{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-12","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 12","translated":"Chapter 12"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-12","lines":186},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-11","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-13","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h12-s1","source":"TWAALFDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"TWELFTH CHAPTER","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"TWAALFDE HOOFDSTUK","title":"Ordinal twaalfde","body":"'Twaalfde Hoofdstuk' = 'Twelfth Chapter'. Ordinals add -de/-ste to the cardinal (twaalf → twaalfde); hoofdstuk is a compound, hoofd + stuk ('head-piece')."}],"words":[{"surface":"TWAALFDE","lemma":"twaalfde","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"twelfth"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of title","gloss":"chapter"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h12-s2","source":"--Beste Max, zei Tine, ons dessert is zoo schraal. Zou je niet ... je weet wel ...","translation":"\"Dearest Max,\" said Tine, \"our dessert is so meagre. Couldn't you ... you know ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ons dessert is zoo schraal","title":"Possessive 'ons' with a het-word","body":"Ons (not onze) is used because dessert is a het-word; the form onze appears with de-words and plurals. 'Schraal' means meagre, scant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Beste","lemma":"best","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies Max as a term of address","gloss":"dearest"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of dessert","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"dessert","lemma":"dessert","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"dessert"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dessert to schraal","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schraal","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"schraal","lemma":"schraal","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"meagre"},{"surface":"Zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of omitted vertellen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of omitted vertellen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates omitted vertellen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom je weet wel","gloss":"you know"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h12-s3","source":"Madame Geoffrin?","translation":"Madame Geoffrin?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Madame","lemma":"madame","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title of Geoffrin","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Geoffrin","lemma":"Geoffrin","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"name governed by Madame","gloss":"Geoffrin"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h12-s4","source":"--Nog wat vertellen, in plaats van gebak?","translation":"\"Tell us something more, instead of pastry?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wat","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of vertellen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"vertellen","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"elliptical requested action","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase in plaats van","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of fixed phrase in plaats van","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase in plaats van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gebak","lemma":"gebak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in plaats van","gloss":"pastry"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h12-s5","source":"Wat drommel, ik ben heesch.","translation":"What the devil, I'm hoarse.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Wat drommel, ik ben heesch","title":"Wat drommel / heesch","body":"'Wat drommel' is a mild oath ('what the deuce'), drommel a euphemism for the devil. 'Heesch' (modern hees) means hoarse — Max begs off from more storytelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative determiner","role":"part of exclamation wat drommel","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"drommel","lemma":"drommel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of exclamation","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heesch","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to heesch","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"heesch","lemma":"hees","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"hoarse","note":"Historical spelling of modern hees."}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h12-s6","source":"De beurt is aan Verbrugge.","translation":"It's Verbrugge's turn.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beurt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurt","lemma":"beurt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Verbrugge as whose turn it is","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h12-s7","source":"--Ja, m'nheer Verbrugge!","translation":"\"Yes, Mr. Verbrugge!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent affirmation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title of Verbrugge in a vocative","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"name governed by m'nheer","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h12-s8","source":"Lost u Max wat af, verzocht mevrouw Havelaar.","translation":"\"Do relieve Max a little,\" Madame Havelaar requested.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lost u Max wat af","title":"Separable 'aflossen' + polite imperative u","body":"'Lost … af' is the separable aflossen ('to relieve, take over from'), prefix af to the end. Using u as the imperative subject makes it a polite request ('do relieve Max')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lost","lemma":"lossen","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"finite base of separable verb Lost af","gloss":"loosen"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of polite imperative Lost","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of Lost af","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Lost af","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes Lost af with the contextual sense relieve","gloss":"relieve","note":"Together, Lost ... af means “relieve” or “take over from.”"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of reporting clause","gloss":"requested"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title forming the subject with Havelaar","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"name governed by mevrouw","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h12-s9","source":"Verbrugge bedacht zich even, en begon:","translation":"Verbrugge thought for a moment, and began:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Verbrugge bedacht zich even, en begon","title":"Reflexive 'zich bedenken'","body":"'Bedacht zich' is the reflexive zich bedenken ('to reflect, consider for a moment'), distinct from non-reflexive bedenken ('to devise'). Even ('briefly') and begon (strong past of beginnen) follow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of bedacht and begon","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"bedacht","lemma":"bedenken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"considered","note":"Zich bedenken means to pause and consider."},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of bedacht","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedacht","gloss":"for a moment"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with bedacht","gloss":"began"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h12-s10","source":"--Er was eens een man, die een kalkoen stal ...","translation":"\"There was once a man who stole a turkey ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er was eens een man, die een kalkoen stal","title":"Existential er + relative die","body":"'Er was eens een man' is the classic fairy-tale opener ('there once was a man'); die introduces the relative clause, verb-final in stal (strong past of stelen, 'to steal')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive subject of was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of was","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of stal","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kalkoen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kalkoen","lemma":"kalkoen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of stal","gloss":"turkey"},{"surface":"stal","lemma":"stelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"stole"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h12-s11","source":"--O, deugniet, riep Havelaar, dat heb je van Padang!","translation":"\"Oh, you rascal,\" cried Havelaar, \"you got that from Padang!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat heb je van Padang!","title":"Pronominal 'van' + V2","body":"Fronting the object dat keeps the verb heb second ('that you got from Padang'). Van Padang marks the source. Padang is the chief port of West Sumatra."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection addressing deugniet","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"deugniet","lemma":"deugniet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"rascal"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"have","note":"Hebben van means to have learned or obtained something from someone or somewhere."},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Padang"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h12-s12","source":"En hoe is 't verder?","translation":"And how does it go on?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to preceding discourse","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking 't to hoe verder","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoe","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h12-s13","source":"--'t Is uit.","translation":"\"It's finished.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking 't to uit","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"over"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h12-s14","source":"Wie kent het slot van die historie?","translation":"Who knows the end of that tale?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie kent het slot van die historie?","title":"Interrogative 'wie' + far demonstrative","body":"Wie ('who') is the subject question word, verb kent second. 'Die historie' uses the far demonstrative die with the de-word historie ('that tale')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kent","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slot","lemma":"slot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of kent","gloss":"ending"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking historie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of historie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"historie","lemma":"historie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"tale"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h12-s15","source":"--Wèl, ik! Ik heb hem opgegeten, samen met ...iemand.","translation":"\"Why, I do! I ate it up, together with ... someone.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb hem opgegeten, samen met ...iemand","title":"Present perfect + separable opeten","body":"'heb … opgegeten' is the present perfect of separable opeten ('to eat up'); the participle keeps the prefix op- before ge-. Hem refers to the turkey (a de-word)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic affirmative answer","gloss":"indeed","note":"Here wel is an emphatic affirmative: “I do.”"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"elliptical subject of ken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opgegeten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgegeten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of opgegeten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"opgegeten","lemma":"opeten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"eaten up"},{"surface":"samen","lemma":"samen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgegeten","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"complement of met","gloss":"someone"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h12-s16","source":"Weet je waarom ik te Padang, gesuspendeerd was?","translation":"Do you know why I was suspended at Padang?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Weet je waarom ik te Padang, gesuspendeerd was?","title":"Indirect question + zijn-passive","body":"'waarom … gesuspendeerd was' is an embedded question, verb-final, holding a state passive ('was suspended'). The loanword gesuspendeerd takes a regular -d participle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesuspendeerd","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"gesuspendeerd","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"predicative participle with was","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h12-s17","source":"--Men zei dat er een deficit was in uw kas te Natal, hernam Verbrugge.","translation":"\"They said there was a deficit in your treasury at Natal,\" Verbrugge resumed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men zei dat er een deficit was in uw kas te Natal","title":"Impersonal men + existential er","body":"Men ('they / people') reports the rumour; the dat-clause uses existential er ('that there was a deficit') and runs verb-final. 'Uw kas' uses the formal/archaic possessive uw ('your')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive subject of was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deficit","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"deficit","lemma":"deficit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"notional subject of was","gloss":"deficit"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kas","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"kas","lemma":"kas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"treasury"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"hernam","lemma":"hernemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of reporting clause","gloss":"resumed"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of hernam","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h12-s18","source":"--Dit was niet geheel onwaar, doch waar was 't ook niet.","translation":"\"This was not altogether untrue, yet neither was it true.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"doch waar was 't ook niet","title":"Inversion after fronted adverbial","body":"Because the clause opens with the predicate-complement 'waar' (true), the finite verb 'was' must come second, pushing the subject ''t' (het) after it. This verb-second discipline holds even when something other than the subject is fronted."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"doch","title":"doch = 'yet, but'","body":"'Doch' is a literary, somewhat archaic adversative conjunction equivalent to 'maar' (but / yet). It recurs throughout this passage and signals an elevated, 19th-century register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Dit to onwaar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onwaar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onwaar","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"onwaar","lemma":"onwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"untrue"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking 't to waar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms ook niet, neither","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waar","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h12-s19","source":"Ik was te Natal door allerlei oorzaken heel slordig geweest in myn geldelyke verantwoording, waarop inderdaad veel aanmerkingen te maken waren.","translation":"At Natal, for all manner of reasons, I had been quite careless in keeping my financial accounts, on which a good many objections could indeed be raised.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heel slordig geweest","title":"Pluperfect with zijn","body":"'was ... geweest' is the pluperfect of 'zijn' — the imperfect 'was' plus the past participle 'geweest' — placing this carelessness in the past behind the narrative past. The participle sits at the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"myn geldelyke verantwoording","title":"Period spelling: y for ij","body":"1860 prose writes 'myn' for 'mijn' and 'geldelyke' for 'geldelijke', using y wherever modern Dutch has ij. Reading these as ij restores the familiar words."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarop ... aanmerkingen te maken waren","title":"Pronominal adverb 'waarop'","body":"Dutch cannot say 'op welke' for a thing; instead the preposition fuses with 'waar' to give 'waarop' (= 'on which'). Here it opens a relative clause referring back to the accounts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was geweest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorzaken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"allerlei","lemma":"allerlei","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaken","gloss":"all manner of"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slordig","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"slordig","lemma":"slordig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was geweest","gloss":"careless"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"perfect participle with was","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces domain of slordig","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of verantwoording","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"geldelyke","lemma":"geldelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies verantwoording","gloss":"financial"},{"surface":"verantwoording","lemma":"verantwoording","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"accounts"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"relative complement in aanmerkingen maken op","gloss":"on which"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of aanmerkingen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"aanmerkingen","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"objections"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of waren","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb in zijn te construction","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h12-s20","source":"Maar dit viel in die dagen zoo dikwyls voor! De omstandigheden in de Noord van Sumatra waren kort na 't innemen van Baroes, Tapoes en Singkel zóó verward, alles was zóó onrustig, dat men het een jong mensch, die liever te-paard zat dan dat hy geld telde of kasboeken byhield, niet kwalyk nemen kon dat alles niet zoo ordelyk en geregeld ging als men zou kunnen vorderen van een amsterdamschen boekhouder die niet anders te doen heeft.","translation":"But this happened so often in those days! The conditions in the north of Sumatra were, shortly after the taking of Baros, Tapus and Singkel, so confused, everything was so unsettled, that one could not hold it against a young man — who would sooner sit on horseback than count money or keep ledgers — that things did not run as neatly and methodically as one might demand of an Amsterdam bookkeeper who has nothing else to do.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit viel ... voor","title":"Separable verb 'voorvallen'","body":"'Voorvallen' (to happen, occur) splits in a main clause: the stem 'viel' takes verb-second position and the prefix 'voor' drops to the clause end. Read 'viel ... voor' as a single verb 'occurred'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die liever te-paard zat dan dat hy geld telde","title":"Relative 'die' for a de-word","body":"The relative pronoun 'die' refers back to 'een jong mensch' and opens a verb-final subordinate clause ('zat ... telde'). 'die' is the form used for common-gender (de-word) antecedents."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat alles niet zoo ordelyk en geregeld ging als men zou kunnen vorderen","title":"Conditional 'zou kunnen'","body":"'zou kunnen vorderen' is the conditional 'zou' plus a stacked infinitive — 'one would be able to demand'. The two infinitives pile up at the end of the clause in the typical Dutch verb cluster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of viel","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb voorvallen","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dikwyls","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viel voor","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of viel ... voor","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omstandigheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"conditions"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Noord","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Noord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Noord","lemma":"noord","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"north"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sumatra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sumatra","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies Noord","gloss":"Sumatra"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking omstandigheden to verward","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies na","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking innemen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of innemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"innemen","lemma":"innemen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Baroes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Baroes","lemma":"Barus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Baros"},{"surface":"Tapoes","lemma":"Tapus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Baroes","gloss":"Tapus"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Singkel","lemma":"Singkel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Baroes","gloss":"Singkel"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verward","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"verward","lemma":"verward","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"confused"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to onrustig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onrustig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"onrustig","lemma":"onrustig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"unsettled"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause of zóó ... dat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"fixed anticipatory object in het iemand kwalijk nemen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of kwalijk nemen","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zat","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"te-paard","lemma":"te paard","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"adverbial complement of zat","gloss":"on horseback","note":"Historical hyphenation; modern Dutch writes te paard."},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on mensch","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"first part of dan dat comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, masculine singular","role":"subject of telde and byhield","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of telde","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"telde","lemma":"tellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of comparative clause","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"kasboeken","lemma":"kasboek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of byhield","gloss":"ledgers"},{"surface":"byhield","lemma":"bijhouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with telde","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nemen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kwalyk","lemma":"kwalijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom iemand iets kwalijk nemen","gloss":"against","note":"In iemand iets kwalijk nemen, this means to hold something against someone."},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal governing nemen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of nemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ordelyk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ordelyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ordelyk","lemma":"ordelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"neatly"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geregeld","lemma":"geregeld","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ordelyk","gloss":"methodically"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of object clause introduced by dat","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with zoo ... als","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vorderen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vorderen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of vorderen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"vorderen","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou kunnen","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boekhouder","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boekhouder","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"amsterdamschen","lemma":"Amsterdams","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies boekhouder","gloss":"Amsterdam","note":"The ending -schen is an older attributive form of modern Amsterdamse."},{"surface":"boekhouder","lemma":"boekhouder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"bookkeeper"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies anders","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of heeft","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on boekhouder","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h12-s21","source":"De Battahlanden waren in roering, en je weet, Verbrugge, hoe altyd alles wat in de Battahs gebeurt, terugwerkt op 't Natalsche.","translation":"The Battak lands were in turmoil, and you know, Verbrugge, how everything that happens among the Battaks always reacts upon the Natal district.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe altyd alles wat ... gebeurt, terugwerkt op 't Natalsche","title":"Separable 'terugwerken' in a verb-final clause","body":"'hoe' opens a subordinate clause, so the finite verb 'terugwerkt' goes to the end — and because the clause is verb-final, the separable verb 'terugwerken' (to react upon) stays joined rather than splitting."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Battahlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Battahlanden","lemma":"Battakland","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"Battak lands","note":"Battah is a historical spelling of the ethnonym now usually written Batak."},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula with in roering","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roering","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"roering","lemma":"roering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"turmoil"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces clausal complement of weet","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugwerkt","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of terugwerkt","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of gebeurt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Battahs","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Battahs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Battahs","lemma":"Battak","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"Battaks","note":"Historical designation for the Batak people."},{"surface":"gebeurt","lemma":"gebeuren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on alles","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"terugwerkt","lemma":"terugwerken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of clausal complement of weet","gloss":"reacts"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natalsche","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Natalsche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Natalsche","lemma":"Natals","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"Natal district","note":"A substantivized adjective meaning the Natal district or affairs there."}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h12-s22","source":"Ik sliep 's nachts geheel gekleed om spoedig by-dehand te zyn, wat dan ook dikwyls noodig was.","translation":"At night I slept fully dressed, so as to be ready at hand quickly, which was indeed often necessary.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik sliep 's nachts geheel gekleed","title":"Simple past (imperfect) 'sliep'","body":"'sliep' is the strong imperfect of 'slapen' (to sleep), formed by a vowel change rather than a -te ending. The narrative leans on this imperfect tense for sustained past description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"'s nachts","title":"Frozen genitive in time expressions","body":"''s nachts' (= des nachts, 'at night') preserves an old genitive of time. The same pattern gives ''s avonds', ''s morgens'. The apostrophe-s is a worn-down 'des'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om spoedig by-dehand te zyn","title":"Purpose clause: om ... te","body":"'om ... te zyn' frames a purpose: 'in order to be quickly at hand'. The infinitive 'zyn' (= zijn) closes the clause after its 'te'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sliep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sliep","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"contracted genitive article","role":"forms temporal expression 's nachts","gloss":"at","note":"'s is a fossilized contraction of des in the expression 's nachts."},{"surface":"nachts","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, genitive","role":"part of temporal expression 's nachts","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekleed","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"gekleed","lemma":"kleden","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"secondary predicate with sliep","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause om ... te zijn","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies by-dehand","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"by-dehand","lemma":"bij de hand","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"at hand","note":"Historical spelling and hyphenation of modern bij de hand, here meaning ready or available."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was; refers to the preceding situation","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of emphatic expression dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of emphatic expression dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to noodig","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h12-s23","source":"Daarby heeft het gevaar--eenigen tyd voor myn komst was er een komplot ontdekt, om myn voorganger te vermoorden en opstand te maken--het gevaar heeft iets aantrekkelyks, vooral wanneer men slechts twee-en-twintig jaren oud is. Dit aantrekkelyke maakt dan iemand wel eens ongeschikt voor bureauwerk of voor de styve nauwkeurigheid die noodig is tot goed beheer van geldzaken.","translation":"Besides, there was the danger — some time before my arrival a plot had been uncovered to murder my predecessor and raise a revolt — danger has something attractive about it, especially when one is only two-and-twenty years old. And that attraction can sometimes make a man unfit for desk-work, or for the stiff exactitude required for the sound management of money matters.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was er een komplot ontdekt","title":"Pluperfect passive","body":"'was ... ontdekt' is a state/perfect passive: the imperfect of 'zijn' plus the participle 'ontdekt' (uncovered). The dummy 'er' fills the subject slot before the real subject 'een komplot'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om myn voorganger te vermoorden en opstand te maken","title":"Coordinated purpose infinitives","body":"A single 'om' governs two parallel purpose-infinitives joined by 'en': 'te vermoorden' and '(te) maken'. Each infinitive carries its own 'te' and sits at the end of its segment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer men slechts twee-en-twintig jaren oud is","title":"Impersonal 'men'","body":"'men' is the indefinite pronoun 'one' — a generalizing subject Multatuli uses constantly here. Note the older counting form 'twee-en-twintig' (two-and-twenty) with the units before the tens."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"false start; resumed by second heeft","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject in false start resumed after parenthesis","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite adjective, attributive","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"some","note":"Older inflected spelling; eenigen tijd means some time."},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adverbial of was ontdekt","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking komst","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of komst","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"komst","lemma":"komst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ontdekt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of komplot","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"komplot","lemma":"complot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive ontdekt","gloss":"plot"},{"surface":"ontdekt","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"passive participle with was","gloss":"uncovered"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitives","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of voorganger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vermoorden","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vermoorden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vermoorden","lemma":"vermoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying komplot","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"opstand","lemma":"opstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"revolt"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated purpose infinitive with vermoorden","gloss":"raise"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb resumed after parenthesis","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"aantrekkelyks","lemma":"aantrekkelijk","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"partitive complement of iets","gloss":"attractive","note":"Historical spelling of modern aantrekkelijks."},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft iets aantrekkelyks","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of oud","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"twee-en-twintig","lemma":"tweeëntwintig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"twenty-two","note":"Historical hyphenated spelling of modern tweeëntwintig."},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure complement of oud","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to oud","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of aantrekkelyke","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"aantrekkelyke","lemma":"aantrekkelijk","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"attraction","note":"The substantivized adjective means the attractive quality."},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakt","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom wel eens","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom wel eens","gloss":"sometimes","note":"Wel eens here means sometimes or on occasion."},{"surface":"ongeschikt","lemma":"ongeschikt","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of iemand","gloss":"unfit"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bureauwerk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"bureauwerk","lemma":"bureauwerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ongeschikt","gloss":"desk work"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nauwkeurigheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nauwkeurigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"styve","lemma":"stijf","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies nauwkeurigheid","gloss":"stiff","note":"Historical spelling of modern stijve."},{"surface":"nauwkeurigheid","lemma":"nauwkeurigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with bureauwerk","gloss":"exactitude"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to noodig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beheer","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beheer","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"beheer","lemma":"beheer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"management"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geldzaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"geldzaken","lemma":"geldzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"money matters"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h12-s24","source":"Bovendien, ik had allerlei gekheden in 't hoofd ...","translation":"Moreover, I had all sorts of foolish notions in my head ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gekheden in 't hoofd","title":"Idiom: foolish notions in the head","body":"'gekheden in 't hoofd hebben' = to have foolish or wild ideas in one's head. 'gekheid' (from 'gek', mad/foolish) here in the plural; ''t hoofd' = het hoofd, the head."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"allerlei","lemma":"allerlei","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gekheden","gloss":"all sorts of"},{"surface":"gekheden","lemma":"gekheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"foolish notions"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces idiom in het hoofd hebben","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h12-s25","source":"--Traoessa? riep mevrouw Havelaar een bediende toe.","translation":"\"Traoessa?\" Madame Havelaar called to a servant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"riep mevrouw Havelaar een bediende toe","title":"Separable verb 'toeroepen'","body":"'toeroepen' (to call out to) splits: 'riep' stands second, the prefix 'toe' lands at the end. The indirect object 'een bediende' (a servant) sits in between — 'called to a servant'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Traoessa","lemma":"Traoessa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, person addressed by mevrouw Havelaar","gloss":"Traoessa"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bediende","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bediende","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of riep","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"particle of riep ... toe","gloss":"to"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h12-s26","source":"--Wàt hoeft niet?","translation":"\"What's not needed?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wàt hoeft niet?","title":"'hoeven' + niet = need not","body":"'hoeven' means 'to need', and almost always appears negated: 'het hoeft niet' = 'it isn't needed'. The grave accent on 'Wàt' marks emphatic stress, a typographic habit of Multatuli's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wàt","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of hoeft","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hoeft","lemma":"hoeven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is needed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoeft","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h12-s27","source":"--Ik had gezegd nog iets gereed te maken in de keuken ... een omelet of zoo-iets.","translation":"\"I had said to get something more ready in the kitchen ... an omelette or something of the sort.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik had gezegd nog iets gereed te maken","title":"Pluperfect 'had gezegd'","body":"'had gezegd' is the pluperfect of 'zeggen'. It governs a 'te'-infinitive complement 'gereed te maken' (to get ready) — the separable verb 'gereedmaken' splits around its 'te'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary had","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"gereed","lemma":"gereed","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of maken","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of gezegd","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking keuken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keuken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keuken","lemma":"keuken","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of maken","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omelet","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"omelet","lemma":"omelet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition specifying iets","gloss":"omelette"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"coordinated with omelet","gloss":"something like that"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h12-s28","source":"--Ah!","translation":"\"Ah!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s28.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"ah"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h12-s29","source":"En dat hoeft niet meer nu ik van myn gekheden begin? je bent ondeugend, Tine! 't Is my wel, maar die heeren hebben ook een stem.","translation":"And now it's no longer needed, just as I'm beginning on my foolish notions? You're being naughty, Tine! It's all the same to me, but these gentlemen have a vote too.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nu ik van myn gekheden begin","title":"Subordinating 'nu' sends the verb to the end","body":"Here 'nu' works as a causal conjunction ('now that'), opening a subordinate clause whose verb 'begin' moves to the end. As a plain adverb 'nu' would instead trigger verb-second."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t Is my wel","title":"Idiomatic dative 'my'","body":"''t is my wel' = 'it's all the same to me / fine by me'. 'my' (= mij) is an old-style dative object; the construction survives as a fixed idiom of indifference."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ondeugend / Tine","title":"ondeugend; Tine = Everdine","body":"'ondeugend' = naughty, mischievous (literally 'not-virtuous'). 'Tine' is Havelaar's affectionate name for his wife, modelled on Multatuli's own wife Everdine ('Tine') van Wijnbergen."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hoeft","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hoeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hoeft","lemma":"hoeven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is needed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoeft","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet meer with niet","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces adverbial clause with begin","gloss":"now that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begin","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement marker of begin","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of gekheden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"gekheden","lemma":"gekheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"foolish notions"},{"surface":"begin","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ondeugend","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking je to ondeugend","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ondeugend","lemma":"ondeugend","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of bent","gloss":"naughty"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, person addressed","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula in idiom het is mij wel","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer in het is mij wel","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative part of het is mij wel","gloss":"all the same","note":"In het is mij wel, the phrase means “it is all the same to me.”"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heeren","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"heeren","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebben","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stem","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stem","lemma":"stem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"vote"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h12-s30","source":"Verbrugge, wat kies je, je aandeel in de omelet of de historie?","translation":"Verbrugge, what do you choose, your share of the omelette or the story?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat kies je","title":"Inversion drops the -t","body":"Normally 'jij kiest', but when the subject 'je' follows the verb after a fronted question-word, the second-person -t ending is dropped: 'kies je'. This loss of -t under inversion is a fixed rule of the present tense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, person addressed","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of kies","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"kies","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of interrogative clause","gloss":"choose"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kies","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of aandeel","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"aandeel","lemma":"aandeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first appositional alternative specifying wat","gloss":"share"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omelet","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omelet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omelet","lemma":"omelet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in modifying aandeel","gloss":"omelette"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of historie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"historie","lemma":"historie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second alternative coordinated with aandeel","gloss":"story"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h12-s31","source":"--Dat is een moeielyke pozitie voor een beleefd mensch zei Verbrugge.","translation":"\"That is a difficult position for a polite man,\" said Verbrugge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"moeielyke pozitie","title":"Period spelling of common words","body":"'moeielyke' = moeilijke (difficult) and 'pozitie' = positie (position), both showing 1860 conventions: -ey- for -ei- with y, and z where modern Dutch writes s in some loanwords."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dat to pozitie","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pozitie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"moeielyke","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies pozitie","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"pozitie","lemma":"positie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mensch","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"beleefd","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mens","gloss":"polite"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb introducing preceding quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h12-s32","source":"--En ook ik zou liever niet kiezen, voegde Duclari er by, want het is hier te doen om een uitspraak tusschen m'nheer en mevrouw, en: entre l'écorce et le bois, il ne faut pas mettre le doigt.","translation":"\"And I too would rather not choose,\" Duclari added, \"for what is at stake here is a verdict between the master and the mistress, and: entre l'écorce et le bois, il ne faut pas mettre le doigt.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voegde Duclari er by","title":"Separable 'erbij voegen' (to add)","body":"'erbij voegen' = to add (a remark). It splits across the clause: the verb 'voegde' second, then the pronominal adverb 'er', then the prefix 'by' (= bij) — 'Duclari added'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want het is hier te doen om een uitspraak","title":"Coordinating 'want' keeps normal order","body":"'want' (for, because) is a coordinating conjunction: unlike 'omdat', it does NOT push the verb to the end. The clause keeps main-clause order 'het is hier te doen om...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces quoted clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses ik","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou kiezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of kiezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kiezen","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kiezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kiezen","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with auxiliary zou","gloss":"choose"},{"surface":"voegde","lemma":"voegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb in voegde ... erbij","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voegde","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of erbij","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"particle completing voegde ... erbij","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is te doen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb in het is te doen om","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of idiom het is te doen om","gloss":"at stake"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces matter at stake","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitspraak","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"uitspraak","lemma":"uitspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"verdict"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces parties compared","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of tussen","gloss":"the master","note":"Contraction of mijnheer."