{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-13","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 13","translated":"Chapter 13"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-13","lines":139},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-12","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-14","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h13-s1","source":"--En mag men nu weten waarom ge eigenlyk gesuspendeerd waart? vroeg Duclari.","translation":"--And may one now learn why you were actually suspended? asked Duclari.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"mag men nu weten waarom ge eigenlyk gesuspendeerd waart?","title":"Modal mag + literary ge ... waart","body":"'mag men' is modal mogen ('may one'); the indirect question is verb-final with 'gesuspendeerd waart' — 'waart' being the old 2nd-person past of 'zijn' that pairs with 'ge'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weten","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of mag weten","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by mag","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question and expresses cause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of waart","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesuspendeerd","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"gesuspendeerd","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the embedded passive clause","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"waart","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"were","note":"Waart is the older second-person singular past form used with gij/ge."},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb introducing the quoted question","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Duclari"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h13-s2","source":"--O ja, gaarne!","translation":"--Oh yes, gladly!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamatory interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner adjunct in the elliptical response","gloss":"gladly","note":"Gaarne is a formal or literary synonym of modern graag."}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h13-s3","source":"Want daar ik alles wat ik u hiervan te zeggen heb, voor wáár geven en zelfs nog gedeeltelyk bewyzen kan, zult ge daaruit zien dat ik niet lichtvaardig handelde toen ik myn verhaal over dat vermiste kind, de praatjes van Padang niet verwierp als volstrekt ongerymd. Men zal ze zeer geloofbaar vinden, zoodra men onzen dapperen generaal leert kennen in de zaken die my betreffen.","translation":"For since everything I have to tell you about this I can vouch for as true, and even partly prove, you will see from it that I did not act rashly when, in my account of that missing child, I refused to dismiss the Padang gossip as utterly absurd. You will find it quite credible once you come to know our brave general in the matters that concern me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want daar ik alles ... kan, zult ge daaruit zien","title":"want vs daar; coordination vs subordination","body":"'Want' (for) is coordinating and keeps normal word order, but the nested 'daar ik ... kan' (since) is subordinating and sends 'kan' to the end. The main clause then inverts: 'zult ge'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoodra men onzen dapperen generaal leert kennen","title":"Adjective -en + old accusative","body":"'onzen dapperen generaal' shows the masculine accusative ending -en on possessive and adjective alike ('our brave general'). Modern Dutch levels these to 'onze dappere generaal'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory sentence","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of kan","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of geven and bewyzen; antecedent of wat","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, indirect object, second-person singular","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of zeggen","gloss":"about this"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of heb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite verb governing te zeggen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase voor wáár geven","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"wáár","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement in voor waar geven","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kan","gloss":"vouch for"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates geven and bewyzen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewyzen","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds emphasis to gedeeltelyk","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"gedeeltelyk","lemma":"gedeeltelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewyzen","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitival complement of kan","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of the causal clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"future auxiliary of zien","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of zult zien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"daaruit","lemma":"daaruit","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of zien","gloss":"from it"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main lexical verb with zult","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of zien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of handelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates handelde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lichtvaardig","lemma":"lichtvaardig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies handelde","gloss":"rashly"},{"surface":"handelde","lemma":"handelen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of the object clause","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of verwierp","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of verwierp","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of verhaal","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the parenthetical narrative frame","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of verhaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vermiste","lemma":"vermist","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies kind","gloss":"missing"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of praatjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"praatjes","lemma":"praatje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of verwierp","gloss":"gossip"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of praatjes","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verwierp","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verwierp","lemma":"verwerpen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"dismissed"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement of verwierp","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ongerymd","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"ongerymd","lemma":"ongerijmd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement introduced by als","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zal vinden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"future auxiliary of vinden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third-person plural","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geloofbaar","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"geloofbaar","lemma":"geloofbaar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement after vinden","gloss":"credible"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main lexical verb with zal","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of leert kennen","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of leert kennen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"onzen","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person plural, inflected","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"dapperen","lemma":"dapper","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies generaal","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of leert kennen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"leert","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb governing kennen","gloss":"comes to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of leert","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the adverbial complement of leert kennen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of betreffen; antecedent zaken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, first-person singular","role":"direct object of betreffen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"betreffen","lemma":"betreffen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"finite verb of the relative clause on zaken","gloss":"concern"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h13-s4","source":"Er waren dan in myn kasrekening te Natal onnauwkeurigheden en verzuimen.","translation":"There were, then, inaccuracies and omissions in my cash account at Natal.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er waren dan in myn kasrekening ... onnauwkeurigheden en verzuimen","title":"Existential er + fronted adverbial","body":"'Er waren...' is the existential 'there were', with the place-adverbial fronted before the indefinite subjects. er holds the subject slot until the real subject arrives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kasrekening","title":"kasrekening (cash account)","body":"'kasrekening' (kas 'till/treasury' + rekening 'account') is the cash account a controller had to keep. The alleged shortfalls in it at Natal are the pretext for Havelaar's suspension."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential construction with waren","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying waren","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement of waren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of kasrekening","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"kasrekening","lemma":"kasrekening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"cash account"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place name Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"onnauwkeurigheden","lemma":"onnauwkeurigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"inaccuracies"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates onnauwkeurigheden and verzuimen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verzuimen","lemma":"verzuim","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated subject with onnauwkeurigheden","gloss":"omissions"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h13-s5","source":"Ge weet hoe elke onnauwkeurigheid op nadeel uitloopt: nooit heeft men door slordigheid geld over.","translation":"You know how every inaccuracy ends in a loss: carelessness never leaves one with money to spare.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nooit heeft men door slordigheid geld over","title":"Fronted nooit forces inversion","body":"Fronting the negative adverb 'nooit' puts the finite verb 'heeft' before the subject 'men' (V2). 'geld over hebben' = 'to have money left over'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces and modifies the clause of uitloopt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of onnauwkeurigheid","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"onnauwkeurigheid","lemma":"onnauwkeurigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitloopt","gloss":"inaccuracy"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of uitlopen op","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"nadeel","lemma":"nadeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op in uitlopen op","gloss":"a loss"},{"surface":"uitloopt","lemma":"uitlopen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"ends"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the causal adjunct of heeft","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"slordigheid","lemma":"slordigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"carelessness"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicative complement of geld in geld over hebben","gloss":"to spare","note":"The idiom geld over hebben means to have money left over or to spare."}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h13-s6","source":"De chef van de komptabiliteit te Padang--die nu juist myn byzondere vriend niet was--beweerde dat er duizenden te-kort kwamen.","translation":"The head of the accounting office at Padang--who just then was no particular friend of mine--claimed that there were thousands missing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die nu juist myn byzondere vriend niet was","title":"Relative die + litotes","body":"Relative 'die' opens a verb-final aside ('who just then was no particular friend of mine'). The understatement (litotes) is a favourite Multatuli irony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"beweerde dat er duizenden te-kort kwamen","title":"dat-clause with existential er","body":"Inside the 'dat'-clause, 'er ... kwamen' keeps the existential er while 'te-kort kwamen' (came short / were missing) sits verb-final. 'tekortkomen' here means 'to be lacking'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of chef","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"chef","lemma":"chef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of beweerde","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of chef","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of komptabiliteit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"komptabiliteit","lemma":"comptabiliteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"accounting office","note":"Here comptabiliteit denotes the government accounting department, not merely accounting as an activity."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place name Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of was; antecedent chef","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nu","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of vriend","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"byzondere","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies vriend","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"vriend","lemma":"vriend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite copular verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"beweerde","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"claimed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of beweerde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause of kwamen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"duizenden","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"substantivized numeral, plural","role":"subject of kwamen","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"te-kort","lemma":"tekort","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of te-kort kwamen, completing the sense of tekortkomen","gloss":"were missing"},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"finite base of te-kort kwamen in the object clause","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h13-s7","source":"Maar let wel dat men my, zoolang ik te Natal was, daarop niet had opmerkzaam gemaakt.","translation":"But note well that, all the while I was at Natal, no one had drawn my attention to this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"let wel dat men my ... daarop niet had opmerkzaam gemaakt","title":"Imperative let wel + pronominal daarop","body":"'let wel' is an imperative ('note well'). 'daarop ... opmerkzaam gemaakt' uses pronominal 'daarop' ('to this') with the idiom 'opmerkzaam maken op' (to draw attention to)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"let","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes let","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of let","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had gemaakt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, first-person singular","role":"direct object of had opmerkzaam gemaakt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"zoolang","lemma":"zolang","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of was","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place name Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicative locative complement of was","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of opmerkzaam gemaakt","gloss":"to this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates had gemaakt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"opmerkzaam","lemma":"opmerkzaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of my with gemaakt","gloss":"aware"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb with had","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h13-s8","source":"Geheel onverwachts ontving ik een overplaatsing naar de Padangsche bovenlanden.","translation":"Quite unexpectedly I received a transfer to the Padang highlands.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Geheel onverwachts ontving ik een overplaatsing","title":"Fronted adverb + V2","body":"The adverb 'Geheel onverwachts' (quite unexpectedly) is fronted, so the finite verb 'ontving' takes second place before the subject 'ik' — verb-second order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onverwachts","gloss":"Quite"},{"surface":"onverwachts","lemma":"onverwachts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontving","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of overplaatsing","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"overplaatsing","lemma":"overplaatsing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"transfer"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination of overplaatsing","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of bovenlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Padangsche","lemma":"Padangs","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies bovenlanden","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"bovenlanden","lemma":"bovenland","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of naar","gloss":"highlands"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h13-s9","source":"Je weet, Verbrugge, dat op Sumatra een plaatsing in de bovenlanden van Padang als voordeeliger en aangenamer wordt beschouwd dan in de noordelyke residentie.","translation":"You know, Verbrugge, that on Sumatra a posting in the highlands of Padang is regarded as more advantageous and more pleasant than one in the northern residency.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als voordeeliger en aangenamer wordt beschouwd dan","title":"Comparative + worden-passive","body":"'voordeeliger ... aangenamer ... dan' are comparatives with 'dan' for 'than'; 'wordt beschouwd' is the worden-passive ('is regarded'). The comparison rides inside a passive verb-final clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative adjunct of beschouwd","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Sumatra","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Sumatra"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of plaatsing","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"plaatsing","lemma":"plaatsing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt beschouwd","gloss":"posting"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of plaatsing","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of bovenlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bovenlanden","lemma":"bovenland","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"highlands"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of bovenlanden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement of beschouwd","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"voordeeliger","lemma":"voordelig","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicative complement of beschouwd","gloss":"more advantageous"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates voordeeliger and aangenamer","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aangenamer","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"coordinated predicative complement of beschouwd","gloss":"more pleasant"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of beschouwd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"beschouwd","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb with wordt","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with voordeeliger and aangenamer","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the elliptical comparison with plaatsing","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of residentie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noordelyke","lemma":"noordelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies residentie","gloss":"northern"},{"surface":"residentie","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in in the elliptical comparison","gloss":"residency"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h13-s10","source":"Daar ik nog slechts weinig maanden vroeger den Gouverneur by my had gezien--straks zult ge hooren waarom, en hoe?--en omdat er gedurende zyn verblyf te Natal, en zelfs in myn huis, zaken waren voorgevallen waarin ik meende my al zeer flink gedragen te hebben, nam ik die overplaatsing als een gunstige onderscheiding op, en vertrok van Natal naar Padang.","translation":"Since only a few months earlier I had had the Governor with me--presently you will hear why, and how--and because during his stay at Natal, and even in my own house, things had occurred in which I believed I had borne myself altogether very well, I took that transfer as a mark of favour, and set out from Natal for Padang.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar ik nog slechts weinig maanden vroeger den Gouverneur by my had gezien ... nam ik die overplaatsing ... op","title":"Long daar/omdat-clauses + separable opnemen","body":"Two stacked causal clauses (daar..., omdat...) precede the main clause, which then inverts to 'nam ik ... op' — the separable verb 'opnemen' (to take) split around its object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarin ik meende my al zeer flink gedragen te hebben","title":"Reflexive zich gedragen + perfect infinitive","body":"'zich gedragen' (to behave) is reflexive; 'meende ... gedragen te hebben' embeds a perfect te-infinitive — 'believed I had borne myself'. The reflexive 'my' sits before the infinitive cluster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of gezien","gloss":"Since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the temporal measure phrase","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maanden","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of maanden","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"maanden","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying vroeger","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical case form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mij","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of causal subordinate clause","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"straks","lemma":"straks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hooren","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hooren","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zult","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative complement of hooren","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"coordinated interrogative complement of hooren","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the causal clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorgevallen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing zaken","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gedurende","lemma":"gedurende","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verblyf","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of verblyf","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verblyf","lemma":"verblijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gedurende","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the location phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses in myn huis","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of voorgevallen","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of voorgevallen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"voorgevallen","lemma":"voorvallen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of causal subordinate clause","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying zaken","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of gedragen","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies zeer flink","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies flink","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"flink","lemma":"flink","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner modifier of gedragen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"gedragen","lemma":"zich gedragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by hebben","gloss":"borne"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks perfect infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive complement of meende","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overplaatsing","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"overplaatsing","lemma":"overplaatsing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"transfer"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing object complement","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderscheiding","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gunstige","lemma":"gunstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies onderscheiding","gloss":"favorable"},{"surface":"onderscheiding","lemma":"onderscheiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of overplaatsing","gloss":"distinction"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of nam ... op","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links nam and vertrok","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vertrok","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with nam","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of naar","gloss":"Padang"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h13-s11","source":"Ik deed de reis met een fransch schip, de Baobab van Marseille, dat te Atjeh peper had ingeladen, en ... natuurlyk te Natal \"gebrek had aan drinkwater.\" Zoodra ik te Padang aankwam, met het doel vandaar terstond naar de binnenlanden te vertrekken, wilde ik volgens gebruik en plicht den Gouverneur bezoeken, maar hy liet me zeggen dat hy me niet ontvangen kon, en tevens dat ik myn vertrek naar myn nieuwe standplaats moest uitstellen tot nader bevel.","translation":"I made the voyage on a French ship, the Baobab of Marseille, which had loaded pepper at Atjeh, and ... naturally was \"short of drinking water\" at Natal. As soon as I reached Padang, intending to leave at once from there for the interior, I wished, as custom and duty required, to call on the Governor; but he sent me word that he could not receive me, and at the same time that I was to postpone my departure for my new post until further orders.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy liet me zeggen dat hy me niet ontvangen kon","title":"Causative laten + modal in bijzin","body":"'liet me zeggen' = causative laten + bare infinitive ('had me told / sent me word'). The dat-clause is verb-final with the modal: 'ontvangen kon' (could receive)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik myn vertrek ... moest uitstellen tot nader bevel","title":"Modal moest + separable uitstellen","body":"In this verb-final clause the modal 'moest' governs the separable infinitive 'uitstellen' (to postpone), which stays whole at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reis","lemma":"reis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"voyage"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schip","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schip","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fransch","lemma":"Frans","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies schip","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"schip","lemma":"schip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Baobab","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Baobab","lemma":"Baobab","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to schip","gloss":"Baobab"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Marseille","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Marseille","lemma":"Marseille","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Baobab","gloss":"Marseille"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of had ingeladen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Atjeh","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Atjeh","lemma":"Atjeh","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ingeladen","gloss":"Atjeh"},{"surface":"peper","lemma":"peper","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ingeladen","gloss":"pepper"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ingeladen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ingeladen","lemma":"inladen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"loaded"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links had ingeladen and had gebrek","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying had","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"gebrek","lemma":"gebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object in gebrek hebben aan","gloss":"shortage"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated finite verb with had ingeladen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking drinkwater","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"drinkwater","lemma":"drinkwater","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"drinking water"},{"surface":"Zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aankwam","gloss":"As soon as","note":"Historical spelling of zodra."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aankwam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"aankwam","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on wilde","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"vandaar","lemma":"vandaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertrekken","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertrekken","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnenlanden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnenlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnenlanden","lemma":"binnenland","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of vertrekken","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vertrekken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vertrekken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of doel","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"volgens","lemma":"volgens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebruik en plicht","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of volgens","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with gebruik","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical case form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezoeken","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"bezoeken","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with wilde","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of liet","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontvangen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ontvangen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontvangen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kon","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of reported clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two reported dat-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitstellen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitstellen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitstellen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vertrek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vertrek","lemma":"vertrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uitstellen","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking standplaats","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of standplaats","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies standplaats","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"standplaats","lemma":"standplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of naar","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of reported clause","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"uitstellen","lemma":"uitstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"postpone"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevel","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"nader","lemma":"nader","morphology":"adjective, comparative, attributive","role":"modifies bevel","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"bevel","lemma":"bevel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of tot","gloss":"order"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h13-s12","source":"Ge begrypt dat ik hierover zeer verwonderd was, te-meer daar hy te Natal my verlaten had in een stemming die me deed meenen nogal goed by hem aangeschreven te staan. Ik had slechts weinig kennissen te Padang, maar van deze weinigen vernam ik--of liever ik bemerkte het aan hen--dat de generaal zeer verstoord op me was.","translation":"You can imagine how astonished I was at this, the more so since at Natal he had left me in a mood that led me to think I stood rather well in his books. I had only a few acquaintances at Padang, but from these few I learned--or rather I perceived it from them--that the general was greatly displeased with me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"te-meer daar hy te Natal my verlaten had in een stemming die me deed meenen","title":"Causative doen + infinitive","body":"'deed meenen' is causative doen + bare infinitive — 'made (me) think'. doen, like laten, takes a bare infinitive; doen leans toward 'cause', laten toward 'let/have'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"goed by hem aangeschreven te staan","title":"Idiom: goed aangeschreven staan","body":"'goed aangeschreven staan bij iemand' = 'to be in someone's good books / well regarded'. Havelaar wrongly thought he stood well with the general."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begrypt","gloss":"You","note":"Ge is an unstressed form of gij."},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verwonderd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hierover","lemma":"hierover","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwonderd","gloss":"at this"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwonderd","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"verwonderd","lemma":"verwonderd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"finite copula of subordinate clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"te-meer","lemma":"temeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverbial modifying verwonderd","gloss":"all the more"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of verlaten","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had verlaten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stemming","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stemming","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stemming","lemma":"stemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"mood"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"meenen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of deed","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"nogal","lemma":"nogal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangeschreven","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aangeschreven","lemma":"aanschrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"part of idiom aangeschreven staan","gloss":"regarded","note":"Bij iemand goed aangeschreven staan means to be well regarded by someone."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive staan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of meenen","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of kennissen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"kennissen","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"acquaintances"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weinigen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weinigen","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"weinigen","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"vernam","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vernam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces self-correction","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies bemerkte","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bemerkte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bemerkte","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"corrective parenthetical verb","gloss":"perceived"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bemerkte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of bemerkte","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of vernam/bemerkte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstoord","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"verstoord","lemma":"verstoord","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"displeased"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of verstoord","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"finite copula of content clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h13-s13","source":"Ik zeg dat ik 't bemerkte omdat op een buitenpost als Padang toen was, de welwillendheid van velen dienen kon als graadmeter der genade die men gevonden had in de oogen des Gouverneurs.","translation":"I say I perceived it because at an outpost such as Padang then was, the goodwill of many could serve as a gauge of the favour one had found in the eyes of the Governor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de genade die men gevonden had in de oogen des Gouverneurs","title":"Genitive des Gouverneurs","body":"'des Gouverneurs' is the old masculine genitive ('of the Governor'), formed with article 'des' + noun-final -s. The biblical-flavoured 'in de oogen des...' heightens the formal register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bemerkte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bemerkte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bemerkte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"bemerkte","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of zeg","gloss":"perceived"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kon dienen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buitenpost","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buitenpost","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"buitenpost","lemma":"buitenpost","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of kon dienen","gloss":"outpost"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with Padang","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of welwillendheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"welwillendheid","lemma":"welwillendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kon dienen","gloss":"goodwill"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of dienen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the predicative complement graadmeter","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"graadmeter","lemma":"graadmeter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of dienen","gloss":"gauge"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, feminine genitive singular","role":"determiner of genade","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"genade","lemma":"genade","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of graadmeter","gloss":"favour"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevonden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on genade","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of gevonden","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine genitive singular","role":"determiner of Gouverneurs","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Gouverneurs","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of oogen","gloss":"Governor"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h13-s14","source":"Ik gevoelde dat er een storm in aantocht was, zonder te weten uit welken hoek de wind komen zou.","translation":"I felt that a storm was brewing, without knowing from which quarter the wind would come.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zonder te weten uit welken hoek de wind komen zou","title":"zonder te + indirect question","body":"'zonder te weten' = 'without knowing' (zonder governs te + infinitive). The embedded question 'uit welken hoek ... komen zou' is verb-final; note old accusative 'welken hoek'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevoelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gevoelde","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of storm","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"storm","lemma":"storm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"storm"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aantocht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"aantocht","lemma":"aantocht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"approach"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the content clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of weten","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial complement of gevoelde","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoek","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"welken","lemma":"welk","morphology":"interrogative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of hoek","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hoek","lemma":"hoek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of komen","gloss":"quarter"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wind","lemma":"wind","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h13-s15","source":"Daar ik geld noodig had, verzocht ik dezen en genen me daarmee te-hulp te komen, en ik stond werkelyk verbaasd dat men my overal een weigerend antwoord gaf.","translation":"Since I needed money, I asked this person and that to help me out, and I was truly astonished that everywhere I met with a refusal.