal ... ben je daar geweest, Verbrugge?","translation":"\"I was controller of Natal ... have you been there, Verbrugge?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s156.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ben je daar geweest, Verbrugge?","title":"Perfect of zijn-verb in a question","body":"'ben je daar geweest?' = 'have you been there?', the perfect of 'zijn' (which takes 'zijn' as auxiliary), inverted for a yes/no question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Ik to kontroleur","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweest","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by ben","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"h11-s157","source":"--Ja.","translation":"\"Yes.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s157.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"standalone affirmative response","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"h11-s158","source":"--Welnu, dan weet je dat er peperkultuur in 't Natalsche is.","translation":"\"Well then, you know that there is pepper-growing in the Natal district.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s158.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan weet je dat er peperkultuur in 't Natalsche is","title":"Existential er; compound peperkultuur","body":"'er peperkultuur ... is' = 'there is pepper-growing', existential 'er'. 'peperkultuur' is a noun compound (peper + kultuur). \"'t Natalsche\" = the Natal district."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well then"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"peperkultuur","lemma":"pepercultuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of is","gloss":"pepper-growing","note":"Peperkultuur uses the older k spelling; modern Dutch writes pepercultuur."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking het Natalsche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Natalsche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Natalsche","lemma":"Natals","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Natal district","note":"Het Natalsche is a substantivized regional adjective meaning the Natal district."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"h11-s159","source":"De pepertuinen liggen te Taloh-Baleh, benoorden Natal, aan de kust.","translation":"The pepper gardens lie at Taloh-Baleh, north of Natal, along the coast.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s159.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De pepertuinen liggen te Taloh-Baleh, benoorden Natal","title":"Compound pepertuinen; archaic 'benoorden'","body":"'pepertuinen' (pepper-gardens) is a plural compound. 'benoorden' is an older directional preposition = 'to the north of', formed with the be- prefix (cf. bezuiden, beoosten)."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pepertuinen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pepertuinen","lemma":"pepertuin","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"pepper gardens"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Taloh-Baleh","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Taloh-Baleh","lemma":"Taloh-Baleh","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Taloh-Baleh"},{"surface":"benoorden","lemma":"benoorden","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"north of"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of benoorden","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kust","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kust","lemma":"kust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"coast"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"h11-s160","source":"Ik moest ze inspekteeren, en daar ik geen verstand van peper had, nam ik in de prahoe een datoe mee, die er meer van wist.","translation":"I had to inspect them, and since I had no understanding of pepper, I took along in the prahu a datu who knew more about it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s160.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar ik geen verstand van peper had, nam ik ... een datoe mee","title":"Causal 'daar' (= since); separable meenemen","body":"'daar' here is the literary causal conjunction 'since/because', sending its verb to the end ('had'); the main clause inverts to 'nam ik'. 'nam ... mee' is separable 'meenemen' (to take along)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"prahoe / prauw","title":"Prahu — a Malay boat","body":"A 'prahoe' (also spelled 'prauw' below) is a prau, a traditional Indonesian sailing boat. Multatuli uses Malay loanwords freely to colour the East Indies setting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of inspekteeren","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of inspekteeren","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"inspekteeren","lemma":"inspecteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"inspect","note":"Inspekteeren is an older spelling of modern inspecteren."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verstand","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"verstand","lemma":"verstand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking peper","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"peper","lemma":"peper","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"pepper"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prahoe","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of prahoe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prahoe","lemma":"prauw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"prahu","note":"Prahoe is a historical spelling of modern prauw, a Malay sailing boat."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of datoe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"datoe","lemma":"datu","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"datu","note":"Datoe is a historical spelling of datu, a local chief or dignitary."},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of nam ... mee","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of er ... van, referring to pepper","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"prepositional adverb particle","role":"second part of er ... van","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on datoe","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"h11-s161","source":"Zyn dochtertje, toen een kind van dertien jaren, ging mee.","translation":"His little daughter, then a child of thirteen, came along.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s161.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyn dochtertje ... ging mee","title":"Diminutive dochtertje; separable meegaan","body":"'dochtertje' is the diminutive of 'dochter' (-tje), neuter and affectionate ('little daughter'). 'ging mee' is separable 'meegaan' (to come along)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of dochtertje","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dochtertje","lemma":"dochtertje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"little daughter"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the apposition kind","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to dochtertje","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dertien","lemma":"dertien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"thirteen"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of ging ... mee","gloss":"along"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"h11-s162","source":"We zeilden langs de kust, en verveelden ons ... --En toen hebt ge schipbreuk geleden?","translation":"We sailed along the coast, and were bored ... \"And then you suffered a shipwreck?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s162.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"We zeilden langs de kust, en verveelden ons","title":"Reflexive 'zich vervelen' (1st pl. ons)","body":"'verveelden ons' = 'were bored', reflexive 'zich vervelen'; in the 1st person plural the reflexive is 'ons'. 'zeilden' and 'verveelden' are weak imperfects."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"En toen hebt ge schipbreuk geleden?","title":"Perfect 'geleden'; fronted toen","body":"'hebt ge ... geleden?' = 'did you suffer...?', perfect of 'lijden'. Fronted 'toen' inverts. 'schipbreuk lijden' = to suffer a shipwreck."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeilden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zeilden","lemma":"zeilen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sailed"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kust","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kust","lemma":"kust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zeilden","gloss":"coast"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verveelden","lemma":"vervelen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with zeilden","gloss":"bored"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of verveelden","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geleden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"schipbreuk","lemma":"schipbreuk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geleden","gloss":"shipwreck"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by hebt","gloss":"suffered"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"h11-s163","source":"--Wel neen, t was mooi weer, al te mooi.","translation":"\"Why no, the weather was fine, all too fine.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s163.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies the denial wel neen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the denial wel neen","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it","note":"The apostrophe of the contraction 't is omitted in the printed source."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking t to mooi weer","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"mooi","lemma":"mooi","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies weer","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"weather"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies te mooi","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mooi","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"mooi","lemma":"mooi","morphology":"adjective","role":"elliptical restatement of mooi","gloss":"fine"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"h11-s164","source":"De schipbreuk waarop je doelt, viel veel later voor. Anders zou ik me niet verveeld hebben.","translation":"\"The shipwreck you mean came much later. Otherwise I should not have been bored.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De schipbreuk waarop je doelt, viel veel later voor","title":"Relative waarop; separable voorvallen","body":"'waarop je doelt' = 'that you mean / refer to' (doelen op), a pronominal-adverb relative. 'viel ... voor' is separable 'voorvallen' (to occur/happen)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Anders zou ik me niet verveeld hebben","title":"Conditional perfect; reflexive me","body":"'zou ik me ... verveeld hebben' = 'I should not have been bored', a conditional perfect ('zou ... hebben'). The 1st-person reflexive is 'me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schipbreuk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schipbreuk","lemma":"schipbreuk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"shipwreck"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of doelt","gloss":"at which"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doelt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"doelt","lemma":"doelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on schipbreuk","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of viel ... voor","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies later","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies viel ... voor","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of viel ... voor","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"Anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verveeld","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verveeld","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verveeld","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of verveeld","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verveeld","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verveeld","lemma":"vervelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by zou ... hebben","gloss":"bored"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive auxiliary governed by zou","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"h11-s165","source":"Zoo zeilden we langs de kust, en 't was stikheet.","translation":"So we sailed along the coast, and it was stiflingly hot.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s165.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoo zeilden we ... en 't was stikheet","title":"Fronted Zoo → inversion; impersonal het","body":"Fronted 'Zoo' (so/thus) inverts to 'zeilden we'. \"'t was stikheet\" uses impersonal 'het' for weather/sensation ('it was stiflingly hot'); 'stikheet' = stik- (intensifier 'choking') + heet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeilden","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zeilden","lemma":"zeilen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sailed"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeilden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kust","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kust","lemma":"kust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zeilden","gloss":"coast"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to stikheet","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"stikheet","lemma":"stikheet","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"stiflingly hot"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"h11-s166","source":"Zoo'n prauw biedt weinig gelegenheid tot afleiding, en daarby was ik juist in een verdrietige stemming, waartoe veel oorzaken het hare bydroegen.","translation":"A prau like that offers little chance of diversion, and besides I happened to be in a melancholy mood, to which many causes contributed their share.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s166.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een verdrietige stemming, waartoe veel oorzaken het hare bydroegen","title":"Relative waartoe; separable bijdragen","body":"'waartoe ... bydroegen' = 'to which [many causes] contributed', pronominal-adverb relative (bijdragen tot). 'het hare' = 'their share/part'. 'bydroegen' is the imperfect of separable 'bijdragen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of prauw","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"prauw","lemma":"prauw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of biedt","gloss":"prau"},{"surface":"biedt","lemma":"bieden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"offers"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of biedt","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afleiding","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"afleiding","lemma":"afleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"diversion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying the clause","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stemming","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stemming","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verdrietige","lemma":"verdrietig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stemming","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"stemming","lemma":"stemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"mood"},{"surface":"waartoe","lemma":"waartoe","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of bydroegen","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaken","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of bydroegen","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hare","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"substantivized possessive pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of bydroegen","gloss":"their share","note":"Het hare means each cause's own share here."},{"surface":"bydroegen","lemma":"bijdragen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"contributed","note":"Bydroegen is the older spelling of bijdroegen."}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"h11-s167","source":"Ik had, primo, een ongelukkige liefde, ten-tweede, een ... ongelukkige liefde, ten-derde ... nu ja, nòg iets van dien aard, enz. Och, dat hoort er zoo by.","translation":"I had, first, an unhappy love; second, an ... unhappy love; third ... well, yes, something more of the same kind, and so forth. Ah, that's all part of it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s167.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"primo ... ten-tweede ... ten-derde","title":"Ordinal enumerators","body":"Havelaar mixes Latin 'primo' (first) with Dutch 'ten-tweede', 'ten-derde' ('secondly', 'thirdly'). 'enz.' = enzovoort ('etc.'). The mock-formal list parodies his own self-pity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hoort er zoo by","title":"Separable erbij horen","body":"'dat hoort er zoo by' = 'that's just part of it', separable 'erbij horen' (to belong to / be part of), with 'er ... by' wrapping. A resigned colloquialism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"primo","lemma":"primo","morphology":"adverb","role":"first item marker","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ongelukkige","lemma":"ongelukkig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies liefde","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ten-tweede","lemma":"ten tweede","morphology":"adverb","role":"second item marker","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ongelukkige","lemma":"ongelukkig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies liefde","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical second direct object of had","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ten-derde","lemma":"ten derde","morphology":"adverb","role":"third item marker","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of discourse marker nu ja","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the discourse marker nu ja","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"nòg","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"another","note":"The grave accent marks emphasis: yet another thing."},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"elliptical third direct object of had","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of aard","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"enz","lemma":"enzovoorts","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"closes the enumeration","gloss":"and so forth"},{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hoort","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hoort","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"belongs"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of er ... bij","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoort ... bij","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of hoort ... bij","gloss":"with"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"h11-s168","source":"Maar bovendien bevond ik my in een statie tusschen twee aanvallen van eerzucht. Ik had me koning gemaakt, en was weer onttroond.","translation":"But moreover I found myself in a lull between two fits of ambition. I had made myself king, and had been dethroned again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s168.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bevond ik my in een statie tusschen twee aanvallen van eerzucht","title":"Reflexive 'zich bevinden'; fronted bovendien","body":"'bevond ik my' = 'I found myself', reflexive 'zich bevinden'; with 'ik' the reflexive is 'my' (= mij). Fronted 'bovendien' (moreover) inverts the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik had me koning gemaakt, en was weer onttroond","title":"Perfect with hebben vs zijn","body":"'had me koning gemaakt' (perfect with 'hebben', plus reflexive 'me'); 'was ... onttroond' is a state passive with 'zijn' + participle ('was dethroned'). The mix marks transitive vs passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bevond","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevond","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"bevond","lemma":"bevinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bevond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of bevond","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking statie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of statie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"statie","lemma":"statie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"lull","note":"Statie figuratively means a stationary interval or lull here."},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanvallen","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies aanvallen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"aanvallen","lemma":"aanval","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tusschen","gloss":"fits"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eerzucht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eerzucht","lemma":"eerzucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"ambition"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gemaakt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of gemaakt","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of gemaakt","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of onttroond","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onttroond","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"onttroond","lemma":"onttronen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by was","gloss":"dethroned"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"h11-s169","source":"Ik was op een toren geklommen, en weer op den grond gevallen ... ik zal nu maar overslaan hoe dat kwam!","translation":"I had climbed a tower, and fallen to the ground again ... I shall just skip over how that came about!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s169.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik was op een toren geklommen, en weer op den grond gevallen","title":"Pluperfect of motion verbs (zijn)","body":"Both 'geklommen' (climbed) and 'gevallen' (fallen) form a pluperfect with 'zijn' ('was ... geklommen ... gevallen'), because they are motion/change-of-state verbs. 'den grond' keeps the old accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik zal nu maar overslaan hoe dat kwam","title":"Future zullen; separable overslaan","body":"'zal ... overslaan' = future 'I shall skip', infinitive last. 'overslaan' is separable (skip over). 'hoe dat kwam' is a verb-final embedded clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geklommen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geklommen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toren","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toren","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"toren","lemma":"toren","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of geklommen","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"geklommen","lemma":"klimmen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by was","gloss":"climbed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevallen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grond","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle coordinated with geklommen","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of overslaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of overslaan","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overslaan","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overslaan","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"overslaan","lemma":"overslaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"skip"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the hoe-clause","gloss":"came about","note":"Hoe dat kwam means how that came about."}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"h11-s170","source":"Genoeg, ik zat daar in die prauw met een zuur gezicht en slecht humeur, en was, wat de Duitschers noemen: ungeniessbar.","translation":"In short, I sat there in that prau with a sour face and a foul temper, and was what the Germans call: ungeniessbar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s170.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was, wat de Duitschers noemen: ungeniessbar","title":"Free relative 'wat' as parenthetical","body":"'wat de Duitschers noemen' = 'what the Germans call', a free relative inserted parenthetically before the German adjective. 'ungeniessbar' (German, 'unpalatable/insufferable') is one of Havelaar's foreign tags."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ungeniessbar","title":"German: insufferable","body":"'ungeniessbar' literally 'inedible/unenjoyable', here applied to a person's foul mood — Havelaar quoting the Germans to mock his own sourness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"in short"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of zat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prauw","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of prauw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"prauw","lemma":"prauw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zat","gloss":"prahu"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezicht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezicht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zuur","lemma":"zuur","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gezicht","gloss":"sour"},{"surface":"gezicht","lemma":"gezicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies humeur","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"humeur","lemma":"humeur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"temper"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zat; copula for ungeniessbar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Duitschers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Duitschers","lemma":"Duitser","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of noemen","gloss":"Germans"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of a parenthetical relative clause","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"ungeniessbar","lemma":"ungenießbar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"unbearable","note":"German ungenießbar literally means “unenjoyable” and here describes an insufferable mood."}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"h11-s171","source":"Ik vond onder anderen dat het niet te-pas kwam my pepertuinen te laten inspekteeren, en dat ik lang had moeten aangesteld zyn tot gouverneur van een zonnestelsel.","translation":"Among other things, I found it unbecoming that I should be sent to inspect pepper gardens, and that I ought long since to have been appointed governor of a solar system.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s171.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat het niet te-pas kwam my pepertuinen te laten inspekteeren","title":"Impersonal het; te + causative laten","body":"'het ... te-pas kwam' uses impersonal 'het' ('it was unbecoming'); 'te-pas komen' = to be fitting. 'my ... te laten inspekteeren' = causative 'laten' + bare 'inspekteeren', governed by 'te'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik lang had moeten aangesteld zyn tot gouverneur","title":"Modal pluperfect; passive infinitive","body":"'had moeten aangesteld zyn' = 'ought long since to have been appointed', stacking pluperfect + modal 'moeten' (IPP) + a zijn-passive ('aangesteld zyn'). 'aanstellen tot' = to appoint as."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom onder anderen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"other things","note":"Onder anderen is an older form of the idiom meaning “among other things.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first object clause of vond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te-pas","lemma":"te pas","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of kwam","gloss":"fitting","note":"Niet te pas komen means “to be inappropriate or unbecoming.”"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the first object clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of laten and understood subject of inspekteeren","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"pepertuinen","lemma":"pepertuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of inspekteeren","gloss":"pepper gardens"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kwam","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"inspekteeren","lemma":"inspecteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"inspect"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second object clause of vond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had moeten zijn","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had moeten aangesteld zijn","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary in had moeten aangesteld zijn","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of aangesteld zijn","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"aangesteld","lemma":"aanstellen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the passive construction","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of aangesteld","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gouverneur","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of aangesteld","gloss":"governor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zonnestelsel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zonnestelsel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zonnestelsel","lemma":"zonnestelsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"solar system"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"h11-s172","source":"Hierby kwam het me voor als zedelyke moord, een geest als den mynen in één prauw te zetten met dien dommen datoe en zyn kind.","translation":"On top of this it struck me as a kind of moral murder to set a mind like mine in a single prau with that stupid datu and his child.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s172.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hierby kwam het me voor als zedelyke moord","title":"Separable voorkomen; impersonal het; fronted Hierby","body":"'kwam het me voor' = 'it struck/seemed to me', separable 'voorkomen' (to seem) with dummy 'het'. Fronted 'Hierby' (= hierbij, 'on top of this') inverts the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een geest als den mynen ... te zetten","title":"Possessive 'den mynen'; te + infinitive","body":"'den mynen' = 'mine' (a mind like mine), with the independent possessive 'de mijne' carrying the old accusative 'den'. 'te zetten' is the te-infinitive completing 'als ... moord ... te zetten'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hierby","lemma":"hierbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of kwam voor","gloss":"on top of this"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of kwam voor","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with kwam","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer of kwam voor","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of kwam ... voor","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the predicative complement moord","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zedelyke","lemma":"zedelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies moord","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"moord","lemma":"moord","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of kwam voor","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zetten","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with geest","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of mynen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mynen","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, substantivized, singular","role":"object of als; refers to geest","gloss":"mine","note":"Den mijnen is an archaic inflected form meaning “mine,” referring back to geest."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prauw","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies prauw","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"prauw","lemma":"prauw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zetten","gloss":"prahu"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces zetten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zetten","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject clause of kwam voor","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dommen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of datoe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dommen","lemma":"dom","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies datoe","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"datoe","lemma":"datoe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"datu"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with datoe","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"h11-s173","source":"Ik moet je zeggen, dat ik anders de maleische Hoofden wèl lyden mocht, en goed met hen overweg kon.","translation":"I must tell you that otherwise I rather liked the Malay chiefs, and got along well with them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s173.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik ... de maleische Hoofden wèl lyden mocht, en goed met hen overweg kon","title":"Modal mogen ('lijden mogen' = to like); verb-final","body":"'lyden mocht' = the idiom 'mogen lijden' = 'to like/be fond of' (with modal 'mogen' in the imperfect). The whole 'dat' clause is verb-final; 'overweg kunnen met' = to get along with."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mocht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of mocht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of mocht lyden","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maleische","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Hoofden","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of lyden","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes lyden mocht","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"lyden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of mocht","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the first object clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overweg kon","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of overweg","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"overweg","lemma":"overweg","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom overweg kunnen","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb coordinated with mocht","gloss":"could get","note":"Met iemand overweg kunnen means “to get along with someone.”"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"h11-s174","source":"Zelfs bezitten zy veel dat my hen doet voortrekken boven de javaansche Grooten.","translation":"They even possess much that makes me prefer them to the Javanese grandees.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s174.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zelfs bezitten zy veel dat my hen doet voortrekken","title":"Fronted Zelfs; causative doen","body":"Fronted 'Zelfs' (even) inverts to 'bezitten zy'. 'dat my hen doet voortrekken' = 'that makes me prefer them', causative 'doen' + bare 'voortrekken' (separable, 'to favour')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezitten","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"bezitten","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"possess"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bezitten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of bezitten","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of doet and understood subject of voortrekken","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of voortrekken","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying veel","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"voortrekken","lemma":"voortrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of doet","gloss":"prefer"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the comparison with Grooten","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Grooten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"javaansche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Grooten","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"Grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"object of boven","gloss":"grandees"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"h11-s175","source":"Ja, ik weet wel, Verbrugge, dat je dit niet met my eens bent, er zyn slechts weinigen die 't me toestemmen ... maar dit laat ik nu dáár.","translation":"Yes, I know well, Verbrugge, that you do not agree with me on this — there are only a few who grant it to me ... but I shall let that rest for now.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s175.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat je dit niet met my eens bent","title":"Idiom 'het eens zijn met'; verb-final","body":"'het eens zijn met' = 'to agree with'; here 'dit ... eens bent' = 'agree on this'. The 'dat' clause is verb-final ('bent' last). 'met my' = with me."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit laat ik nu dáár","title":"Idiom 'iets daarlaten'; fronted object","body":"'iets daarlaten' = 'to leave something aside / let it rest'. Fronting 'dit' inverts to 'laat ik'. The accent 'dáár' stresses the spatial metaphor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial complement of eens bent","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates eens bent","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of met","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of bent","gloss":"in agreement","note":"Het met iemand eens zijn means “to agree with someone.”"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to eens","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in er zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of an independent clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinigen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"weinigen","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of toestemmen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of toestemmen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of toestemmen","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"toestemmen","lemma":"toestemmen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying weinigen","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laat","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of laat","gloss":"aside","note":"Dit daar laten means “to let the matter rest” or “leave it there.”"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"h11-s176","source":"Als ik dat reisjen op een anderen dag gedaan had--met wat minder muizenesten in 't hoofd, meen ik--zou ik waarschynlyk terstond met dien datoe in gesprek zyn gekomen, en misschien had ik gevonden dat hy myn omgang wel waard was.","translation":"Had I made that little voyage on another day — with rather fewer mice nesting in my head, I mean — I should probably have fallen at once into conversation with that datu, and perhaps I should have found that he was well worth my company.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s176.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als ik dat reisjen ... gedaan had ... zou ik ... in gesprek zyn gekomen","title":"Unreal conditional: als-pluperfect + zou-perfect","body":"An unreal conditional: the 'als' clause is a pluperfect ('gedaan had'), the main clause a conditional perfect ('zou ... gekomen zyn'). 'in gesprek komen met' = to fall into conversation with."