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of tussen","gloss":"the mistress"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the French proverb","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"governs l’écorce and le bois","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"l'écorce","lemma":"écorce","morphology":"noun, feminine singular with article","role":"first object of entre","gloss":"the bark"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates l’écorce and le bois","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of bois","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bois","lemma":"bois","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"second object of entre","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"impersonal pronoun","role":"subject of faut","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"negative particle","role":"first part of ne ... pas","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"faut","lemma":"falloir","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main impersonal verb","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"negative adverb","role":"second part of ne ... pas","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"mettre","lemma":"mettre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of faut","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of doigt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doigt","lemma":"doigt","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of mettre","gloss":"finger","note":"The French proverb warns against coming between two closely connected people."}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h12-s33","source":"--Ik zal u helpen, heeren, de omelet is ...","translation":"\"I shall help you, gentlemen, the omelette is ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal u helpen","title":"Future with 'zullen'","body":"'zal ... helpen' is the explicit future: present of 'zullen' plus the infinitive 'helpen' at the end. 'u' is the polite/formal 'you' object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zal helpen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of helpen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of helpen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"heeren","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"vocative, people addressed","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omelet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omelet","lemma":"omelet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"omelette"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with an omitted complement","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h12-s34","source":"--Mevrouw, zei de zeer beleefde Duclari, de omelet zal toch wel zooveel waard zyn als ...","translation":"\"Madame,\" said the very courteous Duclari, \"the omelette will surely be worth at least as much as ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de omelet zal toch wel zooveel waard zyn als","title":"Future of probability with 'zullen'","body":"'zal ... wel ... zyn' uses 'zullen' not for the future but to express likelihood — 'will surely be'. The modal particle 'wel' reinforces the speaker's confident guess."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative, person addressed","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Duclari","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beleefde","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"beleefde","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Duclari","gloss":"courteous"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omelet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omelet","lemma":"omelet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zal zijn","gloss":"omelette"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds confident emphasis","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds confident emphasis","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"degree modifier of waard","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"waard","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of zijn","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with auxiliary zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces omitted comparison complement","gloss":"as"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h12-s35","source":"--Als de historie? Zeker als ze wat waard was!","translation":"\"As the story? Certainly, if it were worth anything!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zeker als ze wat waard was!","title":"Imperfect subjunctive feel of 'was'","body":"'als ze wat waard was' uses the imperfect 'was' in a conditional 'if it were worth anything', the standard Dutch way to mark a hypothetical with the simple past form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with preceding zooveel waard","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of historie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"historie","lemma":"historie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of comparative als","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"Zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waard","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"degree complement of waard","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"waard","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to waard","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h12-s36","source":"Doch er is een bezwaar ...","translation":"But there is an obstacle ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er is een bezwaar","title":"Existential 'er is'","body":"'er is' = 'there is' — the word 'er' serves as a presentative placeholder before an indefinite subject, exactly like English 'there'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"doch / bezwaar","title":"doch; bezwaar","body":"'doch' again = 'but/yet' (literary). 'bezwaar' = an objection, obstacle, or scruple — here the comic 'obstacle' to serving the omelette."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezwaar","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"bezwaar","lemma":"bezwaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"notional subject of is","gloss":"obstacle"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h12-s37","source":"--Ik wed dat er nog geen suiker in huis is, riep Verbrugge.","translation":"\"I'll wager there's no sugar in the house yet,\" cried Verbrugge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er nog geen suiker in huis is","title":"geen + verb-final 'dat'-clause","body":"'geen' negates the indefinite noun 'suiker' (no sugar), where 'niet' could not. The conjunction 'dat' sends the verb 'is' to the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wed","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wed","lemma":"wedden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wager"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of wed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of suiker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of is","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb introducing preceding quotation","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h12-s38","source":"Och, laat toch by my halen wat ge noodig hebt! --Suiker is er ... van mevrouw Slotering.","translation":"Oh, do send to me for whatever you need! — Sugar there is ... from Madame Slotering.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"laat toch by my halen wat ge noodig hebt","title":"Causative 'laten' + imperative","body":"'laat ... halen' is causative 'laten' ('have/let something be fetched') in the imperative. The softening particle 'toch' makes it a warm invitation rather than a command."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat ge noodig hebt","title":"Archaic pronoun 'ge'","body":"'ge' (with object 'u' and possessive 'uw') is the literary/formal second person of 1860, alternating here with familiar 'je'. The relative 'wat' ('what/whatever') has no antecedent and closes verb-final: 'hebt'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Suiker is er ... van mevrouw Slotering","title":"Fronting + 'er' for emphasis","body":"Topicalizing 'Suiker' to the front forces inversion ('is er'), and 'er' resumes the existential sense — 'sugar, there is'. A vivid spoken-Dutch word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of imperative clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laat","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"governs mij","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of bij","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"halen","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of laat","gloss":"fetch"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free-choice relative pronoun","role":"direct object of halen and hebt","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of hebt","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"fronted subject of is","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"locative complement of is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source or supplier","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h12-s39","source":"Neen, daaraan hapert het niet.","translation":"No, that is not where it falters.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daaraan hapert het niet","title":"Pronominal adverb 'daaraan'","body":"'daaraan' = 'at/on that' — 'daar' replacing a thing plus the preposition 'aan', fronted for emphasis. 'haperen' = to falter or be stuck; 'het hapert' = 'the snag lies'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of hapert","gloss":"on that"},{"surface":"hapert","lemma":"haperen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"falters"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hapert","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hapert","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h12-s40","source":"Als de omelet overigens goed was, zou dat geen bezwaar zyn, maar ...","translation":"If the omelette were otherwise good, that would be no obstacle, but ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als de omelet ... goed was, zou dat geen bezwaar zyn","title":"Conditional 'zou' with an 'als'-clause","body":"A hypothetical: the 'als'-clause uses the imperfect 'was', and the main clause answers with conditional 'zou ... zyn' — 'if it were good, that would be no obstacle'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omelet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omelet","lemma":"omelet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"omelette"},{"surface":"overigens","lemma":"overigens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to goed","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zou zijn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezwaar","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"bezwaar","lemma":"bezwaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of zijn","gloss":"obstacle"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with auxiliary zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces unfinished contrasting clause","gloss":"but"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h12-s41","source":"--Hoe dan, mevrouw, is ze in 't vuur gevallen?","translation":"\"How so, Madame, has it fallen into the fire?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is ze in 't vuur gevallen?","title":"Present perfect with 'zijn'","body":"'is ... gevallen' is the perfect of 'vallen' (to fall). Verbs of motion/change take 'zijn', not 'hebben', as the auxiliary; the participle 'gevallen' closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"question adverb modifying gevallen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms idiom hoe dan","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative, person addressed","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevallen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gevallen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vuur","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary is","gloss":"fallen"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h12-s42","source":"--Ik wou dat het waar was!","translation":"\"I wish it had!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wou dat het waar was!","title":"Wish with imperfect 'wou' + 'was'","body":"'Ik wou dat ... was' = 'I wish it were' — the past form 'wou' (= wilde) plus the imperfect 'was' express an unreal wish, the Dutch counterfactual built on past tenses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wou","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wou","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb expressing a wish","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of wou","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to waar","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h12-s43","source":"Neen, ze kan niet in 't vuur vallen Ze is ...","translation":"No, it cannot fall into the fire. It is ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s43.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan vallen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vallen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vallen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vuur","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vallen","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with auxiliary kan","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with an omitted complement","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h12-s44","source":"--Maar, Tine, riep Havelaar, wat is ze dan toch?","translation":"\"But, Tine,\" cried Havelaar, \"what on earth is it, then?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat is ze dan toch?","title":"Modal particles 'dan toch'","body":"The stacked particles 'dan toch' carry no literal meaning but load the question with exasperation — 'what on earth is it, then?'. Such flavoring particles are central to natural Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ze and wat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"discourse particle in the question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"intensifies the question","gloss":"on earth"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h12-s45","source":"--Ze is imponderabel, Max, als je vrouwen te Arles ... wezen moesten!","translation":"\"It is imponderable, Max, as if your women at Arles ... had to be there!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als je vrouwen te Arles ... wezen moesten","title":"Modal 'moesten' sends the infinitive to the end","body":"The modal 'moesten' (had to) governs the bare infinitive 'wezen' (= zijn), which lands at the very end of the clause — the standard modal-plus-infinitive bracket."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ze and imponderabel","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"imponderabel","lemma":"imponderabel","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"imponderable"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a hypothetical comparative clause","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of vrouwen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of wezen moesten","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location Arles","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Arles","lemma":"Arles","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Arles"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moesten","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of the hypothetical clause","gloss":"had to"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h12-s46","source":"Ik heb geen omelet ... ik heb niets meer!","translation":"I have no omelette ... I have nothing left!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb niets meer!","title":"Negative word 'niets'","body":"'niets meer' = 'nothing left/no longer anything'. Dutch allows only one negation per clause, so 'niets' alone carries the whole negative — no extra 'niet' or 'geen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of omelet","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"omelet","lemma":"omelet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"omelette"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb in niet(s) meer","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h12-s47","source":"--Dan in 's hemelsnaam de historie! zuchtte Duclari met koddige wanhoop.","translation":"\"Then, in heaven's name, the story!\" sighed Duclari with comic despair.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in 's hemelsnaam","title":"Frozen genitive 's-","body":"'in 's hemelsnaam' (= des hemels naam, 'in heaven's name') fossilizes the old genitive 'des' as a clitic ''s'. Such genitive remnants survive only in set phrases by 1860."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical request for historie","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in 's hemelsnaam","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, contracted","role":"genitive determiner of hemelsnaam","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hemelsnaam","lemma":"hemelsnaam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in in the idiom in 's hemelsnaam","gloss":"heaven's name"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of historie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"historie","lemma":"historie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the elliptical quoted request","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"zuchtte","lemma":"zuchten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"sighed"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zuchtte","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"koddige","lemma":"koddig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wanhoop","gloss":"comic"},{"surface":"wanhoop","lemma":"wanhoop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h12-s48","source":"--Maar koffi hebben we, riep Tine.","translation":"\"But coffee we have,\" cried Tine.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar koffi hebben we","title":"Object fronting forces inversion","body":"Fronting the object 'koffi' (coffee) for emphasis pushes the verb 'hebben' to second position and the subject 'we' after it — verb-second in action: 'but coffee we have'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"koffi","title":"Period spelling: koffi","body":"'koffi' is the 1860 spelling of modern 'koffie' (coffee). The word and the commodity sit at the heart of the novel, whose subtitle names the 'coffee auctions' of the Dutch Trading Company."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"fronted direct object of hebben","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Tine"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h12-s49","source":"--Goed!","translation":"\"Good!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"standalone exclamation","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h12-s50","source":"Koffidrinken in de voorgalery, en laat ons mevrouw Slotering met de meisjes daarby roepen, zei Havelaar, waarop 't kleine gezelschap naar buiten toog.","translation":"\"Coffee in the front gallery, and let us call Madame Slotering and the girls to join us,\" said Havelaar, whereupon the little company moved outside.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"laat ons mevrouw Slotering ... daarby roepen","title":"Hortative 'laat ons'","body":"'laat ons ... roepen' = 'let us call' — the imperative of 'laten' forming a first-person-plural exhortation, with the infinitive 'roepen' at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarop 't kleine gezelschap naar buiten toog","title":"Relative 'waarop' + strong past 'toog'","body":"'waarop' here means 'whereupon'. 'toog' is the strong imperfect of 'tijgen' (to go/move), an archaic verb; the clause is verb-final, so 'toog' closes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Koffidrinken","lemma":"koffiedrinken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of an elliptical proposal","gloss":"drink coffee"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of koffiedrinken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of voorgalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgalery","lemma":"voorgalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"front gallery"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the proposal and imperative","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural sense","role":"finite verb of the hortative construction","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, first person plural","role":"subject of the infinitive roepen in the laten construction","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of roepen","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the accompanying meisjes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies roepen","gloss":"to join us","note":"Daarby is the historical spelling of daarbij; here it means to join the gathering."},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laat","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the consecutive relative clause","gloss":"whereupon"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of gezelschap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies gezelschap","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"gezelschap","lemma":"gezelschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of toog","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the direction buiten","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"toog","lemma":"tijgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"moved","note":"Toog is the past tense of the literary verb tijgen, meaning to go or proceed."}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h12-s51","source":"--Ik gis dat ze bedanken zal, Max! je weet dat ze ook liever niet met ons eet, en ik kan haar geen ongelyk geven.","translation":"\"I suspect she will decline, Max! you know that she too would rather not eat with us, and I cannot blame her.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ze ook liever niet met ons eet","title":"Comparative-of-preference 'liever'","body":"'liever' is the comparative of 'graag' (gladly) and expresses preference — 'would rather'. The 'dat'-clause is verb-final, so 'eet' sits at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik kan haar geen ongelyk geven","title":"geen with a fixed idiom","body":"'iemand geen ongelyk geven' = 'cannot blame someone / must grant they are right'. 'geen' negates the noun 'ongelyk' (= ongelijk, wrong); the idiom litotically means 'I quite agree with her'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of gis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gis","lemma":"gissen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of gis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of bedanken zal","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"bedanken","lemma":"bedanken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zal","gloss":"decline"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of bedanken","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of eet","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ze","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies eet","gloss":"would rather"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates eet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces ons as company at the meal","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"personal pronoun, object, first person plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"eet","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the complement clause","gloss":"eats"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clauses with weet and kan","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of kan geven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal auxiliary of geven","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, third person singular","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of ongelyk","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ongelyk","lemma":"ongelijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"wrong","note":"Iemand ongelijk geven literally means to give someone the wrong and here amounts to blaming her."},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kan","gloss":"give"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h12-s52","source":"--Ze zal gehoord hebben dat ik histories vertel, zei Havelaar, en dat heeft haar afgeschrikt.","translation":"\"She will have heard that I tell stories,\" said Havelaar, \"and that has frightened her off.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze zal gehoord hebben","title":"Future perfect of inference","body":"'zal gehoord hebben' = 'will have heard' — 'zullen' over a perfect infinitive ('gehoord hebben'), used to infer about the past ('she must have heard'). The verbs cluster at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"en dat heeft haar afgeschrikt","title":"Perfect of separable 'afschrikken'","body":"'heeft ... afgeschrikt' is the perfect of separable 'afschrikken' (to deter, frighten off). The participle of a separable verb inserts 'ge-' after the prefix: af-ge-schrikt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zal hebben gehoord","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of hebben gehoord","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of gehoord","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of vertel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"histories","lemma":"historie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of vertel","gloss":"stories"},{"surface":"vertel","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the object clause","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the quoted clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of heeft afgeschrikt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of afgeschrikt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"direct object of afgeschrikt","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"afgeschrikt","lemma":"afschrikken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"frightened off"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h12-s53","source":"--Wel neen, Max, dat zou haar niet deren: ze verstaat geen hollandsch.","translation":"\"Why no, Max, that would not trouble her: she understands no Dutch.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zou haar niet deren","title":"Conditional 'zou' as counterfactual","body":"'zou ... deren' = 'would (not) trouble her'. The conditional softens to a dismissal — 'that wouldn't bother her'. 'deren' (to harm, trouble) is a slightly elevated verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ze verstaat geen hollandsch","title":"verstaan = to understand a language","body":"'verstaan' here means 'to understand (a language)', not modern 'to hear'. Mevrouw Slotering, of Indies background, speaks no Dutch — a quiet reminder of the linguistic divide in the colony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"intensifies neen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the negative exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou deren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of deren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"direct object of deren","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates deren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"deren","lemma":"deren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of verstaat","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"verstaat","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determines nominalized hollandsch","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of verstaat","gloss":"Dutch"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h12-s54","source":"Neen, ze heeft my gezegd dat ze haar eigen huishouding wil blyven voeren, en dit begryp ik heel goed.","translation":"No, she has told me that she wishes to keep running her own household, and this I understand very well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ze haar eigen huishouding wil blyven voeren","title":"Modal 'wil' + stacked infinitives","body":"'wil blyven voeren' stacks three verbs at the clause end: modal 'wil' (wants), then 'blyven' (to keep), then 'voeren' (to run/conduct) — 'wishes to keep running'. The 'dat'-clause holds them all final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit begryp ik heel goed","title":"Fronted 'dit' triggers inversion","body":"The demonstrative 'dit' (this, neuter near) is fronted as object, so the verb 'begryp' comes second and the subject 'ik' follows. 'dit' points to a het-word / a whole idea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"standalone response preceding the clause","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of heeft gezegd","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, first person singular","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of huishouding","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies huishouding","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"huishouding","lemma":"huishouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voeren","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb governing blyven voeren","gloss":"wishes to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"aspectual complement of wil governing voeren","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"voeren","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of blyven","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clauses with gezegd and begryp","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"fronted direct object of begryp","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of begryp","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begryp","gloss":"well"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h12-s55","source":"Weet je nog hoe je myn naam vertaald hebt?","translation":"Do you still remember how you translated my name?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe je myn naam vertaald hebt","title":"Perfect in a verb-final clause","body":"'hoe' opens an indirect question, so the perfect 'vertaald hebt' (have translated) sits at the end with auxiliary after participle — the typical subordinate-clause cluster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the interrogative clause","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of Weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Weet","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question and modifies vertaald","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of hebt vertaald","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of naam","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vertaald","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"vertaald","lemma":"vertalen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"translated"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of vertaald","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h12-s56","source":"--E.H.V.W: eigen haard veel waard.","translation":"\"E.H.V.W: one's own hearth is worth much.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"E.H.V.W","lemma":"E.H.V.W","morphology":"initialism","role":"label expanded by the following phrase","gloss":"own hearth much worth","note":"The initials expand to eigen haard veel waard."},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies haard","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"haard","lemma":"haard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of the implied copula","gloss":"hearth"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of waard","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"waard","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate with an implied copula","gloss":"worth"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h12-s57","source":"--Daarom!","translation":"\"Just so!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"standalone exclamation of agreement","gloss":"just so"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h12-s58","source":"Ze heeft groot gelyk.","translation":"She is quite right.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"groot gelyk","title":"Idiom: groot gelijk hebben","body":"'groot gelyk hebben' = 'to be entirely right' (literally 'to have great right'). 'gelyk' = gelijk; the idiom is a warm endorsement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb in the idiom gelijk hebben","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"intensifies gelyk in the idiom groot gelijk hebben","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft in the idiom gelijk hebben","gloss":"right","note":"Groot gelijk hebben means to be absolutely or quite right."}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h12-s59","source":"Bovendien, ze komt me wat menschenschuw voor.","translation":"Besides, she strikes me as rather shy of people.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze komt me wat menschenschuw voor","title":"Separable 'voorkomen' (to seem)","body":"'voorkomen' here = 'to seem/strike one as'; it splits with 'komt' second and 'voor' at the end, framing 'me' (to me) and the predicate. Note the reflexive-dative feel: 'she seems to me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"menschenschuw","title":"Compound: menschenschuw","body":"A right-headed compound 'menschen-schuw' = 'shy of people, people-averse' (mensch + schuw). Dutch freely glues nouns and adjectives this way; 'mensch' is the period spelling of 'mens'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"modifies the following clause","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of komt ... voor","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, present, singular, separable","role":"finite base of komt ... voor","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, first person singular","role":"experiencer of komt ... voor","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of menschenschuw","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"menschenschuw","lemma":"mensenschuw","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of komt ... voor","gloss":"shy of people","note":"Menschenschuw is the historical spelling of modern mensenschuw."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle completing komt ... voor","gloss":"seems"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h12-s60","source":"Verbeeld je dat zy alle vreemden die 't erf betreden, laat wegjagen door de oppassers ...","translation":"Imagine, she has the attendants drive off all strangers who set foot on the grounds ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zy ... laat wegjagen door de oppassers","title":"Causative 'laten' (have done by)","body":"'laat wegjagen' is causative 'laten' plus the bare infinitive 'wegjagen' — 'has (them) driven off'. The agent is marked with 'door' (by): 'by the attendants'. This is the causative substitute for a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alle vreemden die 't erf betreden","title":"Relative 'die' for the plural","body":"'die' relativizes the plural 'alle vreemden' (all strangers); all plurals are de-words, so 'die' is the form. The clause is verb-final: 'betreden' closes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbeeld","lemma":"verbeelden","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb governing the reflexive je and dat-clause","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, second person singular","role":"reflexive object of Verbeeld","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of Verbeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of vreemden","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"vreemden","lemma":"vreemde","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"direct object of wegjagen","gloss":"strangers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of betreden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of betreden","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"betreden","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"set foot on"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb governing wegjagen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"wegjagen","lemma":"wegjagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laat","gloss":"drive off"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of wegjagen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of oppassers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oppassers","lemma":"oppasser","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"agent of wegjagen introduced by door","gloss":"attendants"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h12-s61","source":"--Ik verzoek om de historie of de omelet, zei Duclari.","translation":"\"I ask for the story or the omelette,\" said Duclari.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of verzoek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the requested objects","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of historie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"historie","lemma":"historie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links historie and omelet","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of omelet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omelet","lemma":"omelet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of om","gloss":"omelette"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Duclari"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h12-s62","source":"--Ik ook! riep Verbrugge.","translation":"\"So do I!\" cried Verbrugge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of an omitted verzoek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical quoted clause","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h12-s63","source":"Uitvluchten worden niet aangenomen.","translation":"Evasions will not be accepted.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Uitvluchten worden niet aangenomen","title":"Worden-passive","body":"'worden ... aangenomen' is the process passive: 'worden' plus the participle of separable 'aannemen' (to accept) — 'evasions are not accepted'. 'worden' marks an action undergone, not a state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Uitvluchten","lemma":"uitvlucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of the passive worden aangenomen","gloss":"evasions"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of aangenomen","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates aangenomen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aangenomen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"accepted"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h12-s64","source":"We hebben aanspraak op een volledig maal, en daarom eisch ik de geschiedenis van den kalkoen.","translation":"We have a claim to a full meal, and so I demand the history of the turkey.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de geschiedenis van den kalkoen","title":"Case remnant 'den'","body":"'van den kalkoen' uses the old masculine accusative/dative article 'den' for 'de kalkoen' (the turkey). By 1860 'den' survives chiefly after prepositions and for masculine nouns in formal prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aanspraak","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"a claim"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of aanspraak","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of maal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"volledig","lemma":"volledig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies maal","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"maal","lemma":"maal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"meal"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eisch","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"eisch","lemma":"eisen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"demand","note":"Eisch is a historical spelling of the first-person singular of eisen."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of eisch","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of eisch","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of geschiedenis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kalkoen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kalkoen","lemma":"kalkoen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"turkey"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h12-s65","source":"--Die heb ik je reeds gegeven, zei Havelaar. Ik had het beest gestolen van den generaal Vandamme, en heb 't opgegeten ... met iemand.","translation":"\"That I have already given you,\" said Havelaar. \"I had stolen the bird from General Vandamme, and ate it up ... with someone.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die heb ik je reeds gegeven","title":"Demonstrative 'die' fronted","body":"'Die' (that one) stands in for 'de geschiedenis' and is fronted as object, forcing inversion 'heb ik'. The perfect 'heb ... gegeven' brackets the middle field 'je reeds'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik had het beest gestolen van den generaal Vandamme","title":"Pluperfect 'had gestolen'","body":"'had gestolen' is the pluperfect of strong 'stelen' (steal), its participle 'gestolen' showing the strong -en ending and vowel change. 'van den generaal' again preserves 'den'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gegeven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, indirect object","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegeven","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gestolen and opgegeten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestolen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of beest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beest","lemma":"beest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gestolen","gloss":"bird"},{"surface":"gestolen","lemma":"stelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"stolen"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source of gestolen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"Vandamme","lemma":"Vandamme","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to generaal","gloss":"Vandamme"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gestolen and opgegeten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgegeten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of opgegeten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"opgegeten","lemma":"opeten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated main verb with gestolen","gloss":"eaten up"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the companion of opgegeten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of met","gloss":"someone"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h12-s66","source":"--Voor die \"iemand\" ten-hemel voer, zei Tine schalk.","translation":"\"Before that 'someone' ascended to heaven,\" said Tine archly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Voor die \"iemand\" ten-hemel voer","title":"Subordinator 'voor' + strong past 'voer'","body":"'voor' = 'before' opens a time clause, sending the verb to the end. 'voer' is the strong imperfect of 'varen' (here 'to fare/journey'), in the idiom 'ten hemel varen' = ascend to heaven."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"schalk","title":"schalk = archly, roguishly","body":"'schalk(s)' is an old adverb/adjective meaning sly, roguish, mischievous — Tine speaks 'archly'. The word belongs to literary register and has nearly vanished from modern Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of voer","gloss":"Before"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of iemand","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of voer","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ten-hemel","lemma":"ten hemel","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"directional complement of voer","gloss":"to heaven","note":"The historical hyphenated phrase means “to heaven.”"},{"surface":"voer","lemma":"varen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"ascended"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"schalk","lemma":"schalk","morphology":"adverb, archaic","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"archly","note":"Here schalk is an archaic adverb meaning “archly” or “mischievously.”"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h12-s67","source":"--Neen, dat is tricheeren: riep Duclari. We moeten weten waarom ge dien kalkoen ... weggenomen hebt.","translation":"\"No, that's cheating,\" cried Duclari. \"We must know why you ... made off with that turkey.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom ge dien kalkoen ... weggenomen hebt","title":"Case remnant 'dien' + verb-final perfect","body":"'dien kalkoen' is the demonstrative 'die' in old masculine accusative 'dien'. 'waarom' subordinates, so the perfect 'weggenomen hebt' (of separable 'wegnemen') closes the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tricheeren","title":"Gallicism: tricheeren","body":"'tricheeren' (from French 'tricher', to cheat) shows how French loanwords seasoned the speech of colonial officers. The -eeren ending is the regular Dutch adaptation of French -er verbs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent response","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to tricheeren","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"tricheeren","lemma":"tricheren","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as predicate noun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"cheating","note":"Tricheeren is an older spelling of tricheren, “to cheat.”"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of moeten","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"governs weten","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moeten","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the indirect question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of weggenomen hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of kalkoen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kalkoen","lemma":"kalkoen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of weggenomen","gloss":"turkey"},{"surface":"weggenomen","lemma":"wegnemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the indirect question","gloss":"made off with"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of weggenomen","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h12-s68","source":"--Wèl, omdat ik gebrek leed, en dat was de schuld van den generaal Vandamme die me gesuspendeerd had.","translation":"\"Why, because I was in want, and that was the fault of General Vandamme, who had suspended me.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ik gebrek leed","title":"Causal 'omdat' is verb-final","body":"'omdat' (because) is a subordinating conjunction, so its verb 'leed' goes to the end. 'leed' is the strong imperfect of 'lijden' (to suffer); 'gebrek lijden' = 'to be in want'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die me gesuspendeerd had","title":"Relative clause with pluperfect","body":"The relative 'die' refers to General Vandamme; the clause is verb-final with pluperfect 'gesuspendeerd had'. The loanverb 'suspendeeren' takes a regular -d participle with no ge- prefix on the stressed loan stem... in fact 'ge-' is added: gesuspendeerd."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the reply","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leed","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gebrek","lemma":"gebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object in the idiom gebrek lijden","gloss":"want","note":"Gebrek lijden means “to be in want” or “to suffer privation.”"},{"surface":"leed","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dat to schuld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of schuld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of schuld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"Vandamme","lemma":"Vandamme","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to generaal","gloss":"Vandamme"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of gesuspendeerd had","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gesuspendeerd","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h12-s69","source":"--Als ik er niet meer van te weten kryg, breng ik een volgenden keer zelf een omelet mee, klaagde Verbrugge.","translation":"\"If I learn no more of it than that, I'll bring an omelette myself next time,\" complained Verbrugge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als ik er niet meer van te weten kryg","title":"Conditional 'als' + pronominal 'er ... van'","body":"'als' opens a verb-final condition. The split pronominal adverb 'er ... van' (= 'of it') brackets the negation 'niet meer' — 'if I get to know no more of it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een volgenden keer","title":"Adverbial accusative 'een volgenden keer'","body":"'een volgenden keer' (next time) carries the old masculine accusative -en on the article-adjective in a time adverbial, a frozen case ending typical of 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of krijg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"forms ervan with van","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates meer te weten krijg","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"degree complement of weten","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms ervan with er","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks weten as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of krijg","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"kryg","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"breng","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of breng","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of keer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies keer","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"keer","lemma":"keer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of breng","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic adverb","role":"emphasizes ik","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of omelet","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"omelet","lemma":"omelet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of breng","gloss":"omelette"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of meebrengen","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"klaagde","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of klaagde","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h12-s70","source":"--Geloof me, er stak niets meer achter dan dàt.","translation":"\"Believe me, there was nothing more behind it than just that.