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verzocht ik dezen en genen me daarmee te-hulp te komen","title":"te-infinitive + pronominal daarmee","body":"'verzocht ... te komen' takes a te-infinitive after 'verzoeken' (to request). 'daarmee' fuses 'met' + a pronoun ('with that'); 'te hulp komen' = 'to come to the aid of'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dezen en genen","title":"dezen en genen ('this one and that')","body":"A set pairing of the demonstratives 'deze' (this) and 'gene' (yon/that), meaning 'one person and another, various people'. 'gene' is the archaic far-demonstrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of had","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on verzocht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzocht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, accusative singular","role":"first direct object of verzocht","gloss":"this person"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"genen","lemma":"gene","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, accusative singular","role":"second direct object of verzocht","gloss":"that person"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of te hulp komen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"daarmee","lemma":"daarmee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of te hulp komen","gloss":"with that"},{"surface":"te-hulp","lemma":"te hulp","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of komen","gloss":"to help"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verzocht","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verbaasd","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"verbaasd","lemma":"verbaasd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of stond","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gaf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"overal","lemma":"overal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaf","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"weigerend","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies antwoord","gloss":"refusing"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of stond","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h13-s16","source":"Op Padang, niet minder dan elders in Indie, waar over 't geheel het krediet een zelfs te groote rol speelt, was de stemming op dat stuk anders vry ruim.","translation":"At Padang, no less than elsewhere in the Indies, where on the whole credit plays an even excessive part, the disposition on that point was otherwise quite liberal.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar over 't geheel het krediet een zelfs te groote rol speelt","title":"Adjective -e + intensified te groote","body":"'te groote rol' = 'too great a role'; the attributive adjective takes -e ('groote', period spelling of grote). 'over 't geheel' = 'on the whole'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies minder","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"head of the comparison niet minder dan","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the standard of comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of was","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on Indië","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geheel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geheel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of over in the idiom over het geheel","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of krediet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"krediet","lemma":"krediet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of speelt","gloss":"credit"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rol","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rol","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"rol","lemma":"rol","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of speelt","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"speelt","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on Indie","gloss":"plays"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main copular verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stemming","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stemming","lemma":"stemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"disposition"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stuk","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ruim","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ruim","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"ruim","lemma":"ruim","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"liberal"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h13-s17","source":"Men zou in elk ander geval met genoegen eenige honderden guldens hebben voorgeschoten aan een kontroleur die op reis was en tegen verwachting ergens werd opgehouden.","translation":"In any other case people would gladly have advanced a few hundred guilders to a controller who was travelling and, contrary to expectation, found himself detained somewhere.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men zou ... eenige honderden guldens hebben voorgeschoten","title":"Conditional perfect + separable voorschieten","body":"'zou ... hebben voorgeschoten' is the conditional perfect ('would have advanced'). 'voorschieten' (to advance money) is separable; its participle 'voorgeschoten' keeps the prefix."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voorgeschoten","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorgeschoten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geval","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"elk","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geval","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of voorgeschoten","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genoegen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of voorgeschoten","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of honderden","gloss":"a few","note":"Historical spelling of modern enige; here it means “a few.”"},{"surface":"honderden","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"direct object of voorgeschoten","gloss":"hundreds"},{"surface":"guldens","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies honderden","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of voorgeschoten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"voorgeschoten","lemma":"voorschieten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the sentence","gloss":"advanced"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kontroleur","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was and werd opgehouden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reis","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"reis","lemma":"reis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verwachting","gloss":"contrary to"},{"surface":"verwachting","lemma":"verwachting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of opgehouden","gloss":"expectation"},{"surface":"ergens","lemma":"ergens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgehouden","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgehouden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"opgehouden","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on kontroleur","gloss":"detained"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h13-s18","source":"Doch my weigerde men alle hulp.","translation":"But to me all help was refused.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch my weigerde men alle hulp","title":"Object-fronting for contrast","body":"The object 'my' is fronted for emphasis ('But to me...'), forcing inversion 'weigerde men'. Pairing this with archaic 'Doch' sharpens the contrast: everyone else got credit, he got none."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of weigerde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"weigerde","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weigerde","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hulp","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weigerde","gloss":"help"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h13-s19","source":"Ik drong by sommigen op 't noemen der oorzaken van dit wantrouwen aan, en de fil en aiguille kwam ik eindelyk te weten dat men in myn geldelyk beheer te Natal fouten en verzuimen had ontdekt, die me verdacht maakten van ontrouwe administratie.","translation":"I pressed some of them to name the grounds of this distrust, and bit by bit I came at last to learn that errors and omissions had been discovered in my financial administration at Natal, which made me suspect of dishonest management.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik drong by sommigen op 't noemen der oorzaken ... aan","title":"Separable aandringen + genitive der","body":"'aandringen op' (to press for) splits as 'drong ... aan'. The object nominalizes an infinitive ('het noemen', the naming) governed by genitive 'der oorzaken' (of the causes)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de fil en aiguille","title":"French: de fil en aiguille","body":"A French idiom Multatuli drops in untranslated — 'from thread to needle', i.e. 'one thing leading to another, bit by bit'. Such French phrases mark the narrator's cosmopolitan voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of drong","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"drong","lemma":"dringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb aandringen","gloss":"pushed"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sommigen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sommigen","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"some people"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noemen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of noemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"naming"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of oorzaken","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of noemen","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wantrouwen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wantrouwen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"wantrouwen","lemma":"wantrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"distrust"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes aandringen with drong","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"foreign preposition","role":"part of the French idiom de fil en aiguille","gloss":"from","note":"The French idiom de fil en aiguille means “bit by bit” or “gradually.”"},{"surface":"fil","lemma":"fil","morphology":"foreign noun, masculine singular","role":"part of the French idiom de fil en aiguille","gloss":"thread"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"foreign preposition","role":"part of the French idiom de fil en aiguille","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"aiguille","lemma":"aiguille","morphology":"foreign noun, feminine singular","role":"part of the French idiom de fil en aiguille","gloss":"needle"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with drong","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kwam","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontdekt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had ontdekt","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beheer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of beheer","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"geldelyk","lemma":"geldelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beheer","gloss":"financial","note":"Historical spelling of modern geldelijk."},{"surface":"beheer","lemma":"beheer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"fouten","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of ontdekt","gloss":"errors"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verzuimen","lemma":"verzuim","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with fouten","gloss":"omissions"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontdekt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ontdekt","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of weten","gloss":"discovered"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of maakten; refers to fouten en verzuimen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of maakten","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"verdacht","lemma":"verdacht","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of me","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"maakten","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on fouten en verzuimen","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking administratie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ontrouwe","lemma":"ontrouw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies administratie","gloss":"dishonest"},{"surface":"administratie","lemma":"administratie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"management"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h13-s20","source":"Dat er fouten in myn administratie waren, bevreemdde me volstrekt niet.","translation":"That there were errors in my administration did not surprise me in the least.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bevreemdde me volstrekt niet","title":"Weak past bevreemdde + niet","body":"'bevreemdde' is the weak past of 'bevreemden' (to surprise/strike as odd), stem + -de. 'volstrekt niet' = 'not at all', niet negating the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"fouten","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"errors"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking administratie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of administratie","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"administratie","lemma":"administratie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the subject clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"bevreemdde","lemma":"bevreemden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surprised"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bevreemdde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevreemdde","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h13-s21","source":"Juist het tegendeel zou me verwonderd hebben, maar wel vond ik 't zonderling dat de Gouverneur, die persoonlyk getuige was geweest hoe ik gedurig ver van myn bureau had te kampen gehad met de ontevredenheid der bevolking en aanhoudende pogingen tot opstand ... dat hy die zelf my geprezen had over wat hy \"kordaatheid\" noemde, aan de ontdekte fouten den naam geven kon van ontrouw of oneerlykheid.","translation":"The very opposite would have astonished me; but I did find it strange that the Governor, who had personally been a witness to how, far from my office, I had again and again to contend with the discontent of the population and with persistent attempts at insurrection ... that he, who had himself praised me for what he called \"resoluteness,\" could give the discovered errors the name of dishonesty or fraud.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vond ik 't zonderling dat de Gouverneur ... aan de ontdekte fouten den naam geven kon van ontrouw","title":"Anticipatory 't + heavy bijzin","body":"'vond ik 't zonderling dat...' uses anticipatory 't pointing forward to the long dat-clause. That clause is verb-final, closing on the modal cluster 'geven kon' with split idiom 'den naam geven van'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de ontevredenheid der bevolking","title":"Genitive der bevolking","body":"'der bevolking' is the genitive ('of the population'), with feminine/plural genitive article 'der'. Modern Dutch would write 'van de bevolking'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kordaatheid","title":"kordaatheid (resoluteness)","body":"'kordaat' means bold, firm, decisive; 'kordaatheid' is the noun. Havelaar's bitter irony: the general had praised his 'resoluteness', then recast the same conduct as fraud."}],"words":[{"surface":"Juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses tegendeel","gloss":"Precisely"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tegendeel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tegendeel","lemma":"tegendeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of verwonderd hebben","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of verwonderd hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, first person singular","role":"direct object of verwonderd hebben","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"verwonderd","lemma":"verwonderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with hebben","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links vond to the preceding clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes vond in contrast","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"did find"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory direct object of vond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zonderling","lemma":"zonderling","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of 't after vond","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of vond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geven kon","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of getuige was geweest","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"persoonlyk","lemma":"persoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies getuige was geweest","gloss":"personally"},{"surface":"getuige","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was geweest","gloss":"a witness"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"copula linking die to getuige","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the content clause of getuige","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of had te kampen gehad","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had te kampen gehad","gloss":"again and again"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase ver van myn bureau","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ver","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of bureau","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"bureau","lemma":"bureau","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of te kampen gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks kampen after gehad","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kampen","lemma":"kampen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement in had te kampen gehad","gloss":"contend"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"forms had te kampen gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of kampen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontevredenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontevredenheid","lemma":"ontevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"discontent"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive, singular","role":"genitive determiner of bevolking","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of ontevredenheid","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links pogingen to ontevredenheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aanhoudende","lemma":"aanhoudend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies pogingen","gloss":"persistent"},{"surface":"pogingen","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"attempts"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of pogingen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"opstand","lemma":"opstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"insurrection"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumes the content clause introduced at w14","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of geven kon","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geprezen had","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes die","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, first person singular","role":"direct object of geprezen had","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"geprezen","lemma":"prijzen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with had","gloss":"praised"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of geprezen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the ground for geprezen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of noemde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of noemde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kordaatheid","lemma":"kordaatheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of wat after noemde","gloss":"resoluteness"},{"surface":"noemde","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying wat","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the recipient of naam geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fouten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontdekte","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, past participle, attributive","role":"modifies fouten","gloss":"discovered"},{"surface":"fouten","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"errors"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine singular","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geven","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the name assigned","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ontrouw","lemma":"ontrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"breach of trust"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links oneerlykheid to ontrouw","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"oneerlykheid","lemma":"oneerlijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"dishonesty"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h13-s22","source":"Niemand beter toch dan hy kon weten dat er in deze zaken nooit spraak kon zyn van iets anders dan van force majeure. En, al loochende men deze force majeure, al wilde men my verantwoordelyk stellen voor fouten die begaan waren op oogenblikken dat ik--in levensgevaar dikwyls!--ver van de kas en wat er naar geleek, het beheer daarvan moest toevertrouwen aan anderen, al zou men eischen dat ik, het eene doende, het andere niet had mogen nalaten, dan nòg zou ik alleen schuldig geweest zyn aan een slordigheid die niets gemeens had met \"ontrouw.\" Er bestonden bovendien, in die dagen vooral, talryke voorbeelden dat de Regeering deze moeielykheid der pozitie van de ambtenaren op Sumatra inzag, en 't scheen dan ook in grondbeginsel aangenomen by zulke gelegenheden iets door de vingers te zien.","translation":"No one, surely, could know better than he that in these matters there could never be any question of anything but force majeure. And even were this force majeure denied, even were I to be held responsible for errors committed at moments when I--often in peril of my life!--far from the treasury and whatever resembled it, had to entrust the management of it to others; even were it demanded that, doing the one thing, I ought not to have left the other undone, then still I would have been guilty only of a carelessness that had nothing in common with \"dishonesty.\" There existed besides, in those days especially, numerous instances showing that the Government understood this difficulty in the position of officials on Sumatra, and it seemed indeed to be accepted in principle that on such occasions one should turn a blind eye.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al loochende men deze force majeure, al wilde men my verantwoordelyk stellen","title":"Concessive al + subjunctive/inversion","body":"'al' + inverted verb ('al loochende men', 'al wilde men') means 'even if / even though one...'. The fronted concessive forces verb-first order and the verb carries a subjunctive shade."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het eene doende, het andere niet had mogen nalaten","title":"Present participle doende + modal perfect","body":"'doende' is a present participle ('doing the one thing'); 'had mogen nalaten' is the perfect of modal mogen over separable 'nalaten' (to leave undone) — 'ought not to have left undone'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"by zulke gelegenheden iets door de vingers te zien","title":"Archaic zulk + idiom door de vingers zien","body":"'zulke gelegenheden' uses archaic 'zulk' (such); 'iets door de vingers zien' = 'to turn a blind eye to something' (literally 'see through the fingers')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"force majeure","title":"French: force majeure","body":"A legal/French term meaning 'superior force, circumstances beyond one's control'. Havelaar argues his accounting gaps stemmed from force majeure, not dishonesty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"No one"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds emphatic assurance","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with hy","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main lexical verb with kon","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of weten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in er spraak zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zaken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kon zyn","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement in er spraak zyn","gloss":"any question"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula with spraak","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"complements spraak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"postmodifies iets","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the exclusion after anders","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"repeats the complement marker of spraak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"force","lemma":"force","morphology":"noun, part of French phrase","role":"first element of force majeure","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"majeure","lemma":"majeur","morphology":"adjective, part of French phrase","role":"modifies force in force majeure","gloss":"overriding","note":"Force majeure is the legal phrase for unavoidable circumstances beyond one's control."},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the next sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a concessive conditional clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"loochende","lemma":"loochenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of concessive clause","gloss":"denied"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of loochende","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of force majeure","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"force","lemma":"force","morphology":"noun, part of French phrase","role":"first element of force majeure","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"majeure","lemma":"majeur","morphology":"adjective, part of French phrase","role":"modifies force in direct object phrase","gloss":"overriding"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a parallel concessive conditional clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of stellen","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, first person singular","role":"direct object of stellen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"verantwoordelyk","lemma":"verantwoordelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of my after stellen","gloss":"responsible"},{"surface":"stellen","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces what my is responsible for","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"fouten","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"errors"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of begaan waren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"begaan","lemma":"begaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in passive begaan waren","gloss":"committed"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of begaan","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time phrase","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"oogenblikken","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause modifying oogenblikken","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of moest toevertrouwen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces levensgevaar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"levensgevaar","lemma":"levensgevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"peril of life"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in levensgevaar","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of ver van de kas","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ver","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kas","lemma":"kas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"treasury"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links relative phrase to kas","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of geleek","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of naar in ernaar geleek","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms ernaar, complement of geleek","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"geleek","lemma":"gelijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause headed by wat","gloss":"resembled"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beheer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beheer","lemma":"beheer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of toevertrouwen","gloss":"management"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"postmodifies beheer","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of toevertrouwen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"toevertrouwen","lemma":"toevertrouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical verb governed by moest","gloss":"entrust"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks recipient of toevertrouwen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a third concessive conditional clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of eischen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of eischen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"eischen","lemma":"eisen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical verb governed by zou","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of eischen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of had mogen nalaten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized eene","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eene","lemma":"een","morphology":"substantivized numeral, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doende","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"doende","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying ik","gloss":"doing"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized andere","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of nalaten","gloss":"other thing"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates had mogen nalaten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of mogen nalaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"mogen","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of nalaten","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"nalaten","lemma":"nalaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical verb governed by mogen","gloss":"leave undone"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the conclusion after concessive clauses","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"nòg","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the remaining conclusion","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of geweest zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of schuldig geweest zyn","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"limits schuldig","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of ik","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"perfect participle with zyn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of schuldig","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of slordigheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"slordigheid","lemma":"slordigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"carelessness"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"head of direct object niets gemeens","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"gemeens","lemma":"gemeen","morphology":"adjective, partitive inflection","role":"postmodifies niets","gloss":"in common"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying slordigheid","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of gemeens had","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ontrouw","lemma":"ontrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"breach of trust"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive with bestonden","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"bestonden","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestonden","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes temporal phrase in die dagen","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"talryke","lemma":"talrijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies voorbeelden","gloss":"numerous"},{"surface":"voorbeelden","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of bestonden","gloss":"instances"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause explaining voorbeelden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of inzag","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of moeielykheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"moeielykheid","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of inzag","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive, singular","role":"genitive determiner of pozitie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"pozitie","lemma":"positie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of moeielykheid","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of pozitie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ambtenaren","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location of ambtenaren","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Sumatra","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Sumatra"},{"surface":"inzag","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links scheen to bestonden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of scheen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with bestonden","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of discourse phrase dan ook","gloss":"accordingly"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of discourse phrase dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces grondbeginsel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"grondbeginsel","lemma":"grondbeginsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in; modifies aangenomen","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"aangenomen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of scheen","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal circumstances","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of gelegenheden","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"gelegenheden","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of by","gloss":"occasions"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom iets door de vingers zien","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vingers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vingers","lemma":"vinger","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of door in idiom","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal subject of scheen; completes idiom iets door de vingers zien","gloss":"turn a blind eye","note":"Iets door de vingers zien means to overlook or tolerate something."}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h13-s23","source":"Men vergenoegde zich met van de betrokken ambtenaren de terugbetaling van 't ontbrekende te vorderen, en er moesten al zeer duidelyke bewyzen zyn voor men 't woord \"ontrouw\" uitsprak of zelfs daaraan dacht.","translation":"They contented themselves with demanding from the officials concerned the repayment of what was missing, and the proofs had to be very clear indeed before the word \"dishonesty\" was uttered or even thought of.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men vergenoegde zich met ... te vorderen","title":"Reflexive zich vergenoegen + te-infinitive","body":"'zich vergenoegen met' (to content oneself with) is reflexive and governs 'met ... te vorderen' — the te-infinitive 'to demand'. The reflexive 'zich' marks the subject acting on itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er moesten al zeer duidelyke bewyzen zyn voor men 't woord ... uitsprak","title":"Existential er + voor-clause","body":"'er moesten ... bewyzen zyn' is existential er with modal moeten ('there had to be proofs'). 'voor' (before) then opens a verb-final clause, 'voor men ... uitsprak'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vergenoegde","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"vergenoegde","lemma":"vergenoegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contented"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vergenoegde","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the met + infinitive complement of vergenoegde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambtenaren as the source of repayment","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"betrokken","lemma":"betrokken","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ambtenaren","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"ambtenaren","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of vorderen via van","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of terugbetaling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"terugbetaling","lemma":"terugbetaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vorderen","gloss":"repayment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontbrekende","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of substantivized ontbrekende","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontbrekende","lemma":"ontbrekend","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"missing"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vorderen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vorderen","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of met","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive subject placeholder","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifier with zeer","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duidelyke","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"duidelyke","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bewijzen","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of moesten zijn","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moesten","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of uitsprak","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitsprak and dacht","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uitsprak","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ontrouw","lemma":"ontrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, quoted","role":"apposition identifying woord","gloss":"dishonesty"},{"surface":"uitsprak","lemma":"uitspreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause introduced by voor","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates uitsprak and dacht","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dacht","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of dacht","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with uitsprak","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h13-s24","source":"Dit was dan ook zóó als regel aangenomen, dat ik te Natal den Gouverneur zelf gezegd had bevreesd te zyn dat ik, na 't onderzoeken van myn verantwoording op de bureaux te Padang veel zou te betalen hebben, waarop hy schouder-ophalend antwoordde: \"och ... die geldzaken!\" als gevoelde hyzelf dat het mindere voor 't meerdere wyken moest. Nu erken ik dat geldzaken gewichtig zyn.","translation":"This was indeed so accepted as a rule that at Natal I had myself told the Governor I was afraid that, after the examination of my accounts at the offices in Padang, I should have a great deal to repay, to which he answered with a shrug: \"oh ... those money matters!\" as though he himself felt that the lesser must give way to the greater. Now, I grant that money matters are important.