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat reisjen","title":"Diminutive 'reisje' (+ paragogic -n)","body":"'reisjen' is the diminutive of 'reis' (journey) → 'reisje', here with an old written final -n ('reisjen'). The -je marks it as a little trip; diminutives are always neuter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gedaan","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reisjen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"reisjen","lemma":"reisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"little voyage","note":"Reisjen is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern reisje."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dag","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gedaan","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of the conditional subordinate clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the parenthetical circumstance","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies minder","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"quantifies muizenesten","gloss":"fewer"},{"surface":"muizenesten","lemma":"muizennest","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"fancies","note":"Muizenesten in het hoofd figuratively means distracting or foolish thoughts."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of a parenthetical clause","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of zijn gekomen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou zijn gekomen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"waarschynlyk","lemma":"waarschijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou zijn gekomen","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou zijn gekomen","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking datoe","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of datoe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"datoe","lemma":"datoe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"datu"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gesprek","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by zou zijn","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevonden","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevonden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of gevonden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of omgang","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"omgang","lemma":"omgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of waard","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waard","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"waard","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to waard","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"h11-s177","source":"Wellicht had ik dan ook het meisjen aan 't spreken gebracht, en dit had my misschien onderhouden en vermaakt, want een kind heeft meestal iets oorspronkelyks ... schoon ik erkennen moet dat ikzelf toen nog te veel kind was, om belang te stellen in oorspronkelykheid.","translation":"Perhaps then I should also have drawn the girl into talk, and this might have entertained and amused me, for a child usually has something original about it ... though I must admit that I myself was then still too much of a child to take any interest in originality.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s177.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ik dan ook het meisjen aan 't spreken gebracht","title":"Conditional pluperfect; idiom 'aan 't spreken brengen'","body":"'had ik ... gebracht' continues the unreal past ('I should also have drawn... into talk'). 'aan 't spreken brengen' = to get someone talking. 'meisjen' is again the -n-spelled diminutive 'meisje'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schoon ik erkennen moet dat ikzelf toen nog te veel kind was","title":"Archaic 'schoon' (although); verb-final","body":"'schoon' = literary 'although'. The clause is verb-final ('moet' after 'erkennen'), and embeds another verb-final 'dat'-clause. 'te veel kind' = 'too much of a child'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wellicht","lemma":"wellicht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had gebracht","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gebracht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had gebracht","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebracht","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisjen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisjen","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of gebracht","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the construction aan het spreken brengen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spreken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive used substantivally","role":"object of aan","gloss":"talking"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"brought","note":"Iemand aan het spreken brengen means “to get someone talking.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of had onderhouden en vermaakt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of onderhouden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of onderhouden and vermaakt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderhouden","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"onderhouden","lemma":"onderhouden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"entertained"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vermaakt","lemma":"vermaken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle coordinated with onderhouden","gloss":"amused"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of heeft","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"oorspronkelyks","lemma":"oorspronkelijk","morphology":"adjective, indefinite inflected form","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"original"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erkennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moet","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of erkennen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ikzelf","lemma":"ikzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying adverb","role":"modifies kind","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to kind","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a consequence infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of stellen","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces stellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stellen","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the infinitive clause","gloss":"take","note":"Belang stellen in means “to take an interest in.”"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorspronkelykheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"oorspronkelykheid","lemma":"oorspronkelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"originality"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"h11-s178","source":"Thans is dit anders. Nu zie ik in elk meisje van dertien jaren een manuskript waarin nog weinig of niets is doorgestreken.","translation":"Now it is otherwise. Now I see in every girl of thirteen a manuscript in which little or nothing has yet been struck out.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s178.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nu zie ik in elk meisje van dertien jaren een manuskript","title":"Fronted Nu → inversion","body":"Fronted 'Nu' (now) inverts to 'zie ik'. 'meisje' is a neuter diminutive. The metaphor (a thirteen-year-old as an unrevised manuscript) is Multatuli's writerly self-image."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarin nog weinig of niets is doorgestreken","title":"Relative waarin; zijn-passive doorgestreken","body":"'waarin' = 'in which', pronominal-adverb relative. 'is doorgestreken' is a state passive ('has been struck out') of separable strong 'doorstrijken' (strijken -> streek -> gestreken), giving participle door-ge-streken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zie","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meisje","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"elk","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces age phrase modifying meisje","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dertien","lemma":"dertien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"thirteen"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of manuskript","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"manuskript","lemma":"manuscript","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zie","gloss":"manuscript","note":"Historical spelling of modern manuscript."},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying manuskript","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is doorgestreken","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of is doorgestreken","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links weinig and niets","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"coordinated subject with weinig","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of doorgestreken","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"doorgestreken","lemma":"doorstrepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"struck out"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"h11-s179","source":"Men verrast den auteur en négligé, en dit is dikwyls aardig.","translation":"One surprises the author en négligé, and this is often charming.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men verrast den auteur en négligé","title":"Impersonal men; case-remnant den","body":"'Men' is the impersonal subject 'one'. 'den auteur' keeps the old masculine accusative 'den'. The author is 'caught off guard' — surprised undressed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en négligé","title":"French: 'en déshabillé'","body":"'en négligé' = in undress / informally dressed. Havelaar means one catches the 'author' (the child) before she has composed herself for the world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verrast","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"verrast","lemma":"verrassen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"surprises"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of auteur","gloss":"the","note":"Den is the historically inflected masculine form of de."},{"surface":"auteur","lemma":"auteur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of verrast","gloss":"author"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition, French phrase","role":"introduces négligé as a depictive complement","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"négligé","lemma":"négligé","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, French","role":"object of French preposition en","gloss":"undress","note":"French en négligé means informally dressed or in undress."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to aardig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is aardig","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"aardig","lemma":"aardig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"charming"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"h11-s180","source":"Het kind reeg kralen aan een snoer, en scheen al haar aandacht daarby noodig te hebben.","translation":"The child was stringing beads onto a thread, and seemed to need all her attention for it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s180.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het kind reeg kralen aan een snoer","title":"Strong imperfect 'reeg'; neuter 'het kind'","body":"'reeg' is the strong imperfect of 'rijgen' (to string/thread); 'kralen aan een snoer rijgen' = to string beads on a thread. 'het kind' is neuter (a het-word)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"scheen al haar aandacht daarby noodig te hebben","title":"schijnen te + infinitive; daarby","body":"'scheen ... te hebben' = 'seemed to need', schijnen governing 'te'. 'daarby' (= daarbij) is the pronominal adverb 'for it / thereby'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of reeg and scheen","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"reeg","lemma":"rijgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"was stringing"},{"surface":"kralen","lemma":"kraal","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of reeg","gloss":"beads"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking snoer","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of snoer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"snoer","lemma":"snoer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"thread"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links reeg and scheen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with reeg","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aandacht","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of aandacht","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"aandacht","lemma":"aandacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of hebben","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of hebben","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of scheen","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"h11-s181","source":"Drie rooden, één zwarte ... drie rooden, één zwarte: 't was mooi!","translation":"Three red, one black ... three red, one black: it was pretty!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s181.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies omitted kralen after rooden","gloss":"Three"},{"surface":"rooden","lemma":"rood","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural, historical inflection","role":"head of elliptical noun phrase","gloss":"red ones"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies omitted kraal after zwarte","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zwarte","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"nominalized adjective, singular","role":"head of elliptical noun phrase","gloss":"black one"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies omitted kralen after rooden","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"rooden","lemma":"rood","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural, historical inflection","role":"head of repeated elliptical noun phrase","gloss":"red ones"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies omitted kraal after zwarte","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zwarte","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"nominalized adjective, singular","role":"head of repeated elliptical noun phrase","gloss":"black one"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking 't to mooi","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"mooi","lemma":"mooi","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"pretty"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"h11-s182","source":"Ze heette Si Oepi Keteh.","translation":"She was called Si Oepi Keteh.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s182.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heette","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"heette","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was called"},{"surface":"Si","lemma":"Si","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of name complement of heette","gloss":"Si"},{"surface":"Oepi","lemma":"Oepi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Si Oepi Keteh","gloss":"Oepi"},{"surface":"Keteh","lemma":"Keteh","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Si Oepi Keteh","gloss":"Keteh"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"h11-s183","source":"Dit beduidt op Sumatra zooveel als: kleine freule ... ja, Verbrugge, jy weet het wel, maar Duclari heeft altyd op Java gediend.","translation":"On Sumatra this means as much as: little young lady ... yes, Verbrugge, you know it well enough, but Duclari has always served on Java.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s183.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit beduidt op Sumatra zooveel als: kleine freule","title":"Demonstrative 'dit'; 'zooveel als'","body":"'Dit beduidt ... zooveel als' = 'this means as much as / amounts to'. 'dit' is the neuter near demonstrative. 'freule' is a Dutch title for a young noblewoman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of beduidt","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"beduidt","lemma":"beduiden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sumatra","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Sumatra","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Sumatra"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of beduidt in phrase zooveel als","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the equivalent expression kleine freule","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies freule","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"freule","lemma":"freule","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"equivalent expression introduced by als","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"jy","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"reinforces weet","gloss":"well enough"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links contrasting clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of heeft gediend","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gediend","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft gediend","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"gediend","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"served"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"h11-s184","source":"Ze heette Si Oepi Keteh, maar in myn gedachten noemde ik haar \"stumpert\" of zoo-iets, omdat ik naar myn schatting zoo hemelhoog boven haar verheven was.","translation":"She was called Si Oepi Keteh, but in my thoughts I called her \"poor little thing\" or some such, because by my own reckoning I was so heaven-high exalted above her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s184.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in myn gedachten noemde ik haar \"stumpert\"","title":"Fronted phrase → inversion; possessive myn","body":"Fronting 'in myn gedachten' inverts to 'noemde ik'. 'myn' = mijn (period spelling). 'stumpert' = a poor/pitiable wretch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ik naar myn schatting zoo hemelhoog boven haar verheven was","title":"omdat-clause; zijn-passive verheven","body":"The 'omdat' clause is verb-final ('verheven was' last). 'verheven was' is a state ('was exalted'), a participle 'verheven' from 'verheffen'. 'hemelhoog' = heaven-high."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heette","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"heette","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"was called"},{"surface":"Si","lemma":"Si","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of name complement of heette","gloss":"Si"},{"surface":"Oepi","lemma":"Oepi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Si Oepi Keteh","gloss":"Oepi"},{"surface":"Keteh","lemma":"Keteh","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Si Oepi Keteh","gloss":"Keteh"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links contrasting clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gedachten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gedachten","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"noemde","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of noemde","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"stumpert","lemma":"stumpert","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of haar after noemde","gloss":"poor little thing"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links stumpert and zoo-iets","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"alternative object complement after noemde","gloss":"some such"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal subordinate clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schatting","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of schatting","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schatting","lemma":"schatting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"reckoning"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of hemelhoog","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hemelhoog","lemma":"hemelhoog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verheven","gloss":"heaven-high"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of boven","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"verheven","lemma":"verheffen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"exalted"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to verheven","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"h11-s185","source":"'t Werd middag ... avend byna, en de kralen werden opgeborgen.","translation":"It grew to midday ... nearly evening, and the beads were put away.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s185.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de kralen werden opgeborgen","title":"worden-passive; separable opbergen","body":"'werden opgeborgen' = 'were put away', a past worden-passive of separable 'opbergen'. The participle 'opgeborgen' closes the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t Werd middag ... avend byna","title":"Impersonal het with time","body":"\"'t Werd middag\" = 'it grew/became midday', impersonal 'het' + 'worden' for the passing of the day. 'avend' = avond (evening), with the period -e- spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of Werd","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"Werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"grew to"},{"surface":"middag","lemma":"middag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Werd","gloss":"midday"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"second predicative complement of Werd","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies avend","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kralen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kralen","lemma":"kraal","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of passive werden opgeborgen","gloss":"beads"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of opgeborgen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"opgeborgen","lemma":"opbergen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"put away"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"h11-s186","source":"Het land schoof langzaam naast ons weg, en kleiner en kleiner werd de Ophir rechts achter ons.","translation":"The land slid slowly away beside us, and smaller and smaller grew the Ophir to the right behind us.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s186.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kleiner en kleiner werd de Ophir","title":"Comparative reduplication; inversion","body":"'kleiner en kleiner' is the doubled comparative for a gradual change ('smaller and smaller'). Fronting it inverts to 'werd de Ophir'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of schoof","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"schoof","lemma":"schuiven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of schoof weg","gloss":"slid"},{"surface":"langzaam","lemma":"langzaam","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schoof weg","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of naast","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of schoof weg","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kleiner","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"subject complement of werd","gloss":"smaller"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links repeated kleiner complements","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kleiner","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"repeated subject complement of werd","gloss":"smaller"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Ophir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ophir","lemma":"Ophir","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"Ophir"},{"surface":"rechts","lemma":"rechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werd","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of achter","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"h11-s187","source":"Links in 't westen boven de wyde, wyde zee, die geen grens heeft tot waar Madagaskar ligt, en Afrika daar achter, zakte de zon, en liet haar stralen in gedurig stomper buiging kiskassen over de golven, en zy zocht verkoeling in de zee.","translation":"To the left, in the west, above the wide, wide sea that has no boundary until where Madagascar lies, with Africa behind it, the sun sank, and let its rays skip in ever flatter arcs over the waves, and it sought coolness in the sea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s187.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die geen grens heeft tot waar Madagaskar ligt","title":"Relative die; geen; verb-final waar-clause","body":"'die geen grens heeft' = 'that has no boundary', relative 'die' + 'geen' negating the indefinite 'grens'. 'tot waar Madagaskar ligt' = 'as far as where Madagascar lies', verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zakte de zon, en liet haar stralen ... kiskassen ... en zy zocht verkoeling","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive; reflexive-ish zocht","body":"'liet haar stralen ... kiskassen' = causative 'laten' + bare infinitive 'kiskassen' (to skip stones / ricochet). The poetic personification ('zy zocht verkoeling in de zee') keeps V2 in each clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in gedurig stomper buiging","title":"Comparative 'stomper'","body":"'stomper' is the comparative of 'stomp' (blunt/flat): 'in ever flatter arc(s)'. 'gedurig' = continually. The image is the sun's rays striking the water at an ever lower angle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zakte","gloss":"To the left"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking westen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of westen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"westen","lemma":"westen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"west"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wyde","lemma":"wijd","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical spelling","role":"modifies zee","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"wyde","lemma":"wijd","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical spelling","role":"repeated modifier of zee","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of boven","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grens","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"grens","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"boundary"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying zee","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces extent clause waar Madagaskar ligt","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of ligt","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Madagaskar","lemma":"Madagaskar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"Madagascar"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of extent clause","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Madagaskar clause with elliptical Afrika phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Afrika","lemma":"Afrika","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of ellipted ligt","gloss":"Africa"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of achter in daar achter","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition governing daar","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"zakte","lemma":"zakken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zakte and liet","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links zakte and liet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zakte and governing kiskassen","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of stralen","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"stralen","lemma":"straal","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of infinitive kiskassen","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buiging","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies comparative stomper","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"stomper","lemma":"stomp","morphology":"adjective, comparative, attributive","role":"modifies buiging","gloss":"flatter"},{"surface":"buiging","lemma":"buiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"arc"},{"surface":"kiskassen","lemma":"kiskassen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of liet","gloss":"skip","note":"Kiskassen evokes a bouncing or ricocheting motion, like a skipping stone."},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking golven","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of golven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"golven","lemma":"golf","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"waves"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the final clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"verkoeling","lemma":"verkoeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zocht","gloss":"coolness"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"h11-s188","source":"Hoe drommel was ook weer dat ding?","translation":"How on earth did that thing go again?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s188.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe drommel was ook weer dat ding?","title":"'ook weer' = 'again' (jogging memory)","body":"'Hoe ... was ook weer ...?' is the idiom for 'how did ... go again?', when trying to recall something. 'Hoe drommel' = 'how on earth' ('drommel' a mild devil-euphemism)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"interrogative complement of was","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"drommel","lemma":"drommel","morphology":"interjection used as intensifier","role":"intensifies interrogative hoe","gloss":"on earth","note":"Hoe drommel is an emphatic colloquial way to ask how."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"modal particle","role":"part of recollective phrase ook weer","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of recollective phrase ook weer","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ding","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ding","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"thing"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"h11-s189","source":"--Wat voor ding ... de zon?","translation":"\"What sort of thing ... the sun?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s189.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative determiner","role":"part of wat voor modifying ding","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"fixed interrogative particle","role":"part of wat voor modifying ding","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"ding","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"questioned predicate referring to zon","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"appositive clarification of ding","gloss":"sun"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"h11-s190","source":"--Ach, neen ... ik maakte verzen in die dagen!","translation":"\"Ah, no ... I used to make verses in those days!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s190.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik maakte verzen in die dagen","title":"Imperfect for habitual past","body":"'maakte ... in die dagen' uses the simple past for a habit ('I used to make verses in those days'). 'verzen maken' = to write verse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ach","lemma":"ach","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to make"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"days"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"h11-s191","source":"O, verrukkelyk! Hoor eens:","translation":"Oh, delightful! Just listen:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s191.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"verrukkelyk","lemma":"verrukkelijk","morphology":"adjective, exclamative","role":"head of exclamatory phrase","gloss":"delightful"},{"surface":"Hoor","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal particle","role":"softens the command Hoor","gloss":"just"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"h11-s192","source":"Ge vraagt waarom toch de O Die Natals ree bespoelt, Schoon elders minzaam en gedwee, Ontstuimig slechts op Natals ree, Gedurig kookt en woelt?","translation":"You ask why then the O— / That washes Natal's roadstead, / Though gentle and meek elsewhere, / Tempestuous only off Natal's roadstead, / Forever seethes and churns?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s192.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge vraagt waarom toch de O ... Gedurig kookt en woelt?","title":"Embedded waarom-question, verb-final","body":"The whole stanza is one embedded question after 'Ge vraagt': 'waarom toch ... kookt en woelt?' is verb-final, the verbs landing at the end. 'toch' adds insistence ('why on earth')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Schoon elders minzaam en gedwee, Ontstuimig slechts op Natals ree","title":"Archaic 'schoon' (although); genitive Natals","body":"'Schoon' = 'although' (literary). 'Natals ree' = 'Natal's roadstead', an -s genitive on a place name. 'minzaam', 'gedwee', 'ontstuimig' are elevated poetic diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of vraagt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vraagt","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the indirect question headed by kookt and woelt","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes waarom","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of O","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"O","lemma":"oceaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kookt and woelt","gloss":"Ocean","note":"The abbreviated capital O stands for Oceaan, completed by the relative clause that follows."},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of bespoelt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Natals","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"possessor of ree","gloss":"Natal’s"},{"surface":"ree","lemma":"ree","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bespoelt","gloss":"roadstead"},{"surface":"bespoelt","lemma":"bespoelen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying O","gloss":"washes"},{"surface":"Schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a concessive elliptical clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical predicate minzaam en gedwee","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"minzaam","lemma":"minzaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"first predicate adjective of O","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates minzaam and gedwee","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gedwee","lemma":"gedwee","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated predicate adjective with minzaam","gloss":"meek"},{"surface":"Ontstuimig","lemma":"ontstuimig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate complement of O","gloss":"tempestuous"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses op Natals ree","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location Natals ree","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"Natals","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"possessor of ree","gloss":"Natal’s"},{"surface":"ree","lemma":"ree","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"roadstead"},{"surface":"Gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kookt and woelt","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"kookt","lemma":"koken","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"first verb of the indirect question","gloss":"seethes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates kookt and woelt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"woelt","lemma":"woelen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with kookt","gloss":"churns"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"h11-s193","source":"Ge vraagt, en de arme visschersknaap Heeft nauw uw vraag verstaan, Of wenkend met het donker oog, Wyst hy u aan d'onmeetbren boog Het verre Westen aan.","translation":"You ask, and the poor fisher-boy / Has scarcely understood your question / Before, beckoning with his dark eye, / He points you out, along the measureless arc, / The distant West.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s193.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Heeft nauw uw vraag verstaan, Of ... Wyst hy u aan","title":"'nauwelijks ... of' (scarcely ... when)","body":"The 'nauw ... Of ...' frame = 'scarcely ... when / before': 'has scarcely understood your question before he points...'. 'Wyst ... aan' is separable 'aanwijzen' (to point out)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan d'onmeetbren boog","title":"Elided article d'; old accusative -en","body":"\"d'onmeetbren\" = 'de(n) onmeetbren', the article elided before a vowel and the adjective carrying the old accusative ending. 'onmeetbaar' = immeasurable."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"visschersknaap","title":"Compound: visschersknaap","body":"'visschersknaap' = 'fisher-boy', a compound (visscher + s + knaap). 'sch' and the linking -s- are typical; 'knaap' is an elevated word for 'boy/lad'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of vraagt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vraagt","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"first main verb","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates vraagt with heeft verstaan","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of vissersknaap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vissersknaap","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"visschersknaap","lemma":"vissersknaap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft verstaan","gloss":"fisher-boy","note":"Visschers- is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern vissers-."},{"surface":"Heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of verstaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft verstaan","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verstaan","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with heeft","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the immediately following event","gloss":"before","note":"After nauw, of introduces what happens before the preceding action is complete."},{"surface":"wenkend","lemma":"wenken","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial adjunct modifying hy","gloss":"beckoning"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the instrument het donker oog","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"donker","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies oog","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"Wyst","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite base of separable aanwijzen","gloss":"points","note":"Wyst is the old spelling of wijst."},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of Wyst","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, indirect object","role":"indirect object of Wyst ... aan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces d’onmeetbren boog","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"d'onmeetbren","lemma":"de onmeetbare","morphology":"contracted determiner and adjective, inflected","role":"determiner and modifier of boog","gloss":"the measureless","note":"D’onmeetbren contracts den onmeetbaren, an older inflected form of de onmeetbare."