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er stak niets meer achter dan dàt","title":"Separable 'achter steken' + single negation","body":"'er steekt niets achter' = 'there's nothing behind it' (a fixed idiom for hidden motive). 'niets' carries the lone negation; 'er ... achter' frames it; 'dan' = 'than/but'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"Believe"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Geloof","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"forms erachter with achter","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"stak","lemma":"steken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of stak","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies niets","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms erachter with er","gloss":"behind","note":"Er stak niets achter means “there was nothing behind it.”"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with dàt","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h12-s71","source":"Hy had zeer véél kalkoenen, en ik had niets.","translation":"He had a great many turkeys, and I had nothing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had zeer véél kalkoenen, en ik had niets","title":"Imperfect 'had' (weak)","body":"'had' is the imperfect of 'hebben'. The plural 'kalkoenen' takes -en, the default plural; the contrast 'véél ... niets' is pointed up by Multatuli's accent on 'véél'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies véél","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"véél","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"determiner of kalkoenen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"kalkoenen","lemma":"kalkoen","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"turkeys"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h12-s72","source":"Men dreef die dieren voorby myn deur ... ik nam er een, en zei tot den man die zich verbeeldde er op te passen: \"zeg den generaal dat ik, Max Havelaar, dezen kalkoen neem omdat ik eten wil.\"","translation":"They were driving the creatures past my door ... I took one, and said to the man who fancied he was guarding them: \"tell the general that I, Max Havelaar, am taking this turkey because I want to eat.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den man die zich verbeeldde er op te passen","title":"Reflexive 'zich verbeelden'","body":"'zich verbeelden' = 'to imagine/fancy'; the 3rd-person reflexive 'zich' is obligatory. 'die ... verbeeldde' is a verb-final relative clause governing 'er op te passen' (to guard it)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zeg den generaal dat ik ... dezen kalkoen neem omdat ik eten wil","title":"Imperative 'zeg' + case forms","body":"'zeg' is the bare-stem imperative ('tell'). 'den generaal' (dative) and 'dezen kalkoen' (accusative 'deze') both show old masculine case endings. The 'omdat'-clause closes verb-final with the modal 'wil'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"die dieren voorby myn deur","title":"voorbij = past, by","body":"'voorby' (= voorbij) = 'past, by'. 'Men dreef die dieren voorby' = 'they were driving the creatures past' — 'men' as an agentless 'they/one', 'dreef' the strong imperfect of 'drijven' (to drive)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of dreef","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"dreef","lemma":"drijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dieren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dieren","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of dreef","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"voorby","lemma":"voorbij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces deur","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of deur","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"deur","lemma":"deur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voorby","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"partitive adverb","role":"partitive complement of een","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links nam and zei","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with nam","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the addressee of zei","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"subject of verbeeldde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of verbeeldde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"verbeeldde","lemma":"verbeelden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"forms erop with op","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms erop with er","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks passen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"passen","lemma":"passen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the infinitival complement","gloss":"guard"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of zeg","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of zeg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of apposition to ik","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of apposition to ik","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of kalkoen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"kalkoen","lemma":"kalkoen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"turkey"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"am taking"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"want to"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h12-s73","source":"--En dan dat epigram?","translation":"\"And then that epigram?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this question to the preceding exchange","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of epigram","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"epigram","lemma":"epigram","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"epigram"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h12-s74","source":"--Heeft Verbrugge je daarvan gesproken?","translation":"\"Has Verbrugge spoken to you about that?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"Has"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of gesproken","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of gesproken","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gesproken","gloss":"about that"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"spoken"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h12-s75","source":"--Ja.","translation":"\"Yes.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s75.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent response","gloss":"Yes"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h12-s76","source":"--Dat had niets met den kalkoen uittestaan.","translation":"\"That had nothing to do with the turkey.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat had niets met den kalkoen uittestaan","title":"te-infinitive written joined: uittestaan","body":"'uittestaan' is the 1860 habit of writing 'uit te staan' as one word; the 'te' is buried inside the separable verb 'uitstaan' (here 'iets uit te staan hebben met' = to have to do with). Read it as 'uit te staan'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces kalkoen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of kalkoen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kalkoen","lemma":"kalkoen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"turkey"},{"surface":"uittestaan","lemma":"uitstaan","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive, archaically written solid","role":"infinitive complement of had","gloss":"to do","note":"Met iets uit te staan hebben means “to have something to do with it”; uittestaan reflects older closed spelling."}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h12-s77","source":"Ik maakte dat ding omdat hy zooveel ambtenaren suspendeerde. Er waren er op Padang zeker zeven of acht die hy met meer of min rechtvaardigheid in hun ambten geschorst had, en velen onder hen verdienden 't veel minder dan ik.","translation":"I composed that thing because he suspended so many officials. At Padang there were certainly seven or eight whom he had removed from their posts with more or less justice, and many among them deserved it far less than I did.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat hy zooveel ambtenaren suspendeerde","title":"Causal clause with weak imperfect","body":"'omdat' is verb-final; 'suspendeerde' is the weak imperfect of the loanverb 'suspendeeren', adding the dental -de ending. 'ambtenaren' (officials) is the irregular plural of 'ambtenaar'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er waren er ... zeven of acht die hy ... geschorst had","title":"Double 'er': existential + quantitative","body":"The two 'er's do different jobs: the first is the existential 'there were', the second is the quantitative 'er' standing for 'of them' (seven or eight of them). The relative clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"composed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of ding","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ding","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of suspendeerde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"determiner of ambtenaren","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"ambtenaren","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of suspendeerde","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"suspendeerde","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"partitive adverb","role":"partitive complement of zeven of acht","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"zeven","lemma":"zeven","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"subject complement of waren","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zeven and acht","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"acht","lemma":"acht","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"coordinated with zeven","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of geschorst","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of geschorst had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces rechtvaardigheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"first term modifying rechtvaardigheid","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links meer and min","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"min","lemma":"min","morphology":"comparative quantifier, archaic","role":"second term modifying rechtvaardigheid","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"rechtvaardigheid","lemma":"rechtvaardigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces ambten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of ambten","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ambten","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"posts"},{"surface":"geschorst","lemma":"schorsen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"removed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschorst","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links waren and verdienden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of verdienden","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, object form plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"verdienden","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"deserved"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verdienden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies minder","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies verdienden","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of the understood verdiende","gloss":"I did"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h12-s78","source":"De adsistent-resident van Padang zelf was gesuspendeerd, en wel om een reden die, naar ik geloof, een geheel andere was dan de in het besluit opgegevene.","translation":"The assistant resident of Padang himself had been suspended, and indeed for a reason which, I believe, was wholly other than the one stated in the decree.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De adsistent-resident ... was gesuspendeerd","title":"State passive with 'zijn'","body":"'was gesuspendeerd' presents the result-state ('had been/was suspended') with 'zijn' rather than 'worden'. The participle 'gesuspendeerd' closes the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan de in het besluit opgegevene","title":"Participle as noun: 'de opgegevene'","body":"'de ... opgegevene' nominalizes the past participle of separable 'opgeven' ('the one stated'), here qualified by 'in het besluit' (in the decree). The -e marks an attributive/substantive participle."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gesuspendeerd","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes adsistent-resident","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gesuspendeerd","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase en wel","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the parenthetical naar ik geloof","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of andere","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies andere","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to andere","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with andere","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgegevene","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking besluit","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of besluit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"besluit","lemma":"besluit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of opgegevene","gloss":"decree"},{"surface":"opgegevene","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"nominalized past participle, common gender, singular","role":"object of comparison introduced by dan","gloss":"one stated","note":"The final -e marks a substantivized adjective: “the one stated.”"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h12-s79","source":"Ik wil u dat wel vertellen, schoon ik niet verzekeren kan dat ik alles juist weet, en alleen òverzeg wat men in de chinesche kerk te Padang voor waar hield, en wat dan ook--vooral met het oog op de bekende eigenschappen van den generaal--waar kan geweest zyn.","translation":"I am willing to tell you it, though I cannot vouch that I know everything exactly, and only repeat what was held to be true in the Chinese church at Padang, and what — especially in view of the general's known character — may well have been true.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schoon ik niet verzekeren kan","title":"Concessive 'schoon' (= hoewel)","body":"'schoon' here is the archaic concessive conjunction 'though/although' (= hoewel), sending its verb to the end: 'verzekeren kan'. It is a literary form, distinct from the adjective 'schoon' (beautiful)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat dan ook ... waar kan geweest zyn","title":"Modal 'kan' + perfect infinitive","body":"'kan geweest zyn' = 'may have been' — modal 'kunnen' over the perfect infinitive 'geweest zyn'. The verb cluster (kan + geweest + zyn) gathers at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am willing"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of vertellen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vertellen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil vertellen","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"vertellen","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan and overzeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzekeren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verzekeren","lemma":"verzekeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"vouch"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of verzekeren","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of verzekeren","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates verzekeren kan and overzeg","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies òverzeg","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"òverzeg","lemma":"overzeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb coordinated with kan","gloss":"repeat","note":"The accent distinguishes óverzeggen, “repeat what one has heard,” from overzéggen."},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kerk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kerk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chinesche","lemma":"Chinees","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kerk","gloss":"Chinese"},{"surface":"kerk","lemma":"kerk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom voor waar houden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement in voor waar houden","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on wat","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kan zijn","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies met het oog op","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase met het oog op","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eigenschappen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eigenschappen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bekende","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies eigenschappen","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"eigenschappen","lemma":"eigenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"traits"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking generaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of zijn","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past participle","role":"copular past participle with waar","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h12-s80","source":"Hy had, moet ge weten, zyn vrouw getrouwd om een weddingschap te winnen, en daarmee een anker wyn.","translation":"He had, you must know, married his wife to win a wager, and a cask of wine along with it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had ... zyn vrouw getrouwd om een weddingschap te winnen","title":"Pluperfect + purpose 'om ... te'","body":"'had ... getrouwd' is the pluperfect of 'trouwen' (to marry), and 'om ... te winnen' gives the cynical purpose ('to win a wager'). 'zyn vrouw' = zijn vrouw, the possessive with period y."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een anker wyn","title":"anker = a measure of wine","body":"An 'anker' was an old cask measure of roughly 38–45 litres; 'een anker wyn' is 'a cask of wine'. The detail underscores that the general married on a bet, wine thrown in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of getrouwd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of getrouwd","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"getrouwd","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the infinitive construction om te winnen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weddingschap","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"weddingschap","lemma":"weddenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of winnen","gloss":"wager"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks winnen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"winnen","lemma":"winnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on getrouwd","gloss":"win"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates weddingschap and anker","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarmee","lemma":"daarmee","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of the elliptical winnen","gloss":"along with it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of anker","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"anker","lemma":"anker","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of the elliptical winnen","gloss":"cask","note":"An anker was a liquid measure or cask of roughly forty-five litres."},{"surface":"wyn","lemma":"wijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"specifies the contents of anker","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h12-s81","source":"Hy ging dus dikwyls 's avends uit, om ... overal rondteloopen.","translation":"So he often went out in the evenings, to ... roam about everywhere.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy ging dus dikwyls ... uit, om ... overal rondteloopen","title":"Separable 'uitgaan' + joined 'rondteloopen'","body":"'ging ... uit' splits the separable 'uitgaan'. The purpose phrase 'om ... rondteloopen' writes 'rond te loopen' joined as one word (1860 style) — 'in order to roam about'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"'s avends","title":"'s avends = in the evenings","body":"''s avends' is the period spelling of ''s avonds' (in the evening), again a frozen genitive of time with ''s' from 'des'. The 'e' for 'o' reflects an older vowel rendering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"contracted genitive determiner","role":"part of the fixed adverbial phrase ’s avonds","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical genitive","role":"part of the adverbial phrase ’s avonds","gloss":"evenings"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ging ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the infinitive construction om rond te lopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"overal","lemma":"overal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rondteloopen","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"rondteloopen","lemma":"rondlopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on ging uit","gloss":"roam about","note":"Rondteloopen represents modern rond te lopen."}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h12-s82","source":"De surnumerair Valkenaar moet eens in een straatje naby 't meisjesweeshuis zyn inkognito zóó stipt geëerbiedigd hebben, dat hy hem een pak slaag heeft gegeven even als een gewonen straatschender.","translation":"The supernumerary Valkenaar is said once, in a little street near the girls' orphanage, to have respected his incognito so very strictly that the general gave him a thrashing, just like any common ruffian off the street.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"moet ... zóó stipt geëerbiedigd hebben, dat hy hem een pak slaag heeft gegeven","title":"Modal 'moet' of hearsay + result clause","body":"'moet ... hebben' here means 'is said to have' (evidential modal), governing the perfect 'geëerbiedigd ... hebben'. The 'dat'-clause of result is verb-final with perfect 'heeft gegeven'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een pak slaag / straatschender","title":"Idioms: a thrashing; a street-rowdy","body":"'een pak slaag geven' = 'to give a thrashing/beating'. 'straatschender' (street + schender, from 'schenden', to violate) = a hooligan or ruffian. The general beats a clerk like a common brawler."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Valkenaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"surnumerair","lemma":"surnumerair","morphology":"noun used as title, common gender, singular","role":"title modifying Valkenaar","gloss":"supernumerary"},{"surface":"Valkenaar","lemma":"Valkenaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"Valkenaar"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"epistemic auxiliary of geëerbiedigd hebben","gloss":"is said"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geëerbiedigd","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking straatje","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of straatje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"straatje","lemma":"straat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"object of in","gloss":"little street"},{"surface":"naby","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meisjesweeshuis","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisjesweeshuis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisjesweeshuis","lemma":"meisjesweeshuis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of nabij","gloss":"girls orphanage"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of inkognito","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"inkognito","lemma":"incognito","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geëerbiedigd","gloss":"incognito"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of stipt","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"stipt","lemma":"stipt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geëerbiedigd","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"geëerbiedigd","lemma":"eerbiedigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the infinitival perfect","gloss":"respected"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geëerbiedigd","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gegeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft gegeven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"slaag","lemma":"slaag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the idiom een pak slaag","gloss":"of blows"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the comparison even als","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"part of the comparison even als","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of straatschender","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gewonen","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies straatschender","gloss":"common","note":"Gewonen has an older masculine case ending."},{"surface":"straatschender","lemma":"straatschender","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of comparison introduced by als","gloss":"street ruffian"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h12-s83","source":"Niet ver van daar woonde Miss X.","translation":"Not far from there lived Miss X.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Niet ver van daar woonde Miss X","title":"Fronted adverbial + inversion","body":"The place-adverbial 'Niet ver van daar' opens the clause, so the verb 'woonde' (imperfect of 'wonen') stands second and the subject 'Miss X' follows — verb-second after fronting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies woonde","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking daar","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of van","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"woonde","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"Miss","lemma":"Miss","morphology":"title","role":"title modifying X","gloss":"Miss"},{"surface":"X","lemma":"X","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of woonde","gloss":"X"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h12-s84","source":"Er liep een gerucht dat die Miss 't leven zou gegeven hebben aan een kindje, dat ... verdwenen was.","translation":"A rumour ran that this Miss had given life to a child, which ... had vanished.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er liep een gerucht dat die Miss 't leven zou gegeven hebben","title":"Existential 'er' + conditional of report","body":"'Er liep een gerucht' = 'a rumour ran/circulated' with presentative 'er'. The 'dat'-clause uses 'zou ... gegeven hebben' (would have given), the conditional-perfect for unverified report."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een kindje, dat ... verdwenen was","title":"Diminutive 'kindje' + pluperfect","body":"'kindje' is the diminutive of 'kind' (child) with -je, always neuter, so the relative is 'dat'. 'verdwenen was' is the pluperfect of 'verdwijnen' (to vanish), formed with 'zijn'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive introducing gerucht","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gerucht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gerucht","lemma":"gerucht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of liep","gloss":"rumour"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of gerucht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Miss","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Miss","lemma":"Miss","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of gegeven","gloss":"Miss"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gegeven hebben","gloss":"reportedly"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kindje","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kindje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kindje","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of verdwenen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"verdwenen","lemma":"verdwijnen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause on kindje","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verdwenen","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h12-s85","source":"De adsistent-resident was als hoofd der politie verplicht, en ook inderdaad van plan, zich met die zaak te bemoeien, en schynt van dit voornemen iets gezegd te hebben op een whistparty by den generaal.","translation":"The assistant resident, as head of the police, was bound — and indeed of a mind — to look into the matter, and seems to have said something of this intention at a whist party at the general's.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verplicht ... zich met die zaak te bemoeien","title":"Reflexive 'zich bemoeien met'","body":"'zich bemoeien met' = 'to concern oneself / interfere with'; the reflexive 'zich' is required. 'verplicht ... te bemoeien' shows the adjective 'verplicht' governing a 'te'-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schynt ... iets gezegd te hebben","title":"'schijnen' + perfect te-infinitive","body":"'schynt ... te hebben' (= schijnt, 'seems to have') governs a 'te'-infinitive in the perfect: 'gezegd te hebben'. 'schijnen' is one of the verbs that take 'te' before its infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was and schynt","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to verplicht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the capacity hoofd der politie","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of als","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of politie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"politie","lemma":"politie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of hoofd","gloss":"police"},{"surface":"verplicht","lemma":"verplicht","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"obliged"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates verplicht and van plan","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies van plan","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies van plan","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase van plan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plan","lemma":"plan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van and predicate complement of was","gloss":"a mind"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of bemoeien","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaak","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bemoeien","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks bemoeien as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bemoeien","lemma":"bemoeien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verplicht and van plan","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates was and schynt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with was","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voornemen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voornemen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the infinitival perfect","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks hebben as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking whistparty","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of whistparty","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"whistparty","lemma":"whistpartij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"whist party"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking generaal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"general"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h12-s86","source":"Doch zie, den volgenden dag ontvangt hy den last zich naar zekere Afdeeling te begeven, welker gezagvoerende kontroleur wegens ware of veronderstelde oneerlykheid geschorst was in zyn beheer, om in loco zekere zaken te onderzoeken en daarvan \"te dienen van bericht.\" Wèl was de adsistent-resident verwonderd dat hem iets werd opgedragen dat zyn Afdeeling in 't geheel niet aanging, doch daar hy strikt genomen deze opdracht kon beschouwen als een vereerende onderscheiding, en dewyl hy met den generaal op zeer vriendschappelyken voet stond zoodat hy geen oorzaak had aan een valstrik te denken, berustte hy in deze zending, en begaf zich naar ik wil vergeten hebben waarheen, om te doen wat hem bevolen was.","translation":"But see, the very next day he receives the order to betake himself to a certain district, whose governing controller had been suspended from his administration on account of real or supposed dishonesty, in order to investigate certain affairs in loco and \"to render a report\" thereon. The assistant resident was indeed astonished that something should be laid upon him that did not concern his district at all; yet since, strictly taken, he could regard this commission as an honourable distinction, and since he stood on very friendly terms with the general, so that he had no cause to suspect a trap, he acquiesced in this mission, and set off — I will choose to have forgotten where — to do what he had been ordered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ontvangt hy den last zich ... te begeven","title":"Historic present + reflexive 'zich begeven'","body":"Multatuli switches to the vivid historic present ('ontvangt hy' — 'he receives'). 'zich begeven naar' = 'to betake oneself to', a reflexive of motion governing 'te begeven'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"welker gezagvoerende kontroleur ... geschorst was","title":"Formal relative 'welker'","body":"'welker' is the heavy, archaic genitive relative ('whose') used for formal period prose — here 'whose governing controller'. 'gezagvoerende' is a present participle ('exercising authority') used attributively."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dewyl hy ... op zeer vriendschappelyken voet stond","title":"Archaic causal 'dewyl'","body":"'dewyl' (= dewijl) is an obsolete causal conjunction 'since/because', sending its verb to the end ('stond'). It belongs to solemn 19th-century register, alongside 'doch' and 'schoon'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinator of the main clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"time adjunct of ontvangt","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ontvangt","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"receives"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontvangt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of last","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontvangt","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of begeven","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Afdeeling","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zekere","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Afdeeling","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of begeven","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive begeven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"begeven","lemma":"begeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of last","gloss":"betake"},{"surface":"welker","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative possessive determiner, feminine singular","role":"possessor of kontroleur","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"gezagvoerende","lemma":"gezagvoerend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kontroleur","gloss":"governing"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geschorst","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"wegens","lemma":"wegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oneerlykheid","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies oneerlykheid","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"veronderstelde","lemma":"verondersteld","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"coordinated modifier of oneerlykheid","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"oneerlykheid","lemma":"oneerlijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of wegens","gloss":"dishonesty","note":"Historical spelling with “y” for modern “ij.”"},{"surface":"geschorst","lemma":"schorsen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive relative clause","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geschorst","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beheer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of beheer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"beheer","lemma":"beheer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause onderzoeken","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loco","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"loco","lemma":"locus","morphology":"noun, Latin ablative singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"place","note":"Latin “in loco” means “on the spot.”"},{"surface":"zekere","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of onderzoeken","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive onderzoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"onderzoeken","lemma":"onderzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying begeven","gloss":"investigate"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of dienen","gloss":"thereon"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive dienen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with onderzoeken","gloss":"render","note":"The formal phrase “dienen van bericht” means “to render a report.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of dienen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bericht","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"Wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes verwonderd","gloss":"indeed","note":"The accent marks contrastive emphasis: “indeed.”"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject to verwonderd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verwonderd","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"verwonderd","lemma":"verwonderd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opgedragen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of opgedragen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive opgedragen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgedragen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"opgedragen","lemma":"opdragen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of passive werd opgedragen","gloss":"assigned"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of aanging","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Afdeeling","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanging","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of adverbial phrase in het geheel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geheel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanging","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aanging","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause beschouwen","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"strikt","lemma":"strikt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genomen","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"parenthetical modifier of beschouwen","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opdracht","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"opdracht","lemma":"opdracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beschouwen","gloss":"commission"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of beschouwen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"beschouwen","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kon","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative complement onderscheiding","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderscheiding","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vereerende","lemma":"vererend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies onderscheiding","gloss":"honourable","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch “vererend.”"},{"surface":"onderscheiding","lemma":"onderscheiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of beschouwen","gloss":"distinction"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dewyl","lemma":"dewijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause stond","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking generaal","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voet","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vriendschappelyken","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"vriendschappelyken","lemma":"vriendschappelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies voet","gloss":"friendly","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch “vriendschappelijke.”"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"terms"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of causal clause introduced by dewyl","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause had","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of result clause introduced by zoodat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking valstrik","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of valstrik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"valstrik","lemma":"valstrik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of denken","gloss":"trap"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive denken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of oorzaak","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"berustte","lemma":"berusten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with was verwonderd","gloss":"acquiesced"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of berustte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zending","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zending","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zending","lemma":"zending","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of berustte","gloss":"mission"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"begaf","lemma":"begeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with berustte","gloss":"betook"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of begaf","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing waarheen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical verb interrupting naar ... waarheen","gloss":"choose"},{"surface":"vergeten","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by hebben","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive auxiliary with vergeten","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"waarheen","lemma":"waarheen","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause doen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying begaf","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of doen and subject of bevolen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of bevolen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"bevolen","lemma":"bevelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive relative clause","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bevolen","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h12-s87","source":"Na eenigen tyd keert hy terug, en biedt een verslag aan dat niet ongunstig luidde voor dien kontroleur.","translation":"After some time he returns, and presents a report that did not sound unfavourable for that controller.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"keert hy terug, en biedt een verslag aan","title":"Two separable verbs in the historic present","body":"'keert ... terug' (terugkeren, to return) and 'biedt ... aan' (aanbieden, to present) both split, prefixes 'terug' and 'aan' dropping to the end — and both stay in the vivid present tense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"After"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of na","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"keert","lemma":"keren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of terugkeren","gloss":"turns"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of keert and biedt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing keert as terugkeren","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"biedt","lemma":"bieden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of aanbieden","gloss":"offers"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verslag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verslag","lemma":"verslag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of biedt","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing biedt as aanbieden","gloss":"presents"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of luidde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies luidde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ongunstig","lemma":"ongunstig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"predicative complement of luidde","gloss":"unfavourable"},{"surface":"luidde","lemma":"luiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clause modifying verslag","gloss":"sounded"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kontroleur","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"controller"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h12-s88","source":"Doch ziet, er was gedurende dien tyd op Padang, door 't publiek--dat is: door niemand en iedereen--ontdekt dat die ambtenaar slechts gesuspendeerd was om een gelegenheid te scheppen den adsistent-resident van de plaats te verwyderen, ten-einde zyn voorgenomen onderzoek naar de verdwyning van dat kind te voorkomen, of althans te verschuiven tot een tydstip dat die zaak moeielyker zou optehelderen zyn.","translation":"But see, during that time it had been discovered at Padang, by the public — that is: by no one and everyone — that the official had been suspended only to create an occasion for removing the assistant resident from the place, so as to forestall his intended inquiry into the disappearance of that child, or at least to put it off to a moment when the matter would be harder to clear up.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er was ... ontdekt dat die ambtenaar ... gesuspendeerd was","title":"Impersonal passive with 'er'","body":"'er was ... ontdekt' is an impersonal pluperfect passive ('it had been discovered') with placeholder 'er'. The embedded 'dat'-clause holds its own state-passive 'gesuspendeerd was'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om ... te voorkomen, of althans te verschuiven","title":"Purpose 'om ... te' with coordinated infinitives","body":"A single 'om' frames two purpose-infinitives ('te voorkomen' / 'te verschuiven', to forestall / to postpone) joined by 'of'. 'voorkomen' here, with stress on the prefix (vóórkomen), means 'to prevent'; stress on the stem (voorkómen) instead means 'to occur'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"door niemand en iedereen","title":"Paradox: 'by no one and everyone'","body":"'door 't publiek--dat is: door niemand en iedereen' is Multatuli's wry gloss on public opinion: gossip that belongs to no single person yet is known to all. 'niemand' and 'iedereen' are the universal/negative indefinite pronouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinator of the main clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ontdekt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gedurende","lemma":"gedurende","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of gedurende","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking publiek","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of publiek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"publiek","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agent of passive ontdekt","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical copula","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking niemand and iedereen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"complement of door","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"iedereen","lemma":"iedereen","morphology":"pronoun","role":"coordinated with niemand","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"ontdekt","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle of passive was ontdekt","gloss":"discovered"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gesuspendeerd was","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesuspendeerd","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"gesuspendeerd","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of passive was gesuspendeerd","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause scheppen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of scheppen","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive scheppen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"scheppen","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying gesuspendeerd","gloss":"create"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verwyderen","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verwyderen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verwyderen","lemma":"verwijderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival modifier of gelegenheid","gloss":"remove","note":"Historical spelling with “y” for modern “ij.”"