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als gevoelde hyzelf dat het mindere voor 't meerdere wyken moest","title":"Archaic als + subjunctive inversion","body":"'als gevoelde hyzelf' = 'as though he himself felt' — the conjunction 'als' with verb-first inversion and a subjunctive 'gevoelde' renders 'as if'. A distinctly literary construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarop hy schouder-ophalend antwoordde","title":"Pronominal waarop + present participle","body":"'waarop' ('to which') is a pronominal relative tying back to Havelaar's statement; 'schouder-ophalend' is a present participle ('shrugging'), an adverb of manner on 'antwoordde'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive aangenomen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of aangenomen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb correlating with dat","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative phrase als regel","gloss":"as a"},{"surface":"regel","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"rule"},{"surface":"aangenomen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause correlated with zóó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"locative adjunct of gezegd had","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverbial intensifier","role":"emphasizes Gouverneur","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of gezegd had","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"bevreesd","lemma":"bevreesd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of zijn","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gezegd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause complementing bevreesd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou hebben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderzoeken","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of substantivized onderzoeken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderzoeken","lemma":"onderzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive, substantivized","role":"object of na","gloss":"examination"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking object of onderzoeken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of verantwoording","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verantwoording","lemma":"verantwoording","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onderzoeken","gloss":"accounts"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bureaux","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bureaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bureaux","lemma":"bureau","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"offices"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of betalen","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive betalen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"betalen","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by te","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of antwoordde","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schouder-ophalend","lemma":"schouderophalend","morphology":"adverbial present participle","role":"manner adjunct of antwoordde","gloss":"shrugging"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause introduced by waarop","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces quoted exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geldzaken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"geldzaken","lemma":"geldzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of quoted exclamation","gloss":"money matters"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gevoelde","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"gevoelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular, archaic ending","role":"verb of hypothetical clause introduced by als","gloss":"felt","note":"Gevoelde is an older past-tense form of voelde."},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, emphatic","role":"subject of gevoelde","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of moest","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of substantivized mindere","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mindere","lemma":"minder","morphology":"adjective, comparative, substantivized, neuter singular","role":"subject of moest wijken","gloss":"lesser"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in wijken voor","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of substantivized meerdere","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meerdere","lemma":"meerder","morphology":"adjective, comparative, substantivized, neuter singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"wyken","lemma":"wijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"yield"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wijken","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erken","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"erken","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of erken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geldzaken","lemma":"geldzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"money matters"},{"surface":"gewichtig","lemma":"gewichtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective linked by zijn","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking geldzaken to gewichtig","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h13-s25","source":"Maar hoe gewichtig ook, ze waren in dit geval onderschikt aan andere takken van zorg en bezigheid.","translation":"But however important, in this case they were subordinate to other branches of concern and duty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar hoe gewichtig ook, ze waren ... onderschikt aan andere takken","title":"Concessive hoe ... ook","body":"'hoe gewichtig ook' = 'however important' — the 'hoe ... ook' frame concedes a quality before the main clause overrides it. A compact concessive pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding claim","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb in concessive phrase","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"gewichtig","lemma":"gewichtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective in elliptical concessive phrase","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive particle paired with hoe","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking ze to onderschikt","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geval","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"onderschikt","lemma":"onderschikt","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective linked by waren","gloss":"subordinate"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking takken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies takken","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"takken","lemma":"tak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"branches"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zorg","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying takken","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bezigheid","lemma":"bezigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with zorg","gloss":"duty"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h13-s26","source":"Als er door slordigheid of verzuim eenige duizenden te-kort waren in myn beheer, noem ik dit op-zichzelf geen kleinigheid. Maar als deze duizenden ontbraken ten-gevolge van myn gelukte pogingen om den opstand te voorkomen, die de landstreek van Mandhéling dreigde in vuur en vlam te zetten, en de Atjinezen te doen terugkeeren in de oorden waaruit wy hen pas met veel opoffering van geld en volk hadden verjaagd, dan vervalt het gewicht van zoodanig te-kort, en 't werd zelfs reeds eenigszins onbillyk de terugbetaling daarvan opteleggen aan iemand die oneindig grooter belangen gered had.","translation":"If, through carelessness or omission, a few thousand were missing from my management, I do not call that a trifle in itself. But if these thousands were lacking as a consequence of my successful efforts to forestall the insurrection that threatened to set the region of Mandhéling ablaze, and to make the people of Atjeh return to the lands from which we had only just driven them at great cost in money and men, then the weight of such a shortfall falls away, and it became even somewhat unjust to impose its repayment on a man who had saved infinitely greater interests.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die de landstreek van Mandhéling dreigde in vuur en vlam te zetten","title":"Relative die + dreigen te + infinitive","body":"Relative 'die' opens a verb-final clause; 'dreigde ... te zetten' uses 'dreigen' (to threaten) governing a te-infinitive — 'threatened to set ablaze'. Idiom: 'in vuur en vlam zetten'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de Atjinezen te doen terugkeeren in de oorden waaruit wy hen ... hadden verjaagd","title":"Causative doen + pronominal waaruit","body":"'te doen terugkeeren' = causative doen + bare infinitive ('to make return'). 'waaruit' ('from which') is the pronominal relative for the lands; 'hadden verjaagd' is the pluperfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of waren","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive subject placeholder","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slordigheid","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"slordigheid","lemma":"slordigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"carelessness"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"verzuim","lemma":"verzuim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with slordigheid","gloss":"omission"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of duizenden","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"duizenden","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"numeral, substantivized, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"te-kort","lemma":"tekort","morphology":"adverbial predicate","role":"predicate complement of waren","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of beheer","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"beheer","lemma":"beheer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"management"},{"surface":"noem","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of noem","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"op-zichzelf","lemma":"op zichzelf","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"adverbial modifier of dit","gloss":"in itself"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleinigheid","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"kleinigheid","lemma":"kleinigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of dit","gloss":"trifle"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the second conditional argument","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontbraken","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of duizenden","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"duizenden","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"numeral, substantivized, plural","role":"subject of ontbraken","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"ontbraken","lemma":"ontbreken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"were missing"},{"surface":"ten-gevolge","lemma":"ten gevolge","morphology":"compound preposition","role":"introduces cause phrase","gloss":"as a result"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of pogingen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"gelukte","lemma":"gelukt","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies pogingen","gloss":"successful"},{"surface":"pogingen","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive voorkomen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of opstand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opstand","lemma":"opstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorkomen","gloss":"insurrection"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive voorkomen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive modifying pogingen","gloss":"forestall"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of dreigde","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landstreek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landstreek","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zetten","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mandhéling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Mandhéling","lemma":"Mandhéling","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van modifying landstreek","gloss":"Mandhéling"},{"surface":"dreigde","lemma":"dreigen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying opstand","gloss":"threatened"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vuur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vlam","lemma":"vlam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with vuur in idiom","gloss":"flame"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zetten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zetten","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of dreigde","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates zetten and doen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Atjinezen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Atjinezen","lemma":"Atjeher","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"Atjehnese"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive coordinated with zetten as complement of dreigde","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"terugkeeren","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorden","lemma":"oord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"lands"},{"surface":"waaruit","lemma":"waaruit","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of verjaagd","gloss":"from which"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of hadden verjaagd","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verjaagd","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verjaagd","gloss":"only just"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opoffering","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opoffering","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"opoffering","lemma":"opoffering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, collective, singular","role":"coordinated with geld","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of verjaagd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verjaagd","lemma":"verjagen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle of relative clause modifying oorden","gloss":"driven"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb introducing result clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"vervalt","lemma":"vervallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"falls away"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewicht","lemma":"gewicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of vervalt","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking te-kort","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies tekort","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"te-kort","lemma":"tekort","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"shortfall"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of op te leggen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking anticipatory subject to onbillijk","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onbillyk","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverb modifying werd","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onbillijk","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"onbillyk","lemma":"onbillijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective linked by werd","gloss":"unjust"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of terugbetaling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"terugbetaling","lemma":"terugbetaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opleggen","gloss":"repayment"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of terugbetaling","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"opteleggen","lemma":"opleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with fused te","role":"extraposed infinitive clause serving as subject","gloss":"to impose","note":"Opteleggen represents modern op te leggen."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of aan","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had gered","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"oneindig","lemma":"oneindig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groter","gloss":"infinitely"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies belangen","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"belangen","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gered","gloss":"interests"},{"surface":"gered","lemma":"redden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle of relative clause modifying iemand","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gered","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h13-s27","source":"En toch had ik vrede met zoodanige terugbetaling. Want door die niet te vorderen, zou men een te wyde deur openstellen voor oneerlykheid.","translation":"And yet I was at peace with such a repayment. For by not demanding it, one would open too wide a door to dishonesty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want door die niet te vorderen, zou men een te wyde deur openstellen","title":"door ... te + conditional","body":"'door die niet te vorderen' = 'by not demanding it' (door + te-infinitive expresses means). The main clause is conditional 'zou men ... openstellen' with separable 'openstellen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vrede","lemma":"vrede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking terugbetaling","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies terugbetaling","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"terugbetaling","lemma":"terugbetaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"repayment"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of openstellen","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means clause of vorderen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vorderen; refers to terugbetaling","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vorderen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive vorderen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vorderen","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by door","gloss":"demanding"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of openstellen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of openstellen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying wyde","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"wyde","lemma":"wijd","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies deur","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"deur","lemma":"deur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of openstellen","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"openstellen","lemma":"openstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oneerlykheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"oneerlykheid","lemma":"oneerlijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"dishonesty"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h13-s28","source":"Na dagen toevens--ge begrypt in welke stemming!--ontving ik van de sekretarie des Gouverneurs een brief, waarin men my te kennen gaf dat ik van ontrouw werd verdacht gehouden, met last my te verantwoorden op een tal van aanmerkingen die er gevallen waren op myn beheer.","translation":"After days of waiting--you can imagine in what mood!--I received from the Governor's secretariat a letter informing me that I was held suspect of dishonesty, with orders to answer for myself on a number of charges that had been raised against my management.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ontving ik van de sekretarie des Gouverneurs een brief, waarin men my te kennen gaf","title":"Genitive des + relative waarin","body":"'des Gouverneurs' is the old genitive ('of the Governor'); 'waarin' ('in which') is a pronominal relative for the letter. Idiom 'te kennen geven' = 'to make known'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik van ontrouw werd verdacht gehouden","title":"Stative passive verdacht gehouden","body":"'werd verdacht gehouden' chains worden-passive with the idiom 'verdacht houden' (to hold suspect): 'I was held suspect of dishonesty'. The agent (the authorities) is left unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagen","gloss":"After"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of Na","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"toevens","lemma":"toeven","morphology":"verbal noun, genitive singular","role":"genitive complement of dagen","gloss":"of waiting","note":"The literary phrase dagen toevens means “days of waiting.”"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of begrypt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stemming","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"interrogative determiner","role":"determiner of stemming","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"stemming","lemma":"stemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"mood"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sekretarie","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sekretarie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sekretarie","lemma":"secretarie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"secretariat"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of Gouverneurs","gloss":"of the","note":"Des is the old masculine/neuter genitive form of de."},{"surface":"Gouverneurs","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of sekretarie","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on brief and refers to the letter","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"part of the idiom te kennen geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of the idiom te kennen geven","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of te kennen gaf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of werd gehouden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontrouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ontrouw","lemma":"ontrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"dishonesty"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"verdacht","lemma":"verdacht","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of gehouden","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the passive construction","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the accompanying order","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of verantwoorden","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive verantwoorden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verantwoorden","lemma":"verantwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of last","gloss":"answer for"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tal","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of verantwoorden","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanmerkingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"aanmerkingen","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"charges"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren gevallen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in er waren gevallen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of waren gevallen","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of gevallen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beheer","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of beheer","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"beheer","lemma":"beheer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"management"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h13-s29","source":"Enkelen daarvan kon ik terstond ophelderen. Voor anderen evenwel had ik inzage van zekere stukken noodig, en vooral was 't voor my van belang die zaken natesporen te Natal zelf, om by myn geëmployeerden naar de oorzaken der gevonden verschillen onderzoek te doen, en waarschynlyk zou ik dáár geslaagd wezen in myn pogingen om alles tot klaarheid te brengen.","translation":"Some of these I could clear up at once. For others, however, I needed sight of certain documents, and above all it was important for me to investigate those matters at Natal itself, so as to inquire of my employees into the causes of the discrepancies found; and probably I should have succeeded there in my efforts to bring everything to light.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was 't voor my van belang die zaken natesporen te Natal zelf","title":"Separable nasporen joined with te","body":"'natesporen' is 'na-te-sporen', the separable verb 'nasporen' (to investigate) with te inserted, joined as one word on the 1860 page. 'van belang zijn' = 'to be of importance'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om by myn geëmployeerden naar de oorzaken ... onderzoek te doen","title":"om ... te purpose","body":"'om ... onderzoek te doen' frames the purpose ('in order to investigate'). The om-clause closes on te + infinitive at the very end, after the long middle field of adverbials."}],"words":[{"surface":"Enkelen","lemma":"enkele","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of ophelderen","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Enkelen","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of ophelderen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ophelderen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ophelderen","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ophelderen","lemma":"ophelderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clear up"},{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anderen","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"object of Voor","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause of had","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"inzage","lemma":"inzage","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stukken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zekere","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stukken","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"documents"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of had","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of van belang","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"anticipatory subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the predicative phrase van belang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of natesporen","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"natesporen","lemma":"nasporen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed subject infinitive of was","gloss":"investigate","note":"Natesporen is the older closed spelling of na te sporen."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Natal","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive doen","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geëmployeerden","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of geëmployeerden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"geëmployeerden","lemma":"geëmployeerde","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"employees","note":"Geëmployeerden is an archaic term for employees or officials."},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorzaken","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of naar","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"genitive determiner of verschillen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"modifies verschillen","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"verschillen","lemma":"verschil","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of oorzaken","gloss":"discrepancies"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by om","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waarschynlyk","lemma":"waarschijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou geslaagd wezen","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geslaagd","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geslaagd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geslaagd","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geslaagd","lemma":"slagen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"depends on wezen","gloss":"succeeded"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary with geslaagd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of pogingen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"pogingen","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klaarheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"klaarheid","lemma":"klaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of brengen","gloss":"clarity"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive modifying pogingen","gloss":"bring"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h13-s30","source":"Het verzuim eener afschryving by-voorbeeld van naar Mandhéling gezonden gelden--je weet, Verbrugge, dat de troepen in 't binnenland uit de Natalsche kas worden betaald--of iets dergelyks, dat me hoogstwaarschynlyk terstond zou gebleken zyn als ik onderzoek had kunnen doen op de plaats zelf, had misschien tot die verdrietige fouten aanleiding gegeven.","translation":"The failure to enter, for instance, a sum sent to Mandhéling--you know, Verbrugge, that the troops in the interior are paid out of the Natal treasury--or some such thing, which most likely would have become clear to me at once had I been able to investigate on the spot, had perhaps given rise to those vexing errors.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het verzuim eener afschryving ... had ... tot die verdrietige fouten aanleiding gegeven","title":"Genitive eener + pluperfect","body":"'eener afschryving' is the old feminine genitive of 'een' ('of an entry'); the long subject is finally completed by the pluperfect 'had ... aanleiding gegeven' (had given rise to)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de troepen ... uit de Natalsche kas worden betaald","title":"Worden-passive, present","body":"'worden betaald' is the present worden-passive ('are paid'). The dat-clause is verb-final, so the passive auxiliary and participle close it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzuim","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"verzuim","lemma":"verzuim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of had gegeven","gloss":"failure"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of afschryving","gloss":"of a","note":"Eener is an old feminine genitive form of een."},{"surface":"afschryving","lemma":"afschrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of verzuim","gloss":"recording"},{"surface":"by-voorbeeld","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks afschryving as an example","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mandhéling","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Mandhéling","lemma":"Mandhéling","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gezonden","gloss":"Mandhéling"},{"surface":"gezonden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clause modifying gelden","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"funds"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of troepen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"troepen","lemma":"troep","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive betaald","gloss":"troops"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnenland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnenland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnenland","lemma":"binnenland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kas","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Natalsche","lemma":"Natals","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kas","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"kas","lemma":"kas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"treasury"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of betaald","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"betaald","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the passive clause","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the coordinated subject phrase","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"dergelyks","lemma":"dergelijk","morphology":"adjective, partitive genitive, neuter singular","role":"postmodifier of iets","gloss":"similar"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou gebleken zijn","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gebleken","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"hoogstwaarschynlyk","lemma":"hoogstwaarschijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou gebleken zijn","gloss":"most likely"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebleken","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebleken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gebleken","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of zou gebleken zijn","gloss":"become clear"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gebleken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of doen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary in the counterfactual clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of doen","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of the counterfactual clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of doen","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies plaats","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegeven","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom aanleiding geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fouten","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"verdrietige","lemma":"verdrietig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies fouten","gloss":"vexing"},{"surface":"fouten","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tot","gloss":"errors"},{"surface":"aanleiding","lemma":"aanleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in the idiom aanleiding geven","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the sentence","gloss":"given"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h13-s31","source":"Maar de generaal wilde my niet naar Natal laten vertrekken.","translation":"But the general would not let me set out for Natal.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de generaal wilde my niet naar Natal laten vertrekken","title":"Modal + causative laten + infinitive","body":"Two infinitive verbs stack at the end: modal 'wilde' governs causative 'laten', which governs bare 'vertrekken' — 'would not let me leave'. 'niet' negates the whole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of the infinitive vertrekken","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"vertrekken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"depart"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h13-s32","source":"Deze weigering deed my te meer letten op 't vreemde der wyze waarop die beschuldiging van ontrouw tegen my was ingebracht.","translation":"This refusal made me attend the more to the strangeness of the manner in which that accusation of dishonesty had been brought against me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Deze weigering deed my te meer letten op 't vreemde der wyze waarop","title":"Causative doen + nominalized adjective","body":"'deed my ... letten' is causative doen + bare infinitive ('made me attend'). \"'t vreemde der wyze\" turns the adjective 'vreemd' into a neuter noun ('the strangeness'), with genitive 'der wyze'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weigering","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"weigering","lemma":"weigering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"refusal"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of the infinitive letten","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the degree phrase te meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies letten","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"letten","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of deed","gloss":"attend"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vreemde","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vreemde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vreemde","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"strangeness"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of wyze","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of vreemde","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on wyze","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschuldiging","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive ingebracht","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontrouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ontrouw","lemma":"ontrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"dishonesty"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive perfect auxiliary of ingebracht","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"ingebracht","lemma":"inbrengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause","gloss":"brought"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h13-s33","source":"Waarom toch was ik van Natal onverwachts overgeplaatst, en wel onder verdenking van ontrouw?","translation":"Why, after all, had I been transferred from Natal so unexpectedly, and that under suspicion of dishonesty?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waarom toch was ik van Natal onverwachts overgeplaatst","title":"Question word-order + state passive","body":"'Waarom' fronts the question, so finite 'was' precedes subject 'ik'. 'was ... overgeplaatst' is a state passive ('had been transferred') with separable 'overplaatsen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative modifier of overgeplaatst","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overgeplaatst","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of overgeplaatst","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive overgeplaatst","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of overgeplaatst","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"onverwachts","lemma":"onverwachts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overgeplaatst","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"overgeplaatst","lemma":"overplaatsen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb in passive construction","gloss":"transferred"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic adverb in en wel","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdenking","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"verdenking","lemma":"verdenking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontrouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ontrouw","lemma":"ontrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of verdenking van","gloss":"dishonesty"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h13-s34","source":"Waarom deelde men my dit onteerend vermoeden eerst mede, toen ik ver van de plaats was waar ik gelegenheid zou gehad hebben my te verantwoorden?","translation":"Why was this dishonouring suspicion first disclosed to me only when I was far from the place where I should have had the opportunity to defend myself?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waarom deelde men my dit onteerend vermoeden eerst mede","title":"Separable mededelen + present participle","body":"'mededelen' (to disclose) splits as 'deelde ... mede'. 'onteerend' is a present participle used attributively ('dishonouring'), modifying 'vermoeden' (a het-word, suspicion)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deelde","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"deelde","lemma":"mededelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable mededelen","gloss":"shared"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of deelde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of deelde mede","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vermoeden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"onteerend","lemma":"onterend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vermoeden","gloss":"dishonouring"},{"surface":"vermoeden","lemma":"vermoeden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of deelde","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deelde","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"mede","lemma":"mede","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of deelde mede","gloss":"disclosed"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ver","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of temporal clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying plaats","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou hebben gehad","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of hebben gehad","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of zou hebben gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of verantwoorden","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces verantwoorden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verantwoorden","lemma":"verantwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gelegenheid","gloss":"defend"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h13-s35","source":"En bovenal, waarom tegen my die zaken zoo terstond in het ongunstigst daglicht gesteld, in tegenspraak met de aangenomen gewoonte en de billykheid?","translation":"And above all, why were these matters cast against me so promptly in the most unfavourable light, contrary to accepted custom and to fairness?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom tegen my die zaken zoo terstond in het ongunstigst daglicht gesteld","title":"Superlative ongunstigst","body":"'het ongunstigst(e) daglicht' is the superlative ('the most unfavourable light'), formed with -st. Idiom: 'in een (on)gunstig daglicht stellen' = 'to cast in a (un)favourable light'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links with preceding discourse","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bovenal","lemma":"bovenal","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying gesteld","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesteld","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of implied passive auxiliary with gesteld","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terstond","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesteld","gloss":"promptly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces prepositional complement of gesteld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of daglicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ongunstigst","lemma":"ongunstig","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive","role":"modifies daglicht","gloss":"most unfavourable"},{"surface":"daglicht","lemma":"daglicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of elliptical passive question","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegenspraak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tegenspraak","lemma":"tegenspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"contradiction"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewoonte","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewoonte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aangenomen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, past participle, attributive","role":"modifies gewoonte","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"gewoonte","lemma":"gewoonte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of billykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"billykheid","lemma":"billijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"fairness"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h13-s36","source":"Voor ik nog al die aanmerkingen, zoo goed me zonder archief of mondelinge inlichtingen mogelyk was, beantwoord had, vernam ik zydelings dat de Generaal zoo verstoord op me was: \"omdat ik hem te Natal zoo gekontrarieerd had, waaraan ik dan ook, voegde men er by, zeer verkeerd had gedaan.