},{"surface":"boog","lemma":"boog","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"arc"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Westen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verre","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Westen","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"Westen","lemma":"westen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Wyst ... aan","gloss":"West"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of Wyst ... aan","gloss":"out"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"h11-s194","source":"Hy wendt den blik van 't donker oog En staart naar 't Westen heen, En toont u, daar ge rondsom ziet, Slechts water, water, in 't verschiet, En zee, en zee alleen!","translation":"He turns the glance of his dark eye / And stares away toward the West, / And shows you, as you look all round, / Only water, water, in the distance, / And sea, and sea alone!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s194.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toont u, daar ge rondsom ziet, Slechts water","title":"Causal 'daar' (= as); single negative slechts","body":"'daar ge rondsom ziet' = 'as you look all round', causal/temporal 'daar' with the verb at the end. 'Slechts water' = 'only water'; the poem's hammering repetition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy wendt den blik van 't donker oog","title":"Case-remnant den; present tense narration","body":"'den blik' keeps the old masculine accusative. The poem narrates in the vivid present ('wendt', 'staart', 'toont'). \"'t donker oog\" = het donkere oog, with uninflected attributive 'donker' before a neuter noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of wendt, staart, and toont","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wendt","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"first main verb","gloss":"turns"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine accusative","role":"determiner of blik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wendt","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces van ’t donker oog","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"donker","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies oog","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates wendt and staart","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"staart","lemma":"staren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with wendt","gloss":"stares"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of naar ... heen","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of Westen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Westen","lemma":"westen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"West"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"postposition","role":"completes naar ’t Westen heen","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates staart and toont","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toont","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with staart","gloss":"shows"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, indirect object","role":"indirect object of toont","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the adverbial clause ge rondsom ziet","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"rondsom","lemma":"rondom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ziet","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"verb of the adverbial clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"Slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the objects water and zee","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass singular","role":"first direct object of toont","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass singular","role":"repetition of water","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces in ’t verschiet","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of verschiet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verschiet","lemma":"verschiet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates water and zee","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, mass singular","role":"coordinated direct object of toont","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates repeated zee","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, mass singular","role":"repetition of zee","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses zee","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"h11-s195","source":"En dáárom schuurt hier de Oceaan Zoo fel het oeverzand: 't Is zee slechts, waar ge rondsom ziet, En water, water, anders niet, Tot Madagaskars strand!","translation":"And therefore here the Ocean scours / So fiercely at the shore-sand: / It is sea only, wherever you look round, / And water, water, nothing else, / Right up to Madagascar's strand!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s195.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En dáárom schuurt hier de Oceaan Zoo fel het oeverzand","title":"Fronted dáárom → inversion","body":"Fronted 'dáárom' (and therefore) inverts to 'schuurt ... de Oceaan'. 'het oeverzand' is the object ('the shore-sand'). 'fel' = fiercely. A pronominal-adverb of cause (daar+om)."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause headed by schuurt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dáárom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schuurt","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"schuurt","lemma":"schuren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"scours"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schuurt","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Oceaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Oceaan","lemma":"oceaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schuurt","gloss":"Ocean"},{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fel","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"fel","lemma":"fel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schuurt","gloss":"fiercely"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of oeverzand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oeverzand","lemma":"oeverzand","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass singular","role":"direct object of schuurt","gloss":"shore-sand"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular, contracted","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking ’t to zee","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, mass singular","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses zee","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the free-choice location clause","gloss":"wherever","note":"Waar with rondsom has the free-choice sense “wherever.”"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"rondsom","lemma":"rondom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ziet","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by waar","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates zee and water","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass singular","role":"coordinated predicate complement with zee","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass singular","role":"repetition of water","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase anders niet","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates anders","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the endpoint Madagaskars strand","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"Madagaskars","lemma":"Madagaskar","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"possessor of strand","gloss":"Madagascar’s"},{"surface":"strand","lemma":"strand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Tot","gloss":"strand"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"h11-s196","source":"En menig offer werd gebracht Ten zoen voor d'Oceaan!","translation":"And many an offering was brought / In atonement to the Ocean!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s196.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En menig offer werd gebracht Ten zoen voor d'Oceaan","title":"worden-passive (past); 'menig' + singular","body":"'werd gebracht' = 'was brought', a past worden-passive. 'menig offer' = 'many an offering', where 'menig' takes a singular noun. 'ten zoen' = in atonement (frozen dative 'ten' = te + den)."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause headed by gebracht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"menig","lemma":"menig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of offer","gloss":"many an"},{"surface":"offer","lemma":"offer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the passive werd gebracht","gloss":"offering"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive clause","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"Ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and determiner","role":"introduces the purpose phrase ten zoen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zoen","lemma":"zoen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Ten","gloss":"atonement","note":"Here zoen has the older sense “reconciliation” or “atonement,” not “kiss.”"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces d’Oceaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"d'Oceaan","lemma":"de oceaan","morphology":"contracted determiner and noun, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"the Ocean","note":"D’Oceaan contracts de Oceaan."}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"h11-s197","source":"En menig kreet, in 't nat gesmoord, Door vrouw, noch kind, noch maag gehoord, Werd slechts door God verstaan!","translation":"And many a cry, smothered in the flood, / Heard by neither wife, nor child, nor kin, / Was understood by God alone!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s197.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Door vrouw, noch kind, noch maag gehoord, Werd slechts door God verstaan","title":"Passive with door-agent; 'noch ... noch'","body":"'Werd ... verstaan' is a past worden-passive; the agent is marked by 'door God'. 'noch ... noch' = 'neither ... nor', a single sustained negation. 'maag' here is the archaic word for 'kinsman/relative'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"maag","title":"Archaic 'maag' = kinsman","body":"Not 'stomach': here 'maag' is the old word for a blood-relative/kinsman (cf. 'maagschap'). 'noch vrouw, noch kind, noch maag' = neither wife, nor child, nor kin."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause headed by Werd verstaan","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"menig","lemma":"menig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of kreet","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"kreet","lemma":"kreet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of the passive Werd verstaan","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces in ’t nat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of nat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nat","lemma":"nat","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"flood","note":"Het nat is a literary expression for water or the flood."},{"surface":"gesmoord","lemma":"smoren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of kreet","gloss":"smothered"},{"surface":"Door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agents of gehoord","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated object of Door","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates vrouw and kind","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of Door","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kind and maag","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"maag","lemma":"maag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of Door","gloss":"kin","note":"Maag here is the archaic noun meaning a blood relative, not “stomach.”"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of kreet","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"Werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verstaan","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses door God","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent God","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of door and agent of verstaan","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive clause","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"h11-s198","source":"En menig hand voor 't laatst gestrekt Rees opwaarts uit het meer, En voelde en greep en plaste in 't rond, En zocht of ze ergens steunsel vond, En zonk voor eeuwig neer!","translation":"And many a hand, stretched out for the last time, / Rose upward from the deep, / And felt and grasped and splashed about, / And sought whether it found somewhere a hold, / And sank down forever!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s198.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Rees opwaarts uit het meer ... En zonk voor eeuwig neer","title":"Strong imperfects rees / zonk; separable neerzinken","body":"'Rees' (rose) and 'zonk' (sank) are strong past forms of 'rijzen' and 'zinken'. 'zonk ... neer' is separable 'neerzinken'. The hand rises, gropes, and sinks forever."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"En zocht of ze ergens steunsel vond","title":"Embedded yes/no 'of'-clause; verb-final","body":"'of ze ergens steunsel vond' = 'whether it found a hold somewhere', an indirect yes/no question with 'of', verb-final ('vond' last). 'steunsel' = a support/hold."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause headed by Rees","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"menig","lemma":"menig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of Rees and the coordinated verbs","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces voor ’t laatst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of laatst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatst","lemma":"laat","morphology":"nominalized adjective, superlative","role":"object of voor","gloss":"last time"},{"surface":"gestrekt","lemma":"strekken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of hand","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"Rees","lemma":"rijzen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"first main verb","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"opwaarts","lemma":"opwaarts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Rees","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces uit het meer","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"lake"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Rees and voelde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with Rees","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates voelde and greep","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"greep","lemma":"grijpen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with voelde","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates greep and plaste","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"plaste","lemma":"plassen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with greep","gloss":"splashed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of the adverbial phrase in ’t rond","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of rond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rond","lemma":"rond","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates plaste and zocht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with plaste","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the embedded question headed by vond","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ergens","lemma":"ergens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"steunsel","lemma":"steunsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"a hold"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the embedded question","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates zocht and zonk","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zonk","lemma":"zinken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite base of zonk ... neer","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces voor eeuwig","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"eeuwig","lemma":"eeuwig","morphology":"nominalized adjective","role":"object of voor","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"neer","lemma":"neer","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zonk ... neer","gloss":"down"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"h11-s199","source":"En...","translation":"And ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s199.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"begins an unfinished continuation","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"h11-s200","source":"--En ... en ... ik weet de rest niet meer. --Die is weertevinden door er om te schryven aan Krygsman, uw klerk te Natal.","translation":"\"And ... and ... I don't remember the rest. — That can be recovered by writing for it to Krygsman, your clerk at Natal.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s200.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die is weertevinden door er om te schryven","title":"om … te purpose clause","body":"The frame 'door er om te schryven' uses om … te to express purpose ('by writing for it'), with the infinitive schryven closing the clause. Note the period spelling weertevinden ('weer te vinden') written as one joined infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er om","title":"Pronominal adverb 'er … om'","body":"Dutch cannot say 'om het' for a thing, so the preposition om fuses with er into a pronominal adverb meaning 'for it'. The two halves are split here, with om following er."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"begins the unfinished quotation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"continues the unfinished quotation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of rest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rest","lemma":"rest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes niet meer","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is weertevinden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb governing weertevinden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"weertevinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"infinitival verb phrase with te","role":"infinitival complement of is","gloss":"recoverable","note":"Weertevinden is the older closed spelling of modern weer te vinden."},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means clause er om te schryven","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of erom","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes er ... om as the object of schryven","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive schryven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by door","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the addressee Krygsman","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Krygsman","lemma":"Krygsman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Krygsman"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of klerk","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"klerk","lemma":"klerk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Krygsman","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Natal"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"h11-s201","source":"Hy heeft het, zei Verbrugge. --Hoe komt hy daaraan? vroeg Max.","translation":"\"He has it,\" said Verbrugge. \"How does he come to have it?\" asked Max.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s201.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy heeft het","title":"Period spelling: hy","body":"1860 prose writes the pronoun 'hij' as hy, using y for the modern ij digraph throughout the text."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe komt hy daaraan?","title":"Pronominal adverb 'daaraan'","body":"'Daaraan' is daar + aan ('to it / by it'), the demonstrative counterpart to eraan. The idiom 'ergens aan komen' means 'to come by something'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the quotation","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of komt","gloss":"by it"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Max"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"h11-s202","source":"--Misschien uit uw papiermand.","translation":"\"Perhaps out of your wastepaper basket.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s202.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"papiermand","title":"papiermand","body":"A right-headed compound, papier + mand ('paper' + 'basket') = wastepaper basket. Dutch glues nouns into single words, with the last element carrying the core meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical source phrase","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces uw papiermand","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of papiermand","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"papiermand","lemma":"papiermand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"wastepaper basket"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"h11-s203","source":"Maar zeker is 't, dát hy het heeft!","translation":"\"But it is certain that he has it!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s203.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar zeker is 't, dát hy het heeft!","title":"Verb-second after a fronted element","body":"By fronting the predicate 'zeker', the finite verb is must come second, before the subject 't ('het'). This inversion is the V2 rule that governs every Dutch main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dát hy het heeft","title":"dat-clause sends verb to the end","body":"The subordinating conjunction dat opens a content clause whose finite verb heeft moves to the very end. The accent on dát is the author's emphasis, not a separate word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause headed by is","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking ’t and zeker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular, contracted","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dát","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause hy het heeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by dát","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"h11-s204","source":"Volgt er niet de legende van de eerste zonde, die 't eiland zinken deed waardoor vroeger de reede van Natal werd beschermd? De geschiedenis van Djiwa met de twee broeders?","translation":"\"Doesn't the legend of the first sin follow next — the one that made the island sink, by which the roadstead of Natal was formerly sheltered? The story of Djiwa with the two brothers?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s204.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die 't eiland zinken deed","title":"Relative die + causative doen","body":"The relative pronoun die refers back to de eerste zonde (a de-word), and the construction 'zinken deed' uses doen as a causative ('made the island sink') with a bare infinitive. Modern Dutch prefers laten here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waardoor … de reede werd beschermd","title":"Pronominal adverb + worden-passive","body":"'Waardoor' (waar + door, 'by which') is a relative pronominal adverb, and 'werd beschermd' is a worden-passive in the past: the roadstead underwent the action of being sheltered."}],"words":[{"surface":"Volgt","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Follows"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial pronoun","role":"expletive adverb with Volgt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Volgt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of legende","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"legende","lemma":"legende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of Volgt","gloss":"legend"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zonde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zonde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"adjective, ordinal, inflected","role":"modifies zonde","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"zonde","lemma":"zonde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies legende","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of deed; refers to zonde","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eiland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eiland","lemma":"eiland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of deed; subject of zinken","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"zinken","lemma":"zinken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of deed","gloss":"sink"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on zonde","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"waardoor","lemma":"waardoor","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on eiland","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beschermd","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reede","lemma":"rede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive werd beschermd","gloss":"roadstead","note":"Reede is the historical spelling of rede, a sheltered roadstead."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van; modifies reede","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of beschermd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"beschermd","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of relative clause on eiland","gloss":"sheltered"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical subject of Volgt","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Djiwa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Djiwa","lemma":"Djiwa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van; modifies geschiedenis","gloss":"Djiwa"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking broeders","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of broeders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies broeders","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"broeders","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"object of met; modifies geschiedenis","gloss":"brothers"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"h11-s205","source":"--Ja, dàt is waar.","translation":"\"Yes, that's true.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s205.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that","note":"The accent marks emphatic stress: “that.”"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dàt to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"h11-s206","source":"Die legende ... was geen legende. Het was een parabel die ik maakte, en die misschien over een paar eeuwen legende worden zal als Krygsman dat ding wat veel opdeunt.","translation":"That legend ... was no legend. It was a parable that I made, and which perhaps a couple of centuries from now will become a legend, if Krygsman drones that thing out a bit too often.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s206.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die … legende worden zal","title":"Future with zullen","body":"'Worden zal' is the future tense: zullen + the infinitive worden, with the finite zal here pushed to clause-final position because it sits in a relative clause introduced by die."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was een parabel die ik maakte","title":"Impersonal 'het was'","body":"'Het was een parabel' opens with dummy het as a placeholder subject, a presentational frame common in Dutch ('it was a …'). The relative die then introduces the clause 'that I made'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"opdeunt","title":"opdeunen","body":"A separable verb op + deunen meaning to recite or drone something out monotonously, often by rote. The prefix op- splits off, but here stays attached in the verb-final position of the als-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of legende","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"legende","lemma":"legende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"legend"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking legende to geen legende","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of legende","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"legende","lemma":"legende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"legend"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of parabel","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Het to parabel","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of parabel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"parabel","lemma":"parabel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"parable"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on parabel","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two relative clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of worden; refers to parabel","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies worden zal","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking future time","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies eeuwen","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"eeuwen","lemma":"eeuw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of over; time adjunct of worden zal","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"legende","lemma":"legende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"a legend"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of worden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Krygsman","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Krygsman","lemma":"Krygsman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of opdeunt","gloss":"Krygsman"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ding","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ding","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of opdeunt","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of veel","gloss":"a bit"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency adjunct of opdeunt","gloss":"too often"},{"surface":"opdeunt","lemma":"opdeunen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"drones out","note":"Opdeunen means to drone or repeatedly recite something."}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"h11-s207","source":"Zóó begonnen alle mythologien. Djiwa is: ziel, zooals je weet, ziel, geest of zoo-iets.","translation":"That is how all mythologies began. Djiwa is: soul, as you know — soul, spirit, or some such.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s207.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zooals je weet","title":"Subordinate clause: verb-final","body":"In 'zooals je weet' the conjunction zoals (period spelling zooals) sends the finite verb weet to the end of its clause. Note je as the informal 'you' subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner adjunct of begonnen","gloss":"Thus"},{"surface":"begonnen","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"alle","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mythologien","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"mythologien","lemma":"mythologie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of begonnen","gloss":"mythologies","note":"Mythologien is an older plural spelling of mythologieën."},{"surface":"Djiwa","lemma":"Djiwa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Djiwa"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Djiwa to ziel","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"restated predicative complement of is","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated predicative complement of is","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"coordinated predicative complement of is","gloss":"some such thing"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"h11-s208","source":"Ik maakte er een vrouw van, de onmisbare, ondeugende Eva ...","translation":"I made a woman of it, the indispensable, naughty Eve ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s208.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik maakte er een vrouw van","title":"Split pronominal adverb 'er … van'","body":"The idiom 'ergens iets van maken' fuses van + the thing into er … van, split around the object 'een vrouw': literally 'I made a woman of it'. The verb maakte is the simple past of maken."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de onmisbare, ondeugende Eva","title":"Attributive adjectives in -e","body":"Both onmisbare and ondeugende take the -e ending because they stand attributively before the de-word Eva preceded by the definite article. Predicatively (e.g. 'zij is ondeugend') they would lose the -e."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial pronoun","role":"pronominal complement of van","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement in er ... van maken","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing er","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Eva","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onmisbare","lemma":"onmisbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Eva","gloss":"indispensable"},{"surface":"ondeugende","lemma":"ondeugend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Eva","gloss":"naughty"},{"surface":"Eva","lemma":"Eva","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"apposition to vrouw","gloss":"Eve"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"h11-s209","source":"--Wel, Max, waar blyft onze kleine freule met haar kraaltjes? vroeg Tine. --De kralen waren opgeborgen.","translation":"\"Well, Max, what has become of our little young lady with her beads?\" asked Tine. — The beads had been put away.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s209.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar blyft onze kleine freule","title":"Question word order + period spelling","body":"An interrogative fronted by waar keeps the finite verb blyft (period spelling of blijft) second, before the subject. Freule is a title for an unmarried noblewoman."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met haar kraaltjes","title":"Diminutive kraaltjes","body":"Kraaltjes is the plural diminutive of kraal ('bead') — kraal → kraaltje → kraaltjes — conveying that the beads are small and dear. Every -je diminutive is grammatically neuter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"De kralen waren opgeborgen","title":"zijn-passive (resultant state)","body":"'Waren opgeborgen' (imperfect of zijn + participle of the separable opbergen) expresses a resulting state — the beads were in a put-away condition — rather than an ongoing action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyft","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"remains","note":"Waar blijft ...? idiomatically asks what has become of someone."},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of freule","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies freule","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"freule","lemma":"freule","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blyft","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kraaltjes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kraaltjes","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kraaltjes","lemma":"kraal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met; modifies freule","gloss":"beads"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kralen","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"kralen","lemma":"kraal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren opgeborgen","gloss":"beads"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of pluperfect passive opgeborgen","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"opgeborgen","lemma":"opbergen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the sentence","gloss":"put away"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"h11-s210","source":"Het was zes uur, en daar onder de evennachtslyn--Natal ligt op weinige minuten noord: als ik over-land naar Ayer-Bangie ging, stapte ik te paard over de linie heen, of nagenoeg ...'t was om er over te struikelen, waarachtig!--dáár was zes uur 't sein tot avendgedachten.","translation":"It was six o'clock, and there beneath the equinoctial line — Natal lies a few minutes north: when I traveled overland to Ayer-Bangie, I stepped on horseback right across the line, or near enough ... one could fairly trip over it, truly! — there six o'clock was the signal for evening thoughts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s210.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stapte ik te paard over de linie heen","title":"Separable verb 'overstappen … heen'","body":"After the fronted als-clause the verb inverts (stapte ik), and the directional particle heen splits to the end, framing 'over … heen' ('right across'). 'Te paard' is a frozen idiom meaning 'on horseback'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t was om er over te struikelen","title":"om … te with pronominal adverb","body":"'om er over te struikelen' is an om … te purpose/result phrase ('enough to trip over it'), where er over is a split pronominal adverb standing for 'over it (the line)'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"avendgedachten","title":"avendgedachten","body":"A compound, avond + gedachten ('evening thoughts'), here in period spelling avend. The whole monologue turns on Havelaar's theory that people soften at dusk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Het to zes uur","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zes","lemma":"zes","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies uur","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative time complement of was","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modified by onder de evennachtslyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking evennachtslyn","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of evennachtslyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"evennachtslyn","lemma":"evennachtslijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"equator","note":"Evennachtslyn is the historical spelling of evennachtslijn, “equinoctial line” or equator."},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distance","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies minuten","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"minuten","lemma":"minuut","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op; distance complement of ligt","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"noord","lemma":"noord","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of ligt","gloss":"north"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ging","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"over-land","lemma":"overland","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"overland"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ayer-Bangie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ayer-Bangie","lemma":"Ayer-Bangie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Ayer-Bangie"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"stapte","lemma":"stappen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal construction","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stapte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of te paard","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"paard","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of te; manner adjunct of stapte","gloss":"horseback"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking linie","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of linie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"linie","lemma":"linie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional particle completing over ... heen","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"nagenoeg","lemma":"nagenoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical alternative to over de linie heen","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause of purpose or tendency","gloss":"enough to"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial pronoun","role":"pronominal complement of over","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing er","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive struikelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"struikelen","lemma":"struikelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of om","gloss":"trip"},{"surface":"waarachtig","lemma":"waarachtig","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence adverb emphasizing the aside","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adjunct of was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking zes uur to sein","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zes","lemma":"zes","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies uur","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sein","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sein","lemma":"sein","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"signal"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking avendgedachten","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"avendgedachten","lemma":"avondgedachte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tot; modifies sein","gloss":"evening thoughts","note":"Avend is a historical spelling variant of avond."