},{"surface":"ten-einde","lemma":"teneinde","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause voorkomen","gloss":"so as to","note":"Formal conjunction meaning “in order to.”"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of onderzoek","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voorgenomen","lemma":"voorgenomen","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies onderzoek","gloss":"intended"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of voorkomen and verschuiven","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdwyning","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verdwyning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdwyning","lemma":"verdwijning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"disappearance","note":"Historical spelling with “y” for modern “ij.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kind","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive voorkomen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause introduced by ten-einde","gloss":"forestall"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verschuiven","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verschuiven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verschuiven","lemma":"verschuiven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with voorkomen","gloss":"postpone"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tydstip","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tydstip","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tydstip","lemma":"tijdstip","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"moment","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch “tijdstip.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause zou zyn","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou zyn","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"moeielyker","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"harder","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch “moeilijker.”"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"optehelderen","lemma":"ophelderen","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zyn","gloss":"clear up","note":"Historical spelling writes “op te helderen” as one word."},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h12-s89","source":"Ik herhaal nu dat ik niet weet of dit waar was, doch naar de kennis die ikzelf later van den generaal Vandamme opdeed, komt deze lezing van 't geval my geloofbaar voor. Op Padang was er niemand die hem niet--wat het peil aangaat, waartoe zyn zedelykheid was afgedaald--tot zoo-iets in-staat keurde.","translation":"I repeat now that I do not know whether this was true; yet from the knowledge I myself later gained of General Vandamme, this reading of the affair seems credible to me. At Padang there was no one who did not judge him — given the depth to which his morality had sunk — capable of such a thing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"komt deze lezing van 't geval my geloofbaar voor","title":"Separable 'voorkomen' (to seem) again","body":"'komt ... voor' = 'seems' splits with 'voor' at the end; 'my' (to me) is the experiencer and 'geloofbaar' the predicate — 'this reading seems credible to me'. 'deze lezing' uses near-demonstrative 'deze' for a de-word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"niemand die hem niet ... tot zoo-iets in-staat keurde","title":"Double-edged negation 'niemand ... niet'","body":"'er was niemand die hem niet ... in staat keurde' = 'there was no one who did not consider him capable' — the two negatives sit in separate clauses (main and relative), so it is litotes, not forbidden double negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waartoe zyn zedelykheid was afgedaald","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative 'waartoe'","body":"'waartoe' (= 'to which') fuses 'waar' + 'tot', relativizing 'het peil' (the level) — 'the depth to which his morality had sunk'. The clause is verb-final with pluperfect 'was afgedaald'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of herhaal","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"herhaal","lemma":"herhalen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies herhaal","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of herhaal","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of herhaal","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waar","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to waar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the evidential basis for komt ... voor","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kennis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of opdeed","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ikzelf","lemma":"ikzelf","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of opdeed","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opdeed","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of kennis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine oblique","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"General"},{"surface":"Vandamme","lemma":"Vandamme","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to generaal","gloss":"Vandamme"},{"surface":"opdeed","lemma":"opdoen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative-clause verb modifying kennis","gloss":"gained"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of separable voorkomt","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezing","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"lezing","lemma":"lezing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geval","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of the phrase van","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of komt ... voor","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"geloofbaar","lemma":"geloofbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of komt ... voor","gloss":"credible"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of komt ... voor","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Op","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of keurde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of keurde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates keurde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of aangaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of peil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"peil","lemma":"peil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of aangaat","gloss":"depth"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical wat het peil aangaat","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"waartoe","lemma":"waartoe","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"complement of afgedaald","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zedelykheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zedelykheid","lemma":"zedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of afgedaald","gloss":"morality"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of afgedaald","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"afgedaald","lemma":"afgedalen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the relative clause on peil","gloss":"sunk"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of in-staat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of tot","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"in-staat","lemma":"in staat","morphology":"predicative adjective phrase","role":"predicate complement of keurde","gloss":"capable","note":"The phrase tot iets in staat means capable of something."},{"surface":"keurde","lemma":"keuren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on niemand","gloss":"judged"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h12-s90","source":"De meesten kenden hem slechts één goede hoedanigheid toe, die van onverschrokkenheid in 't gevaar, en indien ik, die hem in gevaar gezien heb, van meening ware dat hy après tout een dapper man was, zou dit alleen my bewegen u deze geschiedenis niet te vertellen. 't Is waar, hy had op Sumatra veel laten \"sabreeren\" doch wie sommige gebeurtenissen van naby gezien had voelde neiging om wat aftedingen op zyn dapperheid, en, hoe vreemd het schyne, ik geloof dat hy zyn krygsmansroem grootendeels te danken had aan de zucht tot tegenstelling, die ons allen min of meer bezielt.","translation":"Most people granted him but one good quality, that of fearlessness in danger; and if I, who have seen him in danger, were of the opinion that he was, après tout, a brave man, that alone would move me not to tell you this history. It is true, he had had much \"sabring\" done on Sumatra; yet whoever had seen certain events from close up felt inclined to deduct something from his bravery, and, however strange it may seem, I believe he owed his soldierly renown in great part to that craving for contrast which more or less animates us all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"indien ik ... van meening ware","title":"Subjunctive 'ware'","body":"'ware' is the rare past subjunctive of 'zijn' ('were'), used after conditional 'indien' (a formal 'if') for a counterfactual: 'if I were of the opinion'. It is a marker of high literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy had ... veel laten \"sabreeren\"","title":"Causative 'laten' (pluperfect)","body":"'had ... laten sabreeren' = 'had had much sabring done' — causative 'laten' in the pluperfect, with the bare infinitive 'sabreeren' (to cut down with sabres). Note: with 'laten', the perfect uses the infinitive, not a participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ons allen min of meer bezielt","title":"Relative 'die' + object 'ons allen'","body":"'die' relativizes 'de zucht tot tegenstelling' (the craving for contrast); the verb-final 'bezielt' (animates) takes the object 'ons allen' (us all). 'allen' carries the old plural -en in apposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"krygsmansroem / après tout","title":"Compound + French aside","body":"'krygsmansroem' (= krijgsmansroem) is a triple compound 'warrior-man-fame', i.e. military glory. The French 'après tout' ('after all') again flavors the officers' cultivated speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meesten","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"meesten","lemma":"meeste","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kenden ... toe","gloss":"most people"},{"surface":"kenden","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite base of separable kenden ... toe","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of kenden ... toe","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoedanigheid","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies hoedanigheid","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hoedanigheid","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"hoedanigheid","lemma":"hoedanigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kenden ... toe","gloss":"quality"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of kenden ... toe","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"apposition to hoedanigheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onverschrokkenheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onverschrokkenheid","lemma":"onverschrokkenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"fearlessness"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies onverschrokkenheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of the phrase in","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ware","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of gezien heb","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevaar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the relative clause on ik","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meening","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by indien","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of meening","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"après","lemma":"après","morphology":"French preposition","role":"first word of the parenthetical French phrase après tout","gloss":"after","note":"The French phrase après tout means “after all.”"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"French pronoun","role":"second word of the parenthetical French phrase après tout","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dapper","lemma":"dapper","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies man","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun linked by was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to man","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bewegen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zou bewegen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewegen","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bewegen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"bewegen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of vertellen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vertellen","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertellen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive vertellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vertellen","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of bewegen","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of waar","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of Is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had laten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of laten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sumatra","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Sumatra","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"Sumatra"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"amount affected by sabreeren","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative infinitive governed by had","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"sabreeren","lemma":"sabreren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by laten","gloss":"saber"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebeurtenissen","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"gebeurtenissen","lemma":"gebeurtenis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the adverbial phrase van naby","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"naby","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the adverbial phrase van naby","gloss":"close up","note":"Historical spelling of nabij; van nabij means from close up."},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the free relative clause introduced by wie","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by wie","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"neiging","lemma":"neiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voelde","gloss":"inclination"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the infinitival complement of neiging","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of aftedingen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"aftedingen","lemma":"afdingen","morphology":"verb, fused separable te-infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of neiging","gloss":"deduct","note":"Historical spelling joins modern af te dingen, “to detract.”"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dapperheid","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of dapperheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dapperheid","lemma":"dapperheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"bravery"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the concessive clause hoe vreemd het schyne","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of schyne","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of schyne","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"schyne","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"may seem"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of danken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had te danken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of krygsmansroem","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"krygsmansroem","lemma":"krijgsmansroem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had te danken","gloss":"soldierly renown"},{"surface":"grootendeels","lemma":"grotendeels","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had te danken","gloss":"largely"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive danken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"danken","lemma":"danken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in the construction had te danken","gloss":"owe"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb in had te danken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zucht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegenstelling","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"tegenstelling","lemma":"tegenstelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"contrast"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of bezielt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bezielt","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"emphatic modifier of ons","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"min","lemma":"min","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the adverbial phrase min of meer","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the adverbial phrase min of meer","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the adverbial phrase min of meer","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"bezielt","lemma":"bezielen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on tegenstelling","gloss":"animates"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h12-s91","source":"Men zegt gaarne: 't is waar dat Peter of Paul dit, dit of dit is, maar ... dàt is hy, dàt moet men hem laten!","translation":"One gladly says: it is true that Peter or Paul is this, this or that, but ... that he is, that one must grant him!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dàt is hy, dàt moet men hem laten","title":"Idiom 'dat moet men hem laten'","body":"'dat moet men hem laten' = 'that one must grant/allow him', a fixed concessive idiom with causative-flavored 'laten'. The fronted, accented 'dàt' triggers inversion ('moet men') for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zegt","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with waar","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Peter","lemma":"Peter","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Peter"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Paul","lemma":"Paul","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Peter","gloss":"Paul"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"first predicate complement coordinated with dit and dit","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"second predicate complement coordinated with dit and dit","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"third predicate complement coordinated with dit and dit","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Peter of Paul to the coordinated complements","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, emphatic","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hy to dàt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, emphatic","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of laten","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet laten","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of laten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"grant","note":"Iemand iets laten means to concede or grant someone something."}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h12-s92","source":"En nooit kan men zoo zeker zyn geprezen te worden, dan wanneer men een zeer in 't oog vallend gebrek heeft.","translation":"And one can never be so sure of being praised as when one has some very conspicuous defect.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nooit kan men zoo zeker zyn geprezen te worden","title":"Negative 'nooit' fronted + passive infinitive","body":"Fronting 'nooit' (never) forces inversion 'kan men' and supplies the clause's single negation. 'geprezen te worden' is a passive 'te'-infinitive ('to be praised') depending on 'zeker zijn'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan wanneer men een ... gebrek heeft","title":"Comparative 'zoo ... dan' + verb-final 'wanneer'","body":"'zoo zeker ... dan wanneer' compares ('so sure ... as when'); 'wanneer' subordinates, sending 'heeft' to the end. Period prose often pairs 'zoo ... dan' where modern Dutch would use 'zo ... als'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding thought","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kan zyn","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary governing zyn","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan zyn","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of zyn","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"geprezen","lemma":"prijzen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the passive infinitive geprezen te worden","gloss":"praised"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the passive infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive infinitive governed by zeker","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"first element of the comparative construction dan wanneer","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heeft","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebrek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in het oog vallend","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the expression in het oog vallend","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of the phrase in","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"vallend","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"present participle","role":"modifies gebrek","gloss":"striking","note":"In het oog vallend is the older spaced form of opvallend, “conspicuous.”"},{"surface":"gebrek","lemma":"gebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"defect"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by wanneer","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h12-s93","source":"Jy, Verbrugge, bent alle dagen dronken ...","translation":"You, Verbrugge, are drunk every day ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Jy, Verbrugge, bent alle dagen dronken","title":"Emphatic pronoun 'jy'","body":"'jy' (= jij) is the stressed form of the familiar 'you', set off here for emphasis. It takes the present 'bent' (of 'zijn'); 'alle dagen' = 'every day' as a bare adverbial of time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Jy","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bent","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative in apposition to Jy","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to dronken","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"adverbial of frequency modifying bent","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"dronken","lemma":"dronken","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of bent","gloss":"drunk"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h12-s94","source":"--Ik? vroeg Verbrugge die een voorbeeld was van matigheid.","translation":"\"I?\" asked Verbrugge, who was a model of temperance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Verbrugge die een voorbeeld was van matigheid","title":"Non-restrictive relative 'die'","body":"'die ... was' is a non-restrictive relative clause adding information about Verbrugge ('who was a model of temperance'); it is verb-final, so 'was' closes it. The aside undercuts Havelaar's teasing accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"elliptical quoted question","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"voorbeeld","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun linked by was","gloss":"model"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die to voorbeeld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking matigheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"matigheid","lemma":"matigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"temperance"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h12-s95","source":"--Ja, ik maak je nu dronken, alle dagen! je vergeet je zóó ver, dat Duclari 's avends in de galery over je struikelt.","translation":"\"Yes, I am making you drunk now, every day! you forget yourself so far that Duclari trips over you in the gallery of an evening.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je vergeet je zóó ver","title":"Reflexive 'zich vergeten'","body":"'zich vergeten' = 'to forget oneself, lose self-control'; in the second person the reflexive is 'je': 'je vergeet je'. The matching subject and object 'je' are easy to miss."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat Duclari ... over je struikelt","title":"Result 'dat'-clause is verb-final","body":"'dat' opens a result clause, sending 'struikelt' (stumbles) to the end. 'over je struikelen' = 'to trip over you'; ''s avends' = in the evening (frozen genitive of time)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maak","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maak","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"am making"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of maak","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maak","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"dronken","lemma":"dronken","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of je","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"temporal adverbial modifying maak","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vergeet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vergeet","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive direct object of vergeet","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of ver","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree complement of vergeet","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of struikelt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of struikelt","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"contracted genitive determiner","role":"determiner of avonds","gloss":"in the","note":"Contracted from des in the fixed expression ’s avonds, ‘in the evening’."},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"temporal adverbial modifying struikelt","gloss":"evening","note":"The phrase ’s avonds means ‘in the evening’; avends is an older spelling."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking galery","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of galery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"galery","lemma":"galerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"gallery"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking je","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of over","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"struikelt","lemma":"struikelen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"trips"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h12-s96","source":"Dit zal hy onaangenaam vinden, maar terstond zal hy zich herinneren iets goeds in je gezien te hebben dat hem toch vroeger niet in 't oog viel.","translation":"He will find this disagreeable, but at once he will recall having seen something good in you that had never caught his eye before.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"terstond zal hy zich herinneren iets goeds ... gezien te hebben","title":"Reflexive 'zich herinneren' + perfect te-infinitive","body":"'zich herinneren' = 'to recall', reflexive; it governs a perfect 'te'-infinitive 'gezien te hebben' ('to have seen'). Fronting 'terstond' (at once) triggers inversion 'zal hy'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iets goeds","title":"Partitive genitive 'iets goeds'","body":"After 'iets' (something) an adjective takes a partitive -s: 'iets goeds' = 'something good'. This frozen genitive -s survives in 'iets/niets/veel/wat + adjective-s'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vinden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vinden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"onaangenaam","lemma":"onaangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vinden","gloss":"disagreeable"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies herinneren","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of herinneren","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of herinneren","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of herinneren","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"herinneren","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"goeds","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, substantivized with partitive -s","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking je","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of gezien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the perfect infinitive","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the perfect infinitive hebben gezien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of viel; refers to iets goeds","gloss":"that","note":"Here dat is a relative pronoun referring to iets goeds."},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of viel","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"in","note":"In het oog vallen is an idiom meaning ‘to catch someone’s eye’."},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"caught attention"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h12-s97","source":"En als ik dan kom, en ik vind je zoo erg ... horizontaal, dan zal hy my de hand op den arm leggen, en uitroepen--\"och, geloof toch dat hy overigens zoo'n beste brave knappe jongen is!\"","translation":"And when I then come in, and find you so badly ... horizontal, he will lay his hand on my arm and exclaim — \"oh, do believe that he is otherwise such a fine, decent, capable young fellow!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan zal hy my de hand op den arm leggen, en uitroepen","title":"Future 'zal' over coordinated infinitives","body":"'zal ... leggen ... en uitroepen' — 'zullen' governs two infinitives ('leggen', 'uitroepen') joined by 'en'. 'den arm' keeps the old masculine accusative 'den'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"beste brave knappe jongen","title":"Stacked attributive adjectives","body":"Three attributive adjectives 'beste brave knappe' all take -e before the de-word 'jongen', the regular attributive ending. 'knap' here means 'capable/clever' more than 'handsome'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kom","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kom","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kom","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kom","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"coordinated with kom","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of erg","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"erg","lemma":"erg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies horizontaal","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"horizontaal","lemma":"horizontaal","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of je","gloss":"horizontal"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leggen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of leggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leggen and uitroepen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of leggen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of leggen","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arm","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of arm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"leggen","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"uitroepen","lemma":"uitroepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with leggen","gloss":"exclaim"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the quoted exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, imperative, second person singular","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"overigens","lemma":"overigens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative, contracted","role":"determiner of jongen","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"best","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies jongen","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"brave","lemma":"braaf","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies jongen","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"knappe","lemma":"knap","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies jongen","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"young fellow"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking hij to jongen","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h12-s98","source":"--Dat zeg ik tòch van Verbrugge, riep Duclari, al is hy vertikaal.","translation":"\"That I say of Verbrugge anyway,\" cried Duclari, \"even when he's vertical.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al is hy vertikaal","title":"Concessive 'al' + inversion","body":"'al + verb-first' = 'even though', a concessive without a conjunction: 'al is hy vertikaal' = 'even when he is vertical'. The verb 'is' jumps to the front, the mark of this construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative","role":"direct object of zeg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tòch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Verbrugge","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, concessive","role":"introduces the concessive clause of is","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking hij to vertikaal","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vertikaal","lemma":"verticaal","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"vertical"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h12-s99","source":"--Niet met dat vuur en die overtuiging!","translation":"\"Not with that fire and that conviction!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s99.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates the implied verb","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vuur","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vuur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overtuiging","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"overtuiging","lemma":"overtuiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"conviction"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h12-s100","source":"Herinner je eens hoe dikwyls men hoort zeggen: \"o, als die man op zyn zaken wilde passen, dàt zou iemand wezen! Maar ... en dan volgt het betoog hoe hy niet op zyn zaken past en dus niemand is.","translation":"Recall just how often one hears it said: \"oh, if that man would only mind his affairs, that would be somebody! But ...\" — and then follows the argument as to how he does not mind his affairs and so is nobody.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Herinner je eens hoe dikwyls men hoort zeggen","title":"Reflexive imperative + bare infinitive 'zeggen'","body":"'Herinner je' is the reflexive imperative of 'zich herinneren' ('recall!'). 'men hoort zeggen' uses 'horen' (a perception verb) with a bare infinitive 'zeggen' — no 'te' — '(one) hears it said'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als die man op zyn zaken wilde passen","title":"Conditional 'als' + modal 'wilde'","body":"'als ... wilde passen' is a counterfactual: 'als' opens a verb-final clause and the imperfect modal 'wilde' ('would/wanted to') governs 'passen'. 'op zyn zaken passen' = 'to mind one's affairs'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Herinner","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, imperative, second person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of Herinner","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb, modal particle","role":"softens the imperative Herinner","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"degree modifier of dikwijls","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoort","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoort","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hoort","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of hoort","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the quoted exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom op zijn zaken passen","gloss":"to","note":"Op zijn zaken passen means ‘to mind or attend to one’s affairs’."},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zaken","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third person singular","role":"governs the infinitive passen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"passen","lemma":"passen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by wilde","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"somebody"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copular main verb governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an unfinished contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the following main clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volgt","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"volgt","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"follows"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betoog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"betoog","lemma":"betoog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of volgt","gloss":"argument"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the content clause modifying betoog","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of past and is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies past","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom op zijn zaken passen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zaken","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"past","lemma":"passen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"minds"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"nobody"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking hij to niemand","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h12-s101","source":"Ik geloof hiervan de reden te weten.","translation":"I believe I know the reason for this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s101.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of reden","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of geloof","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h12-s102","source":"Ook van de dooden verneemt men altyd goede hoedanigheden waarvan we vroeger niets bemerkten.","translation":"Of the dead too one always hears of good qualities that we had never noticed before.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook van de dooden verneemt men ... goede hoedanigheden","title":"Fronted PP forces inversion","body":"The prepositional phrase 'Ook van de dooden' (of the dead too) opens the clause, so the verb 'verneemt' stands second and the subject 'men' follows. 'de dooden' (the dead) is a plural-as-noun with -en."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarvan we vroeger niets bemerkten","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative 'waarvan'","body":"'waarvan' (= 'of which') relativizes 'goede hoedanigheden'; the clause is verb-final with 'bemerkten' (perceived). 'niets' supplies the single negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the phrase van de dooden","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dooden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dooden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dooden","lemma":"dood","morphology":"adjective, substantivized plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"dead","note":"Dooden is the older spelling of the substantivized plural doden, ‘the dead’."},{"surface":"verneemt","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verneemt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verneemt","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hoedanigheden","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"hoedanigheden","lemma":"hoedanigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verneemt","gloss":"qualities"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of bemerkten","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bemerkten","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bemerkten","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bemerkten","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"bemerkten","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on hoedanigheden","gloss":"noticed"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h12-s103","source":"De oorzaak zal wel zyn dat ze niemand in den weg staan.","translation":"The cause will surely be that they stand in no one's way.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De oorzaak zal wel zyn dat ze niemand in den weg staan","title":"Idiom 'in den weg staan' + case remnant","body":"'iemand in den weg staan' = 'to stand in someone's way'; 'den weg' preserves the old masculine accusative 'den'. The 'dat'-clause is verb-final, so 'staan' closes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copular main verb governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of staan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of staan","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in de weg staan","gloss":"in","note":"Iemand in de weg staan means ‘to stand in someone’s way’."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"stand"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h12-s104","source":"Alle menschen zyn min of meer mededingers. We zouden gaarne èlk ander geheel en in alles onder ons plaatsen.","translation":"All people are more or less rivals. We would gladly set every other person wholly and in all things beneath us.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"We zouden gaarne èlk ander ... onder ons plaatsen","title":"Conditional 'zouden' + 'gaarne'","body":"'zouden ... plaatsen' is the conditional ('we would set'); 'gaarne' is the literary equivalent of 'graag' (gladly). The infinitive 'plaatsen' sits at the end after the long object phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"copula linking menschen to mededingers","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"min","lemma":"min","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"part of the phrase min of meer","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links min and meer","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"part of the phrase min of meer","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"mededingers","lemma":"mededinger","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"rivals"},{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of plaatsen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of plaatsen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies plaatsen","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"èlk","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, substantivized singular","role":"direct object of plaatsen","gloss":"other person"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies plaatsen","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite","role":"object of in","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of onder","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaatsen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zouden","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h12-s105","source":"Dit echter te uiten, verbiedt de goede toon en zelfs het eigenbelang, want zeer spoedig zou niemand ons gelooven ook al beweerden wy iets waars.","translation":"To utter this, however, is forbidden by good manners, and even by self-interest, for very soon no one would believe us, even if we asserted something true.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit ... te uiten, verbiedt de goede toon","title":"Fronted infinitive clause as object","body":"The whole infinitive phrase 'Dit ... te uiten' (to utter this) is fronted as the object, so the verb 'verbiedt' comes second and the real subject 'de goede toon' follows — verb-second over a heavy fronted constituent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ook al beweerden wy iets waars","title":"Concessive 'ook al' + subjunctive-feel imperfect","body":"'ook al + imperfect' = 'even if', here 'ook al beweerden wy' ('even if we asserted'). 'iets waars' shows the partitive -s after 'iets' ('something true')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative","role":"direct object of uiten","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uiten","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive uiten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"uiten","lemma":"uiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the infinitival direct object of verbiedt","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"verbiedt","lemma":"verbieden","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forbids"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies toon","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verbiedt","gloss":"manners"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eigenbelang","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eigenbelang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigenbelang","lemma":"eigenbelang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated subject of verbiedt","gloss":"self-interest"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spoedig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelooven","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of gelooven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelooven","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gelooven","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"believe","note":"Older spelling of modern Dutch geloven."},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the concessive conjunction ook al","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, concessive","role":"part of the conjunction ook al","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"beweerden","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, past, first person plural","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"asserted"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beweerden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite","role":"direct object of beweerden","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"waars","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, substantivized with partitive -s","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h12-s106","source":"Er moet dus een omweg gezocht worden, en ziet hier hoe we dit doen.","translation":"A roundabout way must therefore be sought, and here is how we do it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er moet ... een omweg gezocht worden","title":"Modal passive with 'er'","body":"'moet ... gezocht worden' is a modal worden-passive ('must be sought'): modal 'moeten' + participle 'gezocht' + passive 'worden'. The dummy 'er' opens the clause before the indefinite subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ziet hier hoe we dit doen","title":"Archaic plural imperative 'ziet'","body":"'ziet' is the older -t plural/polite imperative ('see, behold'), addressing the listeners formally. Modern Dutch would use the bare stem 'zie'; the -t form belongs to solemn, oratorical register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive subject of gezocht","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezocht","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezocht","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omweg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"omweg","lemma":"omweg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gezocht","gloss":"roundabout way"},{"surface":"gezocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gezocht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, archaic plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"see","note":"In the presentational phrase “ziet hier,” this means “here is.”"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the presentational phrase ziet hier","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h12-s107","source":"Als gy, Duclari, zegt: \"de luitenant Slobkous is een goed soldaat, waarachtig hy is een goed soldaat, ik kan je niet genoeg zeggen welk een goed soldaat de luitenant Slobkous is ... maar een theoretikus is hy niet ... Heb je niet zoo gezegd, Duclari?","translation":"When you, Duclari, say: \"Lieutenant Gaiters is a good soldier, truly he is a good soldier, I cannot tell you enough what a good soldier Lieutenant Gaiters is ... but a theorist he is not ...\" — Haven't you said something like that, Duclari?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"welk een goed soldaat de luitenant Slobkous is","title":"Exclamative 'welk een'","body":"'welk een' = 'what a' in an exclamation; the embedded clause is verb-final, so 'is' closes it. 