\"","translation":"Before I had yet answered all those charges, as best I could without archive or oral information, I learned indirectly that the General was so displeased with me \"because I had so thwarted him at Natal, in which, it was added, I had also done very wrong.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Voor ik nog al die aanmerkingen ... beantwoord had, vernam ik zydelings","title":"Fronted voor-clause + inversion","body":"The subordinate 'Voor ik ... beantwoord had' (before I had answered) comes first and is verb-final; the main clause then inverts to 'vernam ik' to keep the finite verb second."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gekontrarieerd","title":"kontrariëren (to thwart)","body":"From French 'contrarier' — to oppose, cross, or thwart. Multatuli keeps it in scare-quotes throughout: Havelaar 'thwarted' the general by doing his honest duty, and was ruined for it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of had beantwoord","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had beantwoord","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beantwoord had","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"quantifies aanmerkingen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanmerkingen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"aanmerkingen","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of beantwoord","gloss":"charges"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beantwoord","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer of mogelijk was","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking archief","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"archief","lemma":"archief","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"archive"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"mondelinge","lemma":"mondeling","morphology":"adjective, plural, attributive","role":"modifies inlichtingen","gloss":"oral"},{"surface":"inlichtingen","lemma":"inlichting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated object of zonder","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking mogelijk to subject clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"beantwoord","lemma":"beantwoorden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of beantwoord","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vernam","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vernam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zydelings","lemma":"zijdelings","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vernam","gloss":"indirectly"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verstoord","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"General"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstoord","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"verstoord","lemma":"verstoord","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"displeased"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of op","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Generaal and verstoord","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had gekontrarieerd","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gekontrarieerd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gekontrarieerd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekontrarieerd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gekontrarieerd","lemma":"contrariëren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of had gekontrarieerd","gloss":"thwarted"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekontrarieerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause of had gedaan","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gedaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, modifying had gedaan","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, modifying had gedaan","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"voegde","lemma":"bijvoegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of parenthetical voegde erbij","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voegde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal component of erbij","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of voegde erbij","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkeerd","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of had gedaan","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h13-s37","source":"Toen ging er een licht voor my op.","translation":"Then a light dawned on me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen ging er een licht voor my op","title":"Fronted toen + separable opgaan","body":"Adverb 'Toen' (then) is fronted, so 'ging' is second. The separable verb 'opgaan' splits, with 'op' thrown to the end: idiom 'er gaat een licht op' = 'a light dawns'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"opgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable opgaan","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive with ging","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of licht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mij","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ging op; completes the idiom","gloss":"dawned"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h13-s38","source":"Ja, ik had hem gekontrarieerd, maar in 't naïf denkbeeld dat hy me daarom achten zou!","translation":"Yes, I had thwarted him, but in the naïve belief that he would esteem me for it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in 't naïf denkbeeld dat hy me daarom achten zou","title":"Conditional zou, end position","body":"Inside the dat-clause, 'achten zou' places the conditional auxiliary at the very end after its infinitive — 'that he would esteem me for it'. 'daarom' = 'for that reason'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection affirming the statement","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gekontrarieerd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekontrarieerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gekontrarieerd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gekontrarieerd","lemma":"contrariëren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of had gekontrarieerd","gloss":"thwarted"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting prepositional phrase","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking denkbeeld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naïf","lemma":"naïef","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies denkbeeld","gloss":"naive"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"belief"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of achten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou achten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of achten","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achten","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"achten","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"esteem"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of achten","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h13-s39","source":"Ik hàd hem gekontrarieerd, maar by zyn vertrek had niets me doen gissen dat hy daarover verstoord was! Dom genoeg had ik de gunstige overplaatsing naar Padang, aangenomen als een bewys dat hy myn \"kontrarieeren\" schoon gevonden had.","translation":"I had thwarted him, yet at his departure nothing had led me to guess that he was displeased about it! Foolishly enough, I had taken the favourable transfer to Padang as proof that he had thought my \"thwarting\" fine.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik hàd hem gekontrarieerd, maar by zyn vertrek had niets me doen gissen","title":"Emphatic perfect + causative doen","body":"The grave accent on 'hàd' stresses the perfect auxiliary ('I HAD thwarted him'). 'had niets me doen gissen' = causative doen in the perfect — 'nothing had made me guess'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gekontrarieerd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hàd","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"emphatic auxiliary of gekontrarieerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gekontrarieerd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gekontrarieerd","lemma":"contrariëren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of had gekontrarieerd","gloss":"thwarted"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertrek","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vertrek","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vertrek","lemma":"vertrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"causative object of doen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative infinitive governed by had","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"gissen","lemma":"gissen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of doen","gloss":"guess"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verstoord","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"daarover","lemma":"daarover","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstoord","gloss":"about it"},{"surface":"verstoord","lemma":"verstoord","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"displeased"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hij and verstoord","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Dom","lemma":"dom","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"sentence adverb modifying had aangenomen","gloss":"foolishly"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Dom","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangenomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had aangenomen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overplaatsing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gunstige","lemma":"gunstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies overplaatsing","gloss":"favourable"},{"surface":"overplaatsing","lemma":"overplaatsing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aangenomen","gloss":"transfer"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"aangenomen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of had aangenomen","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement bewys","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewys","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bewys","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement introduced by als","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gevonden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gevonden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kontrarieeren","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"kontrarieeren","lemma":"contrariëren","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"thwarting"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of kontrarieeren","gloss":"fine","note":"Here schoon means commendable or admirable, not clean."},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of had gevonden","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h13-s40","source":"Ge zult zien, hoe weinig ik hem toen kende.","translation":"You will see how little I knew him then.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge zult zien, hoe weinig ik hem toen kende","title":"Future zullen + indirect question","body":"'Ge zult zien' is the future with zullen ('you will see'). The following indirect exclamation 'hoe weinig ik hem toen kende' is verb-final, ending on the imperfect 'kende'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zult zien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of kende","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of kende","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kende","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"kende","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of embedded exclamative clause","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h13-s41","source":"Maar zoodra ik vernam dat dit de oorzaak was van de scherpte waarmee men myn geldelyke administratie beoordeeld had, was ik in vrede met myzelf.","translation":"But as soon as I learned that this was the cause of the harshness with which my financial administration had been judged, I was at peace with myself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de scherpte waarmee men myn ... administratie beoordeeld had","title":"Pronominal relative waarmee","body":"'waarmee' ('with which') is the pronominal relative for a thing (the harshness), fusing 'met' + 'waar'. Dutch avoids 'met welke' for inanimate antecedents in favour of waar-forms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links main sentence with preceding discourse","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of vernam","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vernam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vernam","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of oorzaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dit and oorzaak","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking scherpte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of scherpte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"scherpte","lemma":"scherpte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"harshness"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"instrumental modifier of beoordeeld; introduces relative clause","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had beoordeeld","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of administratie","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"geldelyke","lemma":"geldelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies administratie","gloss":"financial"},{"surface":"administratie","lemma":"administratie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beoordeeld","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"beoordeeld","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"judged"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of beoordeeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main-clause copula linking ik and in vrede","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrede","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"vrede","lemma":"vrede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; predicative complement of was","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myzelf","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myzelf","lemma":"mijzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"object of met","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h13-s42","source":"Ik beantwoordde punt voor punt zoo goed ik kon, en eindigde myn brief--ik bezit daarvan nog de minuut--met de woorden: \"Ik heb de op myn administratie gevallen aanmerkingen, zoo goed het my zonder archief of lokale nasporing mogelyk was, beantwoord.","translation":"I answered point by point as well as I could, and ended my letter--I still have the draft of it--with these words: \"I have answered the charges raised against my administration, as well as was possible for me without archive or local inquiry.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik beantwoordde punt voor punt zoo goed ik kon","title":"Imperfect beantwoordde + comparative","body":"'beantwoordde' is the weak imperfect of 'beantwoorden'. 'zoo goed ik kon' = 'as well as I could', an elliptical comparative clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de minuut","title":"minuut (draft / minute)","body":"Here 'minuut' is not a unit of time but a legal/clerical term for the retained original draft of a document — 'I still have the draft of it'. A false friend for English readers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beantwoordde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"beantwoordde","lemma":"beantwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb, coordinated with eindigde","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of beantwoordde","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed preposition in punt voor punt","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second element of punt voor punt","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beantwoordde","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of comparative clause zoo goed ik kon","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eindigde","lemma":"eindigen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with beantwoordde","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of eindigde","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bezit","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"possess"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of bezit","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezit","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of minuut","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minuut","lemma":"minuut","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezit","gloss":"draft","note":"Here minuut means the retained draft or copy of a letter."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woorden; depends on eindigde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of beantwoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanmerkingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing modifier of aanmerkingen","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of administratie","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"administratie","lemma":"administratie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of aanmerkingen","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"aanmerkingen","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of beantwoord","gloss":"charges"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beantwoord","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer complement of mogelijk","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking archief","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"archief","lemma":"archief","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"archive"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates archief and nasporing","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"lokale","lemma":"lokaal","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies nasporing","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"nasporing","lemma":"nasporing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of zonder","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to mogelijk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"beantwoord","lemma":"beantwoorden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heb","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h13-s43","source":"Ik verzoek Uhoogedelgestrenge my van alle welwillende konsideratiën te verschoonen.","translation":"I beg Your Most Noble and Stern Honour to spare me all kindly considerations.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik verzoek Uhoogedelgestrenge my ... te verschoonen","title":"te-infinitive after verzoeken","body":"'verzoeken' (to request) governs a te-infinitive: 'verzoek ... te verschoonen' = 'beg ... to spare'. The object 'Uhoogedelgestrenge' and 'my' sit before the closing te-infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzoek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"Uhoogedelgestrenge","lemma":"uhoogedelgestrenge","morphology":"formal personal pronoun/title","role":"direct object of verzoek","gloss":"Your Most Noble Honour","note":"An elaborate historical form of address for a high-ranking official."},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verschoonen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking konsideratiën","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of konsideratiën","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"welwillende","lemma":"welwillend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies konsideratiën","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"konsideratiën","lemma":"consideratie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"considerations","note":"Historical k-spelling of consideratiën; here it means favourable or indulgent regard."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces infinitive verschoonen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verschoonen","lemma":"verschonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verzoek","gloss":"spare"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h13-s44","source":"Ik ben jong, en onbeduidend in-vergelijking, met de macht der heerschende begrippen waartegen myn principes me noodzaken optestaan, maar blijf niettemin trotsch op myn zedelyke onafhankelykheid, trotsch op myn eer.\"","translation":"I am young, and insignificant by comparison with the might of the prevailing notions against which my principles compel me to take a stand; but I remain nonetheless proud of my moral independence, proud of my honour.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"myn principes me noodzaken optestaan","title":"Separable opstaan joined with te","body":"'optestaan' = 'op-te-staan', the separable 'opstaan' (here 'to take a stand / rise up') with te wedged in. 'noodzaken te' (to compel to) governs this te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de macht der heerschende begrippen waartegen myn principes me noodzaken","title":"Genitive der + pronominal waartegen","body":"'der heerschende begrippen' is genitive plural ('of the prevailing notions'); 'waartegen' ('against which') is the pronominal relative. 'heerschende' is a present participle used adjectivally."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben and blijf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Ik to jong and onbeduidend","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onbeduidend","lemma":"onbeduidend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben, coordinated with jong","gloss":"insignificant"},{"surface":"in-vergelijking","lemma":"in vergelijking","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies onbeduidend","gloss":"by comparison","note":"Hyphenated historical spelling of the phrase in vergelijking."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking macht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of begrippen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"heerschende","lemma":"heersen","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies begrippen","gloss":"prevailing"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of macht","gloss":"notions"},{"surface":"waartegen","lemma":"waartegen","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of optestaan","gloss":"against which"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of principes","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"principes","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of noodzaken","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of noodzaken","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"noodzaken","lemma":"noodzaken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on begrippen","gloss":"compel"},{"surface":"optestaan","lemma":"opstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitive complement of noodzaken","gloss":"take a stand"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"blijf","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with ben","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"niettemin","lemma":"niettemin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blijf","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"trotsch","lemma":"trots","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of blijf","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition complementing trotsch","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of onafhankelykheid","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"zedelyke","lemma":"zedelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies onafhankelykheid","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"onafhankelykheid","lemma":"onafhankelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"independence"},{"surface":"trotsch","lemma":"trots","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of blijf, in apposition to trotsch","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"honour"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h13-s45","source":"Den volgenden dag was ik gesuspendeerd wegens \"ontrouwe administratie.\" Den Officier van justitie--we zeiden nog fiskaal in dien tyd--werd gelast omtrent my \"ambt en plicht\" te betrachten.","translation":"The next day I was suspended for \"dishonest administration.\" The Officer of Justice--in those days we still said fiscal--was instructed to discharge \"office and duty\" with regard to me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Den volgenden dag was ik gesuspendeerd","title":"Adverbial accusative Den volgenden dag","body":"'Den volgenden dag' ('the next day') is an accusative time-adverbial, keeping the old -en endings on article and adjective. Fronting it inverts to 'was ik'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Den Officier van justitie ... werd gelast ... te betrachten","title":"Impersonal passive werd gelast","body":"'werd gelast ... te betrachten' = passive 'was instructed to discharge'. The dative 'Den Officier' is fronted; the worden-passive leaves the commanding authority unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic accusative masculine singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive gesuspendeerd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gesuspendeerd","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"wegens","lemma":"wegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking administratie","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ontrouwe","lemma":"ontrouw","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies administratie","gloss":"dishonest"},{"surface":"administratie","lemma":"administratie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of wegens","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of Officier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Officier","lemma":"officier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gelast","gloss":"Officer"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking justitie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"justitie","lemma":"justitie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies Officier","gloss":"Justice"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeiden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zeiden","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeiden","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"fiskaal","lemma":"fiscaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zeiden","gloss":"fiscal","note":"Fiskaal was an older title for a prosecuting legal officer."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, dative singular","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gelast","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gelast","lemma":"gelasten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle in passive construction","gloss":"instructed"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of omtrent","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of betrachten","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of betrachten","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces betrachten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"betrachten","lemma":"betrachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gelast","gloss":"discharge"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h13-s46","source":"En zoo stond ik dus daar te Padang, nauw drie-en-twintig jaren oud, en staarde de toekomst aan, die my eerloosheid brengen zou!","translation":"And so there I stood at Padang, barely twenty-three years old, gazing at the future, which was to bring me dishonour!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die my eerloosheid brengen zou","title":"Relative die + conditional, verb-final","body":"Relative 'die' refers back to 'de toekomst' (the future); the verb-final clause ends 'brengen zou' — the conditional 'zou' after its infinitive, 'which was to bring me dishonour'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"eerloosheid","title":"eerloosheid (dishonour)","body":"'eer' (honour) + '-loos' (without) + '-heid' (-ness) = 'honourlessness, dishonour, infamy'. The loss of eer is the wound at the heart of Havelaar's whole account."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stond","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverbial modifying stond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies drie-en-twintig","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"drie-en-twintig","lemma":"drieëntwintig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"twenty-three"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of oud","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative supplement describing ik","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"staarde","lemma":"staren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable aanstaren; coordinated with stond","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toekomst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toekomst","lemma":"toekomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of staarde ... aan","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of staarde ... aan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of brengen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of brengen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"eerloosheid","lemma":"eerloosheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"dishonour"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou in relative clause on toekomst","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of brengen","gloss":"was to"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h13-s47","source":"Men raadde my aan, me te beroepen op myn jonge jaren--ik was nog onmondig toen de voorgegeven vergrypen hadden plaats gehad--maar dit wilde ik niet.","translation":"I was advised to plead my youth--I was still a minor when the alleged offences were supposed to have taken place--but this I would not do.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men raadde my aan, me te beroepen op myn jonge jaren","title":"Separable aanraden + reflexive zich beroepen","body":"'aanraden' (to advise) splits as 'raadde ... aan'. The advice is a reflexive te-infinitive: 'zich beroepen op' (to plead / invoke) — 'me te beroepen op'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"onmondig","title":"onmondig (a legal minor)","body":"'onmondig' means 'under age, not yet legally of age' (literally 'mouthless', i.e. without legal voice). Havelaar was a minor when the alleged offences occurred — a defence he proudly refuses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of raadde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"raadde","lemma":"raden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable raadde ... aan","gloss":"counseled"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of raadde ... aan","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of raadde ... aan","gloss":"advised"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of beroepen","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces beroepen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beroepen","lemma":"zich beroepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of raadde ... aan","gloss":"appeal"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of jaren","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of beroepen","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to onmondig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onmondig","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"onmondig","lemma":"onmondig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"a minor"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gehad","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vergrypen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgegeven","lemma":"voorgeven","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"modifies vergrypen","gloss":"alleged"},{"surface":"vergrypen","lemma":"vergrijp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hadden ... plaats gehad","gloss":"offences"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"nominal element of idiom plaatshebben","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle in hadden plaats gehad","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wilde; refers to pleading youth","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with raadde","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h13-s48","source":"Ik had immers reeds te veel gedacht en geleden, en ... ik durf zeggen: te veel reeds gewerkt, dan dat ik me verschuilen zou achter myn jeugd.","translation":"I had, after all, already thought and suffered too much, and ... I dare say it: already worked too much, to take shelter behind my youth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan dat ik me verschuilen zou achter myn jeugd","title":"Reflexive zich verschuilen + conditional","body":"'zich verschuilen achter' (to take shelter behind) is reflexive; 'verschuilen zou' is conditional, verb-final after 'dan dat' ('than that'). The comparative frame 'te veel ... dan dat' = 'too much ... to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedacht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedacht","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedacht","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier/adverb","role":"modifies gedacht and geleden","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"gedacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle governed by had","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with gedacht","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of durf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"durf","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of durf","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier/adverb","role":"modifies gewerkt","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewerkt","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"gewerkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"third participle governed by had","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"first element of comparative conjunction dan dat","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"second element of comparative conjunction dan dat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verschuilen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of verschuilen","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"verschuilen","lemma":"verschuilen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou in result clause","gloss":"take shelter"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of verschuilen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jeugd","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of jeugd","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verschuilen","gloss":"youth"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h13-s49","source":"Ge ziet uit het zoo-even aangehaald slot van dien brief, dat ik niet wilde behandeld zyn als een kind, ik die te Natal tegenover den generaal myn plicht had gedaan als een man.","translation":"You can see from the closing of that letter, just quoted, that I would not be treated as a child--I, who at Natal had done my duty toward the general as a man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik niet wilde behandeld zyn als een kind","title":"Modal + state passive","body":"'wilde behandeld zyn' combines modal 'willen' with the zijn-passive infinitive ('would not be treated'). The state passive (zijn + participle) names a condition rather than an ongoing process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"you","note":"Ge is an unstressed form of gij, “you.”"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slot","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangehaald","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"aangehaald","lemma":"aanhalen","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies slot","gloss":"quoted"},{"surface":"slot","lemma":"slot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"closing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic oblique singular","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies slot","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behandeld","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"modal verb governing behandeld zijn","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"behandeld","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive infinitive behandeld zijn","gloss":"treated"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of behandeld","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition/comparison marker","role":"introduces comparison with kind","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of als; predicative comparison with ik","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"appositive subject resumed by die","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gedaan","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"tegenover","lemma":"tegenover","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking generaal","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegenover","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of relative clause on ik","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition/comparison marker","role":"introduces comparison with man","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als; depicts ik","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h13-s50","source":"En tevens kunt ge uit dien brief zien hoe ongegrond de beschuldiging was, die men tegen my inbracht.","translation":"And at the same time you can see from that letter how groundless was the accusation brought against me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kunt ge uit dien brief zien hoe ongegrond de beschuldiging was","title":"Modal kunnen + indirect exclamation","body":"'kunt ge ... zien' is modal kunnen with literary 'ge'; the indirect exclamation 'hoe ongegrond de beschuldiging was' is verb-final. 'die men tegen my inbracht' adds a relative with separable inbrengen."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links with preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"kunt","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zien","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of kunt zien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique case","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kunt","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying ongegrond","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ongegrond","lemma":"ongegrond","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"groundless"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschuldiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking beschuldiging and ongegrond","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of inbracht; refers to beschuldiging","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of inbracht","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, oblique","role":"complement of tegen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"inbracht","lemma":"inbrengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying beschuldiging","gloss":"brought forward"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h13-s51","source":"Waarlyk, wie schuldig is aan lage vergrypen, schryft anders! Men nam me niet gevangen, en dit had toch moeten geschieden als het ernst ware geweest met die krimineele verdenking.","translation":"Truly, one who is guilty of base offences writes otherwise! I was not arrested, and yet this surely ought to have happened had that criminal suspicion been meant in earnest.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie schuldig is aan lage vergrypen, schryft anders","title":"Free relative wie","body":"'wie' here is a free (headless) relative — 'whoever / one who'. It needs no antecedent and stands as the subject: 'one who is guilty of base offences writes otherwise'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit had toch moeten geschieden als het ernst ware geweest","title":"Modal perfect + counterfactual ware","body":"'had ... moeten geschieden' is the perfect of modal moeten with double infinitive. The als-clause 'als het ernst ware geweest' uses the subjunctive 'ware' for the unreal condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying schryft","gloss":"Truly"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is and schryft","gloss":"one who"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wie and schuldig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by schuldig","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lage","lemma":"laag","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vergrypen","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"vergrypen","lemma":"vergrijp","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"offences"},{"surface":"schryft","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schryft","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb in gevangen nemen","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates nam gevangen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gevangen","lemma":"gevangen","morphology":"adjective","role":"part of the expression gevangen nemen","gloss":"captive"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordinated clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had moeten geschieden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of moeten geschieden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the necessity","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"geschieden","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moeten","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of ware geweest","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ernst","lemma":"ernst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative noun with ware geweest","gloss":"earnest"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"subjunctive auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle completing ware","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdenking","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verdenking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"krimineele","lemma":"crimineel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies verdenking","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"verdenking","lemma":"verdenking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met in the idiom ernst zijn met","gloss":"suspicion"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h13-s52","source":"Misschien echter was dit schynbaar verzuim niet zonder grond.","translation":"Perhaps, however, this apparent omission was not without grounds.