}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"h11-s211","source":"Nu vind ik dat een mensch 's avends altyd iets beter is, of minder ondeugend liever, dan 's morgens, en dit is natuurlyk. 's Morgens houdt men zich te-zamen--ik weet wel dat dit een germanismus is, maar hoe moet ik het zeggen in 't hollandsch? --men is ... deurwaarder of kontroleur, of ... neen, dit is genoeg!","translation":"Now I find that a person is always somewhat better in the evening, or less ill-natured rather, than in the morning, and this is only natural. In the morning one holds oneself together — I know well that this is a Germanism, but how else am I to say it in Dutch? — one is ... bailiff or controller, or ... no, that is enough!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s211.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nu vind ik dat een mensch 's avends altyd iets beter is","title":"Fronted 'Nu' triggers inversion","body":"The adverb Nu opens the sentence, so the verb vind comes second and the subject ik follows. The dat-clause then runs verb-final, ending in is."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men houdt zich te-zamen","title":"Reflexive zich + impersonal men","body":"Men ('one') is the impersonal subject, and zich is its third-person reflexive pronoun. Havelaar even flags 'zich te-zamen houden' as a Germanism calqued on German sich zusammenhalten."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"'s avends / 's morgens","title":"The frozen genitive 's","body":"'s in 's avonds and 's morgens is a fossilized genitive (des avonds, 'of the evening') surviving as an adverb of time. It marks habitual 'in the evening / in the morning'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vind","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of vind","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"fixed genitive article","role":"part of adverbial phrase 's avends","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"head of adverbial phrase 's avends","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of beter","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking mensch to beter","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ondeugend","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"ondeugend","lemma":"ondeugend","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative complement of is","gloss":"ill-natured"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb","role":"correction marker meaning rather","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with morgens","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"fixed genitive article","role":"part of adverbial phrase 's morgens","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"morgens","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"head of adverbial phrase 's morgens","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to natuurlyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"fixed genitive article","role":"part of adverbial phrase 's Morgens","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"Morgens","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"head of adverbial phrase 's Morgens","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"houdt","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houdt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of houdt","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"te-zamen","lemma":"tezamen","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle complement of houdt","gloss":"together","note":"Te-zamen is an older spelling of tezamen, here in the German-influenced phrase zich tezamen houden."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic adverb modifying weet","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of germanismus","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of germanismus","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"germanismus","lemma":"germanisme","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"Germanism","note":"Germanismus is an older form of modern Dutch germanisme."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to germanismus","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 't","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hollandsch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking men to deurwaarder or kontroleur","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"deurwaarder","lemma":"deurwaarder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"bailiff"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated predicative complement of is","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"nee","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection rejecting the unfinished thought","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to genoeg","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"enough"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"h11-s212","source":"Een deurwaarder hält sich zusammen om dien dag eens terdeeg zyn plicht te doen ... god, welk een plicht! Hoe moet dat zusammen gehalten hart er uitzien!","translation":"A bailiff hält sich zusammen so as to do his duty thoroughly for the day ... God, what a duty! How must that held-together heart look!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s212.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om dien dag eens terdeeg zyn plicht te doen","title":"om … te + case-remnant 'dien'","body":"An om … te purpose clause ('so as to do his duty'), with the finite-free infinitive doen at the end. 'Dien dag' shows the old masculine accusative den/dien, a frozen case remnant in 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zusammen gehalten hart","title":"Participle as attributive adjective","body":"Havelaar germanizes deliberately: the German past participle 'gehalten' is used attributively before hart, mocking the bailiff's stiffly 'held-together' heart. In Dutch this slot takes a participle like 'samengehouden'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"hält sich zusammen","title":"Macaronic German","body":"Havelaar slips into German ('hält sich zusammen', holds himself together) after admitting the Dutch idiom is a Germanism — a running joke about the limits of his Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deurwaarder","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"deurwaarder","lemma":"deurwaarder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hält","gloss":"bailiff"},{"surface":"hält","lemma":"halten","morphology":"verb, present, singular, German","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"holds","note":"German hält sich zusammen, literally “holds himself together,” is deliberately retained in the translation."},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative, German","role":"reflexive object of hält","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"zusammen","lemma":"zusammen","morphology":"adverb, German","role":"particle complement of hält","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of doen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"time adjunct of doen","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"for once"},{"surface":"terdeeg","lemma":"terdeeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of plicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"god","lemma":"god","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"welk","lemma":"welk","morphology":"determiner","role":"exclamative determiner of plicht","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitzien","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitzien","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zusammen","lemma":"zusammen","morphology":"adverb, German","role":"modifies gehalten","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"gehalten","lemma":"halten","morphology":"past participle, German","role":"modifies hart","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of uitzien","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of eruitzien","gloss":"in appearance"},{"surface":"uitzien","lemma":"uitzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"look"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"h11-s213","source":"Een kontroleur--ik zeg dit niet voor u, Verbrugge!--een kontroleur wryft zich de oogen uit, en ziet er tegen op den nieuwen adsistent-resident te ontmoeten, die een bespottelyk overwicht wil aannemen op een paar jaren diensttyd meer, en van wien hy zooveel zonderlings gehoord heeft ... op Sumatra. Of hy moet dien dag velden opmeten, en staat in dubio tusschen zyn eerlykheid--jy weet dit zoo niet, Duclari, omdat je militair bent, maar er zyn werkelyk eerlyke kontroleurs!","translation":"A controller — I do not say this for you, Verbrugge! — a controller rubs his eyes, and dreads meeting the new assistant resident, who means to assume a ridiculous superiority over a couple of years' extra service, and of whom he has heard so much that is peculiar ... on Sumatra. Or he must measure fields that day, and stands in dubio between his honesty — you don't know this, Duclari, because you are a military man, but there really are honest controllers!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s213.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik zeg dit niet voor u","title":"niet vs geen","body":"Because the object dit is definite, negation uses niet, not geen. Geen would be required only with an indefinite noun ('ik zeg geen woord')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ziet er tegen op den … adsistent-resident te ontmoeten","title":"Separable 'opzien tegen' + te-infinitive","body":"'Ergens tegen opzien' (to dread something) splits across the clause: er … tegen … op, with the te-infinitive ontmoeten closing it. 'Den … adsistent-resident' carries the old accusative den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"van wien hy zooveel zonderlings gehoord heeft","title":"Relative 'wien' in the genitive/oblique","body":"'Van wien' is the older oblique relative ('of whom'), with wien an inflected form of wie. The perfect 'gehoord heeft' closes the relative clause verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"dislocated topic","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthesis","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeg","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wryft and ziet","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"wryft","lemma":"wrijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"rubs"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive indirect object of wryft","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of wryft","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable particle","role":"separable particle of wryft","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with wryft","gloss":"sees","note":"Zich ergens tegen opzien means to dread doing something."},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"part of ertegen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of ertegen","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable particle","role":"separable particle of ziet","gloss":"dreads"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontmoeten","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of ontmoeten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontmoeten","lemma":"ontmoeten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of ziet ... op","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overwicht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bespottelyk","lemma":"bespottelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies overwicht","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"overwicht","lemma":"overwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of aannemen","gloss":"superiority"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"aannemen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"assume"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren diensttyd meer","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"quantifying noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure complement of meer","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"diensttyd","lemma":"diensttijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"compound modifier of jaren","gloss":"service time"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jaren diensttyd","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links relative clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, oblique","role":"complement of van","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying pronoun","role":"quantifies zonderlings","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"zonderlings","lemma":"zonderling","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular, partitive genitive","role":"direct object of gehoord","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by heeft","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sumatra","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Sumatra","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op","gloss":"Sumatra"},{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an alternative clause","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet and staat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal governing opmeten","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"time adjunct of opmeten","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"velden","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of opmeten","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"opmeten","lemma":"opmeten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with moet opmeten","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dubio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dubio","lemma":"dubium","morphology":"noun, neuter, ablative singular, Latin","role":"complement of in","gloss":"doubt","note":"In dubio is Latin for “in doubt.”"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eerlykheid","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of eerlykheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eerlykheid","lemma":"eerlijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tusschen","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"jy","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthesis","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"militair","lemma":"militair","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of bent","gloss":"military man"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking je and militair","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"eerlyke","lemma":"eerlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kontroleurs","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"kontroleurs","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"controllers"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"h11-s214","source":"--dan staat hy te waggelen tusschen die eerlykheid en de vrees dat Radhen Dhemang, zóó of zóó hem den schimmel zal terugvragen, die zoo goed telt.","translation":"— then he stands wavering between that honesty and the fear that Radhen Dhemang will, on this pretext or that, demand back the gray horse that paces so well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s214.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan staat hy te waggelen","title":"staan te + infinitive (progressive)","body":"'Staat te waggelen' is the posture-verb progressive: staan + te + infinitive expresses an action in progress ('he stands wavering'). The fronted dan forces the inversion staat hy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die zoo goed telt","title":"Relative die + verb-final","body":"The relative die refers to den schimmel (a de-word) and its clause ends in the finite verb telt. 'Telt' here is the equestrian term 'to pace/amble', not 'to count'."}],"words":[{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of waggelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"waggelen","lemma":"waggelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of staat","gloss":"waver"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eerlykheid","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eerlykheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eerlykheid","lemma":"eerlijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first complement of tusschen","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrees","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second complement of tusschen","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terugvragen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Radhen","lemma":"Radhen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zal terugvragen","gloss":"Radhen"},{"surface":"Dhemang","lemma":"Dhemang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Radhen Dhemang","gloss":"Dhemang"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of zóó of zóó","gloss":"this way","note":"Zóó of zóó means “on one pretext or another” here."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"second part of zóó of zóó","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of terugvragen","gloss":"from him"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of schimmel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schimmel","lemma":"schimmel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of terugvragen","gloss":"gray horse"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of terugvragen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"terugvragen","lemma":"terugvragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"demand back"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of telt, referring to schimmel","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies telt","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"telt","lemma":"tellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"paces"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"h11-s215","source":"Of wel, hy moet dien dag kordaat ja of neen zeggen in antwoord op missive nummer zóóveel.","translation":"Or else he must, that day, say a firm yes or no in answer to dispatch number so-and-so.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s215.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy moet dien dag kordaat ja of neen zeggen","title":"Modal moeten + bare infinitive","body":"The modal moet sends its main verb zeggen to the clause end as a bare infinitive (no te). 'Dien dag' again shows the frozen accusative den."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"missive","title":"missive","body":"A 'missive' is an official letter or dispatch in colonial bureaucratese. The numbering ('nummer zóóveel') mocks the faceless paperwork an official must answer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an alternative clause","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase of wel","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet zeggen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"time adjunct of zeggen","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"kordaat","lemma":"kordaat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"noun used as quotation","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"nee","morphology":"noun used as quotation","role":"coordinated object with ja","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase in antwoord op","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase in antwoord op","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"missive","lemma":"missive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"dispatch"},{"surface":"nummer","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to missive","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"zóóveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite numeral","role":"postmodifier of nummer","gloss":"so-and-so"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"h11-s216","source":"Kortom, 's morgens by 't ontwaken valt je de wereld op 't hart, en dat is zwaar voor een hart, al is het sterk.","translation":"In short, in the morning at waking the world weighs down upon your heart, and that is heavy for a heart, even a strong one.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s216.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"valt je de wereld op 't hart","title":"Separable 'opvallen' + dative je","body":"Here 'op 't hart vallen' splits with the directional phrase to the end; je is a dative ('on you'). The fronted '’s morgens by 't ontwaken' triggers the inversion valt … de wereld."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al is het sterk","title":"Concessive 'al' (even though)","body":"'Al is het sterk' is a concessive clause ('even if it is strong') in which al triggers inversion (verb is before subject het) rather than verb-final order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kortom","lemma":"kortom","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"in short"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"contracted genitive article","role":"forms the time phrase with morgens","gloss":"in the","note":"’s is a contraction of the old genitive article des in fixed time expressions."},{"surface":"morgens","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"time adjunct of valt","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontwaken","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of ontwaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontwaken","lemma":"ontwaken","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of by","gloss":"waking"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of valt","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of valt","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hart","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to zwaar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zwaar","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hart","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zwaar","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to sterk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"strong"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"h11-s217","source":"Maar 's avends heeft men een pauze. Er liggen tien volle uren tusschen nu en 't oogenblik dat men zyn rok weerziet.","translation":"But in the evening one has a respite. There lie ten full hours between now and the moment one sees one's coat again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s217.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er liggen tien volle uren tusschen nu en …","title":"Existential 'er' with liggen","body":"The word er here is the existential/presentational subject placeholder ('there lie ten full hours …'), letting the real subject tien volle uren follow the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t oogenblik dat men zyn rok weerziet","title":"Relative dat + separable weerzien","body":"After the het-word oogenblik the relative is dat, and the clause closes with weerziet ('sees again'), the separable weer-zien held together in verb-final position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heeft","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"contracted genitive article","role":"forms the time phrase with avends","gloss":"in the","note":"’s is a contraction of the old genitive article des in fixed time expressions."},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"time adjunct of heeft","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pauze","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pauze","lemma":"pauze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"respite"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb with liggen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"tien","lemma":"tien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies uren","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"volle","lemma":"vol","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uren","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"uren","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the interval","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb used substantively","role":"first complement of tusschen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second complement of tusschen","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal relative clause modifying oogenblik","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weerziet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of rok","gloss":"one's"},{"surface":"rok","lemma":"rok","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weerziet","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"weerziet","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"sees again"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"h11-s218","source":"Tien uren: zes-en-dertig-duizend sekonden om mensch te zyn! Dit lacht ieder toe.","translation":"Ten hours: thirty-six thousand seconds in which to be human! This smiles on everyone.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s218.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om mensch te zyn","title":"om … te (purpose)","body":"'om mensch te zyn' is a bare om … te purpose phrase: thirty-six thousand seconds 'in order to be human'. The infinitive zyn (zijn) closes it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit lacht ieder toe","title":"Separable verb 'toelachen'","body":"The separable verb toelachen ('to smile upon') splits: the prefix toe lands at the end, leaving lacht in second position after the fronted subject Dit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tien","lemma":"tien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies uren","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"uren","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"time span in apposition to sekonden","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"zes-en-dertig-duizend","lemma":"zesendertigduizend","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies sekonden","gloss":"thirty-six thousand"},{"surface":"sekonden","lemma":"seconde","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitival modifier of sekonden","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"predicate noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of zyn","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of lacht","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"lacht","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of toelachen","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of lacht ... toe","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable particle","role":"separable particle of lacht","gloss":"smiles on","note":"Toelachen means to smile favorably on someone."}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"h11-s219","source":"Dit is 't oogenblik waarop ik hoop te sterven, om ginder aantekomen met een inofficieel gezicht. Dit is 't oogenblik waarop je vrouw iets weervindt in je gelaat, van wat haar ving toen ze je dien zakdoek behouden liet met een gekroonde E op de punt ...","translation":"This is the moment in which I hope to die, so as to arrive over there with an unofficial face. This is the moment in which your wife finds again something in your face of what captivated her when she let you keep that handkerchief with a crowned E in the corner ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s219.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het oogenblik waarop ik hoop te sterven","title":"Relative pronominal adverb 'waarop'","body":"'Waarop' (waar + op, 'on/in which') is the relative form used for a thing instead of 'op het welk'. 'Hoop te sterven' shows hopen governing a te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om ginder aantekomen","title":"om … te + joined infinitive","body":"A purpose clause 'om … aan te komen' (in order to arrive), where the period text joins it as aantekomen. The separable aankomen splits its te between prefix and stem."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat haar ving","title":"Relative 'wat' without antecedent","body":"'van wat haar ving' uses wat as a free relative ('of what captivated her'), referring to no specific noun. Ving is the strong past tense of vangen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dit and oogenblik","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun after is","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"adverbial complement of sterven","gloss":"at which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoop","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb governing te sterven","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive sterven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sterven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hoop","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"ginder","lemma":"ginder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aantekomen","gloss":"over there"},{"surface":"aantekomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"arrive"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezicht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezicht","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"inofficieel","lemma":"inofficieel","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies gezicht","gloss":"unofficial"},{"surface":"gezicht","lemma":"gezicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dit and oogenblik","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun after is","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"adverbial complement of weervindt","gloss":"at which"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of weervindt","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of weervindt","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"weervindt","lemma":"weervinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"finds again"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelaat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of gelaat","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of iets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ving","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ving","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ving","lemma":"vangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"captivated"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of liet","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of behouden after liet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of zakdoek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zakdoek","lemma":"zakdoek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of behouden","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"surface":"behouden","lemma":"behouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of liet","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking E","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of E","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gekroonde","lemma":"kronen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally, inflected","role":"modifies E","gloss":"crowned"},{"surface":"E","lemma":"E","morphology":"letter name","role":"object of met","gloss":"E"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking punt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of punt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"corner"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"h11-s220","source":"--En toen ze nog 't recht niet had, verkouwen te wezen, zei Tine.","translation":"\"And when she had not yet the right to catch cold,\" said Tine.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s220.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen ze nog 't recht niet had, verkouwen te wezen","title":"Subordinating 'toen' (past time)","body":"Toen ('when', in past narration) opens a subordinate clause whose finite verb had moves toward the end. 'Verkouwen te wezen' is a te-infinitive complement (to be / to catch cold)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"verkouwen","title":"verkouwen","body":"A colloquial/period form of verkouden ('having a cold'). Tine's joke turns on the handkerchief: before they were engaged she had 'no right' even to a runny nose in his presence."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces quoted continuation","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verkouwen","lemma":"verkouden","morphology":"adjective, predicative, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"sick with cold"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of recht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Tine"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"h11-s221","source":"--Ach, plaag me niet!","translation":"\"Ah, don't tease me!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s221.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"plaag me niet!","title":"Imperative + reflexive object","body":"Plaag is the bare-stem imperative of plagen ('to tease'), negated by niet after the object me. The bare stem is the standard Dutch command form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ach","lemma":"ach","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"plaag","lemma":"plagen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of command","gloss":"tease"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of plaag","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates plaag","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"h11-s222","source":"Ik wil maar zeggen dat men 's avends gemütlicher is.","translation":"I only want to say that in the evening one is gemütlicher.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s222.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wil maar zeggen dat men …","title":"Modal willen + bare infinitive","body":"The modal wil sends zeggen to the end as a bare infinitive; maar ('only/just') is a softening particle. The dat-clause then runs verb-final."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gemütlicher","title":"gemütlicher","body":"Havelaar again borrows German, here the comparative of gemütlich ('cosier, more at ease'), poking fun at his own struggle to find the Dutch word for that evening softness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"contracted genitive article","role":"part of adverbial expression ’s avonds","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular, historical spelling","role":"part of adverbial expression ’s avonds","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"gemütlicher","lemma":"gemütlich","morphology":"German adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"more genial","note":"A German comparative meaning more genial or companionable."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking men and gemütlicher","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"h11-s223","source":"Toen alzoo de zon langzamerhand verdween, ging Havelaar voort, werd ik een beter mensch. En als eerste blyk van die beterschap moge gelden, dat ik tot de kleine freule zei:","translation":"So when the sun gradually went down, Havelaar continued, I became a better person. And as the first proof of that improvement let this stand, that I said to the little young lady:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s223.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen alzoo de zon langzamerhand verdween, … werd ik een beter mensch","title":"Fronted toen-clause + main-clause inversion","body":"The subordinate toen-clause comes first (verb-final verdween), so the main clause inverts: werd ik. This is the classic 'first slot filled, verb second' pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"moge gelden, dat …","title":"Subjunctive 'moge'","body":"'Moge gelden' is the optative subjunctive of mogen ('let it count / may it stand'), an archaic, solemn register that suits the mock-grand tone here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verdween","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"alzoo","lemma":"alzo","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies verdween","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verdween","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"langzamerhand","lemma":"langzamerhand","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verdween","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"verdween","lemma":"verdwijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on ging","gloss":"disappeared"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb with voort","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable particle","role":"completes ging: continued","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb in quoted speech","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of werd","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of blyk","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative phrase","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, inflected","role":"modifies blijk","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"blyk","lemma":"blijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of gelden","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beterschap","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beterschap","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"beterschap","lemma":"beterschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies blyk","gloss":"improvement"},{"surface":"moge","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"modal governing gelden","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moge","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of gelden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking freule","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of freule","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies freule","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"freule","lemma":"freule","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zei","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of subject clause","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"h11-s224","source":"\"Het zal nu gauw wat koeler worden.\"","translation":"\"It will soon grow a bit cooler now.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s224.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het zal nu gauw wat koeler worden","title":"Future + impersonal het","body":"'Het zal … worden' is the future (zullen + worden), and het is the impersonal weather subject ('it'). The comparative koeler ('cooler') is built with -er."