'welk' agrees with the het-word-flavored phrase but the whole 'een goed soldaat' is the predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause headed by zegt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative addressing gy","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate Als-clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of luitenant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luitenant","lemma":"luitenant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"lieutenant"},{"surface":"Slobkous","lemma":"Slobkous","morphology":"proper noun","role":"name in apposition to luitenant","gloss":"Gaiters"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to soldaat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soldaat","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies soldaat","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"soldaat","lemma":"soldaat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"soldier"},{"surface":"waarachtig","lemma":"waarachtig","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying is","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to soldaat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soldaat","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies soldaat","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"soldaat","lemma":"soldaat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"soldier"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree complement of zeggen","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kan","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"welk","lemma":"welk","morphology":"determiner","role":"exclamative determiner in welk een","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of the exclamative determiner welk een","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies soldaat","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"soldaat","lemma":"soldaat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"soldier"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of luitenant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luitenant","lemma":"luitenant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"lieutenant"},{"surface":"Slobkous","lemma":"Slobkous","morphology":"proper noun","role":"name in apposition to luitenant","gloss":"Gaiters"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to soldaat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of theoretikus","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"theoretikus","lemma":"theoreticus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"fronted predicative complement of is","gloss":"theorist","note":"Theoretikus is an old spelling of modern theoreticus."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to theoretikus","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative addressing je","gloss":"Duclari"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h12-s108","source":"--Ik heb nooit een luitenant Slobkous gekend of gezien?","translation":"\"I have never known or seen any Lieutenant Gaiters?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb nooit een luitenant Slobkous gekend of gezien","title":"Perfect with coordinated participles + 'nooit'","body":"'heb nooit ... gekend of gezien' — one auxiliary 'heb' carries two participles ('gekend', 'gezien') joined by 'of'. 'nooit' is the single negation; both participles close the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gekend","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekend","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"indefinite determiner of luitenant","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"luitenant","lemma":"luitenant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gekend","gloss":"lieutenant"},{"surface":"Slobkous","lemma":"Slobkous","morphology":"proper noun","role":"name in apposition to luitenant","gloss":"Gaiters"},{"surface":"gekend","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with gekend","gloss":"seen"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h12-s109","source":"--Goed, schep er dan een, en zeg dat van hem.","translation":"\"Good, then invent one, and say that of him.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schep er dan een, en zeg dat van hem","title":"Imperatives + quantitative 'er ... een'","body":"'schep' and 'zeg' are bare-stem imperatives ('invent', 'say'). 'er ... een' is the quantitative 'er' meaning 'one of them' — 'invent one'. 'dat van hem' = 'that about him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"schep","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invent"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"partitive complement of een","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schep","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of schep","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"coordinated with schep","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of zeg","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h12-s110","source":"--Wèl, ik schep hem, en zeg het.","translation":"\"Why, I invent him, and say it.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s110.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"schep","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invent"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of schep","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with schep","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeg","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h12-s111","source":"--Weet je wat ge nu gezegd hebt?","translation":"\"Do you know what you have just said?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Weet je wat ge nu gezegd hebt?","title":"Embedded perfect in indirect question","body":"'wat ge nu gezegd hebt' is an indirect question, verb-final, with the perfect 'gezegd hebt'. Note the register-shift mid-sentence from familiar 'je' (in 'Weet je') to formal 'ge' (in the quoted clause)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd and head of interrogative clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the embedded interrogative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h12-s112","source":"Je hebt gezegd dat jy, Duclari, à cheval bent op de theorie.","translation":"You have said that you, Duclari, are à cheval upon theory.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"jy","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative addressing jy","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition, French","role":"part of the fixed phrase à cheval","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"cheval","lemma":"cheval","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, French","role":"part of the predicative phrase à cheval","gloss":"horseback","note":"French à cheval, literally “on horseback,” here means rigorously insistent on a principle."},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking jy to à cheval op de theorie","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition linking à cheval to theorie","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of theorie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"theorie","lemma":"theorie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"theory"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h12-s113","source":"Ik ben geen haar beter.","translation":"I am not a hair better.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben geen haar beter","title":"Idiom 'geen haar beter'","body":"'geen haar beter' = 'not a hair better, no better at all'. 'geen' negates the noun 'haar' (hair) in this fixed comparative idiom; 'beter' is the comparative of 'goed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beter","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to beter","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of haar","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"measure phrase modifying beter","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h12-s114","source":"Geloof me, we doen onrecht zoo boos te worden op iemand die heel slecht is, want de goeden onder ons zyn 't slechte zoo na!","translation":"Believe me, we do wrong to grow so angry at someone who is utterly bad, for the good among us stand so near the bad!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"we doen onrecht zoo boos te worden op iemand die heel slecht is","title":"'te'-infinitive + verb-final relative","body":"'onrecht doen ... te worden' uses a 'te'-infinitive complement ('we do wrong to grow angry'). The relative 'die ... is' is verb-final. 'worden' here is inchoative 'to become/grow' (angry), not the passive auxiliary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the opening clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Geloof","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies boos","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"boos","lemma":"boos","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of worden","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of doen","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of worden","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slecht","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to slecht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of goeden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goeden","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"good people"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of onder","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of slechte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slechte","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"complement of na","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of na","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"near"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h12-s115","source":"Laat eens de volmaaktheid nul heeten, en honderd graden voor slecht gelden, hoe verkeerd doen we dan--wy, die dobberen tusschen acht-en negen-en-negentig!--haro te roepen over iemand die op honderd-en-één staat!","translation":"Let perfection be called nought, and let a hundred degrees stand for bad — how wrongly, then, do we act, we who bob about between eight-and-ninety and nine-and-ninety, in crying haro upon someone who stands at a hundred-and-one!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Laat eens de volmaaktheid nul heeten","title":"Causative imperative 'laat ... heeten'","body":"'Laat ... heeten' is causative 'laten' in the imperative with the bare infinitive 'heeten' (to be called): 'let perfection be called nought'. 'heeten' is the period spelling of modern 'heten'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe verkeerd doen we dan","title":"Exclamative 'hoe' + inversion","body":"'hoe verkeerd' (how wrongly) fronts an exclamative degree-phrase, forcing inversion 'doen we'. The interrupting clause 'wy, die dobberen tusschen...' is a verb-final relative aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Laat","gloss":"for once"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of volmaaktheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volmaaktheid","lemma":"volmaaktheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Laat and subject of heeten","gloss":"perfection"},{"surface":"nul","lemma":"nul","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of heeten","gloss":"zero"},{"surface":"heeten","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of Laat","gloss":"be called","note":"Heeten is an old spelling of modern heten."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"honderd","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies graden","gloss":"one hundred"},{"surface":"graden","lemma":"graad","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of gelden","gloss":"degrees"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement slecht","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of gelden","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"second infinitival complement of Laat","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkeerd","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"wrongly"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"apposition to we","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dobberen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dobberen","lemma":"dobberen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"bob about"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking acht-en","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"acht-en","lemma":"achtennegentig","morphology":"numeral","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"ninety-eight","note":"The ending -negentig is omitted here and supplied by the following coordinated number."},{"surface":"negen-en-negentig","lemma":"negenennegentig","morphology":"numeral","role":"second object of tusschen","gloss":"ninety-nine"},{"surface":"haro","lemma":"haro","morphology":"interjection used as noun","role":"direct object of roepen","gloss":"outcry","note":"Haro is an archaic cry of alarm or outraged protest."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive roepen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of doen","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of over","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honderd-en-één","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"honderd-en-één","lemma":"honderd-en-één","morphology":"numeral","role":"object of op","gloss":"one hundred and one"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"stands"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h12-s116","source":"En nog geloof ik dat velen dien honderdsten graad slechts niet bereiken uit gemis aan goede eigenschappen, aan moed by-voorbeeld om geheel te zyn wat men is.","translation":"And still I believe that many fail to reach that hundredth degree only for want of good qualities, of courage, for instance, to be wholly what one is.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat velen dien honderdsten graad slechts niet bereiken uit gemis aan goede eigenschappen","title":"Case remnant 'dien' + verb-final order","body":"'dien honderdsten graad' carries the old masculine accusative -en twice (demonstrative 'die' → 'dien'; ordinal 'honderdste' → 'honderdsten'). The 'dat'-clause is verb-final: 'bereiken' (reach) closes it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"moed ... om geheel te zyn wat men is","title":"Purpose 'om ... te' as complement","body":"'om ... te zyn' = 'to be' frames the content of the courage: 'courage ... to be wholly what one is'. The infinitive 'zyn' closes the 'om'-clause, with 'wat men is' a verb-final free relative."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geloof","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bereiken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of bereiken","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of graad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"honderdsten","lemma":"honderdste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies graad","gloss":"hundredth"},{"surface":"graad","lemma":"graad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bereiken","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb modifying uit gemis","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bereiken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bereiken","lemma":"bereiken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the complement clause","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemis","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"gemis","lemma":"gemis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bereiken","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eigenschappen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies eigenschappen","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"eigenschappen","lemma":"eigenschap","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"qualities"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"by-voorbeeld","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying moed","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitival complement of moed","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of om","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is and zyn","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to wat","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h12-s117","source":"--Op hoeveel graden sta ik, Max?","translation":"\"At how many degrees do I stand, Max?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s117.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking graden","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"hoeveel","lemma":"hoeveel","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies graden","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"graden","lemma":"graad","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of Op","gloss":"degrees"},{"surface":"sta","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sta","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative addressing ik","gloss":"Max"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h12-s118","source":"--Ik heb een loep noodig voor de onderdeelen, Tine.","translation":"\"I need a magnifying glass for the fractions, Tine.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een loep / de onderdeelen","title":"loep; onderdeelen","body":"'een loep' = a magnifying glass; 'de onderdeelen' (= onderdelen) = the parts/fractions. Havelaar gallantly jokes he'd need a magnifier to read the tiny imperfections in Tine's score."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loep","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"loep","lemma":"loep","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"magnifying glass"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of heb","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderdeelen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderdeelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderdeelen","lemma":"onderdeel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"fractions","note":"Onderdeelen is an old spelling of modern onderdelen."},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative addressing ik","gloss":"Tine"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h12-s119","source":"--Ik reklameer, riep Verbrugge--neen, mevrouw, niet tegen uwe nabyheid aan de nul!--neen, maar er zyn ambtenaren gesuspendeerd, er is een kind zoek, een generaal in staat van beschuldiging ... ik vraag: la pièce!","translation":"\"I protest,\" cried Verbrugge — \"no, Madame, not against your nearness to nought! — no, but officials have been suspended, a child is missing, a general stands accused ... I ask: la pièce!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tegen uwe nabyheid aan de nul","title":"Possessive 'uwe' + period spelling","body":"'uwe' is the inflected formal possessive 'your' (from 'uw'), with the older -e ending before a de-word. 'nabyheid' = nabijheid (nearness/proximity), again y for ij."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er zyn ambtenaren gesuspendeerd, er is een kind zoek","title":"Existential 'er' stacked","body":"A run of presentative 'er' clauses ('er zyn ... gesuspendeerd', 'er is een kind zoek') piles up the grievances. 'zoek zijn' = 'to be missing/lost'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of reklameer","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"reklameer","lemma":"reklameren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"protest"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates implied reklameer","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of implied protest","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal, inflected","role":"determiner of nabijheid","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"nabyheid","lemma":"nabijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"nearness"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of nabijheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of nul","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nul","lemma":"nul","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"nought"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting explanation","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"ambtenaren","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive gesuspendeerd","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"gesuspendeerd","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate with zijn","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"zoek","lemma":"zoek","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"missing"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of implied is","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"begins fixed phrase in staat van beschuldiging","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in in fixed phrase","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"links staat to beschuldiging","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of staat van","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"ask for"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"French definite article, feminine singular","role":"determiner of pièce","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pièce","lemma":"pièce","morphology":"French noun, feminine singular","role":"direct object of vraag","gloss":"document"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h12-s120","source":"--Tine, zorg toch dat er een volgenden keer wat in huis is!","translation":"\"Tine, do see to it that next time there's something in the house!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zorg toch dat er een volgenden keer wat in huis is","title":"Imperative 'zorg' + 'dat'-clause","body":"'zorg' is the bare-stem imperative ('see to it'), softened by 'toch'. The 'dat'-clause is verb-final ('is'); 'er ... wat' is existential 'er' with vague 'wat' (something) — 'that there's something in the house'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorgen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of command","gloss":"see to it"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds urging force to zorg","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of zorg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of keer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies keer","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"keer","lemma":"keer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of is","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h12-s121","source":"Neen, Verbrugge, je krygt la pièce niet, voor ik nog een beetje heb rondgereden op myn stokpaardje over de tegenstellingen.","translation":"No, Verbrugge, you shan't have la pièce until I've ridden my hobby-horse around the matter of contrasts a little longer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor ik nog een beetje heb rondgereden op myn stokpaardje","title":"Subordinator 'voor' + perfect of separable verb","body":"'voor' (before) sends the verb cluster to the end: 'heb rondgereden' (perfect of separable 'rondrijden', to ride about). 'op zijn stokpaardje rijden' = 'to ride one's hobby-horse', i.e. dwell on a pet topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"je krygt la pièce niet","title":"Negation 'niet' after the object","body":"'niet' negates the verb 'krygt' (= krijgt, get) and lands after the definite object 'la pièce'. With a definite object 'niet' (not 'geen') does the negating — 'you don't get la pièce'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of krijgt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"krygt","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"shall have"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"French definite article, feminine singular","role":"determiner of pièce","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pièce","lemma":"pièce","morphology":"French noun, feminine singular","role":"direct object of krijgt","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates krijgt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal limit clause","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of rondgereden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies een beetje rondgereden","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of beetje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"beetje","lemma":"beetje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial measure of rondgereden","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of rondgereden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"rondgereden","lemma":"rondrijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"ridden around"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces instrument of rondgereden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of stokpaardje","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"stokpaardje","lemma":"stokpaardje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"hobby-horse"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces topic of stokpaardje","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of tegenstellingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tegenstellingen","lemma":"tegenstelling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"contrasts"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h12-s122","source":"Ik zei dat elk mensch in zyn medemensch een soort van konkurrent ziet.","translation":"I was saying that every man sees in his fellow man a kind of competitor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat elk mensch in zyn medemensch een soort van konkurrent ziet","title":"Verb-final 'dat'-clause + middle field","body":"'dat ... ziet' is verb-final; between subject and verb the middle field orders the adverbials ('in zyn medemensch ... een soort van konkurrent'). 'medemensch' is a compound 'fellow-human'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"elk","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mens","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ziet","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of medemens","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"medemensch","lemma":"medemens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"fellow man"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object complement of ziet","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of soort","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"konkurrent","lemma":"concurrent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"competitor"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"sees"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h12-s123","source":"Men mag niet altyd laken--wat in 't oog vallen zou!--daarom verheffen wy gaarne een goede eigenschap bovenmate, om de kwade hoedanigheid aan welker openbaring ons eigenlyk alleen gelegen is, te doen in het oog vallen, zonder den schyn op ons te laden van partydigheid.","translation":"One may not always be finding fault--how that would catch the eye!--and so we gladly exalt some good quality beyond measure, in order to throw into relief the bad quality whose exposure is really our only aim, without laying ourselves open to the appearance of partiality.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verheffen wy gaarne een goede eigenschap bovenmate, om ... te doen in het oog vallen","title":"Causative-purpose: om ... te doen ... vallen","body":"'om ... te doen ... vallen' chains 'doen' (causative 'make') with the bare infinitive 'vallen' inside an 'om ... te' purpose clause — 'in order to make (the bad quality) catch the eye'. 'in het oog vallen' = to be conspicuous."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan welker openbaring ons ... gelegen is","title":"Formal genitive relative 'welker'","body":"'aan welker openbaring' = 'on whose exposure', the heavy genitive relative 'welker' agreeing with feminine 'kwade hoedanigheid'. 'ons is gelegen aan' = 'we are concerned with', an impersonal idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of mag","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of laken","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates mag laken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laken","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"laken","lemma":"laken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of mag","gloss":"find fault"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou vallen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of vallen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verheffen","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"verheffen","lemma":"verheffen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"exalt"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verheffen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verheffen","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of eigenschap","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies eigenschap","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"eigenschap","lemma":"eigenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verheffen","gloss":"quality"},{"surface":"bovenmate","lemma":"bovenmate","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verheffen","gloss":"beyond measure"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of hoedanigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kwade","lemma":"kwaad","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hoedanigheid","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"hoedanigheid","lemma":"hoedanigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen vallen","gloss":"quality"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom gelegen zijn aan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"welker","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative possessive determiner, feminine singular","role":"determiner of openbaring","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"openbaring","lemma":"openbaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"exposure"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer of gelegen is","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelegen is","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelegen is","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"gelegen","lemma":"gelegen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement in gelegen zijn aan","gloss":"of concern"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with gelegen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of om","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"stand out"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating preposition","role":"introduces infinitive clause","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of schijn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schyn","lemma":"schijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of laden","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of laden","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of op","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive laden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laden","lemma":"laden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of schijn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"partydigheid","lemma":"partijdigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"partiality"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h12-s124","source":"Als iemand zich by my beklaagt omdat ik gezegd heb: \"zyn dochter is zeer schoon, maar hy is een dief\" dan antwoord ik: \"hoe kan je dáárover zoo boos wezen! Ik heb immers gezegd dat je dochter een lief meisjen is!\" Zieje, dat wint dubbel!","translation":"When someone complains to me because I have said, \"his daughter is very beautiful, but he is a thief,\" I answer, \"how can you be so angry about that! Why, I said your daughter is a charming girl!\" You see, that wins twice over!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als iemand zich by my beklaagt","title":"Reflexive 'zich beklagen'","body":"'zich beklagen (over/by)' = 'to complain'; the reflexive 'zich' agrees with the subject 'iemand'. 'als' opens the verb-final condition, so 'beklaagt' closes it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een lief meisjen","title":"Diminutive 'meisjen'","body":"'meisjen' is the period spelling of 'meisje' (girl) — itself a diminutive (always neuter) so the adjective is 'lief' without -e after the indefinite 'een' + neuter noun. The final -n is an archaic written flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beklaagt","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of beklaagt","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces person complained to","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of bij","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"beklaagt","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"complains"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with heb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dochter and schoon","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schoon","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links contrasted clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hij and dief","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of dief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dief","lemma":"dief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks consequence of als-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of antwoord","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies boos wezen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dáárover","lemma":"daarover","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of boos","gloss":"about that"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies boos","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"boos","lemma":"boos","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"complement of wezen","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"emphasizes justification","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with heb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lief","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies meisje","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"meisjen","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dochter and meisje","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Zieje","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular, with enclitic pronoun","role":"parenthetical appeal to listener","gloss":"you see","note":"Spelled as one word here for modern zie je."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wint","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wint","lemma":"winnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"wins"},{"surface":"dubbel","lemma":"dubbel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wint","gloss":"twice over"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h12-s125","source":"Wy beiden zyn kruieniers, ik neem hem zyn klanten af, die geen rozynen willen koopen by een dief, en te-gelyker-tyd zegt men van my dat ik een goed mensch ben, omdat ik de dochter prys van een konkurrent.","translation":"We are both grocers; I draw off his customers, who will not buy raisins from a thief, and at the same time people say of me that I am a good fellow, because I praise a competitor's daughter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die geen rozynen willen koopen by een dief","title":"Relative 'die' + modal 'willen'","body":"'die ... willen koopen' is a verb-final relative clause (its antecedent 'zyn klanten', the customers); modal 'willen' sends 'koopen' to the end. 'geen rozynen' = 'no raisins', 'geen' negating the indefinite plural."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kruieniers","title":"kruidenier = grocer","body":"'kruieniers' (= kruideniers) are grocers/shopkeepers — literally 'spice-men' (kruid, spice). The petty-commerce metaphor deflates Havelaar's grand cynical thesis into a shopkeeper's rivalry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"beiden","lemma":"beide","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"supplement to subject wij","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking wij and kruideniers","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"kruieniers","lemma":"kruidenier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"grocers"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of separable afnemen","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of neem af","gloss":"from him"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of klanten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"klanten","lemma":"klant","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of neem af","gloss":"customers"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing neem ... af","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of willen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of rozijnen","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"rozynen","lemma":"rozijn","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of kopen","gloss":"raisins"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"relative-clause verb governing kopen","gloss":"want to"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"buy"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces seller","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of dief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dief","lemma":"dief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te-gelyker-tyd","lemma":"tegelijkertijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zegt","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces topic of zegt","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of van","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of zegt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of mens","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mens","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik and mens","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of prijs","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of prijs","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijzen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of reason clause","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of dochter","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of concurrent","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"konkurrent","lemma":"concurrent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"competitor"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h12-s126","source":"--Neen, zóó erg is 't niet, zei Duclari, dàt is wat sterk!","translation":"--No, it is not quite so bad as that, said Duclari, that is rather strong!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s126.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"modifies erg","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"erg","lemma":"erg","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het and erg","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, elided","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative, emphatic","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat and sterk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies sterk","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"strong"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h12-s127","source":"--Dit komt u nu zoo voor, omdat ik de vergelyking wat kort en brusk gemaakt heb.","translation":"--It strikes you so just now because I have made the comparison a little too short and abrupt.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit komt u nu zoo voor","title":"Separable 'voorkomen' (to seem), formal 'u'","body":"'komt ... voor' = 'seems' (separable), with the formal dative 'u' as experiencer — 'it strikes you'. The fronted 'Dit' triggers inversion 'komt u'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer of komt ... voor","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of komt ... voor","gloss":"strikes"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gemaakt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vergelyking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vergelyking","lemma":"vergelijking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"comparison"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kort and brusk","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of gemaakt","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"brusk","lemma":"bruusk","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with kort","gloss":"abrupt"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by heb","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h12-s128","source":"We moeten ons dat: \"hy is een dief\" eenigszins omzwachteld voorstellen.","translation":"We must imagine that \"he is a thief\" somewhat softened and wrapped about.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"We moeten ons dat ... omzwachteld voorstellen","title":"Reflexive 'zich voorstellen' (to imagine)","body":"'zich voorstellen' = 'to imagine/picture'; the reflexive 'ons' agrees with 'we'. Modal 'moeten' sends the separable infinitive 'voorstellen' to the end. 'omzwachteld' (bandaged, wrapped about) is a past participle used adjectivally."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moeten","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of voorstellen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, dative","role":"reflexive indirect object of voorstellen","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of voorstellen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hy to dief","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dief","lemma":"dief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omzwachteld","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"omzwachteld","lemma":"omzwachtelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative modifier of dat","gloss":"wrapped about"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moeten","gloss":"imagine"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h12-s129","source":"De strekking der gelykenis blyft waar. Wanneer we genoodzaakt zyn iemand zekere eigenschappen toe te kennen die aanspraak geven op achting, eerbied of ontzag, dan doet het ons genoegen naast die eigenschappen iets te ontdekken, dat ons van den verschuldigden cyns voor een gedeelte of geheel ontslaat.","translation":"The drift of the parable holds true. When we are obliged to grant someone certain qualities that lay claim to esteem, respect, or awe, then it pleases us to discover, alongside those qualities, something that relieves us in part or in whole of the tribute we owe.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De strekking der gelykenis blyft waar","title":"Genitive remnant 'der'","body":"'der gelykenis' = 'of the parable' uses the old feminine/genitive article 'der' (= van de gelijkenis). By 1860 'der' survives mainly in formal possessive constructions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iets te ontdekken, dat ons van den verschuldigden cyns ... ontslaat","title":"te-infinitive + verb-final relative","body":"'doet het ons genoegen ... te ontdekken' takes a 'te'-infinitive; the relative 'dat ... ontslaat' is verb-final. 'den verschuldigden cyns' (= cijns, tribute/tax) shows masculine accusative 'den' and the attributive -en on 'verschuldigden'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of strekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"strekking","lemma":"strekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blyft","gloss":"drift"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of gelykenis","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"gelykenis","lemma":"gelijkenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of strekking","gloss":"parable"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of blyft","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"genoodzaakt","lemma":"noodzaken","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"obliged"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the wanneer-clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"indirect object of toe ... kennen","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"zekere","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies eigenschappen","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"eigenschappen","lemma":"eigenschap","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"qualities"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of toe ... kennen","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks kennen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of genoodzaakt","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aanspraak","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"claim"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on eigenschappen","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition complementing aanspraak","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"achting","lemma":"achting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"esteem"},{"surface":"eerbied","lemma":"eerbied","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with achting","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ontzag","lemma":"ontzag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with achting","gloss":"awe"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doet","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"dummy subject of doet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of doet","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doet","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eigenschappen","gloss":"alongside"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of eigenschappen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"eigenschappen","lemma":"eigenschap","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of naast","gloss":"qualities"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ontdekken","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks ontdekken as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontdekken","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doet ... genoegen","gloss":"discover"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ontslaat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ontslaat","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition complementing ontslaat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, accusative masculine singular","role":"determiner of cyns","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verschuldigden","lemma":"verschuldigd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies cyns","gloss":"owed"},{"surface":"cyns","lemma":"cijns","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"tribute"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking extent","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedeelte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gedeelte","lemma":"gedeelte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ontslaat","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated extent expression with voor een gedeelte","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"ontslaat","lemma":"ontslaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on iets","gloss":"relieves"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h12-s130","source":"\"Voor zulk een dichter zou men 't hoofd buigen, maar ... hy slaat zyn vrouw!\" Ziet ge, dan gebruiken wy gaarne de blauwe plekken van die vrouw als voorwendsel om ons hoofd overeind te houden, en in 't eind doet het ons zelfs pleizier dat hy 't mensch slaat, wat toch anders heel leelyk is.","translation":"\"Before such a poet one would bow the head, but ... he beats his wife!\" You see, then we are glad to use the bruises on that woman as a pretext for keeping our own head upright, and in the end it even gives us pleasure that he beats the creature, which is otherwise a very ugly thing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan gebruiken wy gaarne de blauwe plekken ... als voorwendsel","title":"Fronted 'dan' + inversion","body":"After the fronted 'dan' (then) the verb 'gebruiken' comes second and the subject 'wy' follows. 'als voorwendsel' = 'as a pretext'; 'om ... te houden' adds a purpose clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"blauwe plekken / 't mensch slaat","title":"blauwe plekken; neuter 'het mensch'","body":"'blauwe plekken' = bruises (literally 'blue spots'). Note ''t mensch' (het mens) — when 'mens' is neuter it is pejorative, here 'the creature/woman', a contemptuous tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dichter","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dichter","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dichter","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dichter","lemma":"dichter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of buigen","gloss":"poet"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of buigen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of buigen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of buigen","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"buigen","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of slaat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"slaat","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"beats"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of slaat","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"Ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical question","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Ziet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebruiken","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"gebruiken","lemma":"gebruiken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gebruiken","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebruiken","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plekken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blauwe","lemma":"blauw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies plekken","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"plekken","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gebruiken","gloss":"marks"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative function of voorwendsel","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"voorwendsel","lemma":"voorwendsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of gebruiken","gloss":"pretext"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive houden","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hoofd","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"overeind","lemma":"overeind","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of houden","gloss":"upright"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks houden as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying gebruiken","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eind","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of doet","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with gebruiken","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of doet","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doet","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"pleizier","lemma":"plezier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doet","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of slaat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of slaat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of slaat","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"slaat","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"beats"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leelyk","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leelyk","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"leelyk","lemma":"lelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"ugly"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause introduced by wat","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h12-s131","source":"Zoodra wy erkennen moeten dat iemand hoedanigheden bezit die hem de eer van een voetstuk waardig maken, zoodra we zyn aanspraken daarop niet langer kùnnen loochenen zonder doortegaan voor onkundig, gevoelloos, of nayverig ... dan zeggen we ten-laatste: \"goed, zet hem er op!