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Misschien echter was dit schynbaar verzuim niet zonder grond","title":"Fronted Misschien + V2 inversion","body":"The adverb 'Misschien' (perhaps) is fronted, so the finite verb 'was' takes second place before the subject. 'echter' (however) is a parenthetical adverb, not a verb-moving conjunction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying was","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"contrastive sentence adverb","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking verzuim and zonder grond","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzuim","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"schynbaar","lemma":"schijnbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verzuim","gloss":"apparent"},{"surface":"verzuim","lemma":"verzuim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"omission"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zonder grond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grond","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was through zonder","gloss":"ground"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h13-s53","source":"Den gevangene immers is men onderhoud en voedsel schuldig.","translation":"For a prisoner, after all, one is bound to provide lodging and food.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Den gevangene immers is men onderhoud en voedsel schuldig","title":"Fronted dative Den gevangene","body":"'Den gevangene' is a fronted dative ('to the prisoner'), with the old -e/-n ending. The idiom 'iemand iets schuldig zijn' = 'to owe someone something' (here lodging and food)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of gevangene","gloss":"To the"},{"surface":"gevangene","lemma":"gevangene","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of schuldig","gloss":"prisoner"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking men and schuldig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"onderhoud","lemma":"onderhoud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first object owed to gevangene","gloss":"maintenance"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links onderhoud and voedsel","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voedsel","lemma":"voedsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second object owed to gevangene","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"bound to provide"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h13-s54","source":"Daar ik Padang niet verlaten kon, was ik in werkelykheid tòch een gevangene, maar een gevangene zonder dak en zonder brood.","translation":"Since I could not leave Padang, I was in reality a prisoner all the same, but a prisoner without a roof and without bread.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was ik in werkelykheid tòch een gevangene, maar een gevangene zonder dak en zonder brood","title":"Coordinating maar; emphatic tòch","body":"'maar' (but) is coordinating — it joins equals and does not push the verb to the end. The grave accent on 'tòch' ('all the same') stresses the paradox of being an unhoused prisoner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"Since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon verlaten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kon verlaten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal of verlaten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik and gevangene","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werkelykheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"werkelykheid","lemma":"werkelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"tòch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes gevangene","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevangene","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevangene","lemma":"gevangene","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"prisoner"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two descriptions of gevangene","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevangene","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevangene","lemma":"gevangene","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"appositive predicative noun","gloss":"prisoner"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dak","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dak","lemma":"dak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of zonder modifying gevangene","gloss":"a roof"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two zonder phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brood","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"brood","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of zonder modifying gevangene","gloss":"bread"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h13-s55","source":"Ik had herhaaldelyk, doch telkens zonder baat, aan den Generaal geschreven dat hy myn vertrek van Padang niet beletten mòcht, want dat, al ware ik schuldig aan 't allerergste, geen misdaad mocht gestraft worden met hongerlyden.","translation":"I had written repeatedly to the General, though each time to no avail, that he must not bar my departure from Padang; for that, even were I guilty of the very worst, no crime ought to be punished with starvation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy myn vertrek van Padang niet beletten mòcht","title":"Modal mocht + emphatic accent","body":"'mòcht' (past of mogen, 'might / was allowed to') is a modal sending 'beletten' (to prevent) to the end. The grave accent stresses the prohibition: 'must not bar'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"geen misdaad mocht gestraft worden met hongerlyden","title":"geen + modal passive","body":"'geen misdaad' = 'no crime' (geen negates the indefinite noun). 'mocht gestraft worden' is modal mogen over the worden-passive — 'ought to be punished'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had geschreven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"herhaaldelyk","lemma":"herhaaldelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had geschreven","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the parenthetical contrast","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zonder baat","gloss":"each time"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baat","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"baat","lemma":"baat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"avail"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Generaal","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of Generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"recipient of geschreven","gloss":"General"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle completing had","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of mocht beletten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessive determiner of vertrek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vertrek","lemma":"vertrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of beletten","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying vertrek","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates mocht beletten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beletten","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of mocht","gloss":"bar"},{"surface":"mòcht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of beletten","gloss":"was allowed to"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a content clause dependent on the preceding geschreven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"subjunctive copula linking ik and schuldig","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ware","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by schuldig","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of allerergste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"allerergste","lemma":"erg","morphology":"nominalized adjective, superlative, neuter singular","role":"nominalized complement of aan","gloss":"very worst"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misdaad","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"misdaad","lemma":"misdaad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of mocht gestraft worden","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gestraft worden","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"gestraft","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in the passive construction","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary complement of mocht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hongerlyden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hongerlyden","lemma":"hongerlijden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"starvation","note":"Hongerlyden is the historical spelling of hongerlijden, literally suffering hunger."}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h13-s56","source":"Nadat de rechtsraad, die blykbaar met de zaak verlegen was, den uitweg had gevonden zich onbevoegd te verklaren, omdat vervolgingen wegens misdryf in dienstbetrekking, niet mogen plaats hebben dan op machtiging van de Regeering te Batavia, hield my de generaal, zooals ik zeide, negen maanden te Padang.","translation":"After the council of justice, which was plainly embarrassed by the case, had found a way out by declaring itself incompetent--because prosecutions for offences committed in the course of service may not take place except by authorization of the Government at Batavia--the general kept me, as I said, nine months at Padang.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nadat de rechtsraad ... den uitweg had gevonden zich onbevoegd te verklaren ... hield my de generaal","title":"Long nadat-clause + reflexive te-infinitive","body":"'Nadat' (after) opens a verb-final clause closing on the pluperfect 'had gevonden'. Inside, the reflexive te-infinitive 'zich onbevoegd te verklaren' = 'to declare itself incompetent'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vervolgingen ... niet mogen plaats hebben dan op machtiging van de Regeering","title":"Modal mogen + restrictive niet ... dan","body":"'niet ... dan' = 'only / not except': 'may not take place except by authorization'. The modal 'mogen' governs the idiom 'plaats hebben' (to take place)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"After"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rechtsraad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rechtsraad","lemma":"rechtsraad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had gevonden","gloss":"council of justice"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was; refers to rechtsraad","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"blykbaar","lemma":"blijkbaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verlegen","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by verlegen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"verlegen","lemma":"verlegen","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"embarrassed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die and verlegen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of uitweg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitweg","lemma":"uitweg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"way out"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of verklaren","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"onbevoegd","lemma":"onbevoegd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of verklaren","gloss":"incompetent"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of verklaren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verklaren","lemma":"verklaren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive explaining uitweg","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"vervolgingen","lemma":"vervolging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of mogen plaats hebben","gloss":"prosecutions"},{"surface":"wegens","lemma":"wegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misdryf","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"misdryf","lemma":"misdrijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of wegens","gloss":"an offence"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dienstbetrekking","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dienstbetrekking","lemma":"dienstbetrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in modifying misdryf","gloss":"official service"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates mogen plaats hebben","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"mogen","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of plaats hebben","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"nominal part of plaats hebben","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of mogen","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"restrictive adverb","role":"restrictive adverb meaning except","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking machtiging","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"machtiging","lemma":"machtiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"authorization"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying machtiging","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of te modifying Regeering","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"negen","lemma":"negen","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies maanden","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"maanden","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"duration complement of hield","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"place complement of hield","gloss":"Padang"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h13-s57","source":"Hy ontving eindelyk van-hooger-hand den last me naar Batavia te laten vertrekken.","translation":"At last he received from higher quarters the order to let me depart for Batavia.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy ontving eindelyk van-hooger-hand den last me naar Batavia te laten vertrekken","title":"te-infinitive + causative laten","body":"The noun 'den last' (the order) is completed by a te-infinitive: 'te laten vertrekken', where causative laten governs bare 'vertrekken' — 'to let me depart'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"van-hooger-hand","title":"van hogerhand ('from higher up')","body":"A fixed adverbial, 'from higher authority / from above'. It names the unnamed superior power in Batavia that finally overruled the general."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontving","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"van-hooger-hand","lemma":"van hogerhand","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"source adjunct of ontving","gloss":"from higher quarters","note":"Van-hooger-hand is an older spelling and hyphenation of van hogerhand, meaning from higher authority."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of last","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of vertrekken and object of laten","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"destination complement of vertrekken","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement modifying last","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"vertrekken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laten","gloss":"depart"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h13-s58","source":"Toen ik een paar jaren daarna wat geld had--beste Tine, jy hadt het me gegeven!--betaalde ik eenige duizenden guldens om de Natalsche kasrekeningen van 1842 en 1843 effen te maken, en toen zeide my iemand die geacht kon worden de Regeering van Nederlandsch-Indie voortestellen: \"dat had ik in uw plaats niet gedaan ... ik zou een wissel op de eeuwigheid gegeven hebben.\" Ainsi va le monde!","translation":"When, a couple of years later, I had some money--dear Tine, it was you who gave it me!--I paid a few thousand guilders to square the Natal cash accounts of 1842 and 1843, and then a man who could be considered to represent the Government of the Netherlands Indies said to me: \"in your place I would not have done that ... I would have given a draft on eternity.\" Ainsi va le monde!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"beste Tine, jy hadt het me gegeven","title":"Pronoun jy + old form hadt","body":"'jy' (period spelling of jij, 'you') with 'hadt' — the older 2nd-person past of 'hebben' — addresses Tine intimately. The intimate jy contrasts with the formal ge/u elsewhere."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand die geacht kon worden de Regeering ... voortestellen","title":"Modal passive + separable voorstellen","body":"'geacht kon worden ... voortestellen' = 'could be considered to represent'. 'voortestellen' is 'voor-te-stellen', separable 'voorstellen' (here 'to represent') joined with te."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"measure modifier of jaren","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"adverbial measure of daarna","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geld","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"vocative modifier of Tine","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"jy","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hadt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hadt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"complement of hadt","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"betaalde","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betaalde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies duizenden","gloss":"a few","note":"Historical spelling of enige; here it means “a few.”"},{"surface":"duizenden","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"direct object of betaalde","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"guldens","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"unit complement of duizenden","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kasrekeningen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Natalsche","lemma":"Natals","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kasrekeningen","gloss":"Natal","note":"Historical spelling of Natalse."},{"surface":"kasrekeningen","lemma":"kasrekening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"cash accounts"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 1842","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links 1842 and 1843","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"effen","lemma":"effen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of kasrekeningen","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks maken as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links betaalde and zeide","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeide","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with betaalde","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeide","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive geacht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geacht","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"complement of worden","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geacht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorstellen","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederlandsch-Indie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederlandsch-Indie","lemma":"Nederlands-Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Netherlands Indies","note":"Historical spelling of Nederlands-Indië."},{"surface":"voortestellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of geacht","gloss":"represent"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of plaats","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"complement of had","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gegeven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wissel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wissel","lemma":"wissel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"draft"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eeuwigheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eeuwigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eeuwigheid","lemma":"eeuwigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"eternity"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"complement of hebben","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb, French","role":"modifies va","gloss":"Thus"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular, French","role":"verb of the French sentence","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, French","role":"determiner of monde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"monde","lemma":"monde","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, French","role":"subject of va","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h13-s60","source":"Juist wilde Havelaar een aanvang maken met het verhaal dat zyn gasten van hem wachtten, en dat ophelderen zou waarin en waarom hy den Generaal Vandamme te Natal zoo \"gekontrarieerd\" had, toen mevrouw Slotering zich in de voorgalery van haar woning vertoonde, en den politie-oppasser wenkte, die naast Havelaars huis op een bank zat.","translation":"Havelaar was just about to begin the story his guests were awaiting from him, the one that would make clear how and why he had so \"thwarted\" General Vandamme at Natal, when Mrs. Slotering appeared in the front gallery of her dwelling and beckoned to the police officer who was sitting on a bench beside Havelaar's house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Juist wilde Havelaar een aanvang maken ... toen mevrouw Slotering zich ... vertoonde","title":"Fronted Juist + toen-clause","body":"Adverb 'Juist' fronts the main clause ('wilde Havelaar'), and 'toen' (when) opens the verb-final subordinate clause with reflexive 'zich vertoonde' (showed herself)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ophelderen zou waarin en waarom hy den Generaal ... gekontrarieerd had","title":"Pronominal waarin / waarom","body":"'waarin' and 'waarom' are pronominal interrogatives ('in what' and 'why') opening verb-final indirect questions. The conditional 'ophelderen zou' = 'would make clear'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"Just"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"modal verb governing maken","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanvang","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"aanvang","lemma":"aanvang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"beginning","note":"Een aanvang maken is an older expression meaning “to begin.”"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhaal","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of maken","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of wachtten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gasten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gasten","lemma":"gast","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of wachtten","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"complement of van","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"wachtten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on verhaal","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ophelderen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ophelderen","lemma":"ophelderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"clarify"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of ophelderen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"adverbial complement of gekontrarieerd","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"adverbial complement of gekontrarieerd","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"title of Vandamme","gloss":"General"},{"surface":"Vandamme","lemma":"Vandamme","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of gekontrarieerd","gloss":"Vandamme"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekontrarieerd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gekontrarieerd","lemma":"contrariëren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"complement of had","gloss":"thwarted","note":"Historical spelling of gecontrarieerd, meaning “thwarted” or “opposed.”"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekontrarieerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vertoonde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vertoonde","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of vertoonde","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorgalery","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorgalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgalery","lemma":"voorgalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vertoonde","gloss":"front gallery"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woning","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of woning","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"vertoonde","lemma":"vertonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links vertoonde and wenkte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of politie-oppasser","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"politie-oppasser","lemma":"politieoppasser","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of wenkte","gloss":"police officer"},{"surface":"wenkte","lemma":"wenken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with vertoonde","gloss":"beckoned"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zat","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bank","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bank","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bank","lemma":"bank","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zat","gloss":"bench"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"sat"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h13-s61","source":"Deze begaf zich tot haar, en riep daarop iets tot een man die zoo-even het erf betreden had, waarschynlyk met het doel om zich naar de keuken te begeven die achter 't huis gelegen was.","translation":"He went over to her, and then called out something to a man who had just stepped onto the grounds, probably with the intention of making his way to the kitchen, which lay behind the house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een man die zoo-even het erf betreden had","title":"Relative die + pluperfect","body":"Relative 'die' opens a verb-final clause closing on the pluperfect 'betreden had' (had stepped onto). 'zoo-even' = 'just now / a moment ago'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met het doel om zich naar de keuken te begeven die achter 't huis gelegen was","title":"om ... te + reflexive zich begeven","body":"'om ... te begeven' is a purpose clause; 'zich begeven naar' (to make one's way to) is reflexive. The trailing relative 'die ... gelegen was' describes the kitchen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of begaf and riep","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"begaf","lemma":"begeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of begaf","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of begaf","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with begaf","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies riep","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of riep","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking man","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of riep","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of had","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betreden","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of betreden","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"betreden","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"complement of had","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of betreden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"waarschynlyk","lemma":"waarschijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the purpose phrase","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of begeven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of begeven","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking keuken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keuken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keuken","lemma":"keuken","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of begeven","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks begeven as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"begeven","lemma":"begeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in the purpose clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gelegen","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"gelegen","lemma":"gelegen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was in the relative clause on keuken","gloss":"situated"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of gelegen","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h13-s62","source":"Ons gezelschap zou hierop waarschynlyk niet gelet hebben, wanneer niet Tine dien middag aan tafel gezegd had dat mevrouw Slotering zoo schuw was, en een soort van toezicht scheen uitteoefenen over ieder die 't erf betrad.","translation":"Our company would probably not have taken notice of this, had not Tine said at table that afternoon that Mrs. Slotering was so shy, and seemed to keep a kind of watch over everyone who entered the grounds.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ons gezelschap zou hierop ... niet gelet hebben, wanneer niet Tine ... gezegd had","title":"Conditional perfect + counterfactual wanneer","body":"'zou ... niet gelet hebben' is the conditional perfect ('would not have noticed'); 'wanneer niet ... gezegd had' is the counterfactual 'if ... had not said'. Idiom 'letten op' = 'pay heed to'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een soort van toezicht scheen uitteoefenen over ieder die 't erf betrad","title":"Separable uitoefenen joined with te","body":"'uitteoefenen' = 'uit-te-oefenen', the separable verb 'uitoefenen' (to exercise/exert) with te inserted. 'schijnen te' governs the te-infinitive — 'seemed to exercise'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gezelschap","gloss":"Our"},{"surface":"gezelschap","lemma":"gezelschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zou","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelet","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of gelet","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"waarschynlyk","lemma":"waarschijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelet","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gelet","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"complement of hebben","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gelet","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of gezegd","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gezegd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of middag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"middag","lemma":"middag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of gezegd","gloss":"afternoon"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tafel","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gezegd","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was and scheen","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schuw","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"schuw","lemma":"schuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"shy"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to schuw","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitteoefenen","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toezicht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"toezicht","lemma":"toezicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with was; subject is mevrouw Slotering","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"uitteoefenen","lemma":"uitoefenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of scheen","gloss":"keep","note":"Historical fused spelling of uit te oefenen."},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ieder","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"complement of over","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of betrad","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of betrad","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"betrad","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on ieder","gloss":"entered"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h13-s63","source":"Men zag den man die door den oppasser geroepen was, tot haar gaan, en 't scheen wel dat ze hem in een verhoor nam dat niet in zyn voordeel afliep. Althans hy wendde zyn schreden en liep naar-buiten terug.","translation":"They saw the man whom the officer had summoned go up to her, and it seemed indeed that she put him through an interrogation that did not turn out in his favour. At any rate he turned on his heel and went back outside.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men zag den man die door den oppasser geroepen was, tot haar gaan","title":"Perception verb zien + bare infinitive","body":"'zag ... tot haar gaan' is perception 'zien' + bare infinitive ('saw him go'). Inside, the relative clause 'die door den oppasser geroepen was' is a state passive with agent 'door'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een verhoor nam dat niet in zyn voordeel afliep","title":"Relative dat + separable aflopen","body":"'dat' is the relative for the het-word 'verhoor' (interrogation); the clause is verb-final with separable 'aflopen' (to turn out) — 'that did not turn out in his favour'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"wendde zyn schreden","title":"Idiom: zijn schreden wenden","body":"A literary idiom, 'to turn one's steps' = to turn around and go off. 'schreden' (steps/paces) is an archaic plural lending the sentence its formal flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geroepen was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of geroepen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of oppasser","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oppasser","lemma":"oppasser","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of geroepen","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle of the passive geroepen was","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, singular","role":"oblique complement of gaan","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of zag","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zag and scheen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with zag","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes scheen","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of scheen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in een verhoor nemen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of verhoor","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"verhoor","lemma":"verhoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional complement of nam","gloss":"interrogation"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the complement clause of scheen","gloss":"put","note":"Iemand in verhoor nemen means to interrogate or question someone."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of afliep and refers to verhoor","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates afliep","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement in zijn voordeel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular","role":"possessor of voordeel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voordeel","lemma":"voordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"favour"},{"surface":"afliep","lemma":"aflopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying verhoor","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"Althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"modifies the following sentence","gloss":"at any rate"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wendde and liep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wendde","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular","role":"possessor of schreden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schreden","lemma":"schrede","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of wendde","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links wendde and liep","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with wendde","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"naar-buiten","lemma":"naar buiten","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"directional modifier of liep","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liep","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h13-s64","source":"--'t Spyt me wel, zei Tine. Dat was misschien iemand die kippen te-koop had, of groente.","translation":"--I am sorry, said Tine. That was perhaps someone with chickens for sale, or vegetables.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t Spyt me wel","title":"Impersonal het spijt me","body":"'Het spijt me' = 'I am sorry' (literally 'it sorrows me'), an impersonal construction with dummy 't as subject and the experiencer in the dative 'me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat was misschien iemand die kippen te-koop had, of groente","title":"Relative die + te koop","body":"Relative 'die' opens a verb-final clause ('who had chickens for sale'). 'te koop hebben' = 'to have for sale'. Note 'groente' (vegetables) is grammatically singular in Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of Spyt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Spyt","lemma":"spijten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"grieves","note":"Het spijt me is the usual Dutch expression for “I am sorry.”"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, singular","role":"experiencer object of Spyt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes Spyt","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Dat to iemand","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"kippen","lemma":"kip","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"chickens"},{"surface":"te-koop","lemma":"te koop","morphology":"predicative adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of kippen","gloss":"for sale"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying iemand","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links kippen and groente","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"groente","lemma":"groente","morphology":"noun, common gender, collective singular","role":"direct object of had, coordinated with kippen","gloss":"vegetables"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h13-s65","source":"Ik heb nog niets in huis. --Wel, laat dan daartoe maar iemand uitzenden, antwoordde Havelaar.","translation":"I have nothing yet in the house. --Well then, just send someone out for that, answered Havelaar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"laat dan daartoe maar iemand uitzenden","title":"Imperative laat + separable uitzenden","body":"'laat ... uitzenden' is an imperative with causative laten ('just have someone sent out'). 'daartoe' = 'for that purpose'; the softener 'maar' lends a casual, encouraging tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niets","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"introduces the reply","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the consequence in the command","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"purpose complement of uitzenden","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens the imperative laat","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of uitzenden in the causative construction with laat","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"uitzenden","lemma":"uitzenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laat","gloss":"send out"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h13-s66","source":"Je weet dat inlandsche dames gaarne gezag oefenen. Haar man was vroeger de eerste persoon hier, en hoe weinig een adsistent-resident eigenlyk beduidt, in zyn afdeeling is hy een kleine koning: zy is nog niet gewoon aan de onttrooning.","translation":"You know that native ladies are fond of wielding authority. Her husband was formerly the foremost person here, and little though an assistant resident really amounts to, in his division he is a petty king: she is not yet used to the dethronement.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Je weet dat inlandsche dames gaarne gezag oefenen","title":"dat-clause, verb-final","body":"'dat' opens a complement clause whose verb 'oefenen' goes to the end. 