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of worden","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of worden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies worden","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"gauw","lemma":"gauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies worden","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies koeler","gloss":"a bit"},{"surface":"koeler","lemma":"koel","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of worden","gloss":"cooler"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"become"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"h11-s225","source":"\"Ja, toewan!\" antwoordde zy.","translation":"\"Yes, tuan!\" she answered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s225.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to antwoordde","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"toewan","lemma":"toewan","morphology":"noun, title, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"tuan","note":"Malay-derived colonial title meaning sir or master."},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"h11-s226","source":"Maar ik boog myn hoogheid nog dieper tot die \"stumpert\" neer, en ving een gesprek met haar aan.","translation":"But I bent my loftiness lower still toward that \"poor little thing,\" and struck up a conversation with her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s226.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ving een gesprek met haar aan","title":"Separable 'aanvangen'","body":"The separable verb aanvangen ('to begin') splits: the strong past ving stands in second position and the prefix aan goes to the clause end. 'Myn' is the period spelling of mijn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"stumpert","title":"stumper(t)","body":"A stumper(d) is a poor wretch or hapless soul; Havelaar's word for the little girl, half pitying, half condescending. The quotation marks signal his own self-aware irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of boog","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of boog","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"boog","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"determiner of hoogheid","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hoogheid","lemma":"hoogheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of boog","gloss":"loftiness"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dieper","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"dieper","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies boog","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stumpert","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stumpert","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stumpert","lemma":"stumper","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"poor little thing"},{"surface":"neer","lemma":"neer","morphology":"separable particle","role":"completes boog: bent down","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ving","lemma":"aanvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of ving ... aan","gloss":"struck up","note":"Ving ... aan is the past tense of aanvangen, here meaning struck up."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gesprek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ving","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of met","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable particle","role":"completes ving: struck up","gloss":"(particle)"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"h11-s227","source":"Myn verdienste was te grooter omdat zy heel weinig antwoordde.","translation":"My merit was the greater because she answered very little.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s227.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Myn verdienste was te grooter omdat zy heel weinig antwoordde","title":"Causal omdat + verb-final","body":"Omdat ('because') opens a subordinate clause whose finite verb antwoordde lands at the end. 'Te grooter' is the comparative groter used absolutely ('all the greater')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"determiner of verdienste","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"verdienste","lemma":"verdienste","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"merit"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to grooter","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"marks the proportional comparative","gloss":"the","note":"In the fixed comparative te groter, te means the rather than too."},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of antwoordde","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies antwoordde","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on grooter","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"h11-s228","source":"Ik had gelyk in al wat ik zei ... dat ook al vervelend wordt, al is men nòg zoo verwaand.","translation":"I was right in everything I said ... which also grows tiresome, however conceited one may be.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s228.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in al wat ik zei","title":"Free relative 'wat'","body":"'al wat ik zei' uses wat as a free relative after al ('everything that I said'), with no noun antecedent. The clause ends verb-final in zei."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al is men nòg zoo verwaand","title":"Concessive 'al … nog zo'","body":"'al is men nòg zoo verwaand' is a concessive ('however conceited one may be') with al + inversion. The idiom nog zo + adjective intensifies the concession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"adjective, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of had","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on had","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of in; antecedent of wat","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of wordt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wordt","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vervelend","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"vervelend","lemma":"vervelend","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of wordt","gloss":"tiresome"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause introduced by dat","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"however","note":"Al ... nog zo forms a concessive meaning however."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to verwaand","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verwaand","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"nòg","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies zoo","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies verwaand","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"verwaand","lemma":"verwaand","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"conceited"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"h11-s229","source":"\"Zou je graag een volgenden keer weer meegaan naar Taloh-Baleh?\" vroeg ik.","translation":"\"Would you like to come along again to Taloh-Baleh another time?\" I asked.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s229.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zou je graag … weer meegaan","title":"Conditional zou + separable meegaan","body":"'Zou je … meegaan' uses zou (conditional of zullen) to soften the question into a polite 'would you like to'. Meegaan is separable, but stays joined here as the clause-final infinitive after zou."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een volgenden keer","title":"Case remnant 'volgenden'","body":"'Een volgenden keer' carries the old masculine accusative -en on the adjective (volgenden) before the de-word keer — a frozen case ending typical of 1860 written Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal governing meegaan","gloss":"Would"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meegaan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"graag","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meegaan","gloss":"like to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keer","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies keer","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"keer","lemma":"keer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial of time","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meegaan","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"meegaan","lemma":"meegaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come along"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Taloh-Baleh","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Taloh-Baleh","lemma":"Taloh-Baleh","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Taloh-Baleh"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"h11-s230","source":"\"Zoo als toewan kommandeur beveelt.\"","translation":"\"As tuan commander orders.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s230.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoo als toewan kommandeur beveelt","title":"Subordinate clause: verb-final","body":"'Zoo als … beveelt' is a comparative subordinate clause sending the finite verb beveelt to the end. The girl frames her answer entirely as deference to authority."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"part of comparative conjunction zoo als","gloss":"Just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"with Zoo, introduces clause of beveelt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"toewan","lemma":"toewan","morphology":"noun, title, singular","role":"title modifying kommandeur","gloss":"tuan","note":"Malay-derived colonial title meaning sir or master."},{"surface":"kommandeur","lemma":"commandeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of beveelt","gloss":"commander"},{"surface":"beveelt","lemma":"bevelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of comparative clause","gloss":"orders"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"h11-s231","source":"\"Neen, ik vraag u of gy zoo'n reisjen aangenaam vindt?\" \"Als myn vader het verkiest.\" antwoordde zy.","translation":"\"No, I am asking whether you find such a little voyage pleasant.\" \"If my father chooses it,\" she answered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s231.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik vraag u of gy zoo'n reisjen aangenaam vindt","title":"Archaic 2nd person 'gy' + indirect question","body":"Havelaar switches from informal je to the literary/polite gy ('you') addressing the girl formally; the of-clause ('whether …') is verb-final, ending in vindt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"reisjen","title":"Diminutive reisje(n)","body":"Reisjen is the diminutive of reis ('voyage'), the -en here a period spelling of the -je suffix. The diminutive softens it to 'a little trip'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als myn vader het verkiest","title":"Conditional 'als' clause","body":"'Als myn vader het verkiest' is an als ('if') conditional sending the verb verkiest to the end. Verkiezen here means 'to prefer / choose to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to vraag","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first quotation","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vraag","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vindt","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of vindt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoo'n","lemma":"zo’n","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, historical spelling","role":"determiner of reisjen","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"reisjen","lemma":"reisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, historical diminutive","role":"direct object of vindt","gloss":"little voyage"},{"surface":"aangenaam","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vindt","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"vindt","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of embedded interrogative clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verkiest","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verkiest","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verkiest","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"verkiest","lemma":"verkiezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of conditional reply","gloss":"chooses"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"h11-s232","source":"Zegt eens, heeren, was 't niet om dol te worden? Welnu, ik werd niet dol.","translation":"Tell me, gentlemen, was it not enough to drive one mad? Well, I did not go mad.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s232.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zegt eens, heeren","title":"Archaic plural imperative 'zegt'","body":"'Zegt' is the older -t plural imperative addressing the gentlemen ('say, gentlemen'); modern Dutch would drop the -t. The particle eens softens the command."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"was 't niet om dol te worden?","title":"om … te (result/extent)","body":"'om dol te worden' is an om … te phrase expressing extent ('enough to drive one mad'). The fronted 'was 't' is yes/no question inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural","role":"main verb of command","gloss":"Tell"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal particle","role":"softens the command","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"heeren","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural, historical spelling","role":"vocative","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of question","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the copular proposition","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause","gloss":"enough to"},{"surface":"dol","lemma":"dol","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of worden","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of om te","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to werd","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dol","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dol","lemma":"dol","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of werd","gloss":"mad"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"h11-s233","source":"De zon was onder, en ik voelde my gemüthlich genoeg om nòg niet afgeschrikt te worden door zóóveel domheid. Of liever, ik geloof dat ik begon vermaak te scheppen in 't hooren van myn stem--er zyn weinigen onder ons, die niet gaarne luisteren naar zichzelf--maar na myn mutisme van den heelen dag, meende ik, nu ik eindelyk aan 't spreken geraakt was, iets beters te verdienen dan de al te onnoozele antwoorden van Si Oepi Keteh.","translation":"The sun was down, and I felt gemütlich enough not to be put off yet by so much stupidity. Or rather, I believe I began to take pleasure in hearing my own voice — there are few among us who do not gladly listen to themselves — but after my muteness throughout the whole day, I felt that now, having at last got into speech, I deserved something better than the all too silly answers of Si Oepi Keteh.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s233.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om nòg niet afgeschrikt te worden door zóóveel domheid","title":"om … te + worden-passive","body":"This stacks an om … te purpose phrase onto a worden-passive infinitive: 'afgeschrikt te worden' = 'to be put off', with door marking the agent (zóóveel domheid)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik begon vermaak te scheppen in 't hooren van myn stem","title":"te + infinitive complement","body":"Beginnen governs a te-infinitive ('began to take pleasure'), and 't hooren is a nominalized infinitive ('the hearing'). Both show Dutch turning verbs into noun-like complements."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er zyn weinigen onder ons, die niet gaarne luisteren naar zichzelf","title":"Existential er + reflexive zichzelf","body":"Existential er introduces 'there are few among us', and the relative die-clause is verb-final (luisteren). 'Zichzelf' is the emphatic third-person reflexive ('themselves')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking zon to onder","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with was","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of voelde","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"gemüthlich","lemma":"gemütlich","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of voelde","gloss":"comfortably at ease","note":"A German loan meaning comfortably at ease; modern German spells it gemütlich."},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree complement of gemüthlich","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause with worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nòg","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgeschrikt","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgeschrikt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"afgeschrikt","lemma":"afschrikken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive infinitive","gloss":"put off"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks worden as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of afgeschrikt","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks cause of afgeschrikt","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zóóveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"quantifies domheid","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"domheid","lemma":"domheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"stupidity"},{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of corrective phrase Of liever","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of corrective phrase Of liever","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of corrected statement","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of begon","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of complement clause of geloof","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"vermaak","lemma":"vermaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of scheppen","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks scheppen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"scheppen","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of begon","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing source of pleasure","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of hooren","gloss":"the","note":"Contracted form of het."},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stem","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of stem","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"stem","lemma":"stem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of existential clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"weinigen","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of onder","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of luisteren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies luisteren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies luisteren","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"luisteren","lemma":"luisteren","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on weinigen","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zichzelf","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zichzelf","lemma":"zichzelf","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"object of naar","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mutisme","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of mutisme","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"mutisme","lemma":"mutisme","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"muteness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces duration phrase","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine dative","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heelen","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adjective, archaically inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated after maar","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause with geraakt was","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geraakt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geraakt","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom aan het spreken raken","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of spreken","gloss":"the","note":"Contracted form of het."},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"geraakt","lemma":"raken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle with was","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geraakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of verdienen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"beters","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, comparative","role":"partitive complement of iets","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verdienen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verdienen","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of meende","gloss":"deserve"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with iets beters","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of antwoorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of degree phrase al te","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of degree phrase al te","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"onnoozele","lemma":"onnozel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies antwoorden","gloss":"silly"},{"surface":"antwoorden","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks possessor of antwoorden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Si","lemma":"Si","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of proper name Si Oepi Keteh","gloss":"Si"},{"surface":"Oepi","lemma":"Oepi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Si","gloss":"Oepi"},{"surface":"Keteh","lemma":"Keteh","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Si","gloss":"Keteh"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"h11-s234","source":"Ik zal haar een sprookje vertellen, dacht ik, dan hoor ikzelf het met-een, en ik heb niet noodig dat ze my antwoordt.","translation":"I shall tell her a fairy tale, I thought, then I shall hear it myself into the bargain, and I need not have her answer me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s234.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal haar een sprookje vertellen","title":"Future zal + clause-final infinitive","body":"'Ik zal … vertellen' is the future with zullen; the infinitive vertellen closes the clause. Sprookje is the diminutive of sprook ('fairy tale')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb niet noodig dat ze my antwoordt","title":"niet + dat-clause","body":"Negation niet here scopes over the whole need, with the dat-clause 'dat ze my antwoordt' verb-final. 'Hoor ikzelf' shows ikzelf, the emphatic 'I myself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertellen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vertellen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of vertellen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sprookje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sprookje","lemma":"sprookje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vertellen","gloss":"fairy tale"},{"surface":"vertellen","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoor","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"hoor","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of following clause","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"ikzelf","lemma":"ikzelf","morphology":"intensive pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoor","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter","role":"direct object of hoor","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"met-een","lemma":"meteen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoor","gloss":"into the bargain","note":"Historical spelling of meteen; here it means “into the bargain,” not merely “immediately.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with hoor","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of heb","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of antwoordt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of antwoordt","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of antwoordt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"antwoordt","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of heb","gloss":"answers"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"h11-s235","source":"Nu weet ge dat, even als by het lossen van een schip de laatst ingeladen krandjang suiker 't eerst weer voor den dag komt, ook wy gewoonlyk die gedachte of die vertelling 't eerst lossen, die 't laatst is ingeladen.","translation":"Now you know that, just as in unloading a ship the last basket of sugar loaded comes out first again, so too we usually unload first the thought or the tale that was loaded last.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s235.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nu weet ge dat, even als by het lossen …","title":"Archaic 'ge' + fronted-adverb inversion","body":"The fronted Nu forces inversion (weet ge), and ge is the literary 'you'. 'het lossen' is a nominalized infinitive ('the unloading')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die 't laatst is ingeladen","title":"Relative die + perfect passive","body":"The relative die introduces 'that was loaded last'; 'is ingeladen' is a perfect/state form of the separable inladen. The image: last loaded, first unloaded."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of comparative phrase even als","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces circumstance of unloading","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lossen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lossen","lemma":"lossen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"unloading"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schip","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schip","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schip","lemma":"schip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of krandjang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatst","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies ingeladen","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"ingeladen","lemma":"inladen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clause modifying krandjang","gloss":"loaded"},{"surface":"krandjang","lemma":"krandjang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"basket","note":"Krandjang is an Indonesian loanword for a woven basket used for produce."},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"noun modifying krandjang","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"part of adverbial phrase het eerst","gloss":"the","note":"Contracted form of het."},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom voor den dag komen","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine accusative","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object within idiom voor den dag komen","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of comparative clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb with even als","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of lossen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lossen","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of gedachte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gedachte","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first direct object of lossen","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of vertelling","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vertelling","lemma":"vertelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second direct object of lossen","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"part of adverbial phrase het eerst","gloss":"the","note":"Contracted form of het."},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies lossen","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"lossen","lemma":"lossen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of object clause of weet","gloss":"unload"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is ingeladen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"part of adverbial phrase het laatst","gloss":"the","note":"Contracted form of het."},{"surface":"laatst","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies ingeladen","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ingeladen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ingeladen","lemma":"inladen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of relative clause on gedachte or vertelling","gloss":"loaded"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"h11-s236","source":"In het Tydschrift van Nederlandsch Indie had ik kort tevoren een verhaal gelezen van Jeronimus: de Japansche Steenhouwer ...","translation":"In the Journal of the Netherlands Indies I had, not long before, read a story by Jeronimus: the Japanese Stonecutter ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s236.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ik kort tevoren een verhaal gelezen","title":"Pluperfect after fronted phrase","body":"'Had ik … gelezen' is the pluperfect (imperfect had + participle gelezen), with inversion after the fronted locative 'In het Tydschrift …'. The participle closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tydschrift","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Tydschrift","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Tydschrift","lemma":"tijdschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Journal"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederlandsch","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Indië","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Indies"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tevoren","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"tevoren","lemma":"tevoren","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kort","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle with had","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks author of verhaal","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Jeronimus","lemma":"Jeronimus","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Jeronimus"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Steenhouwer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Japansche","lemma":"Japans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Steenhouwer","gloss":"Japanese"},{"surface":"Steenhouwer","lemma":"steenhouwer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title in apposition to verhaal","gloss":"Stonecutter"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"h11-s237","source":"Hoort eens, die Jeronimus heeft lieve dingen geschreven!","translation":"Listen, that Jeronimus has written lovely things!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s237.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoort eens, die Jeronimus heeft lieve dingen geschreven!","title":"Archaic imperative 'hoort' + present perfect","body":"'Hoort eens' is the old -t imperative ('listen!'), and 'heeft … geschreven' is the present perfect (hebben + participle), the participle closing the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoort","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural","role":"imperative verb","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softening particle with Hoort","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Jeronimus","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Jeronimus","lemma":"Jeronimus","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geschreven","gloss":"Jeronimus"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dingen","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of geschreven","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle with heeft","gloss":"written"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"h11-s238","source":"Hebt ge zyn Vendutie in een sterfhuis gelezen?","translation":"Have you read his Auction in a House of Mourning?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s238.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hebt ge zyn Vendutie in een sterfhuis gelezen?","title":"Perfect question with archaic ge","body":"A yes/no question in the present perfect: Hebt ge … gelezen ('have you read'). Ge is the literary second person, and the participle gelezen sits clause-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelezen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of Vendutie","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Vendutie","lemma":"vendutie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"Auction"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sterfhuis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sterfhuis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sterfhuis","lemma":"sterfhuis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gelezen","gloss":"house of mourning"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle with Hebt","gloss":"read"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"h11-s239","source":"En zyn: Graven?","translation":"And his: Graves?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s239.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"continues preceding question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"elliptical determiner of Graven","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Graven","lemma":"graf","morphology":"title, noun, plural","role":"elliptical direct object of gelezen","gloss":"Graves"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"h11-s240","source":"En, vooral: de Pedatti?","translation":"And, above all: the Pedatti?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s240.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"continues preceding question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses Pedatti","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Pedatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Pedatti","lemma":"pedati","morphology":"title, noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical direct object of gelezen","gloss":"oxcart"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"h11-s241","source":"Ik zal 't u geven.","translation":"I shall give it to you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s241.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geven","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"give"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"h11-s242","source":"Ik dan had pas de Japansche Steenhouwer gelezen.","translation":"I, then, had just been reading The Japanese Stonecutter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s242.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik dan had pas de Japansche Steenhouwer gelezen","title":"Pluperfect with 'pas'","body":"'had pas … gelezen' is the pluperfect ('had just read'), pas meaning 'only just'. The discourse particle dan ('then, as for me') is interjected after the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelezen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Steenhouwer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Japansche","lemma":"Japans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Steenhouwer","gloss":"Japanese"},{"surface":"Steenhouwer","lemma":"steenhouwer","morphology":"title, noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"Stonecutter"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle with had","gloss":"read"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"h11-s243","source":"Ach, nu herinner ik my op-eenmaal hoe ik zoo-even verdwaald ben geraakt in dat liedje, waarin ik 't \"donker oog\" van dien visschersknaap tot scheelwordens toe \"rond-om laat dwalen\" in één richting ... heel gek!","translation":"Ah, now it comes back to me all at once how I just now lost myself in that little song, in which I make the \"dark eye\" of that fisher-boy \"wander round about\" in one direction until it goes cross-eyed ... quite mad!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s243.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nu herinner ik my op-eenmaal hoe ik … verdwaald ben geraakt","title":"Reflexive 'zich herinneren' + inversion","body":"'Herinner ik my' shows the reflexive verb zich herinneren ('to recall'), with my as the period-spelled reflexive and inversion after the fronted nu. 'Verdwaald ben geraakt' is a perfect with zijn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarin ik 't \"donker oog\" … \"rond-om laat dwalen\"","title":"Relative 'waarin' + causative laten","body":"'Waarin' (waar + in, 'in which') opens a relative clause; 'laat dwalen' is causative laten + bare infinitive ('make it wander'). Both are split apart in the verb-final frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"scheelwordens toe","title":"tot scheelwordens toe","body":"A vivid idiom 'tot … toe' ('to the point of'), here with the genitive-form nominalized infinitive scheelwordens: 'until it goes cross-eyed'. Comic self-mockery of his own poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ach","lemma":"ach","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies herinner","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"herinner","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of herinner","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of herinner","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"opeenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies herinner","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the indirect question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verdwaald","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben geraakt","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"verdwaald","lemma":"verdwalen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of geraakt","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geraakt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"geraakt","lemma":"raken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the indirect question","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liedje","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liedje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"liedje","lemma":"lied","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"little song"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on liedje","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"donker","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oog","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of laat and subject of dwalen","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking visschersknaap","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative, oblique singular","role":"determiner of vissersknaap","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"visschersknaap","lemma":"vissersknaap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"fisher-boy"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of tot ... toe","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"scheelwordens","lemma":"scheel worden","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, genitive","role":"object of tot ... toe","gloss":"going cross-eyed","note":"In “tot scheelwordens toe”: to the point of becoming cross-eyed."