\" Maar reeds onder dat opzetten, en als hyzelf nog meent dat we verrukt staan over zyn uitstekendheid, hebben we reeds den strik gelegd in den lazzo die dienen moet om hem by de eerste gunstige gelegenheid naar-beneden te halen.","translation":"As soon as we are forced to acknowledge that someone possesses qualities making him worthy of the honor of a pedestal, as soon as we can no longer deny his claim to it without passing for ignorant, unfeeling, or envious ... then at last we say, \"very well, set him up there!\" But even while we are hoisting him up, and while he himself still imagines we stand enraptured by his excellence, we have already tied the knot in the lasso that is to serve, at the first favorable opportunity, for hauling him down again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoodra wy erkennen moeten dat iemand hoedanigheden bezit","title":"Subordinator 'zoodra' + verb-final cluster","body":"'zoodra' (as soon as) sends the verbs to the end: 'erkennen moeten' (must acknowledge). The embedded 'dat'-clause is itself verb-final ('bezit'). Stacked subordination is typical of Multatuli's long periods."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zonder doortegaan voor onkundig","title":"te-infinitive written joined: doortegaan","body":"'doortegaan' is 1860's joined spelling of 'door te gaan' (the 'te' tucked into separable 'doorgaan'). 'doorgaan voor' = 'to pass for'; read it as 'door te gaan voor onkundig'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of erkennen","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moeten","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moeten","gloss":"acknowledge"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bezit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bezit","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"hoedanigheden","lemma":"hoedanigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bezit","gloss":"qualities"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of erkennen","gloss":"possesses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of waardig","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voetstuk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voetstuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"voetstuk","lemma":"voetstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"pedestal"},{"surface":"waardig","lemma":"waardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of maken","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on hoedanigheden","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kùnnen","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kùnnen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of aanspraken","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aanspraken","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of loochenen","gloss":"claims"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complementing aanspraken","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kùnnen loochenen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies kùnnen","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"kùnnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of loochenen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"loochenen","lemma":"loochenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kùnnen","gloss":"deny"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive doortegaan","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"doortegaan","lemma":"doorgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zonder","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking predicate complements","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"onkundig","lemma":"onkundig","morphology":"adjective","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"ignorant"},{"surface":"gevoelloos","lemma":"gevoelloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with onkundig","gloss":"unfeeling"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"nayverig","lemma":"naijverig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with onkundig","gloss":"envious"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ten-laatste","lemma":"ten laatste","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces quoted command","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"zet","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"verb of quoted command","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of zet","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of zet ... op","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zet ... op","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelegd","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking simultaneous circumstance","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of opzetten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"opzetten","lemma":"opzetten","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"hoisting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of meent","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meent","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meent","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"meent","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of clause introduced by als","gloss":"imagines"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verrukt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"verrukt","lemma":"verrukken","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"predicative complement of staan","gloss":"enraptured"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"clausal complement of meent","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitstekendheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of uitstekendheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"uitstekendheid","lemma":"uitstekendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"excellence"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gelegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelegd","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, accusative masculine singular","role":"determiner of strik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"strik","lemma":"strik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gelegd","gloss":"knot"},{"surface":"gelegd","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by hebben","gloss":"tied"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lazzo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, accusative masculine singular","role":"determiner of lazzo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lazzo","lemma":"lasso","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gelegd","gloss":"lasso"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common singular","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of dienen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive halen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of halen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelegenheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"adjective, ordinal","role":"modifies gelegenheid","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"gunstige","lemma":"gunstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gelegenheid","gloss":"favorable"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"naar-beneden","lemma":"naar beneden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies halen","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks halen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"halen","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive complement of dienen","gloss":"haul"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h12-s132","source":"Hoe meer mutatie onder de inhabers der voetstukken, hoe grooter de kans voor anderen om óók eens aan de beurt te komen, en dit is zóó waar dat wy uit gewoonte en tot oefening--even als een jager die op kraaien schiet, welke hy toch liggen laat--ook die standbeelden gaarne neerhalen, welker piedestal nooit door ons kan bestegen worden.","translation":"The more turnover there is among the occupants of the pedestals, the greater the chance for others to come up for their turn as well; and this is so true that, out of habit and for practice--just like a hunter who shoots at crows he leaves lying where they fall--we gladly pull down even those statues whose pedestal we ourselves can never hope to mount.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe meer mutatie ..., hoe grooter de kans","title":"Correlative 'hoe ... hoe ...'","body":"'hoe meer ..., hoe grooter ...' is the comparative correlative ('the more ..., the greater ...'). Both limbs use comparative forms ('meer', 'grooter') with no verb in this elliptical proverb-like frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"welker piedestal nooit door ons kan bestegen worden","title":"Formal relative 'welker' + modal passive","body":"'welker piedestal' = 'whose pedestal' (formal genitive relative). 'kan ... bestegen worden' is a modal worden-passive ('can be mounted'); 'nooit' supplies the single negation, 'door ons' the agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb modifying meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying adverb","role":"modifies mutatie","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"mutatie","lemma":"mutatie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the subordinate comparative phrase","gloss":"turnover"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inhabers","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inhabers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inhabers","lemma":"inhaber","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"occupants","note":"Inhaber is a dated Germanism for an occupant or holder."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"genitive determiner of voetstukken","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"voetstukken","lemma":"voetstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of inhabers","gloss":"pedestals"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb modifying grooter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of kans","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kans","lemma":"kans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of the understood copula","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anderen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause te komen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"óók","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aan de beurt komen","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom aan de beurt komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beurt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurt","lemma":"beurt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan in aan de beurt komen","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement specifying kans","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying waar","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause headed by neerhalen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of neerhalen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewoonte","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"gewoonte","lemma":"gewoonte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"habit"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oefening","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"oefening","lemma":"oefening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"practice"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the comparison even als","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with een jager","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jager","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jager","lemma":"jager","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the comparison even als een jager","gloss":"hunter"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of schiet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kraaien","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"kraaien","lemma":"kraai","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"crows"},{"surface":"schiet","lemma":"schieten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on jager","gloss":"shoots"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laat","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative complement of laat","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on kraaien","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses die standbeelden","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of standbeelden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"standbeelden","lemma":"standbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of neerhalen","gloss":"statues"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies neerhalen","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"neerhalen","lemma":"neerhalen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"pull down"},{"surface":"welker","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative determiner, genitive plural","role":"possessive determiner of piedestal","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"piedestal","lemma":"piëdestal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of the passive clause","gloss":"pedestal"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestegen","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, plural","role":"agent of the passive bestegen worden","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of bestegen worden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"bestegen","lemma":"bestijgen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in the passive construction","gloss":"mounted"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of bestegen","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h12-s133","source":"Kappelman die zich voedt met zuurkool en scharrebier, zoekt verheffing in de klacht: \"Alexander wàs niet groot ... hy was onmatig\" zonder dat er voor Kappelman de minste kans bestaat ooit met Alexander te konkurreeren in wereldverovering.","translation":"Kappelman, who feeds on sauerkraut and small beer, seeks his own elevation in the complaint, \"Alexander was not great ... he was intemperate,\" though there is not the slightest chance that Kappelman will ever rival Alexander in the conquest of the world.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Kappelman die zich voedt met zuurkool","title":"Reflexive 'zich voeden'","body":"'zich voeden met' = 'to feed (oneself) on'; the reflexive 'zich' is required. 'die ... voedt' is a verb-final relative clause describing the comic figure Kappelman."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Alexander wàs niet groot","title":"Predicative adjective stays uninflected","body":"As a predicate after 'zijn', 'groot' (great) takes no -e: 'Alexander was groot'. The accent on 'wàs' marks the contrastive stress of the envious sneer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kappelman","lemma":"Kappelman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zoekt","gloss":"Kappelman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voedt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of voedt","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"voedt","lemma":"voeden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on Kappelman","gloss":"feeds"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zuurkool","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zuurkool","lemma":"zuurkool","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"sauerkraut"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"scharrebier","lemma":"scharrebier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"small beer","note":"Scharrebier is weak, inexpensive small beer."},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"verheffing","lemma":"verheffing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zoekt","gloss":"elevation"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klacht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klacht","lemma":"klacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"complaint"},{"surface":"Alexander","lemma":"Alexander","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wàs","gloss":"Alexander"},{"surface":"wàs","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Alexander to groot","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groot","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of wàs","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to onmatig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"onmatig","lemma":"onmatig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"intemperate"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition in conjunction zonder dat","role":"introduces the subordinate clause zonder dat","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bestaat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Kappelman","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Kappelman","lemma":"Kappelman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"Kappelman"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minste","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies kans","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"kans","lemma":"kans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bestaat","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"bestaat","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the subordinate clause zonder dat","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies konkurreeren","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Alexander","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Alexander","lemma":"Alexander","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Alexander"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive konkurreeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"konkurreeren","lemma":"concurreren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement specifying kans","gloss":"rival"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wereldverovering","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"wereldverovering","lemma":"wereldverovering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"world conquest"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h12-s134","source":"Hoe dit zy, ik ben zeker dat velen nooit op 't denkbeeld zouden gekomen zyn, den generaal Vandamme voor zoo dapper te houden, als zyn dapperheid niet had kunnen dienen tot voertuig van 't altyd daarby gevoegde: \"maar ... zyn zedelykheid!\" En tevens, dat deze onzedelykheid niet zoo hoog zou opgenomen zyn door de velen die zelf niet zoo onaantastbaar waren op dit stuk, wanneer men ze niet had noodig gehad tot het opwegen tegen zyn roem van dapperheid, die sommigen belette te slapen.","translation":"Be that as it may, I am certain that many would never have hit upon the idea of holding General Vandamme so brave a man, had his bravery not been able to serve as a vehicle for the rider always tacked on beside it: \"but ... his morals!\" And, equally, that this immorality would not have been taken so gravely by the many who were themselves none too unimpeachable on that score, had they not had need of it to balance against his fame for courage, which kept some of them from sleeping.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe dit zy","title":"Subjunctive 'zy' in a fixed phrase","body":"'Hoe dit zy' = 'be that as it may' preserves the present subjunctive 'zy' (= zij, of zijn). The concessive subjunctive survives only in such frozen literary formulae."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als zyn dapperheid niet had kunnen dienen","title":"Counterfactual pluperfect + double infinitive","body":"'had kunnen dienen' is a pluperfect with the 'Ersatzinfinitiv': modal 'kunnen' appears as an infinitive (not participle) beside 'dienen' — 'had been able to serve'. The 'als'-clause is verb-final and counterfactual."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat deze onzedelykheid niet zoo hoog zou opgenomen zyn","title":"Conditional passive 'zou ... opgenomen zyn'","body":"'zou ... opgenomen zyn' is a conditional state-passive ('would (not) have been taken so gravely') built on separable 'opnemen'. 'iets hoog opnemen' = 'to take something seriously/gravely'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the concessive formula Hoe dit zy","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of zy","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of the concessive formula Hoe dit zy","gloss":"may be","note":"Zij is the old present subjunctive of zijn in the fixed phrase hoe dit zij."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to zeker","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gekomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zouden gekomen zyn","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekomen","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom op het denkbeeld komen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gekomen zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in zouden gekomen zyn","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"Vandamme","lemma":"Vandamme","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to generaal","gloss":"Vandamme"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement dapper","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying dapper","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dapper","lemma":"dapper","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of houden","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive houden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of denkbeeld","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessive determiner of dapperheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dapperheid","lemma":"dapperheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had kunnen dienen","gloss":"bravery"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dienen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of dienen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of dienen","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voertuig","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"voertuig","lemma":"voertuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot and complement of dienen","gloss":"vehicle"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of voertuig","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of the substantivized gevoegde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevoegde","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevoegde","gloss":"beside it"},{"surface":"gevoegde","lemma":"voegen","morphology":"substantivized adjective, past participle","role":"head of the nominal phrase governed by van","gloss":"thing added"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted objection","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessive determiner of zedelykheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zedelykheid","lemma":"zedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"morality"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates a second content clause with the first","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the coordination of content clauses","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opgenomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onzedelykheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"onzedelykheid","lemma":"onzedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou opgenomen zyn","gloss":"immorality"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgenomen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying hoog","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgenomen","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgenomen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"opgenomen","lemma":"opnemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in the passive construction","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of opgenomen","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of velen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"agent of the passive opgenomen zyn","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"emphasizes die","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onaantastbaar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onaantastbaar","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"onaantastbaar","lemma":"onaantastbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"unimpeachable"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking die to onaantastbaar","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stuk","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op in the idiom op dit stuk","gloss":"score"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had nodig gehad","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of had nodig gehad","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehad","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement in nodig hebben","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the conditional clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose phrase","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"marks the nominalized infinitive opwegen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opwegen","lemma":"opwegen","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"object of tot","gloss":"balancing"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roem","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessive determiner of roem","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"roem","lemma":"roem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"fame"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dapperheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dapperheid","lemma":"dapperheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of roem","gloss":"bravery"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of belette","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"sommigen","lemma":"sommige","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of belette","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"belette","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on roem","gloss":"prevented"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive slapen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"slapen","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of belette","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h12-s135","source":"Één eigenschap bezat hy werkelyk in hooge mate: wilskracht.","translation":"One quality he did truly possess in high degree: will.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s135.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Één eigenschap bezat hy werkelyk in hooge mate","title":"Object fronting + inversion","body":"Fronting the object 'Één eigenschap' (one quality) for emphasis forces inversion: verb 'bezat' (imperfect of 'bezitten', to possess) second, subject 'hy' after. The accent 'Één' stresses 'one (single)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Één","lemma":"een","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies eigenschap","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"eigenschap","lemma":"eigenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezat","gloss":"quality"},{"surface":"bezat","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of bezat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezat","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mate","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hooge","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies mate","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"mate","lemma":"mate","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"wilskracht","lemma":"wilskracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition specifying eigenschap","gloss":"willpower"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h12-s136","source":"Wat hy zich voornam, moest geschieden, en geschiedde ook gewoonlyk.","translation":"What he set himself to do had to be done, and usually was done.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat hy zich voornam, moest geschieden, en geschiedde ook gewoonlyk","title":"Reflexive 'zich voornemen' + free relative","body":"'Wat hy zich voornam' is a free relative ('what he resolved'), verb-final, with reflexive 'zich voornemen' (to resolve, set oneself). The main clause then runs 'moest geschieden' (had to happen), 'geschiedde' being the imperfect of the formal verb 'geschieden' (to come to pass)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of voornam and head of the subject clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of voornam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive indirect object of voornam","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"voornam","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the free relative subject clause","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geschieden","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"geschieden","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moest","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with moest geschieden","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedde","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedde","gloss":"usually"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h12-s137","source":"Doch--zie je wel dat ik weer terstond de tegenstelling by-de-hand heb?--doch in de keuze der middelen was hy dan ook wat ... vry, en, zooals van der Palm--naar ik geloof, ten-onrechte--van Napoléon zeide: \"hinderpalen der zedelykheid stonden hem nooit in den weg!\" Nu, dan is 't zeker gemakkelyker zyn doel te bereiken, dan wanneer men zich door zoo-iets wèl gebonden acht.","translation":"And yet--you see how I have the contrast at hand again at once?--and yet in his choice of means he was also a little ... free, and, as van der Palm said of Napoleon--wrongly, I believe--\"the barriers of morality never stood in his way!\" Now, in that case it is certainly easier to reach one's goal than when one holds oneself genuinely bound by such things.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stonden hem nooit in den weg","title":"Frozen dative den weg","body":"The masculine accusative/dative ending -en survives in fixed phrases: 'in den weg staan' (to stand in someone's way). In modern Dutch this is simply 'in de weg'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in de keuze der middelen","title":"Genitive plural der","body":"Period prose forms the possessive with the inflected genitive 'der' rather than modern 'van': 'der middelen' = 'of the means'. Today this would be 'in de keuze van de middelen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan dat ik weer terstond de tegenstelling by-de-hand heb","title":"Period spelling: by, gemakkelyk, zyn","body":"Multatuli's 1860 page writes y where modern Dutch writes ij: 'by' (bij), 'myn' (mijn), 'zyn' (zijn), 'gemakkelyk' (gemakkelijk). Train your eye to read y as ij throughout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan dat ik me door zoo-iets wèl gebonden acht","title":"Reflexive zich acht","body":"'zich gebonden achten' uses the 3rd-person reflexive zich (here 3rd-person 'zich' with impersonal 'men') — literally 'to consider oneself bound'. The reflexive pronoun is the object of the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Doch","title":"doch = 'and yet'","body":"An archaic, literary adversative conjunction meaning 'but / yet'. It signals a contrast more solemnly than modern 'maar' and is a hallmark of 1860 written register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical question","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical question","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes zie","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of zie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tegenstelling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tegenstelling","lemma":"tegenstelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"contrast"},{"surface":"by-de-hand","lemma":"bij de hand","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of heb","gloss":"at hand","note":"Historical spelling by for modern bij; bij de hand hebben means “to have at hand.”"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"verb of the complement clause of zie","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the resumed main clause","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the prepositional phrase modifying was","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keuze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keuze","lemma":"keuze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"choice"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of middelen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"middelen","lemma":"middel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive modifier of keuze","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking hy to vry","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse modifier of was","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vry","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vry","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links was to the following comparison","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of zeide","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the surname van der Palm","gloss":"van"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the surname van der Palm","gloss":"der"},{"surface":"Palm","lemma":"Palm","morphology":"proper noun","role":"final part of the surname van der Palm","gloss":"Palm"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause ik geloof","gloss":"as","note":"Here naar ik geloof is an older expression meaning “as I believe.”"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ten-onrechte","lemma":"ten onrechte","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies zeide","gloss":"wrongly"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of zeide","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Napoléon","lemma":"Napoléon","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Napoleon"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hinderpalen","lemma":"hinderpaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of stonden","gloss":"barriers"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of zedelykheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zedelykheid","lemma":"zedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of hinderpalen","gloss":"morality"},{"surface":"stonden","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object in the idiom in de weg staan","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stonden","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase in den weg","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker for the concluding sentence","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"means “in that case” with nu","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking het to gemakkelyker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemakkelyker","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"gemakkelyker","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"easier"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bereiken","gloss":"goal"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive bereiken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bereiken","lemma":"bereiken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement explaining het","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of acht","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of acht","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of acht","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of gebonden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of door","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"emphasizes gebonden","gloss":"genuinely"},{"surface":"gebonden","lemma":"binden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"object complement of zich with acht","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"acht","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"considers"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h12-s138","source":"De adsistent-resident van Padang, dan had een bericht uitgebracht, dat gunstig luidde voor dien gesuspendeerden kontroleur, wiens suspensie hierdoor een tint van onrechtvaardigheid bekwam.","translation":"The assistant-resident of Padang, then, had brought in a report that read favorably for that suspended controller, whose suspension thereby took on a tinge of injustice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dien gesuspendeerden kontroleur, wiens suspensie","title":"Relative wiens + accusative dien","body":"'wiens' is the genitive relative pronoun ('whose'), and 'dien' is the old masculine accusative of 'die'. Together they mark heavy, formal period syntax around a de-word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een tint van onrechtvaardigheid bekwam","title":"Simple past bekwam","body":"'bekwam' is the strong simple past of 'bekomen' (here, to take on / acquire). Strong verbs change the stem vowel rather than adding -te/-de, and the narrative past carries the storytelling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kontroleur","title":"kontroleur (controller)","body":"A 'controller' was a junior colonial administrator overseeing a district under an assistant-resident — Havelaar's own former rank. The word is glossed as 'controller', not a financial auditor."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had uitgebracht","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the modifier Padang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse modifier of had uitgebracht","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bericht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bericht","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uitgebracht","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"uitgebracht","lemma":"uitbrengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"brought in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of luidde and refers to bericht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gunstig","lemma":"gunstig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies luidde","gloss":"favorably"},{"surface":"luidde","lemma":"luiden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the beneficiary of gunstig luidde","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gesuspendeerden","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kontroleur","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"wiens","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative possessive determiner","role":"determiner of suspensie","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"suspensie","lemma":"suspensie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bekwam","gloss":"suspension"},{"surface":"hierdoor","lemma":"hierdoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies bekwam","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tint","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tint","lemma":"tint","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bekwam","gloss":"tinge"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the modifier onrechtvaardigheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onrechtvaardigheid","lemma":"onrechtvaardigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"bekwam","lemma":"bekomen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by wiens","gloss":"took on"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h12-s139","source":"De Padangsche praatjes duurden voort: men sprak nog altyd over 't verdwenen kind. De adsistent-resident voelde zich op-nieuw geroepen die zaak optevatten, maar voor hy iets tot helderheid had kunnen brengen, ontving hy een besluit waarby hy door den Gouverneur van Sumatra's Westkust werd gesuspendeerd \"wegens oneerlykheid in ambtsbetrekking.\" Het heette dat hy uit vriendschap of medelyden de zaak van dien kontroleur, tegen beter weten aan, in een valsch daglicht had gesteld.","translation":"The Padang gossip ran on: people still kept talking about the vanished child. The assistant-resident felt himself called once more to take up the matter, but before he could bring anything to light he received a decree by which the Governor of Sumatra's West Coast suspended him \"on the ground of dishonesty in office.\" It was put about that, out of friendship or pity, he had set the controller's case in a false light, against his own better knowledge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voelde zich op-nieuw geroepen die zaak optevatten","title":"Separable verb + reflexive","body":"'optevatten' (op-te-vatten) is the separable verb 'opvatten' (to take up) with te wedged between prefix and stem — the 1860 page joins it as one word. 'zich geroepen voelen' adds the reflexive zich."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"werd gesuspendeerd ... door den Gouverneur","title":"Process passive with worden","body":"'werd gesuspendeerd' is the worden-passive in the past: the subject (hy) undergoes the action, and the agent is named with 'door den Gouverneur' ('by the Governor', with old dative den)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor hy iets tot helderheid had kunnen brengen","title":"Pluperfect + modal cluster, verb-final","body":"The subordinate clause opened by 'voor' (before) drives the verbs to the end and stacks them: 'had kunnen brengen' = pluperfect of 'hebben' + the modal 'kunnen' + infinitive 'brengen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het heette dat hy ... had gesteld","title":"Impersonal het heette","body":"'Het heette dat...' uses dummy het: 'it was put about / rumoured that...'. The het points at no real subject and simply launches the reported claim."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tegen beter weten aan","title":"Idiom: tegen beter weten aan","body":"A fixed idiom meaning 'against one's better judgement / knowing full well otherwise'. Multatuli uses it to brand the false report as deliberate, not mistaken."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of praatjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Padangsche","lemma":"Padangs","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies praatjes","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"praatjes","lemma":"praatje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of duurden","gloss":"gossip"},{"surface":"duurden","lemma":"duren","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"finite part of duurden voort","gloss":"lasted"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable particle","role":"completes duurden with the sense “continued”","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the topic of sprak","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdwenen","lemma":"verdwijnen","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies kind","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of voelde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"op-nieuw","lemma":"opnieuw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geroepen","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"object complement of zich","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of optevatten","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"optevatten","lemma":"opvatten","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of geroepen","gloss":"to take up","note":"Optevatten represents modern op te vatten, with te written inside the infinitive."},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links voelde to ontving","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of had kunnen brengen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had kunnen brengen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the result phrase tot helderheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"helderheid","lemma":"helderheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen brengen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of brengen","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of besluit","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"besluit","lemma":"besluit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"decree"},{"surface":"waarby","lemma":"waarbij","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying besluit","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of werd gesuspendeerd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of the passive","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Gouverneur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the title modifier Sumatra’s Westkust","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sumatra's","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of Westkust","gloss":"Sumatra’s"},{"surface":"Westkust","lemma":"westkust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"West Coast"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gesuspendeerd","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"wegens","lemma":"wegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the stated grounds","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"oneerlykheid","lemma":"oneerlijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of wegens","gloss":"dishonesty"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the modifier ambtsbetrekking","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ambtsbetrekking","lemma":"ambtsbetrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"expletive subject of heette","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"heette","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of heette","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gesteld","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the motive vriendschap","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"vriendschap","lemma":"vriendschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links vriendschap and medelyden","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"medelyden","lemma":"medelijden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of uit","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gesteld","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the modifier kontroleur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of the phrase tegen beter weten aan","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"substantivized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of tegen in the idiom","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"postposition","role":"completes the phrase tegen beter weten aan","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative phrase een valsch daglicht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of daglicht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"valsch","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies daglicht","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"daglicht","lemma":"daglicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of gesteld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"set"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"h12-s140","source":"Ik heb de stukken die deze zaak betreffen, niet gelezen, maar ik weet dat de adsistent-resident niet in de minste betrekking met dien kontroleur stond, hetgeen reeds hieruit blykt dat men juist hem had gekozen om die zaak te onderzoeken.","translation":"I have not read the papers concerning this affair, but I know that the assistant-resident stood in no sort of relation whatever to that controller, which already appears from the very fact that he was the one chosen to investigate the matter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de stukken die deze zaak betreffen","title":"Relative die for a plural","body":"'die' is the relative pronoun for de-words and all plurals ('de stukken die...' = 'the papers that...'), and the clause it opens sends its verb 'betreffen' to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hetgeen reeds hieruit blykt dat","title":"Sentence relative hetgeen + pronominal adverb","body":"'hetgeen' ('which') is a formal relative referring back to a whole clause; 'hieruit' ('from this') fuses 'uit' with a pronoun into a pronominal adverb pointing forward to the dat-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet in de minste betrekking met dien kontroleur stond","title":"Old accusative dien","body":"'dien' is the masculine accusative form of the demonstrative 'die', required here after the preposition 'met' in period grammar; modern Dutch levels this to 'die'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb gelezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of betreffen and refers to stukken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of betreffen","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"betreffen","lemma":"betreffen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gelezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses of gelezen and weet","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates stond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase in betrekking staan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betrekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minste","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies betrekking","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of betrekking","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the complement clause of weet","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of blykt and refers to the preceding fact","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blykt","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"hieruit","lemma":"hieruit","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of blykt","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"blykt","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"appears"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining hieruit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gekozen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses hem","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gekozen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of gekozen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gekozen","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"chosen"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive onderzoeken","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of onderzoeken","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive onderzoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"onderzoeken","lemma":"onderzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of gekozen","gloss":"investigate"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"h12-s141","source":"Ik weet voorts dat hy een achtenswaardig persoon was, en dat ook de Regeering hem hiervoor hield, hetgeen blykt uit het vernietigen der suspensie, nadat de zaak elders dan op Sumatra's Westkust onderzocht was.","translation":"I know further that he was an honorable person, and that the Government held him to be so, which appears from the annulment of the suspension once the affair had been investigated somewhere other than on Sumatra's West Coast.