'gaarne' (gladly, willingly) is the archaic counterpart of modern 'graag'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe weinig een adsistent-resident eigenlyk beduidt, in zyn afdeeling is hy een kleine koning","title":"Concessive hoe ... + V2 main clause","body":"'hoe weinig ... beduidt' concedes a point ('little though he amounts to'); the main clause then fronts 'in zyn afdeeling', forcing inversion 'is hy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies dames","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"dames","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of oefenen","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oefenen","gloss":"like to"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of oefenen","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"oefenen","lemma":"oefenen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the complement clause of weet","gloss":"wield"},{"surface":"Haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of man","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking man to persoon","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, attributive","role":"modifies persoon","gloss":"foremost"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clauses about her husband","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies beduidt","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of beduidt","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beduidt","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"beduidt","lemma":"beduiden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the concessive clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"amounts to"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular","role":"possessor of afdeeling","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hy to koning","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of koning","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies koning","gloss":"petty"},{"surface":"koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking zy to gewoon","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet gewoon","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gewoon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gewoon","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"used"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of gewoon","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of onttrooning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onttrooning","lemma":"onttroning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"dethronement"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h13-s67","source":"Laat ons die arme vrouw dit klein genoegen niet ontnemen. Houd je maar alsof je 't niet bemerkte.","translation":"Let us not deny that poor woman this little pleasure. Just act as though you had not noticed it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Laat ons die arme vrouw dit klein genoegen niet ontnemen","title":"Hortative Laat ons + niet","body":"'Laat ons ... niet ontnemen' is the hortative 'let us not deprive', laten forming a first-person-plural command. 'iemand iets ontnemen' = 'to take something from someone'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Houd je maar alsof je 't niet bemerkte","title":"Reflexive imperative houd je + alsof","body":"'Houd je ... alsof' = 'act as if' (reflexive 'zich houden alsof'). 'alsof' opens a verb-final clause; the imperfect 'bemerkte' carries the irreality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, plural","role":"object of Laat and understood subject of ontnemen","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies vrouw","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of ontnemen","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of genoegen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies genoegen","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ontnemen","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates ontnemen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ontnemen","lemma":"ontnemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of Laat","gloss":"deny"},{"surface":"Houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, second person singular","role":"reflexive object of Houd","gloss":"yourself","note":"Zich houden alsof means to act or behave as though something were so."},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens the imperative Houd","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause of bemerkte","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of bemerkte","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of bemerkte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates bemerkte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bemerkte","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by alsof","gloss":"noticed"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h13-s68","source":"Dit nu viel Tine niet zwaar: zy hield niet van gezag.","translation":"Now this came easily to Tine: she had no love of authority.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit nu viel Tine niet zwaar: zy hield niet van gezag","title":"Idiom zwaar vallen + niet houden van","body":"'iets valt iemand zwaar' = 'something is hard for someone' (dative Tine). 'niet houden van' = 'to not care for'. Both are common verb-plus-preposition idioms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"modifies the clause of viel","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"indirect object of viel","gloss":"to Tine"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zwaar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zwaar","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of viel","gloss":"hard","note":"Iets valt iemand niet zwaar means that someone finds something easy."},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was fond"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates hield van","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of hield","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"authority"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h13-s69","source":"Een uitweiding is hier noodig, en zelfs wil ik eens uitweiden over uitweidingen.","translation":"A digression is needed here, and I should even like, for once, to digress about digressions.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wil ik eens uitweiden over uitweidingen","title":"Modal willen + separable uitweiden","body":"'wil ik ... uitweiden' fronts nothing of note, but the modal 'willen' governs separable 'uitweiden' (to digress), which stays whole at the end. Note the playful figura etymologica: digressing about digressions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een uitweiding is hier noodig","title":"de-word vs het-word: uitweiding","body":"'uitweiding' (digression) is a de-word, like most nouns in -ing. Multatuli's narrator pauses the story to announce a digression — a signature device of the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of uitweiding","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"uitweiding","lemma":"uitweiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"digression"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking uitweiding to noodig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodig","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitweiden","gloss":"for once"},{"surface":"uitweiden","lemma":"uitweiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"to digress"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of uitweiden","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"uitweidingen","lemma":"uitweiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"digressions"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h13-s70","source":"Het valt een schryver soms niet gemakkelyk, juist doortezeilen tusschen de twee klippen van het te-veel of te-weinig, en deze moeielykheid wordt te grooter als men toestanden beschryft, die den lezer verplaatsen moeten op onbekenden bodem.","translation":"It is sometimes not easy for a writer to steer just so between the two reefs of too much and too little, and this difficulty grows greater when one describes conditions that must transport the reader onto unfamiliar ground.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het valt een schryver soms niet gemakkelyk","title":"Dummy subject het + V2","body":"The clause opens with subjectless het ('it is not easy for a writer...'), an impersonal placeholder pointing at no real subject. The finite verb valt sits in second position, as a Dutch main clause requires."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die den lezer verplaatsen moeten","title":"Relative die + verb-final clause","body":"The relative pronoun die (referring to de-word toestanden, 'conditions') opens a subordinate clause whose verbs verplaatsen moeten pile up at the end. Note den lezer with the old accusative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schryver, myn, moeielykheid, beschryft","title":"1860 spelling: y for ij","body":"Period orthography writes y where modern Dutch writes ij: schryver = schrijver, moeielyk = moeilijk, beschryft = beschrijft. Expect this throughout the 1860 text."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"doortezeilen tusschen de twee klippen","title":"'To sail between the two reefs'","body":"A nautical metaphor for steering between two faults — here too much description and too little. Klippen are rocky reefs; the doomed-sailor image recurs across the passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of valt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of schryver","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of valt","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"soms","lemma":"soms","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies valt","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gemakkelyk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of valt","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doortezeilen","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"doortezeilen","lemma":"doorzeilen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"extraposed clausal subject of valt","gloss":"to steer through","note":"Doortezeilen represents modern door te zeilen, with te joined to the infinitive."},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klippen","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of klippen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies klippen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"klippen","lemma":"klip","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of tusschen","gloss":"reefs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of klippen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"nominalizes te-veel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"te-veel","lemma":"te veel","morphology":"nominalized quantifier, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links te-veel and te-weinig","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"te-weinig","lemma":"te weinig","morphology":"nominalized quantifier, neuter singular","role":"coordinated with te-veel","gloss":"too little"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clauses of valt and wordt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of moeielykheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"moeielykheid","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copular verb linking moeielykheid to grooter","gloss":"grows"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"comparative degree adverb","role":"modifies grooter","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of wordt","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of beschryft","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beschryft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"toestanden","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of beschryft","gloss":"conditions"},{"surface":"beschryft","lemma":"beschrijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by als","gloss":"describes"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of moeten and refers to toestanden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verplaatsen","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"verplaatsen","lemma":"verplaatsen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moeten","gloss":"transport"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of the relative clause modifying toestanden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bodem","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"onbekenden","lemma":"onbekend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies bodem","gloss":"unfamiliar"},{"surface":"bodem","lemma":"bodem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"ground"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h13-s71","source":"Er is een te nauw verband tusschen plaatsen en gebeurtenissen, dan dat men de beschryving van die plaatsen geheel zou kunnen ontberen, en 't vermyden de beide klippen waarop ik doelde, wordt dubbel moeielyk voor iemand die Indie tot tooneel zyner vertelling gekozen heeft.","translation":"There is too close a connection between places and events for one to be able to do entirely without the description of those places; and avoiding the two reefs I spoke of becomes doubly difficult for someone who has chosen the Indies as the setting of his tale.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan dat men de beschryving ... zou kunnen ontberen","title":"te ... dan dat (too ... for)","body":"The construction te nauw ... dan dat means 'too close for (one to)...'. The dat-clause is subordinate, so its verbs zou kunnen ontberen stand at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die Indie tot tooneel zyner vertelling gekozen heeft","title":"Genitive zyner","body":"zyner is the inflected genitive of zijn ('his'): 'of his tale'. This frozen case form, alongside the relative die opening a verb-final clause, marks the high literary register of 1860."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verband","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nauw","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verband","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaatsen","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tussen","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gebeurtenissen","lemma":"gebeurtenis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with plaatsen","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"first element of the result construction dan dat","gloss":"than","note":"With te ... dan dat, it forms the construction 'too ... for ... to'."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of ontberen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou kunnen ontberen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschryving","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschryving","lemma":"beschrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontberen","gloss":"description"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaatsen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaatsen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontberen","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontberen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of ontberen","gloss":"be able"},{"surface":"ontberen","lemma":"ontberen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"do without"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner nominalizing vermyden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vermyden","lemma":"vermijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"subject of wordt","gloss":"avoiding"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klippen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klippen","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"klippen","lemma":"klip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vermyden","gloss":"reefs"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of doelde","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"doelde","lemma":"doelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying klippen","gloss":"referred"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main copular verb with moeielyk","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"dubbel","lemma":"dubbel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeielyk","gloss":"doubly"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wordt","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of voor","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gekozen heeft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of gekozen","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tooneel","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"tooneel","lemma":"toneel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of gekozen","gloss":"setting"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, archaic genitive singular","role":"possessor of vertelling","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"vertelling","lemma":"vertelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head noun modified by zyner","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"gekozen","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause on iemand","gloss":"chosen"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekozen","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h13-s72","source":"Want waar een schryver die europesche toestanden behandelt, veel zaken als bekend kan veronderstellen, moet hy die zyn stuk in Indie spelen laat, zich gedurig vragen of de niet-Indische lezer deze of gene omstandigheid juist opvatten zal?","translation":"For where a writer dealing with European conditions can take many things as known, one who sets his piece in the Indies must continually ask himself whether the non-Indian reader will rightly grasp this or that circumstance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"moet hy die zyn stuk in Indie spelen laat","title":"Causative laten + inversion","body":"spelen laat is the causative laten ('to have/make play out') with the bare infinitive spelen. Because the sentence is fronted by a Want-clause, the main clause inverts: verb moet before subject hy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want waar een schryver ... veel zaken als bekend kan veronderstellen","title":"Coordinating want","body":"want ('for, because') is a coordinating conjunction: it joins clauses as equals and, unlike subordinating omdat, does NOT send the verb to the end — here kan veronderstellen keeps main-clause order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"deze of gene omstandigheid","title":"deze of gene ('this or that')","body":"A set archaic pairing meaning 'one circumstance or another'. gene (literary 'that, yon') survives now mostly in this fixed phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrastive adverbial clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schryver","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of veronderstellen","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of behandelt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toestanden","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"toestanden","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of behandelt","gloss":"conditions"},{"surface":"behandelt","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on schryver","gloss":"deals with"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of veronderstellen","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the object complement bekend","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of veronderstellen","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of veronderstellen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"veronderstellen","lemma":"veronderstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the waar-clause","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vragen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet vragen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of stuk","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"spelen","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laat","gloss":"take place"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on hy","gloss":"lets"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect reflexive object of vragen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vragen","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moet","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opvatten","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"niet-Indische","lemma":"niet-Indisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lezer","gloss":"non-Indian"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of opvatten","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of omstandigheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gene","lemma":"gene","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"coordinated with deze as determiner of omstandigheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"omstandigheid","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opvatten","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opvatten","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"opvatten","lemma":"opvatten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opvatten","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h13-s73","source":"Wanneer de europesche lezer zich mevrouw Slotering voorstelt als \"logeerende\" by de Havelaars, zooals dit zou plaats-vinden in Europa, moet het hem onbegrypelyk voorkomen dat ze niet tegenwoordig was by 't gezelschap dat de koffi gebruikte in de voorgalery.","translation":"When the European reader pictures Mrs. Slotering as \"lodging\" with the Havelaars, as would be the case in Europe, it must seem incomprehensible to him that she was not present in the company taking coffee in the front gallery.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zooals dit zou plaats-vinden in Europa","title":"Conditional zou","body":"zou + infinitive plaats-vinden expresses the conditional 'as would be the case' — a hypothetical European scenario set against the colonial reality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"moet het hem onbegrypelyk voorkomen","title":"Modal moet + bare infinitive, inverted","body":"After the long fronted Wanneer-clause, the main clause inverts: modal moet stands before subject het, sending voorkomen to the end as a bare infinitive. voorkomen here means 'to seem/appear'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorstelt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies lezer","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voorstelt","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect reflexive object of voorstelt","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorstelt","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"voorstelt","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the wanneer-clause","gloss":"pictures"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement logeerende","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"logeerende","lemma":"logeren","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"predicative complement of mevrouw Slotering","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking de Havelaars","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Havelaars","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of by","gloss":"Havelaars"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of plaats-vinden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of plaats-vinden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of plaats-vinden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"plaats-vinden","lemma":"plaatsvinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"take place"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorkomen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of voorkomen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of voorkomen","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"onbegrypelyk","lemma":"onbegrijpelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of voorkomen","gloss":"incomprehensible"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moet","gloss":"seem","note":"Voorkomen means “seem” in this construction."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause anticipated by het","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tegenwoordig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tegenwoordig","lemma":"tegenwoordig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ze to tegenwoordig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezelschap","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezelschap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gezelschap","lemma":"gezelschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gebruikte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koffi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gebruikte","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"gebruikte","lemma":"gebruiken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on gezelschap","gloss":"took","note":"Koffie gebruiken is an older expression meaning to take or drink coffee."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorgalery","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorgalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgalery","lemma":"voorgalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"front gallery"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h13-s74","source":"Wel heb ik reeds gezegd dat zy een afzonderlyk huis bewoonde, doch tot juist begrip hiervan en tevens van latere gebeurtenissen, is 't inderdaad noodig dat ik hem Havelaars huis en erf eenigszins doe kennen.","translation":"True, I have already said that she occupied a separate house; but for a correct understanding of this, and likewise of later events, it is indeed necessary that I make Havelaar's house and grounds somewhat known to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik hem ... eenigszins doe kennen","title":"Causative doen kennen","body":"doe kennen ('make known') uses doen as a causative auxiliary with a bare infinitive — the more formal, literary sibling of laten. The dat-clause is subordinate, so the verbs cluster at the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"doch","title":"doch ('but, yet')","body":"A literary, archaic equivalent of maar. It signals concession ('true... but') and is a hallmark of the elevated 1860 register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Havelaars huis en erf","title":"erf ('grounds, plot')","body":"erf is the walled house-grounds of an Indies dwelling — neither garden nor park exactly. Multatuli devotes a whole later passage (s120–123) to explaining the word, so it is worth noting early."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive adverb modifying gezegd","gloss":"true","note":"Wel anticipates the contrast introduced by doch: “true ... but”."},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bewoonde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bewoonde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"afzonderlyk","lemma":"afzonderlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"separate"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bewoonde","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"bewoonde","lemma":"bewonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reported clause","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the first clause to the main clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begrip","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies begrip","gloss":"correct"},{"surface":"begrip","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of begrip","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the coordinated van-phrase","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebeurtenissen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"latere","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies gebeurtenissen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"gebeurtenissen","lemma":"gebeurtenis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject ’t to noodig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodig","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of doe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of doe and understood subject of kennen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive singular","role":"possessor of huis and erf","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with huis as direct object of kennen","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kennen","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"causative verb governing kennen","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of doe","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h13-s75","source":"De beschuldiging die zoo vaak wordt ingebracht tegen den grooten meester die den Waverley schreef, dat hy dikwyls van 't geduld zyner lezers misbruik maakt door te veel bladzyden aan plaatsbeschryving te wyden, komt me ongegrond voor, en ik geloof dat men zich tot het beoordeelen van de juistheid eener zoodanige aanmerking, eenvoudig de vraag hebbe voorteleggen: was deze beschryving noodig tot juist opvatten van den indruk dien de schryver u wilde meedeelen?","translation":"The reproach so often brought against the great master who wrote Waverley, that he often abuses the patience of his readers by devoting too many pages to the description of places, seems groundless to me; and I believe that, in order to judge the justice of such a charge, one need only put the question to oneself: was this description necessary for a correct understanding of the impression the writer wished to convey to you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De beschuldiging die zoo vaak wordt ingebracht","title":"worden-passive with separable inbrengen","body":"wordt ... ingebracht is a process passive (worden + past participle), and the verb is separable: inbrengen splits, its participle ingebracht landing at the clause end after the relative die."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de juistheid eener zoodanige aanmerking","title":"Genitive eener","body":"eener is the old inflected genitive of een ('of a'), governing the feminine noun. With der/des forms it is a living case-remnant of 1860 prose, gone from the modern language."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of beschuldiging","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komt ... voor","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt ingebracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of vaak","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wordt ingebracht","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ingebracht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ingebracht","lemma":"inbrengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verbal head of relative clause modifying beschuldiging","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement den grooten meester","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of meester","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"modifies meester","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"meester","lemma":"meester","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Waverley","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Waverley","lemma":"Waverley","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of schreef","gloss":"Waverley"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verbal head of relative clause modifying meester","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause specifying beschuldiging","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakt","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement in misbruik maken van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of geduld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geduld","lemma":"geduld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"patience"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive plural, archaic inflection","role":"possessive determiner of lezers","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"lezers","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive dependent of geduld","gloss":"readers"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object in misbruik maakt","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verbal head of content clause","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"subordinating preposition","role":"introduces means clause with te wyden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"quantifies bladzyden","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"bladzyden","lemma":"bladzijde","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of wyden","gloss":"pages"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of wyden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"plaatsbeschryving","lemma":"plaatsbeschrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"description of places"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive wyden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wyden","lemma":"wijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of means clause introduced by door","gloss":"devote"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite base of separable verb komt ... voor","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, dative","role":"experiencer of komt ... voor","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ongegrond","lemma":"ongegrond","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of beschuldiging with komt ... voor","gloss":"groundless"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of komt ... voor","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates komt ... voor and geloof","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb coordinated with komt ... voor","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal complement of geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebbe","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person, dative","role":"indirect object of voorteleggen","gloss":"to oneself"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose phrase het beoordeelen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"nominalizes beoordeelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beoordeelen","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of tot","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of beoordeelen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of juistheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"juistheid","lemma":"juistheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"correctness"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, genitive feminine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of aanmerking","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, genitive feminine singular, archaic inflection","role":"modifies aanmerking","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"aanmerking","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"genitive dependent of juistheid","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebbe voorteleggen","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorteleggen","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"hebbe","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third person singular","role":"finite verb governing voorteleggen","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"voorteleggen","lemma":"voorleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with fused te, historical spelling","role":"infinitival complement of hebbe","gloss":"to put"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking beschryving and noodig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of beschryving","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"beschryving","lemma":"beschrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"description"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of beschryving with was","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose phrase juist opvatten","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opvatten","gloss":"correct"},{"surface":"opvatten","lemma":"opvatten","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of tot","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of opvatten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative, archaic inflection","role":"direct object of meedeelen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of schryver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, personal, second person, dative","role":"indirect object of meedeelen","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause modifying indruk","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"meedeelen","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitival complement of wilde","gloss":"to convey"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h13-s76","source":"Zoo ja, men duide dan hèm niet ten-kwade dat hy van u de moeite verwacht te lezen wat hy zich de moeite gaf te schryven.","translation":"If so, then let no one take it ill of him that he expects of you the trouble of reading what he took the trouble to write.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"men duide dan hèm niet ten-kwade","title":"Subjunctive/optative duide","body":"duide is an archaic present-subjunctive ('let one not take it ill'), a third-person command formed with bare stem + -e. The idiom iets ten kwade duiden means 'to hold something against someone'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"te lezen wat hy zich de moeite gaf te schryven","title":"te + infinitive","body":"Both te lezen and te schryven are te-infinitives governed by the surrounding verbs (verwacht ... te lezen). The matching parallelism — reading what was written — is the rhetorical point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms conditional expression Zoo ja","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"completes conditional expression Zoo ja","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of duide","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"duide","lemma":"duiden","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third person singular","role":"main verb in idiom iemand iets ten kwade duiden","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duide","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"hèm","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, dative, emphatic","role":"indirect object of duide","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates duide","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ten-kwade","lemma":"ten kwade","morphology":"fixed adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement in ten kwade duiden","gloss":"ill","note":"Iemand iets ten kwade duiden means ‘to take something ill of someone.’"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause functioning as thing taken ill","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of verwacht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement u","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, personal, second person","role":"object of van","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verwacht","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"verwacht","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verbal head of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"expects"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement specifying moeite","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"direct object of schryven","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person, dative","role":"indirect reflexive object of gaf","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause headed by wat","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive schryven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement specifying moeite","gloss":"write"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h13-s77","source":"Zoo neen, dan werpe men 't boek weg. Want de schryver die ledig genoeg van hoofd is, om zonder noodzaak topografie te geven voor denkbeelden, zal zelden de moeite van 't lezen waard zyn, ook daar waar ten-laatste zyn plaatsbeschryving een eind neemt.","translation":"If not, then let one throw the book away. For the writer who is empty-headed enough to give topography without need, in place of ideas, will seldom be worth the trouble of reading, even where his description of places at last comes to an end.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan werpe men 't boek weg","title":"Optative werpe + separable wegwerpen","body":"werpe ... weg is again the archaic third-person optative ('let one throw away'), and wegwerpen is separable: the prefix weg slides to the end of the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ledig genoeg van hoofd","title":"'empty-headed'","body":"ledig means 'empty, void' (now mostly leeg); ledig van hoofd is a literary turn for 'empty-headed', a writer with topography but no ideas."