},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes tot ... toe","gloss":"to the point"},{"surface":"rond-om","lemma":"rondom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dwalen","gloss":"round about"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on liedje","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"dwalen","lemma":"dwalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laat","gloss":"wander"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking richting","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies richting","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"richting","lemma":"richting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gek","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"adjective","role":"elliptical comment on the preceding idea","gloss":"mad"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"h11-s244","source":"Dat was een aaneenschakeling van denkbeelden.","translation":"That was a chain of associations.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s244.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"aaneenschakeling van denkbeelden","title":"aaneenschakeling","body":"Aaneenschakeling ('a chaining-together') is built from aaneen + schakeling, and denkbeeld ('idea') from denk + beeld. Both show Dutch noun-compounding; the phrase names a chain of associations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Dat to aaneenschakeling","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aaneenschakeling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"aaneenschakeling","lemma":"aaneenschakeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"chain"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking denkbeelden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"ideas"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"h11-s245","source":"Myn verstoordheid van dien dag stond in verband met het gevaarlyke der Natalsche ree ... je weet, Verbrugge, dat geen oorlogschip die reede mag aandoen, vooral niet in Juli ... ja, Duclari, de westmousson is daar in Juli 't sterkst, juist andersom dan hier.","translation":"My ill humour that day was bound up with the danger of the Natal roadstead ... you know, Verbrugge, that no warship may put in at that roadstead, especially not in July ... yes, Duclari, the west monsoon is strongest there in July, exactly the reverse of here.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s245.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het gevaarlyke der Natalsche ree","title":"Nominalized adjective + genitive 'der'","body":"'Het gevaarlyke' is an adjective used as a neuter noun ('the dangerousness'), and 'der Natalsche ree' is the old feminine genitive der ('of the Natal roadstead'), a living case remnant in 1860."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat geen oorlogschip die reede mag aandoen","title":"geen + modal mag + separable aandoen","body":"Geen negates the indefinite oorlogschip ('no warship'), the modal mag sends aandoen to the end, and the dat-clause is verb-final. Aandoen ('to call at a port') is separable but stays joined here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of verstoordheid","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verstoordheid","lemma":"verstoordheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"ill humour"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative, oblique singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in stond in verband","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase in verband met","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevaarlijke","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevaarlyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevaarlyke","lemma":"gevaarlijk","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of ree","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Natalsche","lemma":"Natals","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies ree","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"ree","lemma":"rede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of gevaarlijke","gloss":"roadstead","note":"“Ree” is an older form of “rede”, a roadstead."},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorlogschip","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"oorlogschip","lemma":"oorlogsschip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of mag aandoen","gloss":"warship"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative","role":"determiner of reede","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"reede","lemma":"rede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aandoen","gloss":"roadstead"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of aandoen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"aandoen","lemma":"aandoen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of mag","gloss":"put in at"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in Juli","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates mag aandoen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Juli","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Juli","lemma":"juli","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"July"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirming interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of westmousson","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"westmousson","lemma":"westmoesson","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"west monsoon"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking westmoesson to sterkst","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Juli","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Juli","lemma":"juli","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"July"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article in superlative construction","role":"marks adverbial superlative sterkst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sterkst","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"strongest"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies andersom","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"andersom","lemma":"andersom","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical comparative comment","gloss":"the reverse"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with hier","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"h11-s246","source":"Welnu, 't gevaarlyke van die reede schakelde zich vast aan myn gekrenkte eerzucht, en die eerzucht hangt weer samen met dat liedjen over Djiwa. Ik had den resident herhaaldelyk voorgesteld te Natal een zeewering te maken, of althans een kunsthaven in de monding van de rivier, met het doel om handel te brengen in de Afdeeling Natal, die de zoo belangryke Battahlanden met de zee verbindt.","translation":"Well, the danger of that roadstead linked itself fast to my wounded ambition, and that ambition is in turn connected with that little song about Djiwa. I had repeatedly proposed to the resident that we build a breakwater at Natal, or at least an artificial harbour at the mouth of the river, with the aim of bringing trade into the Natal District, which links the so important Battah lands with the sea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s246.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t gevaarlyke van die reede schakelde zich vast aan myn gekrenkte eerzucht","title":"Reflexive separable 'zich vastschakelen'","body":"The separable, reflexive verb 'zich vastschakelen aan' ('to link itself to') splits: schakelde … zich vast … aan. 'Gekrenkte' is a participle used attributively ('wounded ambition')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik had den resident herhaaldelyk voorgesteld te Natal een zeewering te maken","title":"Pluperfect + te-infinitive object","body":"'had … voorgesteld' is the pluperfect of the separable voorstellen, and 'te maken' is its te-infinitive complement ('proposed to build'). 'Den resident' shows the accusative den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met het doel om handel te brengen","title":"om … te purpose","body":"'om handel te brengen' is the om … te purpose clause ('in order to bring trade'), governed by 'met het doel'. The infinitive brengen closes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevaarlyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevaarlyke","lemma":"gevaarlijk","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"subject of schakelde","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reede","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reede","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"reede","lemma":"rede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"roadstead"},{"surface":"schakelde","lemma":"schakelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"linked"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of schakelde","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"vast","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle completing schakelde ... vast","gloss":"fast"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eerzucht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of eerzucht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"gekrenkte","lemma":"gekrenkt","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies eerzucht","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"eerzucht","lemma":"eerzucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"ambition"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative","role":"determiner of eerzucht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eerzucht","lemma":"eerzucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hangt","gloss":"ambition"},{"surface":"hangt","lemma":"hangen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"hangs"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hangt","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"samen","lemma":"samen","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle of hangt ... samen","gloss":"is connected"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liedjen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liedjen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"liedjen","lemma":"liedje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"little song","note":"Older diminutive ending; modern spelling is “liedje”."},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Djiwa","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Djiwa","lemma":"Djiwa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of over","gloss":"Djiwa"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had voorgesteld","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorgesteld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of voorgesteld","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"herhaaldelyk","lemma":"herhaaldelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgesteld","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"voorgesteld","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"proposed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zeewering","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeewering","lemma":"zeewering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"breakwater"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of voorgesteld","gloss":"build"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates zeewering and kunsthaven","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies coordinated alternative kunsthaven","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kunsthaven","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"kunsthaven","lemma":"kunsthaven","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken, coordinated with zeewering","gloss":"artificial harbour"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking monding","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of monding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"monding","lemma":"monding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rivier","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rivier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rivier","lemma":"rivier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"first part of om ... te purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"handel","lemma":"handel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause modifying doel","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Afdeeling","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"District"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to Afdeeling","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verbindt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Battahlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies belangrijke","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"belangryke","lemma":"belangrijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Battahlanden","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"Battahlanden","lemma":"Battahland","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"direct object of verbindt","gloss":"Battah lands"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"verbindt","lemma":"verbinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on Afdeeling Natal","gloss":"links"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"h11-s247","source":"Anderhalf millioen menschen in 't binnenland wisten geen weg met hun produkt, omdat de Natalsche ree--en terecht!--in zulk een slecht blaadje stond.","translation":"A million and a half people in the interior had no way to dispose of their produce, because the Natal roadstead — and rightly so! — stood in such ill repute.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s247.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wisten geen weg met hun produkt","title":"geen with indefinite object","body":"Geen negates the indefinite 'weg' ('knew no way'), the standard Dutch indefinite-noun negation. The idiom 'geen weg weten met' means to be unable to dispose of or handle something."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat de Natalsche ree … in zulk een slecht blaadje stond","title":"Causal omdat + verb-final","body":"Omdat opens a causal clause whose finite verb stond lands at the end. 'In een slecht blaadje staan' is an idiom ('to be in bad repute'); blaadje is a diminutive of blad."}],"words":[{"surface":"Anderhalf","lemma":"anderhalf","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies millioen","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"millioen","lemma":"miljoen","morphology":"numeral noun, singular","role":"quantifies menschen","gloss":"million"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of wisten","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnenland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnenland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnenland","lemma":"binnenland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"wisten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in idiom geen weg weten met","gloss":"way","note":"“Geen weg weten met” means not to know what to do with something."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking produkt","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of produkt","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"produkt","lemma":"product","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"produce"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of stond","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ree","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Natalsche","lemma":"Natals","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies ree","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"ree","lemma":"rede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"roadstead"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical en terecht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"terecht","lemma":"terecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical comment on causal clause","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in idiom in een slecht blaadje staan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies een slecht blaadje","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of blaadje","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies blaadje","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"blaadje","lemma":"blaadje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"repute","note":"“In een slecht blaadje staan” means to be in ill repute."},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"stood"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"h11-s248","source":"Welnu, die voorstellen waren door den resident niet goedgekeurd, of althans hy beweerde dat de Regeering ze niet zou goedkeuren, en je weet dat behoorlyke residenten nooit iets voorstellen, dan wat ze vooruit kunnen berekenen dat aan 't Gouvernement bevallen zal.","translation":"Well, those proposals had not been approved by the resident, or at any rate he maintained that the Government would not approve them; and you know that proper residents never propose anything except what they can reckon in advance will please the Government.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s248.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die voorstellen waren door den resident niet goedgekeurd","title":"Pluperfect passive with door","body":"'waren … goedgekeurd' with door den resident is a past passive ('had not been approved by the resident'); door marks the agent. 'Den resident' keeps the accusative den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de Regeering ze niet zou goedkeuren","title":"Conditional zou in reported speech","body":"'zou goedkeuren' is the conditional (zou + infinitive), here reporting what the resident claimed the Government 'would' do. The dat-clause runs verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"behoorlyke residenten nooit iets voorstellen, dan wat ze vooruit kunnen berekenen","title":"Negative spread with 'nooit'","body":"The single negative nooit ('never') carries the clause's negation — Dutch avoids stacking negatives. The relative wat then opens 'what they can reckon in advance'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative","role":"determiner of voorstellen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive goedgekeurd","gloss":"proposals"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of goedgekeurd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of goedgekeurd","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goedgekeurd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"goedgekeurd","lemma":"goedkeuren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive with waren","gloss":"approved"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates alternative explanation","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beweerde","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beweerde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"beweerde","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of beweerde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou goedkeuren","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of goedkeuren","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goedkeuren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of goedkeuren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"goedkeuren","lemma":"goedkeuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"approve"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates clause of weet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with beweerde","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"behoorlyke","lemma":"behoorlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies residenten","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"residenten","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of voorstellen","gloss":"residents"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorstellen","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of voorstellen","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of complement clause introduced by dat","gloss":"propose"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces restrictive exception to iets","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of voorstellen and subject of bevallen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of berekenen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"vooruit","lemma":"vooruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies berekenen","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of berekenen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"berekenen","lemma":"berekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kunnen","gloss":"reckon"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of berekenen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouvernement","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"bevallen","lemma":"bevallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zal","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bevallen","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"h11-s249","source":"Het maken van een haven te Natal streed in principe tegen 't stelsel van afsluiting, en wel verre van schepen daarheen te lokken, was 't zelfs verboden--tenzy in geval van force majeure--raschepen op de reede toetelaten.","translation":"The building of a harbour at Natal ran in principle counter to the system of closure, and far from luring ships there, it was even forbidden — except in case of force majeure — to admit sailing ships to the roadstead.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s249.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wel verre van schepen daarheen te lokken","title":"Archaic 'verre van … te'","body":"'verre van … te lokken' is an archaic, literary 'far from luring' construction with a te-infinitive. 'Daarheen' is the pronominal adverb 'thither / there'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"was 't zelfs verboden … raschepen op de reede toetelaten","title":"zijn-passive + te-infinitive subject","body":"'was 't … verboden … toetelaten' is a state passive ('it was forbidden to admit'), where the joined infinitive toetelaten ('toe te laten', from separable toelaten) is the real subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of maken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"subject of streed","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of haven","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"haven","lemma":"haven","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of maken","gloss":"harbour"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"streed","lemma":"strijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran counter"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking principe","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"principe","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in; part of in principe","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stelsel","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stelsel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stelsel","lemma":"stelsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"system"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afsluiting","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"afsluiting","lemma":"afsluiting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies stelsel","gloss":"closure"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of wel verre van","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"verre","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adjective, adverbial","role":"part of wel verre van","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitive complement of verre","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"schepen","lemma":"schip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of lokken","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"daarheen","lemma":"daarheen","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of lokken","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive lokken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lokken","lemma":"lokken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verre","gloss":"lure"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to verboden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was verboden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verboden","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"verboden","lemma":"verbieden","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"forbidden"},{"surface":"tenzy","lemma":"tenzij","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces exception phrase","gloss":"except","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch tenzij."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geval","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking force majeure","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"force","lemma":"force majeure","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, French","role":"first part of force majeure","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"majeure","lemma":"force majeure","morphology":"adjective, feminine singular, French","role":"second part of force majeure","gloss":"majeure"},{"surface":"raschepen","lemma":"raschip","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"direct object of toetelaten","gloss":"sailing ships"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reede","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reede","lemma":"rede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"roadstead"},{"surface":"toetelaten","lemma":"toelaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive subject of was verboden","gloss":"to admit","note":"Historically written as one word; modern Dutch writes toe te laten."}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"h11-s250","source":"Als er nu toch een schip kwam--'t waren meestal Amerikaansche walvischvangers, of Franschen die peper hadden geladen in de onafhankelyke rykjes op den noordhoek--liet ik my altyd door den kapitein een brief schryven, waarin hy verlof vroeg om drinkwater intenemen.","translation":"Whenever a ship did come after all — they were mostly American whalers, or Frenchmen who had taken on pepper in the independent little kingdoms on the northern cape — I always had the captain write me a letter in which he asked leave to take on drinking water.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s250.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als er nu toch een schip kwam … liet ik my altyd door den kapitein een brief schryven","title":"Causative laten + door-agent","body":"'liet ik my … een brief schryven' is causative laten + bare infinitive ('I had a letter written'), with door den kapitein marking who did it and my the beneficiary. The fronted als-clause triggers the inversion liet ik."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarin hy verlof vroeg om drinkwater intenemen","title":"Relative waarin + om … te","body":"'Waarin' ('in which') opens the relative clause, and 'om drinkwater in te nemen' (joined as intenemen) is the om … te purpose phrase. Innemen ('to take on board') is separable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of kwam","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in clause of kwam","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying kwam","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schip","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schip","lemma":"schip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking subject to walvischvangers/Franschen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies walvischvangers","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"Amerikaansche","lemma":"Amerikaans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies walvischvangers","gloss":"American"},{"surface":"walvischvangers","lemma":"walvisvanger","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"predicate noun with waren","gloss":"whalers","note":"Walvischvanger uses historical sch where modern Dutch has s."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Franschen","lemma":"Frans","morphology":"substantivized adjective, masculine plural","role":"predicate noun with waren","gloss":"Frenchmen"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hadden geladen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"peper","lemma":"peper","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geladen","gloss":"pepper"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geladen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geladen","lemma":"laden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"loaded"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rykjes","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rykjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onafhankelyke","lemma":"onafhankelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies rijkjes","gloss":"independent"},{"surface":"rykjes","lemma":"rijkje","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"little kingdoms"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noordhoek","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of noordhoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noordhoek","lemma":"noordhoek","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"northern cape"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; causative with schrijven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"beneficiary of schrijven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liet","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agent kapitein","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of kapitein","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kapitein","lemma":"kapitein","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of schrijven","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schrijven","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of liet","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"in relative clause modifying brief","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verlof","lemma":"verlof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vroeg","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces purpose infinitive intenemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"drinkwater","lemma":"drinkwater","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of intenemen","gloss":"drinking water"},{"surface":"intenemen","lemma":"innemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verlof","gloss":"take on","note":"Historically fused intenemen; modern Dutch writes in te nemen."}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"h11-s251","source":"De verstoordheid over 't mislukken myner pogingen om iets ten-voordeele van Natal te bewerken, of liever de gekrenkte ydelheid ... was 't niet hard voor me, nog zoo weinig te beteekenen dat ik niet eens een haven kon laten maken waar ik wilde? Nu, dit alles, in verband met myn kandidatuur voor 't regelen van een zonnestelsel, had me dien dag zoo onbeminnelyk gemaakt.","translation":"The ill humour over the failure of my efforts to do something for the good of Natal, or rather the wounded vanity ... was it not hard on me, counting still for so little that I could not even have a harbour made where I wished? Now all this, taken together with my candidacy for the regulating of a solar system, had made me so disagreeable that day.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s251.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t mislukken myner pogingen","title":"Genitive 'myner' before a noun","body":"'Myner pogingen' is the old genitive of mijn ('of my efforts'), and 't mislukken is a nominalized infinitive ('the failing'). The genitive possessive is a hallmark of 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik niet eens een haven kon laten maken waar ik wilde","title":"Modal kon + causative laten","body":"The modal kon governs 'laten maken' (causative laten + bare infinitive, 'have made'), all clause-final after the dat. 'Niet eens' = 'not even'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"myn kandidatuur voor 't regelen van een zonnestelsel","title":"regelen van een zonnestelsel","body":"Havelaar's self-ironic flourish: he frames his frustrated ambition as a 'candidacy for regulating a solar system'. 'Zonnestelsel' is a compound, zon + stelsel ('sun-system')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verstoordheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verstoordheid","lemma":"verstoordheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first topic resumed by dit alles","gloss":"ill humour"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mislukken","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mislukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mislukken","lemma":"mislukken","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"object of over","gloss":"failure"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of pogingen","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"pogingen","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of mislukken","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces purpose clause bewerken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bewerken","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ten-voordeele","lemma":"voordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, archaic dative phrase","role":"part of ten voordele van; beneficiary phrase","gloss":"for the benefit","note":"Ten-voordeele van is the older spelling of ten voordele van, “for the benefit of.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bewerken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewerken","lemma":"bewerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of pogingen","gloss":"accomplish"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces self-correction","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of of liever","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ydelheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gekrenkte","lemma":"krenken","morphology":"adjective, past participle, inflected","role":"modifies ijdelheid","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"ydelheid","lemma":"ijdelheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second topic, correcting verstoordheid","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to hard","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hard","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hard","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hard","lemma":"hard","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative adjective with was","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of beteekenen","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beteekenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beteekenen","lemma":"betekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement expressing what was hard","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon laten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet eens; modifies kon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet eens; modifies kon","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of haven","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"haven","lemma":"haven","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"harbour"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of laten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"adverbial complement of wilde","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying haven; maken is understood","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb introducing conclusion","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of had gemaakt","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of in verband met","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of in verband met","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of in verband met; marks kandidatuur","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kandidatuur","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"kandidatuur","lemma":"kandidatuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"candidacy"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regelen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of regelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regelen","lemma":"regelen","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"object of voor","gloss":"regulating"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zonnestelsel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zonnestelsel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zonnestelsel","lemma":"zonnestelsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"solar system"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adverbial of gemaakt","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of onbeminnelijk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"onbeminnelyk","lemma":"onbeminnelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of me","gloss":"disagreeable"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with had","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"h11-s252","source":"Toen ik door 't ondergaan der zon eenigszins genas--want ontevredenheid is een ziekte--bracht juist die ziekte my den Japanschen Steenhouwer voor den geest, en misschien dacht ik alleen dáárom die geschiedenis overluid, om, mezelf wysmakende dat ik het deed uit welwillendheid voor dat kind, ter-sluik den laatsten druppel intenemen van het drankje dat ik voelde noodig te hebben.","translation":"When the setting of the sun cured me somewhat — for discontent is a sickness — it was that very sickness that called The Japanese Stonecutter to mind, and perhaps that was the only reason I recited the tale aloud: so that, while persuading myself I did it out of kindness toward the child, I might slyly take the last drop of the draught I felt I needed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s252.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen ik door 't ondergaan der zon eenigszins genas","title":"Toen-clause + genitive der","body":"Toen opens a verb-final past clause (genas, strong past of genezen). 'Der zon' is the feminine genitive ('of the sun'), and 't ondergaan a nominalized infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"bracht juist die ziekte my den Japanschen Steenhouwer voor den geest","title":"Fronted clause forces inversion","body":"After the long fronted toen-clause the main verb bracht stands second, subject die ziekte following. 'Den Japanschen Steenhouwer' and 'den geest' both show the accusative den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om … ter-sluik den laatsten druppel intenemen","title":"om … te (joined) for purpose","body":"'om … in te nemen' (joined as intenemen) is the om … te purpose frame; the separable innemen splits its te. 'Den laatsten druppel' carries the accusative den/-en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of genas","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of genas","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cause ondergaan","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ondergaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ondergaan","lemma":"ondergaan","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"object of door","gloss":"setting"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of ondergaan","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genas","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"genas","lemma":"genezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"recovered"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ontevredenheid","lemma":"ontevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"discontent"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to ziekte","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ziekte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ziekte","lemma":"ziekte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun with is","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of die ziekte","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ziekte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ziekte","lemma":"ziekte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bracht","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of bracht","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Steenhouwer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Japanschen","lemma":"Japans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Steenhouwer","gloss":"Japanese"},{"surface":"Steenhouwer","lemma":"steenhouwer","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, title","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"Stonecutter"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of voor de geest brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of voor; part of idiom voor de geest brengen","gloss":"mind","note":"Voor de geest brengen means “to call to mind.