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s141.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"uit het vernietigen der suspensie","title":"Nominalized infinitive + genitive der","body":"'het vernietigen' is an infinitive used as a neuter noun ('the annulling'), governed by the genitive 'der suspensie' ('of the suspension') — a compact, formal period construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"nadat de zaak ... onderzocht was","title":"State passive in a temporal clause","body":"'nadat' (after) opens a verb-final clause, and 'onderzocht was' is the zijn-passive describing the completed state — 'once the affair had been investigated'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"achtenswaardig","title":"achtenswaardig (estimable)","body":"A compound adjective from 'achten' (to esteem) + '-waardig' (worthy of), meaning 'worthy of respect / honourable'. The -waardig suffix mirrors English '-worthy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"voorts","lemma":"voorts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"achtenswaardig","lemma":"achtenswaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies persoon","gloss":"honorable"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to persoon","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hield","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Regeering","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hiervoor","lemma":"hiervoor","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of hield","gloss":"as such"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the second coordinated content clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of blijkt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"blykt","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"appears"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source complement of blijkt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vernietigen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vernietigen","lemma":"vernietigen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"annulment"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"genitive determiner of suspensie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"suspensie","lemma":"suspensie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of vernietigen","gloss":"suspension"},{"surface":"nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of onderzocht","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of onderzocht","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderzocht","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with elders","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location complement Westkust","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Sumatra's","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun, possessive singular","role":"possessive modifier of Westkust","gloss":"Sumatra's"},{"surface":"Westkust","lemma":"westkust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"West Coast"},{"surface":"onderzocht","lemma":"onderzoeken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the nadat-clause","gloss":"investigated"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of onderzocht","gloss":"had been"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"h12-s142","source":"Ook die kontroleur is later geheel in zyn eer hersteld geworden.","translation":"That controller, too, was afterward fully restored to his honor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is later geheel in zyn eer hersteld geworden","title":"Perfect passive: is ... geworden","body":"The completed worden-passive uses 'zijn' + participle + 'geworden': 'is hersteld geworden' = 'was restored'. The extra 'geworden' marks it as the perfect of the process passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kontroleur","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive hersteld","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hersteld","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hersteld","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement in zijn eer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of eer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"hersteld","lemma":"herstellen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by geworden","gloss":"restored"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, participle","role":"passive auxiliary of hersteld","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"h12-s143","source":"Het was hun suspensie die my 't puntdicht ingaf, dat ik op de ontbyttafel van den generaal liet neerleggen door iemand die toen by hem, vroeger by my in dienst was.","translation":"It was their suspension that suggested to me the epigram which I had laid on the general's breakfast table by someone who was then in his service, and earlier in mine.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s143.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik op de ontbyttafel ... liet neerleggen","title":"Causative laten","body":"'liet neerleggen' is causative laten + bare infinitive: 'had laid down' — i.e. caused someone to lay it down. laten lets you order or allow an action done by another."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op de ontbyttafel van den generaal","title":"Old dative den generaal","body":"After 'van', the masculine noun keeps the old dative ending: 'van den generaal'. Modern Dutch reduces this to 'van de generaal'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"puntdicht","title":"puntdicht (epigram)","body":"A 'puntdicht' is literally a 'point-poem' — a short, sharp satirical verse with a stinging final 'point', i.e. an epigram. Havelaar's barb against the general follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to suspensie","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of suspensie","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"suspensie","lemma":"suspensie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"suspension"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ingaf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of ingaf","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of puntdicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puntdicht","lemma":"puntdicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ingaf","gloss":"epigram"},{"surface":"ingaf","lemma":"ingeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on suspensie","gloss":"suggested"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of neerleggen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontbyttafel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontbyttafel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontbyttafel","lemma":"ontbijttafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"breakfast table"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor generaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite causative verb of the relative clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"neerleggen","lemma":"neerleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of liet","gloss":"laid down"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of neerleggen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"agent of neerleggen","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hem as employer","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of bij","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces mij as former employer","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of bij","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative phrase in dienst","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"h12-s144","source":"Het wandlend schorsbesluit dat schorsend ons regeert, Jan Schors-al, Gouverneur, de weerwolf onzer dagen, Had zyn geweten zelf met vreugd gesuspendeerd... Als 't niet voor langen tyd finaal reeds ware ontslagen.","translation":"The walking edict of suspension that suspending rules us all, Jan Suspend-the-lot, our Governor, the werewolf of our days, Would gladly have suspended his own conscience with a will... Had it not long since, and for good, been finally dismissed away.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het wandlend schorsbesluit dat schorsend ons regeert","title":"Present participle as adjective/adverb","body":"'wandlend' (walking) and 'schorsend' (suspending) are present participles in -end, naming actions in progress — one modifies the noun, the other the verb 'regeert'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als 't niet voor langen tyd finaal reeds ware ontslagen","title":"Subjunctive ware + counterfactual","body":"'ware' is the archaic past subjunctive of 'zijn' ('were'), here in a counterfactual: 'had it not already been dismissed'. The subjunctive survives only in solemn or literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de weerwolf onzer dagen","title":"Genitive onzer","body":"'onzer' is the old genitive of 'wij/ons' — 'of our (days)'. This inflected possessive pronoun is purely literary by 1860 and unknown in everyday modern Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schorsbesluit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wandlend","lemma":"wandelen","morphology":"adjective, present-participial","role":"modifies schorsbesluit","gloss":"walking"},{"surface":"schorsbesluit","lemma":"schorsbesluit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Had gesuspendeerd","gloss":"suspension edict"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of regeert","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"schorsend","lemma":"schorsen","morphology":"adverbial present participle","role":"modifies regeert","gloss":"suspending"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of regeert","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"regeert","lemma":"regeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on schorsbesluit","gloss":"rules"},{"surface":"Jan","lemma":"Jan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to schorsbesluit","gloss":"Jan"},{"surface":"Schors-al","lemma":"Schors-al","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jan Schors-al","gloss":"Suspend-all"},{"surface":"Gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Jan Schors-al","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weerwolf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weerwolf","lemma":"weerwolf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Jan Schors-al","gloss":"werewolf"},{"surface":"onzer","lemma":"onze","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive plural","role":"possessive determiner of dagen","gloss":"of our"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of weerwolf","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"Had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of geweten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geweten","lemma":"geweten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes geweten","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vreugd","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vreugd","lemma":"vreugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"gesuspendeerd","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the conditional clause","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ware ontslagen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontslagen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase voor langen tijd","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"langen","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tijd","gloss":"a long"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"finaal","lemma":"finaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontslagen","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontslagen","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontslagen","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"ontslagen","lemma":"ontslaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the conditional clause","gloss":"dismissed"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"h12-s145","source":"--Neem me niet kwalyk, m'nheer Havelaar, ik vind dat zoo-iets niet te pas kwam, zei Duclari.","translation":"--Forgive me, Mr. Havelaar, I find that sort of thing was hardly fitting, said Duclari.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Neem me niet kwalyk","title":"Idiom: neem me niet kwalijk","body":"A set polite formula, 'don't take it ill of me' = 'forgive me / excuse me'. 'kwalijk nemen' literally means 'to take badly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik vind dat zoo-iets niet te pas kwam","title":"dat-clause, verb-final","body":"The subordinating conjunction 'dat' opens a complement clause whose finite verb 'kwam' moves to the end: 'I find that such a thing was hardly fitting'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of Neem","gloss":"me","note":"Unstressed me means mij here."},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwalyk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kwalyk","lemma":"kwalijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom iemand iets kwalijk nemen","gloss":"amiss","note":"Iemand iets kwalijk nemen means to take something amiss or resent it."},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative with Havelaar","gloss":"Mister"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to m'nheer","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of vind","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom te pas komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the idiom te pas komen","gloss":"purpose","note":"Te pas komen means to be fitting or appropriate."},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the content clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Duclari"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"h12-s146","source":"--Ik ook ... maar ik moest toch iets doen!","translation":"--So do I ... but I had to do something!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s146.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik moest toch iets doen","title":"Modal moest + bare infinitive","body":"'moest' (past of moeten, 'had to') is a modal sending its main verb to the clause end as a bare infinitive: 'moest ... doen' = 'had to do'. Modals never take te."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of the understood vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the understood vind","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the elliptical reply to the following clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of doen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"h12-s147","source":"Verbeeld je dat ik geen geld had, niets ontving, en van-dag tot-dag vreesde te sterven van honger, wat dan ook naby genoeg geweest is. Ik had weinig of geen betrekkingen op Padang, en bovendien, ik had den generaal geschreven dat hy verantwoordelyk was indien ik omkwam van ellende, en dat ik van niemand hulp zou aannemen.","translation":"Imagine that I had no money, received nothing, and feared from day to day to starve to death, which indeed came near enough to happening. I had few connections or none at all in Padang, and besides, I had written to the general that he would be answerable if I perished of want, and that I would accept help from no one.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Verbeeld je dat ik geen geld had","title":"Reflexive imperative verbeeld je","body":"'Verbeeld je' is the imperative of reflexive 'zich verbeelden' (to imagine), with the 2nd-person reflexive 'je' — 'imagine!'. The command is formed from the bare stem."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik geen geld had, niets ontving","title":"geen vs niets","body":"'geen' negates the indefinite noun 'geld' ('no money'), while 'niets' ('nothing') is itself the negative object of 'ontving'. Dutch uses geen before nouns and niets/niet elsewhere."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik van niemand hulp zou aannemen","title":"Conditional zou + separable aannemen","body":"'zou aannemen' is the conditional (zou + infinitive) of the separable verb 'aannemen' (to accept). In the verb-final clause the prefix stays attached to the infinitive at the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"van-dag tot-dag","title":"van dag tot dag","body":"A fixed adverbial phrase, 'from day to day'. The 1860 page hyphenates such set expressions ('van-dag tot-dag', 'naby genoeg') to flag them as single units."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbeeld","lemma":"verbeelden","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of Verbeeld","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geld","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the first content clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with had","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van-dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"prepositional phrase element","role":"first part of van-dag tot-dag","gloss":"from day","note":"Historical hyphenation; the full phrase means from day to day."},{"surface":"tot-dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"prepositional phrase element","role":"second part of van-dag tot-dag","gloss":"to day"},{"surface":"vreesde","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with had","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the clause of sterven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sterven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vreesde","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"honger","lemma":"honger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of sterven","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is geweest","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom wat dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom wat dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"naby","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is geweest","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies naby","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle of zijn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of betrekkingen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betrekkingen","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"betrekkingen","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"connections"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location Padang","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the preceding clause to the next statement","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschreven","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geschreven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of geschreven","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the clause","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first content clause of geschreven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verantwoordelyk","lemma":"verantwoordelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"answerable","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch verantwoordelijk."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hij to verantwoordelijk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of omkwam","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of omkwam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"omkwam","lemma":"omkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"perished"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ellende","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ellende","lemma":"ellende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of omkwam","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two content clauses of geschreven","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aannemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aannemen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking niemand","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of aannemen","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aannemen","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aannemen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"aannemen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the second content clause","gloss":"accept"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"h12-s148","source":"In de binnenlanden waren er die, vernemende hoe 't met my gesteld was, my uitnoodigden ten hunnent te komen, maar de generaal verbood dat men my daarheen een pas zou geven.","translation":"In the interior there were those who, hearing how matters stood with me, invited me to come and stay with them, but the general forbade that anyone should give me a pass to go there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s148.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"In de binnenlanden waren er die ... my uitnoodigden","title":"Existential er","body":"'waren er die...' = 'there were those who...': the little word er props up an existential statement before an indefinite subject, much like English dummy 'there'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vernemende hoe 't met my gesteld was","title":"Present participle vernemende","body":"'vernemende' (-ende) is a present participle introducing a reduced clause — 'hearing how matters stood with me'. This participial phrasing is markedly literary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de generaal verbood dat men my daarheen een pas zou geven","title":"Indefinite men + dat-clause","body":"'men' is the impersonal 'one/anyone', subject of the verb-final dat-clause; 'verbood' (forbade) governs it. The conditional 'zou geven' renders the prohibited hypothetical act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ten hunnent","title":"ten hunnent ('at their place')","body":"An archaic frozen phrase meaning 'to/at their home'. It preserves an old dative-genitive pattern (te + possessive) and is purely literary by Multatuli's day."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnenlanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnenlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnenlanden","lemma":"binnenland","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of waren","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive with waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren and uitnoodigden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"vernemende","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"supplementary participle modifying die","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesteld","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement met mij","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of met","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"situated"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking 't to gesteld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of uitnoodigden","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"uitnoodigden","lemma":"uitnodigen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on die","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and article","role":"part of the idiom ten hunnent","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"hunnent","lemma":"hunnent","morphology":"possessive pronoun, locative","role":"object of ten","gloss":"their place","note":"Archaic ten hunnent means at their home or place."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the clause of komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of uitnoodigden","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verbood","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"verbood","lemma":"verbieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"forbade"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"daarheen","lemma":"daarheen","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional modifier of geven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pas","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geven","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"give"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"h12-s149","source":"Naar Java vertrekken mocht ik ook niet.","translation":"Nor was I allowed to leave for Java.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s149.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Naar Java vertrekken mocht ik ook niet","title":"Fronting + V2 inversion","body":"The non-finite phrase 'Naar Java vertrekken' is fronted for emphasis, forcing the finite modal 'mocht' into second position before the subject 'ik' — classic Dutch verb-second word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vertrekken","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"vertrekken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of mocht","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was allowed"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of mocht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"reinforces negation with niet","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mocht","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"h12-s150","source":"Overal elders had ik me kunnen redden, en misschien ook dáár als men niet zoo bevreesd ware geweest voor den machtigen generaal.","translation":"Everywhere else I could have saved myself, and perhaps there too, had people not been so afraid of the powerful general.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Overal elders had ik me kunnen redden","title":"Conditional perfect with modal","body":"'had ik me kunnen redden' is a counterfactual perfect: 'I could have saved myself'. With a modal, the perfect of 'hebben' takes a double infinitive ('kunnen redden') rather than a participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als men niet zoo bevreesd ware geweest","title":"Subjunctive ware geweest","body":"'ware geweest' is the archaic pluperfect subjunctive of 'zijn' in a counterfactual als-clause — 'had people not been so afraid'. The plain subjunctive marks elevated period prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Overal","lemma":"overal","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of redden","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Overal","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of redden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of redden","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of redden","gloss":"been able to"},{"surface":"redden","lemma":"redden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kunnen","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dáár","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dáár","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical locative complement of redden","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a counterfactual condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevreesd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevreesd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"bevreesd","lemma":"bevreesd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"copula linking to bevreesd","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking generaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"machtigen","lemma":"machtig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies generaal","gloss":"powerful"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bevreesd","gloss":"general"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"h12-s151","source":"Het scheen zyn plan te zyn my te laten verhongeren.","translation":"It seemed to be his plan to let me starve.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s151.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het scheen zyn plan te zyn my te laten verhongeren","title":"Stacked te + bare infinitive","body":"Two infinitive constructions nest here: 'scheen ... te zyn' (te-infinitive after schijnen) and inside it 'te laten verhongeren', where causative laten governs the bare infinitive 'verhongeren'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het scheen ... te zyn","title":"Impersonal het scheen","body":"'Het scheen' = 'it seemed', dummy het launching the appearance/seeming construction with no concrete referent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of plan","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plan","lemma":"plan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of scheen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of laten and subject of verhongeren","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause modifying plan","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"verhongeren","lemma":"verhongeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"starve"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"h12-s152","source":"Dat heeft negen maanden geduurd!","translation":"That lasted nine months!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat heeft negen maanden geduurd","title":"Present perfect heeft ... geduurd","body":"'heeft geduurd' is the present perfect: present of 'hebben' plus the participle at the very end. Dutch favours the perfect for completed past events in conversation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geduurd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geduurd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"negen","lemma":"negen","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies maanden","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"maanden","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of geduurd","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"geduurd","lemma":"duren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lasted"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"h12-s153","source":"--En hoe hebt ge u zoolang in 't leven gehouden?","translation":"--And how did you keep yourself alive so long?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe hebt ge u zoolang in 't leven gehouden","title":"Literary pronoun ge / u","body":"'ge' (you, subject) with reflexive 'u' is the formal, literary 'you' of 1860 — 'how did you keep yourself alive'. Modern speech uses je/jij or u; ge survives in writing and in the south."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hebt ge u ... gehouden","title":"Perfect + reflexive zich houden","body":"The reflexive 'zich in 't leven houden' (to keep oneself alive) appears in the perfect: 'hebt ge u ... gehouden'. The reflexive object 'u' sits in the middle, the participle at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the preceding dialogue","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative manner adverb modifying gehouden","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of gehouden","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"zoolang","lemma":"zolang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehouden","gloss":"so long"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het leven houden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"h12-s154","source":"Of had de generaal véél kalkoenen!","translation":"Or did the general have a great many turkeys!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s154.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"véél","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kalkoenen","gloss":"very many"},{"surface":"kalkoenen","lemma":"kalkoen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"turkeys"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"h12-s155","source":"--O ja!","translation":"--Oh yes!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s155.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"h12-s156","source":"Maar dit hielp me niet ... zoo-iets doet men maar ééns, niet waar?","translation":"But that did not help me ... a thing like that you do only once, do you not?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s156.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoo-iets doet men maar ééns","title":"Object-fronting and impersonal men","body":"The object 'zoo-iets' is fronted (V2 then puts 'doet' before subject 'men'). 'men' is the impersonal 'one' — 'a thing like that you do only once'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"niet waar?","title":"Tag question: niet waar?","body":"'niet waar?' (literally 'not true?') is the all-purpose tag, like English 'isn't it? / don't you?'. It seeks agreement at the end of a statement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hielp","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hielp","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hielp","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of hielp","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hielp","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of doet","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doet","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ééns","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of doet","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of tag question niet waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"part of tag question niet waar","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"h12-s157","source":"Wat ik gedurende dien tyd uitrichtte?","translation":"What did I get up to during that time?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat ik gedurende dien tyd uitrichtte?","title":"Embedded question, verb-final + separable","body":"An echoed indirect question: 'wat' fronts and the verb 'uitrichtte' moves to the end. 'uitrichten' is separable ('uit' + 'richten'), but in this verb-final clause it stays whole at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gedurende dien tyd","title":"Old accusative dien tyd","body":"'dien' is the masculine accusative of demonstrative 'die', governed by 'gedurende' (during). Modern Dutch writes 'die tijd'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of uitrichtte","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitrichtte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gedurende","lemma":"gedurende","morphology":"preposition","role":"oblique complement of uitrichtte","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of tijd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of gedurende","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"uitrichtte","lemma":"uitrichten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the elliptical question","gloss":"got up to"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"h12-s158","source":"Och ... ik maakte verzen, schreef komedies ... en zoo al voort.","translation":"Oh ... I made verses, wrote comedies ... and so forth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s158.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik maakte verzen, schreef komedies","title":"Simple past, weak vs strong","body":"'maakte' is a weak past (stem + -te); 'schreef' is a strong past (vowel change schrijven > schreef). The two patterns sit side by side in the narrative past."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en zoo al voort","title":"en zo voort ('and so forth')","body":"A set phrase meaning 'and so on / et cetera', the source of the abbreviation 'enz.'. The 1860 spelling 'en zoo al voort' is an expanded variant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parallel clause to maakte","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"komedies","lemma":"komedie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of schreef","gloss":"comedies"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom en zo al voort","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom en zo al voort","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom en zo al voort","gloss":"forth"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"h12-s159","source":"--En was daarvoor op Padang ryst te-koop?","translation":"--And was there rice to be bought in Padang for that?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s159.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was daarvoor op Padang ryst te-koop?","title":"Pronominal adverb daarvoor","body":"'daarvoor' fuses 'voor' + a pronoun ('for that') — Dutch cannot say 'voor dat' for a thing, so the preposition joins daar-/er-/waar- instead. Here it points back to the verses."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ryst","title":"ryst (rice)","body":"Period spelling for 'rijst' (rice). 'Was there rice to be had?' makes the colonial-staple food the measure of whether his verses could buy a meal."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the preceding dialogue","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"location complement of was","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, mass","role":"subject of was","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"te-koop","lemma":"te koop","morphology":"adjectival phrase","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"for sale"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"h12-s160","source":"--Neen, maar die heb ik er ook niet voor gevraagd.","translation":"--No, but I did not ask for it with those, either.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s160.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die heb ik er ook niet voor gevraagd","title":"Split pronominal adverb er ... voor","body":"The pronominal adverb 'ervoor' splits around other words: 'er ... voor' = 'for it'. Splitting the er- part from the preposition is normal and very common in Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"fronted direct object of gevraagd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevraagd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevraagd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal part of ervoor, referring to the verses","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevraagd","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevraagd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"prepositional part of ervoor","gloss":"in exchange for"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"h12-s161","source":"Ik zeg liever niet hoe ik geleefd heb.","translation":"I would rather not say how I lived.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s161.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zeg liever niet hoe ik geleefd heb","title":"Comparative liever + perfect in indirect question","body":"'liever' ('rather') is the comparative of the adverb 'graag'. The indirect question 'hoe ik geleefd heb' is verb-final, ending in the perfect participle 'geleefd' + 'heb'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleefd","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geleefd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geleefd","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of zeg","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geleefd","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"h12-s162","source":"Tine drukte hem de hand, zy wist het.","translation":"Tine pressed his hand; she knew.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s162.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tine drukte hem de hand","title":"Dative of possession","body":"'drukte hem de hand' = 'pressed his hand', literally 'pressed him the hand'. Dutch often marks the possessor of a body part with a dative pronoun (hem) plus the definite article."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of drukte","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"drukte","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"possessor affected by drukte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of drukte","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parallel clause to drukte","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"h12-s163","source":"--Ik heb een paar regels gelezen, die ge in die dagen zoudt geschreven hebben achter op een kwitantie, zei Verbrugge.","translation":"--I have read a few lines that you are said to have written in those days on the back of a receipt, said Verbrugge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s163.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ge in die dagen zoudt geschreven hebben","title":"Reportative conditional zoudt ... hebben","body":"'zoudt geschreven hebben' (conditional + perfect infinitive) here conveys an unverified report — 'that you are said to have written'. zou(den) can soften a claim to mere hearsay."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoudt","title":"2nd-person ge zoudt","body":"'zoudt' is the older 2nd-person singular of 'zullen/zou' that pairs with the pronoun 'ge'. The -t ending on the verb is the literary counterpart to modern 'je zou'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies regels","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"regels","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of geschreven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zoudt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of geschreven","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"zoudt","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geschreven hebben","gloss":"were said to"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on regels","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies op: on the back","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kwitantie","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kwitantie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kwitantie","lemma":"kwitantie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of geschreven","gloss":"receipt"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"h12-s164","source":"--Ik weet wat je bedoelt.","translation":"--I know which you mean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik weet wat je bedoelt","title":"Free relative wat + informal je","body":"'wat' here is a headless relative ('what / which'), object of 'weet' in a verb-final clause: 'I know what you mean'. The familiar pronoun 'je' marks the easy tone between the men."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bedoelt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bedoelt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"bedoelt","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of weet","gloss":"mean"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"h12-s165","source":"Die regels schetsen myn pozitie.","translation":"Those lines sketch my situation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s165.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die regels schetsen myn pozitie","title":"Demonstrative die + possessive myn","body":"'Die regels' ('those lines') uses far-demonstrative 'die' for a de-word plural; 'myn' is the period spelling of possessive 'mijn' (my)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of regels","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"regels","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of schetsen","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"schetsen","lemma":"schetsen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sketch"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of positie","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"pozitie","lemma":"positie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schetsen","gloss":"situation"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"h12-s166","source":"Er bestond in die dagen een tydschrift, de Kopiist, waarop ik inteekenaar was.","translation":"In those days there was a periodical, the Copyist, to which I was a subscriber.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s166.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er bestond in die dagen een tydschrift","title":"Existential er bestond","body":"'Er bestond...' = 'there existed...': er + an existential verb introduces a new, indefinite subject ('een tydschrift'), the standard way Dutch says 'there was'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de Kopiist, waarop ik inteekenaar was","title":"Pronominal relative waarop","body":"'waarop' = 'on/to which' — a pronominal relative fusing 'waar' + 'op', used instead of 'op welke' for a thing. It refers back to the journal de Kopiist."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive locative subject marker","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"bestond","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of bestond","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tydschrift","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tydschrift","lemma":"tijdschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bestond","gloss":"periodical"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Kopiist","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kopiist","lemma":"Kopiist","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to tydschrift","gloss":"Copyist"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of intekenaar","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"inteekenaar","lemma":"intekenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"subscriber"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to inteekenaar","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"h12-s167","source":"Het stond onder de bescherming van de Regeering--de redakteur was ambtenaar by de algemeene Sekretarie--en hierom werden de inteekeningsgelden in 's lands kas gestort.","translation":"It was under the patronage of the Government--the editor was an official at the General Secretariat--and for this reason the subscription moneys were paid into the public treasury.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s167.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"werden de inteekeningsgelden in 's lands kas gestort","title":"Process passive werden ... gestort","body":"'werden ... gestort' is the worden-passive in the past plural — 'the subscription moneys were paid in'. The subject undergoes the depositing; no agent need be named."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in 's lands kas","title":"Genitive 's lands","body":"\"'s lands\" is a contraction of 'des lands' — the old genitive 'of the country / the State'. This frozen 's + noun + s pattern ('s lands kas = the public treasury) survives in set phrases."