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms conditional expression Zoo neen","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection, archaic","role":"completes conditional expression Zoo neen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werpe ... weg","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"werpe","lemma":"werpen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third person singular","role":"finite base of separable verb werpe ... weg","gloss":"throw"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of werpe ... weg","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of werpe ... weg","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of werpe ... weg","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory sentence","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of schryver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zal ... zyn","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ledig","lemma":"ledig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of die with is","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of ledig","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ledig","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking die and ledig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces consequence infinitive geven","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces adverbial complement noodzaak","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"noodzaak","lemma":"noodzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"topografie","lemma":"topografie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"topography"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"consequence complement licensed by genoeg om","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces substitution complement denkbeelden","gloss":"in place of"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"future auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zelden","lemma":"zelden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zal ... zyn","gloss":"seldom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of waard","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of moeite","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"nominalizes lezen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of van","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"waard","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of schryver with zyn","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zal and copula of waard","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of daar waar","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"antecedent of locative relative waar","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces locative relative clause modifying daar","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ten-laatste","lemma":"ten laatste","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies neemt","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of plaatsbeschryving","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plaatsbeschryving","lemma":"plaatsbeschrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of neemt","gloss":"description of places"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object in een eind neemt","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"neemt","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verbal head of locative relative clause; forms een eind nemen","gloss":"comes to"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h13-s78","source":"Maar men vergete niet dat het oordeel van den lezer over 't al of niet noodzakelyke eener afwyking, dikwyls valsch is, omdat hy vóór de katastrofe niet weten kan wat al of niet vereischt wordt tot geleidelyke ontwikkeling der toestanden. En wanneer hy nà de katastroof 't boek weder opneemt--van boeken die men slechts éénmaal leest, spreek ik niet--en zelfs dan nog meent dat deze of gene afwyking wel had kunnen gemist worden zonder schade voor den indruk van 't geheel, blyft het altyd de vraag of hy van 't geheel denzelfden indruk zou verkregen hebben, wanneer niet de schryver op meer of min kunstige wyze hem daartoe gebracht had, juist door de afwykingen die den oppervlakkig oordeelenden lezer overtollig voorkomen.","translation":"But let it not be forgotten that the reader's judgment as to whether a digression is necessary or not is often false, because before the catastrophe he cannot know what is or is not required for the gradual development of the situation. And when, after the catastrophe, he takes up the book again--of books one reads only once I do not speak--and even then still thinks that this or that digression might well have been spared without harm to the impression of the whole, it remains forever the question whether he would have received the same impression of the whole had not the writer, by more or less artful means, brought him to it, precisely by those digressions that strike the superficially judging reader as superfluous.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"men vergete niet","title":"Optative vergete ('let it not be forgotten')","body":"vergete is the third-person optative of vergeten. The construction men + subjunctive forms an impersonal exhortation typical of essayistic 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had kunnen gemist worden","title":"Pluperfect passive with modal","body":"A dense stack: had (pluperfect of hebben) + modal kunnen + passive gemist worden — 'might have been spared'. Such multi-verb clusters at the clause end are a core feature of literary Dutch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of hy van 't geheel denzelfden indruk zou verkregen hebben","title":"Conditional zou + accusative denzelfden","body":"zou verkregen hebben is a conditional perfect ('would have received'). denzelfden carries the old masculine accusative -n ending on 'the same'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vergete","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vergete","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"vergete","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb in hortative men vergete","gloss":"forget","note":"The subjunctive vergete is an archaic hortative: ‘let one not forget.’"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vergete","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of vergete","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oordeel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oordeel","lemma":"oordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lezer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique singular","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van and possessor of oordeel","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the topic phrase","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner in nominalized al of niet noodzakelijke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"first element of al of niet","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links al and niet","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"second element of al of niet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"noodzakelyke","lemma":"noodzakelijk","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"head of nominalized phrase governed by over","gloss":"necessity"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of afwyking","gloss":"of a","note":"Eener is the old genitive feminine singular of een."},{"surface":"afwyking","lemma":"afwijking","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of noodzakelyke","gloss":"digression"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"valsch","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking oordeel to valsch","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weten","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking katastrofe","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of katastrofe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"katastrofe","lemma":"catastrofe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of omdat-clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of wordt vereischt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"first element of al of niet","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links al and niet","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"second element of al of niet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vereischt","lemma":"vereisen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb in passive wordt vereischt","gloss":"required"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vereischt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontwikkeling","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"geleidelyke","lemma":"geleidelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ontwikkeling","gloss":"gradual"},{"surface":"ontwikkeling","lemma":"ontwikkeling","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"development"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive plural","role":"determiner of toestanden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"toestanden","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of ontwikkeling","gloss":"situations"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opneemt","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opneemt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of opneemt and meent","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nà","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking katastroof","gloss":"after","note":"The accent marks contrastive emphasis (‘after,’ as opposed to before)."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of katastroof","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"katastroof","lemma":"catastrofe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of nà","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of opneemt","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opneemt","gloss":"again","note":"Weder is a literary form meaning modern weer, ‘again.’"},{"surface":"opneemt","lemma":"opnemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of wanneer-clause, coordinated with meent","gloss":"takes up"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement selected by spreek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"boeken","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative plural","role":"direct object of leest","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leest","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies éénmaal","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"éénmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leest","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"leest","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on boeken","gloss":"reads"},{"surface":"spreek","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical main clause","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of spreek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreek","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates opneemt and meent","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms zelfs dan nog","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"time adverb in zelfs dan nog","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms zelfs dan nog","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"meent","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb coordinated with opneemt","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gemist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"first element of deze of gene","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gene","lemma":"gene","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"second element of deze of gene","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"afwyking","lemma":"afwijking","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive gemist worden","gloss":"digression"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"emphasizes possibility","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary governing kunnen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal infinitive governing gemist worden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"gemist","lemma":"missen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb in passive construction","gloss":"spared"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gemist","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schade","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"schade","lemma":"schade","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking indruk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique singular","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geheel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geheel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"formal subject of blyft","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyft","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicative complement of blyft","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verkregen","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zou verkregen hebben","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking indruk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"denzelfden","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of verkregen","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verkregen hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"verkregen","lemma":"verkrijgen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of conditional-perfect clause","gloss":"obtained"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"perfect auxiliary, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of verkregen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces counterfactual conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates had gebracht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schryver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of had gebracht","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"first element of meer of min","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"min","lemma":"min","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"second element of meer of min","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"kunstige","lemma":"kunstig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wyze","gloss":"artful"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third-person singular","role":"direct object of gebracht","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of gebracht","gloss":"to that point"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of had gebracht","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses door de afwykingen","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afwykingen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afwykingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afwykingen","lemma":"afwijking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"digressions"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of voorkomen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique singular","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oppervlakkig","lemma":"oppervlakkig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oordeelenden","gloss":"superficially"},{"surface":"oordeelenden","lemma":"oordelen","morphology":"present participle, inflected","role":"modifies lezer","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of voorkomen","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"overtollig","lemma":"overtollig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of voorkomen","gloss":"superfluous"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying afwykingen","gloss":"seem"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h13-s79","source":"Meent ge dat Amy Robsart's dood U zoo treffen zou, als ge vreemdeling waart geweest in de hallen van Kenilworth?","translation":"Do you think that Amy Robsart's death would have moved you so, had you been a stranger in the halls of Kenilworth?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Meent ge ... als ge vreemdeling waart geweest","title":"Archaic pronoun ge + counterfactual","body":"ge ('you') is the literary/solemn pronoun of 1860, used here in direct address to the reader. waart geweest is the second-person pluperfect of zijn in a counterfactual conditional ('had you been')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Meent","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Think"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of Meent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of treffen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Amy","lemma":"Amy","morphology":"proper noun","role":"possessor within Amy Robsart's","gloss":"Amy"},{"surface":"Robsart's","lemma":"Robsart","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of dood","gloss":"Robsart's"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of zou treffen","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"U","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, second-person","role":"direct object of treffen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of treffen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"treffen","lemma":"treffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, singular","role":"finite verb of content clause","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waart","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of waart geweest","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vreemdeling","lemma":"vreemdeling","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of waart geweest","gloss":"a stranger"},{"surface":"waart","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical participle of waart geweest","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hallen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hallen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hallen","lemma":"hal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Kenilworth","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Kenilworth","lemma":"Kenilworth","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Kenilworth"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h13-s80","source":"En gelooft ge dat er geen verband is--verband door tegenstelling--tusschen de ryke kleeding waarin de onwaardige Leicester zich aan haar vertoonde, en de zwartheid zyner ziel?","translation":"And do you believe that there is no connection--connection by contrast--between the rich garb in which the unworthy Leicester showed himself to her, and the blackness of his soul?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er geen verband is","title":"Existential er + geen","body":"er here is the existential particle ('there is'), and geen negates the indefinite noun verband — Dutch uses geen, not niet, to negate an indefinite."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de zwartheid zyner ziel","title":"Genitive zyner","body":"zyner ('of his') is the inflected genitive again, here yielding 'the blackness of his soul' — the contrast Multatuli draws with Leicester's rich garb."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gelooft","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"gelooft","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of gelooft","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verband","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of content clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to verband","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means or basis","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"tegenstelling","lemma":"tegenstelling","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"contrast"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the two terms of verband","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleeding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ryke","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kleeding","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"kleeding","lemma":"kleding","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"garb"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"manner complement of vertoonde","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Leicester","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onwaardige","lemma":"onwaardig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Leicester","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"Leicester","lemma":"Leicester","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of vertoonde","gloss":"Leicester"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vertoonde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third-person feminine","role":"object of aan","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"vertoonde","lemma":"vertonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying kleeding","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates kleeding and zwartheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zwartheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwartheid","lemma":"zwartheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"second object of tusschen","gloss":"blackness"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"of his","note":"Zyner is an old genitive form of zijn, here ‘of his.’"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of zwartheid","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h13-s81","source":"Gevoelt ge niet dat Lester--ieder weet dit, die den man kent uit andere bronnen dan uit den roman alleen--dat hy oneindig lager stond dan hy geschetst wordt in den Kenilworth?","translation":"Do you not feel that Leicester--everyone knows this who knows the man from sources other than the novel alone--that he stood infinitely lower than he is portrayed in Kenilworth?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die den man kent uit andere bronnen","title":"Relative die + accusative den man","body":"die ('who') opens a verb-final relative clause; the object den man shows the old masculine accusative -n on the article. The verb kent closes the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan hy geschetst wordt","title":"Comparative dan + worden-passive","body":"lager ... dan ('lower than') is the comparative with dan, and geschetst wordt is a process passive ('is portrayed') — he stood lower than he is painted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gevoelt","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Feel"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of Gevoelt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Gevoelt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"anticipatory introducer of the interrupted content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Lester","lemma":"Leicester","morphology":"proper noun","role":"left-dislocated subject resumed by hy","gloss":"Leicester"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, accusative neuter singular","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of kent","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of kent","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying ieder","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bronnen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bronnen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"bronnen","lemma":"bron","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"sources"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison complement","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roman","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique singular","role":"determiner of roman","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"roman","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"novel"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses uit den roman","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"restarts the interrupted content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"oneindig","lemma":"oneindig","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of lager","gloss":"infinitely"},{"surface":"lager","lemma":"laag","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of stond","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause of Gevoelt","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of wordt geschetst","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geschetst","lemma":"schetsen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb in passive comparison clause","gloss":"portrayed"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geschetst","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source in which he is portrayed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique singular","role":"determiner of Kenilworth","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kenilworth","lemma":"Kenilworth","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Kenilworth"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h13-s82","source":"Maar de groote romanschryver die liever boeide door kunstige rangschikking van kleuren dan door grofheid van kleur, achtte het beneden zich zyn penseel te doopen in al het slyk en in al het bloed dat er kleefde aan den onwaardigen gunsteling van Elizabeth.","translation":"But the great novelist, who chose rather to enthral by an artful arrangement of colours than by coarseness of colour, deemed it beneath him to dip his brush in all the mire and all the blood that clung to Elizabeth's unworthy favourite.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die liever boeide door kunstige rangschikking","title":"Imperfect of weak boeien","body":"boeide ('held captive, enthralled') is the simple past inside a relative clause. liever ... dan frames the comparative 'rather ... than'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"achtte het beneden zich zyn penseel te doopen","title":"Reflexive zich + te-infinitive","body":"iets beneden zich achten ('to deem something beneath oneself') uses the third-person reflexive zich; the action deemed beneath him is the te-infinitive te doopen ('to dip')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrast with preceding context","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of romanschrijver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies romanschrijver","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"romanschryver","lemma":"romanschrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of achtte","gloss":"novelist"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of boeide","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies boeide","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"boeide","lemma":"boeien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on romanschrijver","gloss":"enthralled"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks means of boeide","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"kunstige","lemma":"kunstig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies rangschikking","gloss":"artful"},{"surface":"rangschikking","lemma":"rangschikking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"arrangement"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of rangschikking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kleuren","lemma":"kleur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"colours"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces second term of liever ... dan","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks means of boeide","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"grofheid","lemma":"grofheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"coarseness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of grofheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kleur","lemma":"kleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"colour"},{"surface":"achtte","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; subject romanschrijver","gloss":"deemed"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory object of achtte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"beneden","lemma":"beneden","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of beneden zich","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"object of beneden, referring to romanschrijver","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of penseel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"penseel","lemma":"penseel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doopen","gloss":"brush"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doopen","lemma":"dopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement explaining het","gloss":"dip","note":"Here doopen is the older spelling of dopen, ‘to dip’."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of doopen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"quantifies het slyk","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of slyk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slyk","lemma":"slijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"mire","note":"Old spelling of modern slijk."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two in-phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of doopen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"quantifies het bloed","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of bloed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bloed","lemma":"bloed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kleefde; refers to bloed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of kleefde","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kleefde","lemma":"kleven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on bloed","gloss":"clung"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of kleefde","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of gunsteling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onwaardigen","lemma":"onwaardig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular","role":"modifies gunsteling","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"gunsteling","lemma":"gunsteling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"favourite"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of gunsteling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Elizabeth","lemma":"Elizabeth","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Elizabeth"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h13-s83","source":"Hy wilde slechts één stip aanwyzen in den poel van vuil, maar verstond het, zulke stippen te doen in 't oog vallen door de tinten die hy in zyn onsterfelyke geschriften daarnáást legde.","translation":"He wished to point out but a single speck in the pool of filth, yet he knew how to make such specks catch the eye through the tints he set beside them in his immortal writings.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verstond het, zulke stippen te doen in 't oog vallen","title":"Causative doen + idiom in 't oog vallen","body":"iets verstaan here is the archaic 'to know how to' (cf. German verstehen). doen ... vallen is causative ('to make catch the eye'); in 't oog vallen is the fixed idiom 'to catch the eye'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de tinten die hy ... daarnáást legde","title":"Pronominal adverb daarnaast","body":"daarnaast fuses daar- + naast ('beside that'), a pronominal adverb standing in for 'beside it/them' — the tints Scott set beside his single speck of filth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wilde and verstond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses één stip","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies stip","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"stip","lemma":"stip","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanwyzen","gloss":"speck"},{"surface":"aanwyzen","lemma":"aanwijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wilde","gloss":"point out","note":"Old spelling of modern aanwijzen."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location of stip","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of poel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poel","lemma":"poel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"pool"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of poel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vuil","lemma":"vuil","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass","role":"object of van","gloss":"filth"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates verstond with wilde","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"verstond","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"knew how"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"fixed object in verstond het","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of stippen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"stippen","lemma":"stip","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of doen and subject of vallen","gloss":"specks"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verstond","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the","note":"’t is a contraction of het."},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in in idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of doen","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks means of in het oog vallen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of tinten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tinten","lemma":"tint","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of door and antecedent of die","gloss":"tints"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of legde; refers to tinten","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of legde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces setting in which he placed the tints","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of geschriften","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"onsterfelyke","lemma":"onsterfelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies geschriften","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"geschriften","lemma":"geschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"writings"},{"surface":"daarnáást","lemma":"daarnaast","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of legde; beside the specks","gloss":"beside them"},{"surface":"legde","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on tinten","gloss":"set"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h13-s84","source":"Wie nu al dat daarnaast gelegde als overtollig meent te kunnen verwerpen, verliest geheel uit het oog dat men dan, om effekt te-weeg te brengen, zou moeten overgaan tot de school die sedert 1830 zoolang in Frankryk gebloeid heeft, schoon ik ter-eere van dat land zeggen moet dat de schryvers die in dit opzicht het meest zondigden tegen den goeden smaak, juist in 't buitenland, en niet in Frankryk zelf, den grootsten opgang maakten.","translation":"Whoever now thinks he may reject as superfluous all that setting-beside loses sight entirely of the fact that one would then, to produce an effect, have to turn to the school that has flourished so long in France since 1830--though, to the honour of that land, I must say that the writers who in this respect sinned most against good taste made their greatest mark precisely abroad, and not in France itself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie nu al dat daarnaast gelegde als overtollig meent te kunnen verwerpen","title":"Free relative Wie ('whoever')","body":"Wie without an antecedent means 'whoever'; it opens a long verb-final clause whose verbs meent te kunnen verwerpen stack at the end. daarnaast gelegde is a substantivized participle, 'the thing set beside'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou moeten overgaan tot de school die ... gebloeid heeft","title":"Conditional zou + perfect gebloeid heeft","body":"zou moeten overgaan stacks conditional + modal + separable infinitive ('would have to turn to'); gebloeid heeft is the present perfect ('has flourished') closing the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of meent and verliest","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meent","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"quantifies dat daarnaast gelegde","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of substantivized gelegde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daarnaast","lemma":"daarnaast","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of gelegde","gloss":"beside it"},{"surface":"gelegde","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"past participle used substantivally, neuter singular","role":"head of the direct object dat daarnaast gelegde","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement overtollig","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"overtollig","lemma":"overtollig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of verwerpen","gloss":"superfluous"},{"surface":"meent","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of subject clause headed by Wie","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive kunnen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of verwerpen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"verwerpen","lemma":"verwerpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of meent","gloss":"reject"},{"surface":"verliest","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb; subject Wie","gloss":"loses"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verliest","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom uit het oog verliezen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit in idiom uit het oog verliezen","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of verliest uit het oog","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular, nominative","role":"subject of zou moeten overgaan","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou moeten overgaan","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"effekt","lemma":"effect","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of teweegbrengen","gloss":"an effect","note":"Effekt is an older spelling of modern effect."},{"surface":"te-weeg","lemma":"teweeg","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of teweegbrengen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"base of split infinitive teweegbrengen","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of overgaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of overgaan","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"overgaan","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of dat-clause","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of overgaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of school","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"school","lemma":"school","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot and antecedent of die","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft gebloeid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time point 1830","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"zoolang","lemma":"zolang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft gebloeid","gloss":"so long"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location of gebloeid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Frankryk","lemma":"Frankrijk","morphology":"proper noun, neuter","role":"object of in","gloss":"France"},{"surface":"gebloeid","lemma":"bloeien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on school","gloss":"flourished"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gebloeid","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, concessive","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of moet zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ter-eere","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, fossilized dative phrase","role":"head of adverbial phrase ter ere van dat land","gloss":"to the honour"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ere","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of schryvers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryvers","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of maakten","gloss":"writers","note":"Old spelling schryvers corresponds to modern schrijvers."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zondigden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of adverbial phrase in dit opzicht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of opzicht","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"opzicht","lemma":"opzicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"forms superlative adverb het meest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meest","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies zondigden","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"zondigden","lemma":"zondigen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on schryvers","gloss":"sinned"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of zondigden","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of smaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goeden","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular","role":"modifies smaak","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"smaak","lemma":"smaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"taste"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses in het buitenland","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location of maakten opgang","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of buitenland","gloss":"the","note":"’t is a contraction of het."},{"surface":"buitenland","lemma":"buitenland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates contrasted location phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates in Frankryk zelf","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces contrasted location","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Frankryk","lemma":"Frankrijk","morphology":"proper noun, neuter","role":"object of in","gloss":"France"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying adverb","role":"emphasizes Frankryk","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of opgang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grootsten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive","role":"modifies opgang","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"opgang","lemma":"opgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in opgang maakten","gloss":"mark"},{"surface":"maakten","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of object clause of zeggen","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h13-s85","source":"Die school--ik hoop en geloof dat ze uitgebloeid heeft--vond het gemakkelyk met volle hand te grypen in plassen van bloed, en daarmee groote kladden te werpen op de schildery, dat men die zien zou in de verte!","translation":"That school--I hope and believe it has flowered itself out--found it easy to plunge a full hand into pools of blood and with it to fling great blots upon the painting, so that one would see it from afar!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ze uitgebloeid heeft","title":"Perfect of separable uitbloeien","body":"uitgebloeid heeft is the present perfect of separable uitbloeien ('to finish blooming, flower itself out'), the participle's ge- inserted between prefix uit- and stem."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men die zien zou in de verte","title":"Result clause with conditional zou","body":"The dat-clause expresses result ('so that one would see it from afar'); zien zou is the conditional with the infinitive fronted before zou for emphasis — a common 1860 word-order liberty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of school","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"school","lemma":"school","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vond; antecedent of ze","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of hoop and geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"first verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates hoop and geloof","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"second verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of hoop and geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heeft uitgebloeid; refers to school","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"uitgebloeid","lemma":"uitbloeien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of perfect heeft uitgebloeid","gloss":"flowered itself out"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of uitgebloeid","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; subject school","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory object of vond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of vond","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"volle","lemma":"vol","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies hand","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive grypen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"grypen","lemma":"grijpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first infinitival complement explaining het","gloss":"plunge","note":"Old spelling of modern grijpen."