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dacht","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb; used in dacht ... overluid","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of daarom","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"dáárom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial reason for dacht","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of dacht","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"overluid","lemma":"overluid","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dacht","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause of intenemen","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"mezelf","lemma":"mezelf","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of wysmakende","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"wysmakende","lemma":"wijsmaken","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying ik","gloss":"persuading"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of deed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause governed by wysmakende","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking welwillendheid","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"welwillendheid","lemma":"welwillendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kind","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ter-sluik","lemma":"tersluiks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies intenemen","gloss":"slyly","note":"Ter-sluik is an older form of modern tersluiks, “slyly.”"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of druppel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laatst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies druppel","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"druppel","lemma":"druppel","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of intenemen","gloss":"drop"},{"surface":"intenemen","lemma":"innemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause introduced by om","gloss":"to take","note":"Historically fused intenemen; modern Dutch writes in te nemen."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking drankje","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of drankje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"drankje","lemma":"drankje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies druppel","gloss":"draught"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of noodig te hebben","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying drankje","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of hebben","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of voelde","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"h11-s253","source":"Maar zy, dat kind, genas me--voor een dag of wat althans--beter dan myn vertelling, die ongeveer aldus moet geluid hebben:","translation":"But she, that child, cured me — for a day or so, at least — better than my telling did, which must have run roughly thus:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s253.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ongeveer aldus moet geluid hebben","title":"Modal moet + perfect infinitive","body":"'moet geluid hebben' is a modal of inference ('must have run/sounded'), stacking moet with the perfect infinitive 'geluid hebben'. The relative die opens the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of genas","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of genas","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to zy","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"genas","lemma":"genezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cured"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of genas","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dag","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of genas","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of idiom een dag of wat","gloss":"or","note":"The idiom een dag of wat means “a day or so.”"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"indefinite quantifier modifying dag","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb qualifying duration","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"comparative adverb modifying genas","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with vertelling","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of vertelling","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vertelling","lemma":"vertelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of moet hebben geluid","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ongeveer","lemma":"ongeveer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aldus","gloss":"roughly"},{"surface":"aldus","lemma":"aldus","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of geluid","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of hebben geluid","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"geluid","lemma":"luiden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in moet hebben geluid","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geluid","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"h11-s254","source":"\"Oepi, er was een man die steenen hieuw uit de rots.","translation":"\"Oepi, there was a man who hewed stones from the rock.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s254.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er was een man die steenen hieuw uit de rots","title":"Existential er + strong past 'hieuw'","body":"'er was een man' is the existential frame opening the fairy tale, and die introduces 'who hewed stones'. Hieuw is the strong simple past of houwen ('to hew')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Oepi","lemma":"Oepi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Oepi"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"existential verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of hieuw","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"steenen","lemma":"steen","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of hieuw","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"hieuw","lemma":"houwen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative-clause verb modifying man","gloss":"hewed"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rots","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of rots","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rots","lemma":"rots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of hieuw","gloss":"rock"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"h11-s255","source":"Zyn arbeid was zeer zwaar, en hy arbeidde veel, doch zyn loon was gering, en tevreden was hy niet.","translation":"His labour was very heavy, and he laboured much, yet his wage was small, and content he was not.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s255.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyn arbeid was zeer zwaar … doch zyn loon was gering","title":"Coordinating 'doch' (archaic 'but')","body":"Doch is an archaic/literary coordinating conjunction meaning 'yet, but'; like en and maar it joins equals and does not send the verb to the end. The biblical cadence suits the tale."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"tevreden was hy niet","title":"Fronted predicate + V2 (refrain)","body":"By fronting tevreden, the verb was stands second before hy, and niet closes the clause. This inverted refrain 'tevreden was hy niet' recurs throughout the parable for solemn effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to zwaar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zwaar","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"zwaar","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of arbeidde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"arbeidde","lemma":"arbeiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb","gloss":"laboured"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of arbeidde","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of loon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"loon","lemma":"loon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"wage"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to gering","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gering","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"fronted predicative complement of was","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to tevreden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tevreden","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"h11-s256","source":"Hy zuchtte omdat zyn arbeid zwaar was.","translation":"He sighed because his labour was heavy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s256.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy zuchtte omdat zyn arbeid zwaar was","title":"Causal omdat + verb-final","body":"Omdat opens the causal clause, pushing the finite verb was to the end ('because his labour was heavy'). Zuchtte is the weak past of zuchten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zuchtte","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"zuchtte","lemma":"zuchten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sighed"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zwaar","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of arbeid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"zwaar","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to zwaar","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"h11-s257","source":"En hy riep: och, dat ik ryk ware, om te rusten op een baleh-baleh met klamboe van roode zyde.","translation":"And he cried out: oh, that I were rich, to rest upon a baleh-baleh with a mosquito-net of red silk.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s257.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"och, dat ik ryk ware","title":"Subjunctive 'ware' (optative wish)","body":"'Ware' is the past subjunctive of zijn used as an optative ('oh, that I were rich'), an archaic, solemn form fitting the fairy-tale register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om te rusten op een baleh-baleh","title":"om … te (purpose)","body":"'om te rusten' is a bare om … te purpose phrase ('in order to rest'). The infinitive rusten closes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of riep","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the wish","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces optative clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ware","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"copula in optative clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"part of om te infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker before rusten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rusten","lemma":"rusten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on ware","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baleh-baleh","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of baleh-baleh","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"baleh-baleh","lemma":"baleh-baleh","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of rusten","gloss":"baleh-baleh","note":"A baleh-baleh is a raised bamboo sleeping or resting platform."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klamboe","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"klamboe","lemma":"klamboe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met; modifies baleh-baleh","gloss":"mosquito-net"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces material complement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"roode","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zyde","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"zyde","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; material complement","gloss":"silk"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"h11-s258","source":"En er kwam een engel uit den hemel, die zeide: u zy gelyk gy gezegd hebt.","translation":"And there came an angel out of heaven, who said: be it unto you as you have spoken.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s258.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"u zy gelyk gy gezegd hebt","title":"Subjunctive 'zy' (let it be)","body":"'Zy' here is the third-person present subjunctive of zijn ('be it / let it be'), a frozen liturgical formula. 'Gy … hebt' uses the archaic second person with present-perfect gezegd hebt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er kwam een engel uit den hemel","title":"Existential er + accusative den","body":"'er kwam een engel' is the existential frame ('there came an angel'); kwam is the strong past of komen, and 'den hemel' shows the old accusative den."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with kwam","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of engel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"engel","lemma":"engel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of hemel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative-clause verb modifying engel","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative complement of zy","gloss":"unto you"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"subjunctive verb of the wish","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt gezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with hebt","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"h11-s259","source":"En hy wàs ryk.","translation":"And he was rich.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s259.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En hy wàs ryk","title":"Coordinating 'en' (no inversion)","body":"The coordinating en joins clauses as equals and does not trigger verb-final order — the verb wàs stays in second position. The accent (wàs) marks the tale's emphatic 'and he WAS rich'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wàs","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wàs","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wàs","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to ryk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of wàs","gloss":"rich"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"h11-s260","source":"En hy rustte op een baleh-baleh, en de klamboe was van roode zyde.","translation":"And he rested upon a baleh-baleh, and the mosquito-net was of red silk.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s260.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rustte","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of rustte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"rustte","lemma":"rusten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"rested"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baleh-baleh","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of baleh-baleh","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"baleh-baleh","lemma":"baleh-baleh","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of rustte","gloss":"baleh-baleh"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of klamboe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klamboe","lemma":"klamboe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"mosquito-net"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking klamboe to van-phrase","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces material complement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"roode","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zyde","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"zyde","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; material complement","gloss":"silk"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"h11-s261","source":"En de koning des lands toog voorby, met ruiters voor zyn wagen. En ook achter den wagen waren ruiters, en men hield den gouden pajong boven het hoofd van den koning.","translation":"And the king of the land passed by, with horsemen before his carriage. And behind the carriage too there were horsemen, and the golden pajong was held above the king's head.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s261.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De koning des lands toog voorby","title":"Genitive 'des lands' + separable voorbijgaan","body":"'Des lands' is the masculine/neuter genitive ('of the land'), a case remnant. 'Toog … voorby' is the strong past of the separable voorbijtrekken/voorbijgaan, the prefix voorby split to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men hield den gouden pajong boven het hoofd","title":"Impersonal men + accusative den","body":"Men ('one / they') is the impersonal subject ('the pajong was held'), and 'den gouden pajong' carries the accusative den with the -en case-ending on the adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of toog","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of toog","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic genitive","role":"archaic genitive article modifying lands","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"lands","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of koning","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"toog","lemma":"tijgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of toog voorby","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"voorby","lemma":"voorbij","morphology":"separable particle","role":"separable particle of toog ... voorby","gloss":"passed by"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ruiters","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ruiters","lemma":"ruiter","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of met; attendant circumstance","gloss":"horsemen"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wagen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of wagen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waren","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb modifying achter den wagen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wagen","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of achter","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ruiters","lemma":"ruiter","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"horsemen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of pajong","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gouden","lemma":"gouden","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies pajong","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"pajong","lemma":"pajong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"pajong","note":"A pajong is a ceremonial parasol, especially in the Dutch East Indies."},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of hield","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies hoofd","gloss":"king"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"h11-s262","source":"En toen de ryke man dit zag, verdroot het hem dat er geen gouden pajong, werd gehouden boven zyn hoofd. En tevreden was hy niet.","translation":"And when the rich man saw this, it grieved him that no golden pajong was held above his head. And content he was not.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s262.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verdroot het hem dat er geen gouden pajong … werd gehouden","title":"Impersonal het + worden-passive","body":"'verdroot het hem' uses impersonal het as subject of verdrieten ('it grieved him'); the dat-clause holds a worden-passive 'werd gehouden' ('was held') with geen negating the indefinite pajong."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verdroot","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zag","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ryke","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies man","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on verdroot","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"verdroot","lemma":"verdrieten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of matrix clause","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"anticipatory subject of verdroot","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verdroot","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of verdroot","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker in passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of pajong","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"gouden","lemma":"gouden","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies pajong","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"pajong","lemma":"pajong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gehouden","gloss":"pajong"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive subject clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of hoofd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gehouden","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tevreden","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"fronted predicative complement of was","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to tevreden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tevreden","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"h11-s263","source":"Hy zuchtte, en riep: ik wenschte koning te zyn.","translation":"He sighed, and cried out: I wish I were a king.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s263.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik wenschte koning te zyn","title":"Imperfect 'wenschte' + te-infinitive","body":"'Wenschte … te zyn' is the weak past of wensen + te-infinitive, used as a softened wish ('I wished to be a king'). Note no article: 'koning te zyn' as a predicate role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zuchtte","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"zuchtte","lemma":"zuchten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"sighed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zuchtte","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wenschte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb introducing infinitive complement","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker before zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wenschte","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"h11-s264","source":"En er kwam een engel uit den hemel, die zeide: u zy gelyk gy gezegd hebt.","translation":"And there came an angel out of heaven, who said: be it unto you as you have spoken.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with kwam","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of engel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"engel","lemma":"engel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of hemel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative-clause verb modifying engel","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative complement of zy","gloss":"unto you"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"subjunctive verb of the wish","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt gezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with hebt","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"h11-s265","source":"En hy wàs koning.","translation":"And he was a king.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s265.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wàs","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wàs","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wàs","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to koning","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wàs","gloss":"a king"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"h11-s266","source":"En voor zyn wagen reden vele ruiters, en ook waren er ruiters achter zyn wagen, en boven zyn hoofd hield men den gouden pajong.","translation":"And before his carriage rode many horsemen, and there were horsemen behind his carriage too, and above his head they held the golden pajong.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of reden","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wagen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of wagen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"rijden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"rode"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of ruiters","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ruiters","lemma":"ruiter","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of reden","gloss":"horsemen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ruiters","lemma":"ruiter","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"horsemen"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wagen","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of wagen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of achter","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of hoofd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of hield","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of pajong","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gouden","lemma":"gouden","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies pajong","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"pajong","lemma":"pajong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"pajong"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"h11-s267","source":"En de zon scheen met heete stralen, en verbrandde het aardryk, zoodat de grasscheut dor werd.","translation":"And the sun shone with hot rays, and scorched the earth, so that the blade of grass withered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s267.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verbrandde het aardryk, zoodat de grasscheut dor werd","title":"Result clause 'zoodat'","body":"Zoodat ('so that') opens a result clause sending its finite verb werd to the end. 'Verbrandde' is the weak past of verbranden; aardryk ('earth') is a compound aard + rijk."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of scheen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stralen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"heete","lemma":"heet","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stralen","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"stralen","lemma":"straal","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verbrandde","lemma":"verbranden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with scheen","gloss":"scorched"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aardryk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aardryk","lemma":"aardrijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verbrandde","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of werd","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grasscheut","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grasscheut","lemma":"grasscheut","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"blade of grass"},{"surface":"dor","lemma":"dor","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of werd","gloss":"withered"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"became"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"h11-s268","source":"En de koning klaagde dat de zon hem schroeide in het gelaat, en macht had boven hem. En tevreden was hy niet.","translation":"And the king complained that the sun seared him in the face, and held power above him. And content he was not.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s268.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"klaagde dat de zon hem schroeide … en macht had boven hem","title":"dat-clause with two verb-final verbs","body":"The dat-clause coordinates two verb-final predicates (schroeide … en macht had), both pushed to clause end by the subordinating dat. 'Hem schroeide' shows object before verb in the subclause."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of klaagde","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of klaagde","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"klaagde","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schroeide","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schroeide","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, object","role":"direct object of schroeide","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"schroeide","lemma":"schroeien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"seared"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelaat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelaat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with schroeide; subject zon is understood","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, object","role":"object of boven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the second sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to tevreden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was tevreden","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"h11-s269","source":"Hy zuchtte, en riep: ik wenschte de zon te zyn.","translation":"He sighed, and cried out: I wish I were the sun.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s269.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik wenschte de zon te zyn","title":"Past wish + te-infinitive","body":"'Wenschte … te zyn' again pairs the imperfect of wensen with a te-infinitive to voice the recurring wish. The structure mirrors each escalation of the parable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of zuchtte","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"zuchtte","lemma":"zuchten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sighed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zuchtte","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, subject","role":"subject of wenschte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wenschte","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"h11-s270","source":"En er kwam een engel uit den hemel, die zeide: u zy gelyk gy gezegd hebt.","translation":"And there came an angel out of heaven, who said: be it unto you as you have spoken.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s270.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing engel","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of engel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"engel","lemma":"engel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"postposed subject of kwam","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source phrase uit den hemel","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of hemel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying engel","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, personal, second person, dative","role":"dative complement of zy","gloss":"unto you"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the optative quoted clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of gezegd hebt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, second person singular, subject","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by hebt","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second person singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"h11-s271","source":"En hy wàs de zon.","translation":"And he was the sun.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wàs","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of wàs","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wàs","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to zon","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wàs","gloss":"sun"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"h11-s272","source":"En hy zond zyn stralen naar boven, en naar beneden, naar de rechterzyde en naar de linkerzyde, en alom.","translation":"And he sent his rays upward, and downward, to the right hand and to the left hand, and everywhere.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s272.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"naar de rechterzyde en naar de linkerzyde","title":"Prepositional 'naar' (direction)","body":"Naar marks direction ('to / toward') with each side. 'Rechterzyde' and 'linkerzyde' are compounds (rechter/linker + zyde), the period spelling of -zijde."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zond","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of zond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zond","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of stralen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"stralen","lemma":"straal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zond","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of naar, expressing upward direction","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beneden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beneden","lemma":"beneden","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of naar, coordinated with boven","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rechterzyde","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rechterzyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rechterzyde","lemma":"rechterzijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"right hand"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking linkerzyde","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of linkerzyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"linkerzyde","lemma":"linkerzijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar, coordinated with rechterzyde","gloss":"left hand"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alom","lemma":"alom","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional adjunct of zond","gloss":"everywhere"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"h11-s273","source":"En hy verschroeide den grasscheut op het aardryk, en het gelaat der vorsten die op de aarde waren.","translation":"And he scorched the blade of grass upon the earth, and the faces of the princes who were on the earth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s273.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het gelaat der vorsten die op de aarde waren","title":"Genitive 'der vorsten' + relative die","body":"'Der vorsten' is the genitive plural ('of the princes'), a case remnant; the relative die then opens 'who were on the earth', verb-final in waren."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verschroeide","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of verschroeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verschroeide","lemma":"verschroeien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"scorched"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of grasscheut","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grasscheut","lemma":"grasscheut","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verschroeide","gloss":"blade of grass"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aardryk","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aardryk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aardryk","lemma":"aardrijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelaat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verschroeide, coordinated with grasscheut","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of vorsten","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vorsten","lemma":"vorst","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive modifier of gelaat","gloss":"princes"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren; antecedent vorsten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place complement of waren","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aarde","lemma":"aarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying vorsten","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"h11-s274","source":"En een wolk stelde zich tusschen de aarde en hem, en de stralen van de zon stuitten daarop terug.","translation":"And a cloud set itself between the earth and him, and the rays of the sun rebounded from it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s274.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een wolk stelde zich tusschen de aarde en hem","title":"Reflexive 'zich stellen'","body":"'Stelde zich' is the reflexive verb zich stellen ('to position itself'), with zich the third-person reflexive. 'Stuitten … terug' is the separable terugstuiten, prefix terug to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stelde","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wolk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wolk","lemma":"wolk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stelde","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"stelde","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, third person singular","role":"reflexive direct object of stelde","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the position complement of stelde","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aarde","lemma":"aarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, object","role":"second object of tusschen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stralen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stralen","lemma":"straal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of stuitten","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van, modifying stralen","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"stuitten","lemma":"stuiten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of stuitten","gloss":"against it"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of stuitten ... terug","gloss":"rebounded"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"h11-s275","source":"En hy werd toornig dat zyner macht weerstaan werd, en hy klaagde dat die wolk machtig was boven hem. En tevreden was hy niet.","translation":"And he grew wrathful that his power was withstood, and he complained that the cloud was mightier than he. And content he was not.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s275.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zyner macht weerstaan werd","title":"Worden-passive + genitive 'zyner'","body":"'weerstaan werd' is a worden-passive ('was withstood'); the verb weerstaan governs a genitive object, hence zyner macht ('his power'), an archaic case usage. 'Toornig' = wrathful."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of werd","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to toornig","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"toornig","lemma":"toornig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of werd","gloss":"wrathful"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weerstaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive singular","role":"possessive modifier of macht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive weerstaan","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"weerstaan","lemma":"weerstaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in the passive clause","gloss":"withstood"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of weerstaan","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of klaagde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"klaagde","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with werd","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of machtig","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of wolk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wolk","lemma":"wolk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"machtig","lemma":"machtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"powerful"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking wolk to machtig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, object","role":"object of boven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the final sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to tevreden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was tevreden","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"h11-s276","source":"Hy wilde de wolk zyn, die zoo machtig was.","translation":"He wished to be the cloud, which was so mighty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s276.