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"inteekeningsgelden","title":"Noun compound","body":"'inteekeningsgelden' glues 'inteekening' (subscription) + linking -s- + 'gelden' (moneys) into one right-headed compound — 'subscription-moneys'. Dutch builds such long words freely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bescherming","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bescherming","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bescherming","lemma":"bescherming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of stond","gloss":"patronage"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of redakteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"redakteur","lemma":"redacteur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"editor"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to ambtenaar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sekretarie","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Sekretarie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"algemeene","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Sekretarie","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"Sekretarie","lemma":"secretarie","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"Secretariat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hierom","lemma":"hierom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestort","gloss":"for this reason"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gestort","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inteekeningsgelden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inteekeningsgelden","lemma":"intekeningsgeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive gestort","gloss":"subscription fees"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kas","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"contracted genitive determiner","role":"genitive determiner with lands","gloss":"the","note":"In ’s lands, ’s is a contraction of the old genitive article des."},{"surface":"lands","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of kas","gloss":"country’s"},{"surface":"kas","lemma":"kas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gestort","gloss":"treasury"},{"surface":"gestort","lemma":"storten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"paid"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"h12-s168","source":"Men bood my een kwitantie van twintig gulden aan.","translation":"I was offered a receipt for twenty guilders.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s168.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men bood my een kwitantie ... aan","title":"Separable aanbieden, split","body":"The separable verb 'aanbieden' (to offer) splits in this main clause: stem 'bood' takes second position and the prefix 'aan' is thrown to the very end — 'bood ... aan'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gulden","title":"gulden (guilder)","body":"The guilder was the Dutch currency. 'twintig gulden' (twenty guilders) is the sum on the receipt that triggers Havelaar's French verse-protest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bood","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"bood","lemma":"bieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"presented"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of bood","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kwitantie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kwitantie","lemma":"kwitantie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bood","gloss":"receipt"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gulden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"twintig","lemma":"twintig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies gulden","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"gulden","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of bood ... aan","gloss":"offered"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"h12-s169","source":"Daar nu dit geld op de bureaux van den Gouverneur moest worden verhandeld, en dus de kwitantie, als zy onbetaald bleef, die bureaux te passeeren had om te worden teruggezonden naar Batavia, maakte ik van die gelegenheid gebruik om achter op dat stuk te protesteeren tegen myn armoede:","translation":"Now since this money had to be handled at the Governor's offices, and the receipt therefore, if it went unpaid, had to pass through those offices in order to be sent back to Batavia, I made use of that opportunity to protest my poverty on the back of the document:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s169.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar nu dit geld ... moest worden verhandeld","title":"Causal daar + modal passive","body":"'Daar' here is a causal subordinator ('since'), sending verbs to the end: 'moest worden verhandeld' = modal 'moeten' + worden-passive infinitive — 'had to be handled'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"maakte ik van die gelegenheid gebruik om ... te protesteeren","title":"om ... te purpose clause","body":"'om ... te protesteeren' frames a purpose ('in order to protest'). The clause opens with 'om' and closes with te + the infinitive — the standard Dutch purpose construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kwitantie","title":"kwitantie (receipt)","body":"A 'kwitantie' is a formal receipt or acquittance for money owed. Its bureaucratic journey through the Governor's offices is what lets Havelaar smuggle his protest poem onto its back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of moest worden verhandeld","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the causal clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of geld","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of moest worden verhandeld","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bureaux","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of bureaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bureaux","lemma":"bureau","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of verhandeld","gloss":"offices"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor Gouverneur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden verhandeld","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of verhandeld","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"verhandeld","lemma":"verhandelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verbal head of the causal clause","gloss":"handled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two causal clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had te passeeren","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of kwitantie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kwitantie","lemma":"kwitantie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had te passeeren","gloss":"receipt"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of bleef","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of bleef","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"onbetaald","lemma":"onbetaald","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of bleef","gloss":"unpaid"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bureaux","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"bureaux","lemma":"bureau","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of passeeren","gloss":"offices"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive passeeren governed by had","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"passeeren","lemma":"passeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitive governed by had","gloss":"pass through","note":"Passeeren is the older spelling of passeren."},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"governs te passeeren in the necessity construction","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks worden teruggezonden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of teruggezonden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"teruggezonden","lemma":"terugzenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verbal head of the purpose clause","gloss":"sent back"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"destination complement of teruggezonden","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in the expression gebruik maken","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in gebruik maken van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van in gebruik maken van","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"nominal element of gebruik maken","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"adverb","role":"with op, forms the location phrase achter op dat stuk","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dat stuk","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks protesteeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"protesteeren","lemma":"protesteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"verbal head of the purpose clause","gloss":"protest","note":"Protesteeren is the older spelling of protesteren."},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking armoede","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of armoede","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tegen","gloss":"poverty"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"h12-s170","source":"Vingt-florins... quel trésor!","translation":"Twenty florins... what a treasure!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s170.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vingt-florins","lemma":"vingt florin","morphology":"numeral and noun, masculine plural","role":"elliptical exclamatory phrase","gloss":"twenty florins"},{"surface":"quel","lemma":"quel","morphology":"exclamative determiner, masculine singular","role":"exclamative determiner of trésor","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"trésor","lemma":"trésor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"treasure"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"h12-s171","source":"Adieu, littérature, Adieu, Copiste, adieu!","translation":"Farewell, literature; farewell, Copyist, farewell!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s171.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Adieu","lemma":"adieu","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces a farewell address to littérature","gloss":"Farewell"},{"surface":"littérature","lemma":"littérature","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"addressee of Adieu","gloss":"literature"},{"surface":"Adieu","lemma":"adieu","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces a farewell address to Copiste","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"Copiste","lemma":"copiste","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"addressee of Adieu","gloss":"Copyist"},{"surface":"adieu","lemma":"adieu","morphology":"interjection","role":"final repeated farewell","gloss":"farewell"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"h12-s172","source":"Trop malheureux destin: Je meurs de faim, de froid, d'ennui et de chagrin, Vingt florins font pour moi deux mois de nourriture!","translation":"Too wretched a fate: I die of hunger, of cold, of boredom and of grief — twenty florins would feed me for two months!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s172.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Trop","lemma":"trop","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of malheureux","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"malheureux","lemma":"malheureux","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular","role":"modifies destin","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"destin","lemma":"destin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of meurs","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meurs","lemma":"mourir","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"verb of the clause","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause faim","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"faim","lemma":"faim","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"cause complement of meurs","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the coordinated cause froid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"froid","lemma":"froid","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"cause complement coordinated with faim","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"d'ennui","lemma":"de ennui","morphology":"contracted preposition and noun, masculine singular","role":"cause complement coordinated with faim","gloss":"of boredom"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the final cause complement","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause chagrin","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"chagrin","lemma":"chagrin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"cause complement coordinated with faim","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"Vingt","lemma":"vingt","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies florins","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"florins","lemma":"florin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of font","gloss":"florins"},{"surface":"font","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"provide"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the beneficiary moi","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"stressed personal pronoun, first person singular","role":"beneficiary complement of pour","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"deux","lemma":"deux","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies mois","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"mois","lemma":"mois","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the direct object of font","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"links mois to nourriture","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"nourriture","lemma":"nourriture","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of de","gloss":"food"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"h12-s173","source":"Si j'avais vingt florins je serais mieux chaussé, Mieux nourri, mieux logé, j'en ferais bonne chère...","translation":"If I had twenty florins I'd be better shod, better fed, better lodged; I'd live well...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s173.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"j'avais","lemma":"je avoir","morphology":"contracted pronoun and verb, imperfect, first person singular","role":"subject and verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"I had"},{"surface":"vingt","lemma":"vingt","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies florins","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"florins","lemma":"florin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of avais","gloss":"florins"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of serais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"serais","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, conditional present, first person singular","role":"copula governing chaussé","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"mieux","lemma":"mieux","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies chaussé","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"chaussé","lemma":"chausser","morphology":"past participle, masculine singular, predicative","role":"predicative complement of serais","gloss":"shod"},{"surface":"Mieux","lemma":"mieux","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies nourri","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"nourri","lemma":"nourrir","morphology":"past participle, masculine singular, predicative","role":"predicative complement coordinated with chaussé","gloss":"fed"},{"surface":"mieux","lemma":"mieux","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies logé","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"logé","lemma":"loger","morphology":"past participle, masculine singular, predicative","role":"predicative complement coordinated with chaussé","gloss":"lodged"},{"surface":"j'en","lemma":"je en","morphology":"contracted personal and adverbial pronouns","role":"subject of ferais and pronominal complement referring to the florins","gloss":"with them I"},{"surface":"ferais","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, conditional present, first person singular","role":"verb in the idiom faire bonne chère","gloss":"would live"},{"surface":"bonne","lemma":"bon","morphology":"adjective, feminine singular","role":"modifies chère in faire bonne chère","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"chère","lemma":"chère","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ferais in the idiom faire bonne chère","gloss":"fare","note":"Faire bonne chère means to eat or live well."}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"h12-s174","source":"Il faut vivre avant tout, soit vie de misère: Le crime fait la honte, et non la pauvreté!","translation":"One must live above all, even a life of misery: it is crime that brings shame, and not poverty!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s174.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"impersonal pronoun, third person singular","role":"impersonal subject of faut","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"faut","lemma":"falloir","morphology":"impersonal verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb governing vivre","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"vivre","lemma":"vivre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of faut","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"avant","lemma":"avant","morphology":"adverb","role":"with tout, modifies vivre","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"complement in avant tout","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"soit","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third person singular, concessive use","role":"introduces the concessive phrase vie de misère","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"vie","lemma":"vie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the concessive phrase","gloss":"a life"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement misère","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"misère","lemma":"misère","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of de modifying vie","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular","role":"determiner of crime","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"crime","lemma":"crime","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fait","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"brings"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"definite article, feminine singular","role":"determiner of honte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"honte","lemma":"honte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of fait","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the elliptical contrast","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"non","lemma":"non","morphology":"negative adverb","role":"negates the elliptical subject pauvreté","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"definite article, feminine singular","role":"determiner of pauvreté","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pauvreté","lemma":"pauvreté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"contrasted elliptical subject of fait la honte","gloss":"poverty"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"h12-s175","source":"Maar toen ik later te Batavia by de redaktie van den Kopiist myn twintig gulden kwam brengen, was ik niets schuldig.","translation":"But when I came later to Batavia to bring my twenty guilders to the editorial office of the Copyist, I owed nothing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s175.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen ik later te Batavia ... myn twintig gulden kwam brengen","title":"toen-clause, verb-final","body":"'toen' (when, in the past) opens a subordinate clause whose verbs cluster at the end: 'kwam brengen' = 'kwam' + bare infinitive 'brengen', the verb-of-motion + infinitive pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"was ik niets schuldig","title":"Negative niets + dative idiom","body":"'niets schuldig zijn' = 'to owe nothing'. 'niets' is the single negative word carrying the whole clause's negation — Dutch allows only one negative per clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the sentence contrastively to the preceding passage","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of kwam brengen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam brengen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"location complement of te","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"preposition marking redaktie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of redaktie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"redaktie","lemma":"redactie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"editorial office","note":"Redaktie is an older spelling of redactie."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the title Kopiist","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of Kopiist","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kopiist","lemma":"kopiist","morphology":"proper noun, masculine singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Copyist"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of gulden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"twintig","lemma":"twintig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies gulden","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"gulden","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing the purpose infinitive brengen","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive complement of kwam","gloss":"to bring"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"main verb linking ik to schuldig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of was schuldig","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"accusative complement of schuldig","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"owing"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"h12-s176","source":"Het schynt dat de generaal zelf dat geld voor my betaald heeft, om niet gedwongen te zyn die geillustreerde kwitantie terug te zenden naar Batavia.","translation":"It seems the general himself paid that money for me, so as not to be compelled to send that illustrated receipt back to Batavia.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s176.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het schynt dat de generaal ... betaald heeft","title":"Impersonal het schijnt","body":"'Het schynt dat...' = 'it seems that...': dummy het launches the seeming-construction, with the real content in the verb-final dat-clause ending '...betaald heeft'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om niet gedwongen te zyn ... terug te zenden","title":"Negated om ... te + separable","body":"A purpose clause negated with niet: 'om niet gedwongen te zyn ... terug te zenden' = 'so as not to be compelled to send back'. 'terugzenden' is separable, splitting around te."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun","role":"expletive subject of schynt","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular, historical spelling","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of schynt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of betaald heeft","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes generaal","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of geld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of betaald","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the beneficiary my","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, oblique, historical spelling","role":"beneficiary complement of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"betaald","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the complement clause","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of betaald","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negative adverb","role":"negates gedwongen te zyn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gedwongen","lemma":"dwingen","morphology":"verb, past participle, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"compelled"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"copula linking to gedwongen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of kwitantie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geillustreerde","lemma":"geïllustreerd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kwitantie","gloss":"illustrated","note":"The historical printing omits the diaeresis now written in geïllustreerde."},{"surface":"kwitantie","lemma":"kwitantie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of terug te zenden","gloss":"receipt"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of terugzenden","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zenden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zenden","lemma":"terugzenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gedwongen","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"destination complement of zenden","gloss":"Batavia"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"h12-s177","source":"--Maar wat deed hy na 't ... na 't ... wegnemen van dien kalkoen? 't Was toch ... een diefstal!","translation":"--But what did he do after the ... after the ... taking of that turkey? It was, after all ... a theft!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s177.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"na 't ... wegnemen van dien kalkoen","title":"Nominalized infinitive 't wegnemen","body":"'het wegnemen' turns the separable infinitive 'wegnemen' (to take away) into a neuter noun — 'the taking-away'. The article 't and following 'van' phrase make it act as a full noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"diefstal","title":"diefstal (theft)","body":"'diefstal' bluntly names what the polite euphemism 'wegnemen van dien kalkoen' ('taking that turkey') circles around — theft. Duclari forces the harsh word out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrastive question","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"begins an abandoned phrase restarted by the next na","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, reduced form","role":"abandoned determiner before the restart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wegnemen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, reduced form","role":"determiner of wegnemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wegnemen","lemma":"wegnemen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of na","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object kalkoen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of kalkoen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kalkoen","lemma":"kalkoen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"turkey"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, reduced form","role":"subject of Was","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"main verb linking 't to diefstal","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"emphasizes that the conclusion is undeniable","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of diefstal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"diefstal","lemma":"diefstal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of Was","gloss":"theft"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"h12-s178","source":"En na dat epigram?","translation":"And after that epigram?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s178.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"epigram","title":"epigram = puntdicht","body":"Here Multatuli uses the learned loanword 'epigram' for the same satirical verse he earlier called a 'puntdicht' — both name the stinging short poem aimed at the general."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this elliptical question to the preceding one","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking epigram","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of epigram","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"epigram","lemma":"epigram","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of na in an elliptical question","gloss":"epigram"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"h12-s179","source":"--Hy strafte me vreeselyk!","translation":"--He punished me dreadfully!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy strafte me vreeselyk","title":"Weak simple past strafte","body":"'strafte' is the weak past of 'straffen' (to punish): stem + -te. Weak verbs form the past with a dental ending, never a vowel change."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of strafte","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"strafte","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of strafte","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"vreeselyk","lemma":"vreselijk","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies strafte","gloss":"dreadfully"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"h12-s180","source":"Wanneer hy my voor die zaken had laten terechtstaan als schuldig aan oneerbiedigheid jegens den Gouverneur van Sumatra's Westkust, hetgeen in die dagen met een beetje goeden wil had kunnen worden uitgelegd als \"pooging, tot ondermyning van 't nederlandsch gezag, en aanhitsing, tot opstand\" of aan \"diefstal op den publieken weg\" zou hy getoond hebben een goedhartig mensch te zyn.","translation":"Had he put me on trial for those matters as guilty of disrespect toward the Governor of Sumatra's West Coast--which in those days, with a little goodwill, might have been construed as an \"attempt to undermine Dutch authority, and incitement to rebellion\"--or for \"theft on the public highway,\" he would have shown himself a kind-hearted man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s180.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wanneer hy my ... had laten terechtstaan ... zou hy getoond hebben","title":"Counterfactual: pluperfect + conditional perfect","body":"The whole sentence is an unreal condition: 'Wanneer ... had laten terechtstaan' (if he had had me tried) is answered by 'zou hy getoond hebben' (he would have shown). Note causative laten with bare infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had kunnen worden uitgelegd als","title":"Modal + passive infinitive stack","body":"'had kunnen worden uitgelegd' chains pluperfect 'hebben' + modal 'kunnen' + passive 'worden' + participle — 'could have been construed'. Such verb piles are typical of dense period prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of had laten","gloss":"if","note":"Here wanneer introduces a conditional clause and means “if,” an older literary use."},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had laten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, first-person singular","role":"object of laten and understood subject of terechtstaan","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the charge zaken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of laten terechtstaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative verb governing mij and terechtstaan","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"terechtstaan","lemma":"terechtstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laten","gloss":"stand trial"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement schuldig","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of mij","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the offence oneerbiedigheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oneerbiedigheid","lemma":"oneerbiedigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"disrespect"},{"surface":"jegens","lemma":"jegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the person toward whom disrespect was shown","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of jegens","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the territorial designation","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sumatra's","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessive modifier of Westkust","gloss":"Sumatra's"},{"surface":"Westkust","lemma":"westkust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the possessive phrase Sumatra’s Westkust","gloss":"West Coast"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of had kunnen worden uitgelegd","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in; temporal adjunct of uitgelegd","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner adjunct met een beetje goeden wil","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beetje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"beetje","lemma":"beetje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met; quantity head modifying wil","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"goeden","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"wil","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"head of een beetje goeden wil","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary in had kunnen worden uitgelegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of worden uitgelegd","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of uitgelegd","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"uitgelegd","lemma":"uitleggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause on the preceding charge","gloss":"construed"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of uitgelegd","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"pooging","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of uitgelegd","gloss":"attempt","note":"Pooging is an older spelling of modern poging."},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement ondermijning","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ondermyning","lemma":"ondermijning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot; complement of poging","gloss":"undermining","note":"Ondermyning is the older spelling of modern ondermijning."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object gezag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies gezag","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; complement of ondermijning","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates poging and aanhitsing","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aanhitsing","lemma":"aanhitsing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated predicative complement with poging","gloss":"incitement"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement opstand","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"opstand","lemma":"opstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot; complement of aanhitsing","gloss":"rebellion"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the charges oneerbiedigheid and diefstal","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the coordinated charge diefstal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"diefstal","lemma":"diefstal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan; coordinated with oneerbiedigheid","gloss":"theft"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location den publieken weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"publieken","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of op; modifies diefstal","gloss":"highway"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of getoond hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zou getoond hebben","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"getoond","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of zou getoond hebben","gloss":"shown"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of getoond","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goedhartig","lemma":"goedhartig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"kind-hearted"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of getoond","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"h12-s181","source":"Maar neen, hy strafte me beter ... akelig!","translation":"But no, he punished me better than that ... horribly!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy strafte me beter ... akelig","title":"Comparative beter, ironic","body":"'beter' is the irregular comparative of 'goed' (good > better). Havelaar wields it bitterly: the general punished him 'better' — meaning more cruelly — by doing nothing at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clause with the preceding discourse","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection rejecting the preceding possibility","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of strafte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"strafte","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, first-person singular","role":"direct object of strafte","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"adverbial modifier of strafte","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"akelig","lemma":"akelig","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic manner comment on strafte","gloss":"horribly"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"h12-s182","source":"Aan den man die op de kalkoenen passen moest, liet hy gelasten voortaan een anderen weg te kiezen. En myn puntdicht ... ach, dàt is nog erger zeide niets, en deed niets!","translation":"To the man who had to keep watch over the turkeys, he gave orders to choose a different path from then on. And my epigram ... ah, that is even worse — it said nothing, and did nothing!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s182.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Aan den man die op de kalkoenen passen moest, liet hy gelasten","title":"Fronted dative + causative laten","body":"The dative phrase 'Aan den man...' is fronted (V2 keeps 'liet' second). 'liet ... gelasten' is causative laten + bare infinitive — 'had it ordered'. Note old dative 'den man'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die op de kalkoenen passen moest","title":"Relative die + separable oppassen","body":"Relative 'die' ('who') opens a verb-final clause; 'passen ... moest' is modal moeten over the separable verb 'oppassen' (to keep watch) — here 'op ... passen' = 'watch over'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient den man","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Aan and recipient of the order","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of moest passen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governed by passen","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kalkoenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kalkoenen","lemma":"kalkoen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"turkeys"},{"surface":"passen","lemma":"passen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moest; with op, means keep watch","gloss":"keep watch"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of passen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"causative auxiliary of gelasten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of liet gelasten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gelasten","lemma":"gelasten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of liet","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"voortaan","lemma":"voortaan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kiezen","gloss":"from then on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of kiezen","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive kiezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kiezen","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement expressing the order","gloss":"choose"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the following sentence with the preceding one","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of puntdicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"puntdicht","lemma":"puntdicht","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zeide and deed","gloss":"epigram"},{"surface":"ach","lemma":"ach","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing a parenthetical comment","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular, emphatic","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dàt to erger","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erger","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"erger","lemma":"erg","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb with puntdicht as subject","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeide","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates zeide and deed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with zeide","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"h12-s183","source":"Ziet ge, dit was wreed!","translation":"You see, this was cruel!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s183.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ziet ge, dit was wreed","title":"Imperative ziet ge","body":"'Ziet ge' is an old imperative/appeal form ('you see / look here') pairing the verb with literary 'ge'. It functions as a discourse marker drawing the listener in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit was wreed","title":"Demonstrative dit for a het-word/idea","body":"'dit' (near, neuter) points to the situation just described. Dutch uses dit/dat for het-words and abstractions, deze/die for de-words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical address","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of Ziet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to wreed","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"wreed","lemma":"wreed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"cruel"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"h12-s184","source":"Hy gunde me niet het minste martelaars-air, ik werd niet belangwekkend door vervolging, en mocht niet ongelukkig wezen door verregaande geestigheid! O, Duclari ... o, Verbrugge ...'t was om eens-voor-al te walgen van puntdichten en kalkoenen!","translation":"He would not grant me the least martyr's air; I was not made interesting by persecution, nor allowed to be unhappy through far-reaching wit! O, Duclari ... o, Verbrugge ... it was enough to make one sick once and for all of epigrams and turkeys!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s184.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy gunde me niet het minste martelaars-air","title":"Weak past gunde + niet negation","body":"'gunde' is the weak past of 'gunnen' (to grant/begrudge): stem + -de after a voiced stem. 'niet het minste' = 'not the least', niet negating the whole verb phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik werd niet belangwekkend door vervolging","title":"Worden-passive werd ... door","body":"'werd ... door vervolging' is the worden-passive with the agent in 'door': 'I was not made interesting by persecution'. The subject undergoes the (non-)action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t was om eens-voor-al te walgen van puntdichten en kalkoenen","title":"om ... te of result","body":"'om ... te walgen van' here expresses a result/sufficiency — 'enough to make one sick of'. The om-clause closes with te + infinitive even when it shades from purpose into consequence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"martelaars-air","title":"martelaars-air (martyr's air)","body":"A wry compound: the 'air' or pose of a martyr. Havelaar's bitter complaint is that the general's silence denied him even the dignity of looking persecuted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of gunde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gunde","lemma":"gunnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, first-person singular","role":"indirect object of gunde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gunde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of martelaars-air","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minste","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive","role":"modifies martelaars-air","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"martelaars-air","lemma":"martelaarsair","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gunde","gloss":"martyr's air"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies belangwekkend","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"belangwekkend","lemma":"belangwekkend","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of werd","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vervolging","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"vervolging","lemma":"vervolging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door; causal adjunct of werd","gloss":"persecution"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates werd and mocht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen; subject is ik","gloss":"was allowed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ongelukkig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ongelukkig","lemma":"ongelukkig","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of wezen","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of mocht","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geestigheid","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"verregaande","lemma":"verregaand","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geestigheid","gloss":"far-reaching"},{"surface":"geestigheid","lemma":"geestigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door; causal adjunct of wezen","gloss":"wit"},{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative interjection introducing Duclari","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressed by the speaker","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative interjection introducing Verbrugge","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative addressed by the speaker","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula governing om te walgen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result infinitive te walgen","gloss":"enough to"},{"surface":"eens-voor-al","lemma":"eens voor al","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies walgen","gloss":"once and for all","note":"The now usual expression is eens en voor altijd, “once and for all.”"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive walgen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"walgen","lemma":"walgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of om","gloss":"feel disgust"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the objects of disgust","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"puntdichten","lemma":"puntdicht","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"epigrams"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates puntdichten and kalkoenen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kalkoenen","lemma":"kalkoen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with puntdichten","gloss":"turkeys"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"h12-s185","source":"Zo weinig aanmoediging dooft de vlam van 't genie uit tot de laatste vonk ... inkluzief: ik heb 't nooit weer gedaan!","translation":"So little encouragement snuffs out the flame of genius down to the last spark ... myself included: I have never done it again!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s185.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zo weinig aanmoediging dooft de vlam van 't genie uit","title":"Separable uitdoven, split","body":"The separable verb 'uitdoven' (to snuff out) splits in this main clause: 'dooft ... uit', with the long object 'de vlam van 't genie' filling the middle field and 'uit' landing at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb 't nooit weer gedaan","title":"Perfect with negative nooit","body":"'heb ... nooit weer gedaan' is the present perfect ('have never done again'), with the single negative 'nooit' carrying the negation. Dutch tolerates only one negator per clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies aanmoediging","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"aanmoediging","lemma":"aanmoediging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of dooft","gloss":"encouragement"},{"surface":"dooft","lemma":"doven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb dooft ... uit","gloss":"snuffs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vlam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vlam","lemma":"vlam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of dooft ... uit","gloss":"flame"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of genie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"genie","lemma":"genie","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of van; modifies vlam","gloss":"genius"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing dooft ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vonk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vonk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies vonk","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"vonk","lemma":"vonk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot; endpoint of dooft ... uit","gloss":"spark"},{"surface":"inkluzief","lemma":"inclusief","morphology":"adverb","role":"postposed comment including the speaker","gloss":"included","note":"Inkluzief is a nonstandard historical spelling of modern inclusief."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb gedaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of heb gedaan","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"h12-s186","source":"DERTIENDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"THIRTEENTH CHAPTER","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h12-s186.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"DERTIENDE HOOFDSTUK","title":"Ordinal + het-word hoofdstuk","body":"'dertiende' is the ordinal 'thirteenth' (cardinal dertien + -de). 'hoofdstuk' (chapter) is a neuter het-word, itself a compound of 'hoofd' (main) + 'stuk' (piece)."}],"words":[{"surface":"DERTIENDE","lemma":"dertiende","morphology":"ordinal numeral, attributive","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"thirteenth"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"head of the title","gloss":"chapter"}]}]}