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy wilde de wolk zyn, die zoo machtig was","title":"Modal wilde + relative die","body":"The modal wilde sends zyn to the clause end as a bare infinitive ('wished to be'); the relative die then opens 'which was so mighty', verb-final in was."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wolk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wolk","lemma":"wolk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wilde","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was; antecedent wolk","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of machtig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"machtig","lemma":"machtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"h11-s277","source":"En er kwam een engel uit den hemel, die zeide: u zy gelyk gy gezegd hebt.","translation":"And there came an angel out of heaven, who said: be it unto you as you have spoken.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s277.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing engel","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of engel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"engel","lemma":"engel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"postposed subject of kwam","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source phrase uit den hemel","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of hemel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying engel","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, personal, second person, dative","role":"dative complement of zy","gloss":"unto you"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the optative quoted clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of gezegd hebt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, second person singular, subject","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by hebt","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second person singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"h11-s278","source":"En hy werd een wolk, en plaatste zich tusschen de zon en de aarde, en ving de stralen op, zoodat het gras groen werd.","translation":"And he became a cloud, and placed himself between the sun and the earth, and caught the rays, so that the grass grew green.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s278.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ving de stralen op, zoodat het gras groen werd","title":"Separable opvangen + result clause","body":"'Ving … op' is the strong past of separable opvangen, prefix op at the end. The zoodat-clause then runs verb-final ('so that the grass grew green'). 'Plaatste zich' is reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of werd","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wolk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wolk","lemma":"wolk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of werd","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"plaatste","lemma":"plaatsen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with werd","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, third person singular","role":"reflexive direct object of plaatste","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the position complement of plaatste","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aarde","lemma":"aarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of tusschen","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ving","lemma":"vangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of ving ... op, coordinated with plaatste","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stralen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stralen","lemma":"straal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of ving","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ving ... op","gloss":"intercepted"},{"surface":"zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of werd","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gras","lemma":"gras","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"grass"},{"surface":"groen","lemma":"groen","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of werd","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"became"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"h11-s279","source":"En de wolk regende in groote druppen op het aardryk, en deed de rivieren zwellen, en banjirs voerden de kudden weg.","translation":"And the cloud rained in great drops upon the earth, and made the rivers swell, and banjirs swept the herds away.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s279.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"deed de rivieren zwellen","title":"Causative doen + bare infinitive","body":"'deed … zwellen' uses doen as a causative ('made the rivers swell') with a bare infinitive — the older, more literary alternative to laten. Common in this elevated parable style."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of regende","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wolk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wolk","lemma":"wolk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of regende","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"regende","lemma":"regenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rained"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking druppen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies druppen","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"druppen","lemma":"drup","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"drops"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aardryk","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aardryk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aardryk","lemma":"aardrijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with regende","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rivieren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rivieren","lemma":"rivier","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of deed and understood subject of zwellen","gloss":"rivers"},{"surface":"zwellen","lemma":"zwellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of deed","gloss":"swell"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"banjirs","lemma":"banjir","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of voerden","gloss":"floods","note":"A banjir is a sudden tropical flood, from Malay/Indonesian."},{"surface":"voerden","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite base of voerden ... weg","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kudden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kudden","lemma":"kudde","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of voerden ... weg","gloss":"herds"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of voerden ... weg","gloss":"swept away"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"h11-s280","source":"En hy verwoestte door veel waters het veld.","translation":"And he laid waste the field with much water.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s280.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verwoestte","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verwoestte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verwoestte","lemma":"verwoesten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid waste"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means used in verwoestte","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waters","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"waters","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of door expressing means","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of veld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veld","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verwoestte","gloss":"field"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"h11-s281","source":"En hy viel neer op een rots, die niet week. En hy klaterde in groote stroomen, maar de rots week niet.","translation":"And he fell down upon a rock, which would not yield. And he came pouring down in great streams, but the rock did not yield.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s281.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy viel neer op een rots, die niet week","title":"Separable neervallen + strong past 'week'","body":"'Viel neer' is the separable neervallen, prefix neer to the end. The relative die opens 'which would not yield', and week is the strong simple past of wijken ('to give way')."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of viel","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"neer","lemma":"neer","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of viel ... neer","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rots","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rots","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rots","lemma":"rots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of week; refers to rots","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies week","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"week","lemma":"wijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying rots","gloss":"yielded"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of klaterde","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of klaterde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"klaterde","lemma":"klateren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"poured down"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stroomen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies stroomen","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"stroomen","lemma":"stroom","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in; expresses the form of the water","gloss":"streams"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rots","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rots","lemma":"rots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of week","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"week","lemma":"wijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"yielded"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates week","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"h11-s282","source":"En hy werd toornig omdat de rots niet wyken wilde, en omdat de sterkte van zyn stroomen ydel was.","translation":"And he grew wrathful because the rock would not give way, and because the force of his streams was vain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s282.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat de rots niet wyken wilde, en omdat de sterkte … ydel was","title":"Two omdat-clauses, verb-final","body":"Both omdat-clauses are verb-final: 'wyken wilde' (modal pushed to the end after its bare infinitive) and 'ydel was'. Modern Dutch would more often write 'wilde wijken'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of werd","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copular verb linking hy to toornig","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"toornig","lemma":"toornig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of werd","gloss":"wrathful"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rots","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rots","lemma":"rots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wyken","lemma":"wijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wilde","gloss":"yield"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the causal clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of was","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sterkte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sterkte","lemma":"sterkte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of sterkte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of stroomen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"stroomen","lemma":"stroom","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"streams"},{"surface":"ydel","lemma":"ijdel","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"vain"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking sterkte to ydel","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"h11-s283","source":"En tevreden was hy niet.","translation":"And content he was not.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s283.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tevreden","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"fronted subject complement of was","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to tevreden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was tevreden","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"h11-s284","source":"Hy riep: aan die rots is macht gegeven boven my.","translation":"He cried out: to that rock is given power above me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s284.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan die rots is macht gegeven boven my","title":"zijn-passive (state) + fronted PP","body":"'is … gegeven' is a state passive ('power is given'); the fronted 'aan die rots' triggers inversion (is macht gegeven). The agentless passive heightens the biblical tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rots","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rots","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"rots","lemma":"rots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of gegeven, introduced by aan","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gegeven","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the quoted passive clause","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"object of boven","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"h11-s285","source":"Ik wenschte die rots te zyn.","translation":"I wish I were that rock.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s285.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wenschte die rots te zyn","title":"Past wish + demonstrative 'die'","body":"'Wenschte … te zyn' is the recurring wish (imperfect + te-infinitive); 'die rots' uses the far demonstrative die for the de-word rots ('that rock')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wenschte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rots","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"rots","lemma":"rots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wenschte","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"h11-s286","source":"En er kwam een engel uit den hemel, die zeide: u zy gelyk gy gezegd hebt.","translation":"And there came an angel out of heaven, who said: be it unto you as you have spoken.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing engel","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of engel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"engel","lemma":"engel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hemel","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of hemel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zeide; refers to engel","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying engel","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zy","gloss":"unto you"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted wish","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of gezegd hebt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"h11-s287","source":"En hy wèrd rots, en bewoog niet als de zon scheen, en niet als het regende.","translation":"And he became rock, and did not stir when the sun shone, nor when it rained.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s287.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bewoog niet als de zon scheen, en niet als het regende","title":"Temporal/conditional 'als' + impersonal het","body":"Each als-clause is verb-final (scheen … regende). 'Het regende' uses impersonal het for weather ('it rained'). 'Wèrd' is the strong past of worden."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wèrd","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wèrd and bewoog","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wèrd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copular verb linking hy to rots","gloss":"became","note":"The grave accent marks emphasis; the form is otherwise werd."},{"surface":"rots","lemma":"rots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of wèrd","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bewoog","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with wèrd","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewoog","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of scheen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause modifying bewoog","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two temporal clauses; with niet, means nor","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the repeated idea of bewoog","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of regende","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun","role":"dummy subject of regende","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"regende","lemma":"regenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the second temporal clause","gloss":"rained"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"h11-s288","source":"En daar kwam een man met houweel, en met puntigen bytel, en met zwaren hamer, die steenen hieuw uit de rots.","translation":"And there came a man with a pickaxe, and with a pointed chisel, and with a heavy hammer, who hewed stones from the rock.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s288.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar kwam een man met houweel … die steenen hieuw uit de rots","title":"Presentational 'daar' + relative die","body":"'daar kwam een man' is a presentational frame ('there came a man'), and die opens the relative 'who hewed stones', verb-final in hieuw. The tale circles back to its opening image."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"houweel … puntigen bytel … zwaren hamer","title":"The stonecutter's tools","body":"Houweel (pickaxe), beitel (chisel, here bytel), and hamer (hammer) name the worker's tools. 'Puntigen' and 'zwaren' carry the old accusative -en endings before their de-words."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking houweel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"houweel","lemma":"houweel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"pickaxe"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bytel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"puntigen","lemma":"puntig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies bytel","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"bytel","lemma":"beitel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"chisel"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hamer","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zwaren","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies hamer","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"hamer","lemma":"hamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"hammer"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of hieuw; refers to man","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"steenen","lemma":"steen","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of hieuw","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"hieuw","lemma":"houwen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying man","gloss":"hewed"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rots","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rots","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rots","lemma":"rots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit; source of the stones","gloss":"rock"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"h11-s289","source":"En de rots zeide: wat is dit, dat die man macht heeft boven my, en steenen houwt uit myn schoot? En tevreden was hy niet.","translation":"And the rock said: what is this, that this man has power above me, and hews stones from my bosom? And content he was not.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s289.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat is dit, dat die man macht heeft boven my","title":"Exclamatory 'wat is dit, dat …'","body":"'wat is dit, dat …' is an indignant exclamatory frame; the dat-clause runs verb-final ('that this man has power'). 'Steenen houwt uit myn schoot' keeps the strong verb houwen."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeide","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rots","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rots","lemma":"rots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to wat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of heeft and houwt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"first verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"object of boven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"steenen","lemma":"steen","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of houwt","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"houwt","lemma":"houwen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with heeft","gloss":"hews"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoot","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of schoot","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schoot","lemma":"schoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit; figurative source of the stones","gloss":"bosom"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tevreden","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"fronted subject complement of was","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to tevreden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was tevreden","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"h11-s290","source":"Hy riep: ik ben zwakker dan deze ... ik wenschte die man te zyn.","translation":"He cried out: I am weaker than this one ... I wish I were that man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s290.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik ben zwakker dan deze","title":"Comparative with 'dan'","body":"'Zwakker dan deze' is the comparative (zwak + -er) with dan ('than') and the near demonstrative deze ('this one'). 'Ik wenschte die man te zyn' repeats the wish formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking ik to zwakker","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"zwakker","lemma":"zwak","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"subject complement of ben","gloss":"weaker"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the standard of comparison deze","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wenschte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second quoted sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wenschte","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"h11-s291","source":"En er kwam een engel uit den hemel, die zeide: u zy gelyk gy gezegd hebt.","translation":"And there came an angel out of heaven, who said: be it unto you as you have spoken.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s291.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing engel","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of engel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"engel","lemma":"engel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hemel","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of hemel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zeide; refers to engel","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying engel","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zy","gloss":"unto you"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted wish","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of gezegd hebt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"h11-s292","source":"En hy was een steenhouwer.","translation":"And he was a stonecutter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s292.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to steenhouwer","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of steenhouwer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"steenhouwer","lemma":"steenhouwer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"stonecutter"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"h11-s293","source":"En hy hieuw steenen uit de rots, met zwaren arbeid, en hy arbeidde zeer zwaar voor weinig loons, en hy was tevreden.\"","translation":"And he hewed stones from the rock, with heavy labour, and he laboured very hard for little wage, and he was content.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s293.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy arbeidde zeer zwaar voor weinig loons, en hy was tevreden","title":"Partitive genitive 'loons' + resolved refrain","body":"'Weinig loons' is the partitive genitive ('little of wage'), an archaic case form. The closing 'hy was tevreden' finally drops the inverted negative refrain — the parable's resolution."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hieuw","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hieuw","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hieuw","lemma":"houwen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"hewed"},{"surface":"steenen","lemma":"steen","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of hieuw","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rots","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rots","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rots","lemma":"rots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit; source of the stones","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbeid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zwaren","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies arbeid","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met; manner of hieuw","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of arbeidde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"arbeidde","lemma":"arbeiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with hieuw","gloss":"laboured"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zwaar","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"zwaar","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arbeidde","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loons","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loons","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"loons","lemma":"loon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, partitive genitive","role":"object of voor","gloss":"wage","note":"Loons is an old partitive genitive after weinig: literally “of wage.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to tevreden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"content"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"h11-s294","source":"--Heel aardig, riep Duclari, maar nu zyt ge ons nog 't bewys schuldig dat die kleine Oepi imponderabel had moeten wezen.","translation":"— Very charming, cried Duclari, but now you still owe us the proof that little Oepi must have been imponderable.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s294.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nu zyt ge ons nog 't bewys schuldig dat …","title":"Archaic 'zyt ge' + idiom 'schuldig zyn'","body":"'Zyt ge' is the archaic second-person singular (formal/literary) of zijn ('are you'), historically derived from the plural but here addressing one person, inverted after fronted nu. 'Iemand iets schuldig zyn' is an idiom ('to owe someone something')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat die kleine Oepi imponderabel had moeten wezen","title":"Pluperfect modal 'had moeten wezen'","body":"'had moeten wezen' stacks the pluperfect of moeten with the bare infinitive wezen ('ought to have been'). The dat-clause is verb-final after the relative reference to the proof."}],"words":[{"surface":"Heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aardig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"aardig","lemma":"aardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schuldig","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"copula linking ge to schuldig","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of schuldig","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schuldig","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewys","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bewys","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object in bewys schuldig zyn","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyt","gloss":"owing"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Oepi","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Oepi","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Oepi","lemma":"Oepi","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"Oepi"},{"surface":"imponderabel","lemma":"imponderabel","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"imponderable"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of moeten wezen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moeten","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"h11-s295","source":"--Neen, ik heb u dat bewys niet beloofd!","translation":"— No, I did not promise you that proof!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s295.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb u dat bewys niet beloofd!","title":"Present perfect + niet","body":"'heb … beloofd' is the present perfect (hebben + participle), negated by niet because the object dat bewys is definite. The participle beloofd closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"nee","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beloofd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of beloofd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of beloofd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewys","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bewys","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of beloofd","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beloofd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beloofd","lemma":"beloven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"promised"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"h11-s296","source":"Ik heb alleen willen vertellen hoe ik kennis met haar maakte.","translation":"I only meant to tell how I came to know her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s296.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb alleen willen vertellen hoe ik kennis met haar maakte","title":"Perfect of modal (IPP) 'heb willen vertellen'","body":"When a modal takes an infinitive in the perfect, the modal appears as an infinitive too: 'heb … willen vertellen' (not 'gewild'). The hoe-clause then runs verb-final in maakte."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of willen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of willen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertellen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of vertellen; replacement infinitive after heb","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"vertellen","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the subordinate clause of maakte","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in kennis maken","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces haar in kennis maken met","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"complement of met","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"h11-s297","source":"Toen myn verhaaltjen uit was, vroeg ik: \"En jy, Oepi, wat zou jy kiezen, als een engel uit den hemel je kwam vragen wat je begeerde?\"","translation":"When my little tale was done, I asked: \"And you, Oepi, what would you choose, if an angel from heaven came and asked you what you desired?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s297.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat zou jy kiezen, als een engel … je kwam vragen wat je begeerde?","title":"Conditional zou + als-clause","body":"'zou jy kiezen' is the conditional ('what would you choose'), paired with an als-clause (kwam vragen, verb-final). 'Wat je begeerde' is an embedded indirect question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen myn verhaaltjen uit was","title":"Toen-clause + diminutive","body":"Toen opens the verb-final past clause ('when my little tale was done'). 'Verhaaltjen' is the diminutive of verhaal ('tale'), -tjen the period spelling of -tje."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of verhaaltjen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verhaaltjen","lemma":"verhaaltje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"little tale","note":"Historical diminutive spelling; modern Dutch is verhaaltje."},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking verhaaltjen to uit","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"jy","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"topic of the question","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Oepi","lemma":"Oepi","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Oepi"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of kiezen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of kiezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"jy","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kiezen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"kiezen","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of quoted question","gloss":"choose"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of kwam","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of engel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"engel","lemma":"engel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces den hemel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hemel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vragen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kwam","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of begeerde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begeerde","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"begeerde","lemma":"begeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate question","gloss":"desired"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"h11-s298","source":"\"Voorzeker, mynheer, ik zou hem bidden my meetenemen naar den hemel.\"","translation":"\"Most certainly, sir, I would beg him to take me with him to heaven.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s298.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik zou hem bidden my meetenemen naar den hemel","title":"Conditional zou + om-less te-infinitive","body":"'zou … bidden' is the conditional ('I would beg'); 'my mee te nemen' (joined as meetenemen) is the te-infinitive complement, from the separable meenemen. 'Den hemel' keeps the accusative den."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Voorzeker, mynheer","title":"voorzeker","body":"Voorzeker is an emphatic archaic/literary 'most certainly, assuredly'. The girl's final answer — to be taken to heaven — is the moral counterpoint to the stonecutter's earthly climbing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voorzeker","lemma":"voorzeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"independent affirmation","gloss":"most certainly"},{"surface":"mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bidden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bidden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bidden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"bidden","lemma":"bidden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of conditional construction","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of meetenemen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"meetenemen","lemma":"meenemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of bidden","gloss":"take along","note":"Historical closed spelling of mee te nemen in this construction."},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces den hemel","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hemel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"heaven"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"h11-s299","source":"--Is dat niet beeldig? vroeg Tine aan haar gasten, die 't misschien heel gek vonden ...","translation":"— Is that not lovely? Tine asked her guests, who perhaps found it all quite mad ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s299.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vroeg Tine aan haar gasten, die 't misschien heel gek vonden","title":"Relative die (de-word plural)","body":"The relative die refers to haar gasten (plural, so die regardless of gender) and the clause is verb-final in vonden. 'Aan haar gasten' marks the indirect object with aan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to beeldig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of beeldig","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beeldig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beeldig","lemma":"beeldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces haar gasten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of gasten","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"gasten","lemma":"gast","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vonden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vonden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vonden","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gek","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vonden","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"vonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"found"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"h11-s300","source":"Havelaar stond op, en vaagde iets weg van het voorhoofd.","translation":"Havelaar rose, and wiped something away from his forehead.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h11-s300.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar stond op, en vaagde iets weg","title":"Two separable verbs: opstaan, wegvagen","body":"'stond op' (opstaan, 'rose') and 'vaagde … weg' (wegvagen, 'wiped away') are both separable, their prefixes op and weg landing at the clause end. The gesture quietly hints at a tear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb stond op","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes stond op with the contextual sense rose","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vaagde","lemma":"vagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of vaagde weg","gloss":"swept"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vaagde weg","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes vaagde weg with the contextual sense wiped away","gloss":"wiped away"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorhoofd","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorhoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorhoofd","lemma":"voorhoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"forehead"}]}]}