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of grypen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"plassen","lemma":"plas","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"pools"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of plassen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bloed","lemma":"bloed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates grypen and werpen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarmee","lemma":"daarmee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"instrumental modifier of werpen","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies kladden","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"kladden","lemma":"klad","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of werpen","gloss":"blots"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive werpen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"werpen","lemma":"werpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"second infinitival complement explaining het","gloss":"fling"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces goal of werpen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of schildery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schildery","lemma":"schilderij","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"painting","note":"Old spelling of modern schilderij."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, resultative","role":"introduces result clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular, nominative","role":"subject of zou zien","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of zien; refers to kladden","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of zien","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of adverbial phrase in de verte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of verte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verte","lemma":"verte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"distance"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h13-s86","source":"Ze zyn dan ook met minder inspanning te schilderen, die ruwe strepen van rood en zwart, dan de fyne trekken te penseelen die er staan in den kelk eener lelie.","translation":"They are, after all, painted with less effort, those crude streaks of red and black, than the fine strokes one pencils into the cup of a lily.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze zyn dan ook met minder inspanning te schilderen","title":"zijn + te + infinitive (passive potential)","body":"zyn ... te schilderen means 'are to be painted / can be painted' — the te-infinitive after zijn carries a passive, modal sense ('paintable with less effort')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die er staan in den kelk eener lelie","title":"Existential/locative er + genitive eener","body":"er staan here means 'there stand/are' (locative); eener lelie is the inflected genitive 'of a lily'. The lily's fine strokes contrast with the crude red-and-black streaks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of zyn te schilderen; resumed by die ruwe strepen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb with te schilderen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of connective dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of connective dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifying adjective, comparative","role":"modifies inspanning","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"inspanning","lemma":"inspanning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive schilderen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schilderen","lemma":"schilderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zyn","gloss":"paint"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of strepen, in right-dislocation","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"ruwe","lemma":"ruw","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies strepen","gloss":"crude"},{"surface":"strepen","lemma":"streep","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"resumptive subject corresponding to Ze","gloss":"streaks"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces material/colour complement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"rood","lemma":"rood","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass","role":"object of van","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates rood and zwart","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zwart","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces second term of comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of trekken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fyne","lemma":"fijn","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies trekken","gloss":"fine","note":"Old spelling fyne corresponds to modern fijne."},{"surface":"trekken","lemma":"trek","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of penseelen","gloss":"strokes"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive penseelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"penseelen","lemma":"penselen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"elliptical comparative complement of schilderen","gloss":"pencil"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of staan; refers to trekken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative element with in den kelk","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on trekken","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location of staan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of kelk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kelk","lemma":"kelk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"cup"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of lelie","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"lelie","lemma":"lelie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of kelk","gloss":"lily"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h13-s87","source":"Dáárom dan ook koos die school meestal koningen tot helden van haar verhalen, liefst uit den tyd toen de volkeren nog onmondig waren.","translation":"That is why that school chose for the most part kings as the heroes of its tales, preferably from a time when the peoples were still minors.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dáárom dan ook koos die school ... helden","title":"Pronominal daarom + V2 inversion","body":"Daarom ('for that reason') fronts the clause, forcing inversion: finite verb koos before subject die school. daarom is a pronominal adverb (daar- + om)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"uit den tyd toen de volkeren nog onmondig waren","title":"Subordinating toen","body":"toen ('when', of the past) opens a subordinate clause and sends its verb waren to the end. onmondig means 'under age, not yet of legal voice' — peoples as political minors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dáárom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies koos","gloss":"that is why","note":"The doubled accent gives emphatic stress: “that is why.”"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies koos","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies koos","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"koos","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chose"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of school","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"school","lemma":"school","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of koos","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies koos","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"koningen","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of koos","gloss":"kings"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking helden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"helden","lemma":"held","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of koningen","gloss":"heroes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhalen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of verhalen","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"verhalen","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"tales"},{"surface":"liefst","lemma":"liefst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the choice of time","gloss":"preferably"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of onmondig","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of volkeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volkeren","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"peoples"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onmondig","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"onmondig","lemma":"onmondig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"underage"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking volkeren to onmondig","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h13-s88","source":"Zie, de droefheid des konings vertaalt men op 't papier in volksgehuil ... zyn toorn biedt den schryver gelegenheid tot het dooden van duizenden op 't slagveld ... zyn fouten geven ruimte tot het schilderen van hongersnood en pest ... dat alles geeft werk aan grove penseelen!","translation":"Behold: the king's grief is rendered on paper as the wailing of a nation ... his wrath offers the writer occasion for the slaying of thousands on the battlefield ... his faults give scope for the painting of famine and pestilence ... all that gives work to coarse brushes!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de droefheid des konings","title":"Genitive des konings","body":"des konings is the masculine genitive ('the king's grief') — article des + noun with genitive -s. A textbook case-remnant of the kind alive in 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vertaalt men op 't papier","title":"Impersonal men ('one')","body":"men ('one, people') is the indefinite-subject pronoun. The fronted object 'de droefheid des konings' forces the subject 'men' to invert after the verb vertaalt; 'in volksgehuil' is the end-position complement ('into national wailing')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"biedt den schryver gelegenheid tot het dooden van duizenden","title":"Nominalized infinitive het dooden","body":"het dooden ('the killing') is an infinitive used as a neuter noun, governed by tot. Note the dative-flavoured den schryver as indirect object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"discourse-opening imperative","gloss":"behold"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of droefheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"droefheid","lemma":"droefheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vertaalt","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of konings","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"konings","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"possessor of droefheid","gloss":"king’s"},{"surface":"vertaalt","lemma":"vertalen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"renders"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertaalt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking papier","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of papier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"papier","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vertaalt","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking volksgehuil","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"volksgehuil","lemma":"volksgehuil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"national wailing"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of toorn","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"toorn","lemma":"toorn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of biedt","gloss":"wrath"},{"surface":"biedt","lemma":"bieden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"offers"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative singular","role":"determiner of schryver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of biedt","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of biedt","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dooden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dooden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dooden","lemma":"doden","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"slaying"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking duizenden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"duizenden","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"numeral, plural, nominalized","role":"complement of van","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slagveld","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slagveld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slagveld","lemma":"slagveld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"battlefield"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of fouten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"fouten","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"faults"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ruimte","lemma":"ruimte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"scope"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schilderen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schilderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schilderen","lemma":"schilderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"painting"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hongersnood","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hongersnood","lemma":"hongersnood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"famine"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pest","lemma":"pest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with hongersnood","gloss":"pestilence"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking penseelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"grove","lemma":"grof","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies penseelen","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"penseelen","lemma":"penseel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"brushes","note":"Penseelen is the historical spelling of modern penselen."}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h13-s89","source":"Als ge niet getroffen zyt door de stomme akeligheid van een lyk dat daar ligt, er is plaats in myn verhaal voor een slachtoffer dat nog stuiptrekt en gilt!","translation":"If you are not stirred by the mute ghastliness of a corpse lying there, there is room in my tale for a victim still twitching and shrieking!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als ge niet getroffen zyt door de stomme akeligheid","title":"zijn-passive (state) + door","body":"getroffen zyt is a state passive with zijn ('you are struck/stirred'); the agent is marked by door ('by'). The als-clause is subordinate, so zyt stands at its end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er is plaats in myn verhaal voor een slachtoffer","title":"Existential er is ('there is')","body":"er is + indefinite noun is the standard existential 'there is room...'. myn is the period spelling of mijn ('my')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of getroffen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies getroffen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"getroffen","lemma":"treffen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle with zyt","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of getroffen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking akeligheid","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of akeligheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stomme","lemma":"stom","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies akeligheid","gloss":"mute"},{"surface":"akeligheid","lemma":"akeligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of getroffen","gloss":"ghastliness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lyk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lyk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lyk","lemma":"lijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"corpse","note":"Lyk is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern lijk."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clause modifying lyk","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhaal","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verhaal","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slachtoffer","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slachtoffer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"slachtoffer","lemma":"slachtoffer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"victim"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of stuiptrekt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stuiptrekt","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"stuiptrekt","lemma":"stuiptrekken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on slachtoffer","gloss":"twitches"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gilt","lemma":"gillen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with stuiptrekt","gloss":"shrieks"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h13-s90","source":"Hebt ge niet geweend by die moeder, vruchteloos zoekend naar haar kind ... wèl, ik toon u een andere moeder die haar kind ziet vierendeelen!","translation":"Have you not wept beside that mother fruitlessly seeking her child ... well, I show you another mother who sees her child quartered!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hebt ge niet geweend by die moeder","title":"Present perfect with archaic ge","body":"Hebt ge ... geweend is the present perfect ('have you wept') with the literary pronoun ge inverted after the verb. geweend is the weak participle of wenen ('to weep')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een andere moeder die haar kind ziet vierendeelen","title":"Perception verb + bare infinitive","body":"ziet ... vierendeelen ('sees [her child] quartered') uses the perception verb zien with a bare infinitive, no te. vierendeelen is the medieval execution of quartering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geweend","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweend","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geweend","lemma":"wenen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeder","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of by","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"vruchteloos","lemma":"vruchteloos","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zoekend","gloss":"fruitlessly"},{"surface":"zoekend","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying moeder","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kind","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zoekend","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"marks the rhetorical response","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of toon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of toon","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies moeder","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of toon","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ziet","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on moeder","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"vierendeelen","lemma":"vierendelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of ziet","gloss":"quartered","note":"After ziet, the active infinitive has a passive sense here: she sees the child being quartered."}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h13-s91","source":"Bleeft ge ongevoelig by den marteldood van dien man ... ik vermenigvuldig uw gevoel honderdmalen door negen-en-negentig andere mannen te laten martelen naast hem!","translation":"Did you remain unmoved by that man's death under torture ... I multiply your feeling a hundredfold by having ninety-nine other men tortured beside him!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Bleeft ge ongevoelig","title":"Imperfect of strong blijven, with ge","body":"Bleeft is the second-person simple past of strong blyven (blijven, 'to remain') — note the vowel change ij→ee marking a strong verb. The inverted ge follows the verb in this question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"door negen-en-negentig andere mannen te laten martelen","title":"Causative laten in a door + te-infinitive","body":"te laten martelen is causative laten ('to have tortured') embedded in an instrumental door ... te-clause ('by having ninety-nine men tortured'). The horror is generated mechanically — Multatuli's satire."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bleeft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"did remain"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Bleeft","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ongevoelig","lemma":"ongevoelig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Bleeft","gloss":"unmoved"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marteldood","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative singular","role":"determiner of marteldood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"marteldood","lemma":"marteldood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of by","gloss":"death under torture"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking man","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, dative singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vermenigvuldig","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vermenigvuldig","lemma":"vermenigvuldigen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"multiply"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gevoel","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vermenigvuldig","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"honderdmalen","lemma":"honderdmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vermenigvuldig","gloss":"a hundredfold"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means phrase","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"negen-en-negentig","lemma":"negenennegentig","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies mannen","gloss":"ninety-nine"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mannen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"mannen","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks laten as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of door","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"martelen","lemma":"martelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of laten","gloss":"tortured"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of naast","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h13-s92","source":"Zyt ge verstokt genoeg om niet te yzen by 't zien van den soldaat die in een belegerde vesting uit honger zyn linkerarm verslindt ...","translation":"Are you hardened enough not to shudder at the sight of the soldier who, in a besieged fortress, devours his own left arm out of hunger ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyt ge verstokt genoeg om niet te yzen","title":"om ... te (purpose/result)","body":"om ... te yzen frames the clause 'enough [not] to shudder'; the negated te-infinitive niet te yzen closes it. yzen (modern ijzen) = 'to shudder with horror'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den soldaat die ... zyn linkerarm verslindt","title":"Relative die + verb-final","body":"die opens the relative clause describing den soldaat (accusative -n), pushing the verb verslindt ('devours') to the end after the inserted uit honger phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"copula linking ge to verstokt","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Zyt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"verstokt","lemma":"verstokt","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Zyt","gloss":"hardened"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstokt","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies yzen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks yzen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"yzen","lemma":"ijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of genoeg","gloss":"shudder","note":"Yzen is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern ijzen."},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zien","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"complement of by","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soldaat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative singular","role":"determiner of soldaat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soldaat","lemma":"soldaat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"soldier"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verslindt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vesting","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vesting","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"belegerde","lemma":"belegeren","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"modifies vesting","gloss":"besieged"},{"surface":"vesting","lemma":"vesting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"fortress"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honger","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"honger","lemma":"honger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of linkerarm","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"linkerarm","lemma":"linkerarm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verslindt","gloss":"left arm"},{"surface":"verslindt","lemma":"verslinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on soldaat","gloss":"devours"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h13-s93","source":"Epikurist!","translation":"Epicurean!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Epikurist!","title":"'Epicurean!' as taunt","body":"Hurled sarcastically at the jaded reader who needs ever-stronger sensation. An Epicurean is a seeker of refined pleasure; here it brands the consumer of literary atrocity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Epikurist","lemma":"epicurist","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative exclamation","gloss":"Epicurean"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h13-s94","source":"Ik stel u voor, te kommandeeren: \"rechts en links, formeert den kring! Ieder ete den linkerarm op van zyn rechternevenman ... marsch!\"","translation":"I propose to you the order: \"right and left, form the ring! Let each eat the left arm of the man to his right ... march!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"formeert den kring! ... Ieder ete den linkerarm op","title":"Imperative + optative command","body":"formeert is a (formal/plural) imperative 'form!'; Ieder ete ... op is the third-person optative of separable opeten ('let each eat up') — the prefix op lands at the clause end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rechternevenman","title":"Compound: rechternevenman","body":"A right-headed Dutch compound, rechter + neven + man = 'the man neighbouring on one's right'. Such single-word constructions, glued together, are typical of Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"stel","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of stel voor","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of stel ... voor","gloss":"propose"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks kommandeeren as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kommandeeren","lemma":"commanderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"content of the proposal","gloss":"command","note":"Kommandeeren is an older spelling of modern commanderen."},{"surface":"rechts","lemma":"rechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional command","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with rechts","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"formeert","lemma":"formeren","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person plural","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, accusative singular","role":"determiner of kring","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kring","lemma":"kring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of formeert","gloss":"ring"},{"surface":"Ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ete","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"ete","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"may eat"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, accusative singular","role":"determiner of linkerarm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"linkerarm","lemma":"linkerarm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ete op","gloss":"left arm"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ete ... op","gloss":"eat up"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rechternevenman","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of rechternevenman","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rechternevenman","lemma":"rechternevenman","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"right-hand neighbor","note":"Rechternevenman means the neighboring man on one’s right."},{"surface":"marsch","lemma":"mars","morphology":"interjection","role":"imperative command","gloss":"march","note":"Marsch is the historical spelling of modern mars."}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h13-s95","source":"Ja, zóó gaat de kunst-akeligheid over in zotterny ... wat ik in 't voorbygaan bewyzen wilde.","translation":"Yes, thus art's ghastliness passes over into folly ... which I wished to prove in passing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zóó gaat de kunst-akeligheid over in zotterny","title":"Separable overgaan, fronted zoo","body":"Fronting zóó forces inversion (gaat before subject), and the separable verb overgaan splits: stem gaat early, prefix over later. overgaan in = 'to pass over into'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"in 't voorbygaan","title":"in 't voorbygaan ('in passing')","body":"A fixed adverbial idiom, 'by the way / in passing'. voorbygaan = voorbijgaan ('to pass by'), with period y for ij."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kunst-akeligheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kunst-akeligheid","lemma":"kunst-akeligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"art-ghastliness"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of gaat ... over","gloss":"transitions"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zotterny","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"zotterny","lemma":"zotternij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"folly","note":"Zotterny is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern zotternij."},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of bewyzen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 't","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbygaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorbygaan","lemma":"voorbijgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"complement of in","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"wished"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h13-s96","source":"En dáárin toch zou men vervallen door te spoedig een schryver te veroordeelen, die u geleidelyk wilde voorbereiden op zyn katastroof zònder zyn toevlucht te nemen tot die schreeuwende kleuren.","translation":"And into that, after all, one would fall by condemning too hastily a writer who wished to prepare you gradually for his catastrophe without resorting to those screaming colours.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou men vervallen door te spoedig ... te veroordeelen","title":"Conditional zou + door ... te (means)","body":"zou ... vervallen is the conditional ('one would fall'); the door + te-infinitive te veroordeelen names the means ('by condemning too hastily')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zònder zyn toevlucht te nemen tot die schreeuwende kleuren","title":"zonder ... te + present participle as adjective","body":"zonder ... te nemen is 'without resorting'; schreeuwende ('screaming') is a present participle (-end + -e) used attributively to colour the 'screaming colours'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dáárin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of vervallen","gloss":"into that"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vervallen","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vervallen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vervallen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"vervallen","lemma":"vervallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means expressed by veroordeelen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies spoedig","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veroordeelen","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of schryver","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of veroordeelen","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive veroordeelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"veroordeelen","lemma":"veroordelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of door","gloss":"condemning"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wilde; refers to schryver","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of voorbereiden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"geleidelyk","lemma":"geleidelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorbereiden","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"voorbereiden","lemma":"voorbereiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"to prepare"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of voorbereiden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of katastroof","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"katastroof","lemma":"catastrofe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"zònder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of nemen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of toevlucht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"toevlucht","lemma":"toevlucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"recourse"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive nemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zonder; forms toevlucht nemen tot","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of toevlucht nemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of kleuren","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"schreeuwende","lemma":"schreeuwen","morphology":"present participle used adjectivally, inflected","role":"modifies kleuren","gloss":"screaming"},{"surface":"kleuren","lemma":"kleur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tot","gloss":"colours"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h13-s97","source":"Het gevaar evenwel aan den anderen kant is nòg grooter.","translation":"The danger on the other side, however, is greater still.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s97.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of gevaar","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces kant","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kant","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking gevaar to grooter","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nòg","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies grooter","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"greater"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h13-s98","source":"Ge veracht de pogingen der grove letterkunde die met zoo ruwe wapenen op uw gevoel meent te moeten instormen, maar ... als de schryver in 't ander uiterste vervalt, als hy zondigt door te veel afwyking van de hoofdzaak, door te veel penseel-gemanierdheid, dan is uw toorn nog sterker, en te-recht. Want dan heeft hy u verveeld, en dit is onvergeeflyk.","translation":"You despise the efforts of the coarse literature that thinks it must storm your feelings with such rude weapons; but ... if the writer falls into the other extreme, if he sins by too much straying from the main point, by too much mannerism of the brush, then your anger is stronger still, and rightly so. For then he has bored you, and that is unforgivable.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die met zoo ruwe wapenen op uw gevoel meent te moeten instormen","title":"Stacked te moeten + separable instormen","body":"meent te moeten instormen stacks 'thinks it must storm', with the separable instormen at the end. uw is the formal/period possessive 'your'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan heeft hy u verveeld, en dit is onvergeeflyk","title":"Present perfect + fronted dan","body":"heeft ... verveeld is the present perfect ('has bored'); fronting dan inverts the verb to second place. The verdict — boredom is unforgivable — is Multatuli's aesthetic creed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of veracht","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"veracht","lemma":"verachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of pogingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pogingen","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of veracht","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of letterkunde; marks possession by letterkunde","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"grove","lemma":"grof","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies letterkunde","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"letterkunde","lemma":"letterkunde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"genitive dependent of pogingen","gloss":"literature"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of meent; refers to letterkunde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the instrumental phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies ruwe","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ruwe","lemma":"ruw","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wapenen","gloss":"rude"},{"surface":"wapenen","lemma":"wapen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"weapons"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the target of instormen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person","role":"possessor of gevoel","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"meent","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive instormen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of instormen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"instormen","lemma":"instormen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of meent and moeten","gloss":"storm"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting conditional construction","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of schryver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vervalt","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of vervalt","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of uiterste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies uiterste","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"uiterste","lemma":"uiterste","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"extreme"},{"surface":"vervalt","lemma":"vervallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the first conditional clause","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zondigt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zondigt","lemma":"zondigen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the second conditional clause","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means of zondigt","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies afwyking","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"afwyking","lemma":"afwijking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"straying"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of afwyking","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of hoofdzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdzaak","lemma":"hoofdzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"main point"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a second means of zondigt","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies penseel-gemanierdheid","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"penseel-gemanierdheid","lemma":"penseelgemanierdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"brush mannerism","note":"This coined compound means an over-mannered, painterly treatment."},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the consequence of the conditions","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking toorn to sterker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person","role":"possessor of toorn","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"toorn","lemma":"toorn","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterker","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"sterker","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates te-recht with sterker","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te-recht","lemma":"terecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"comments on the preceding clause","gloss":"rightly so"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an explanation","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft verveeld","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verveeld","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of heeft verveeld","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verveeld","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"verveeld","lemma":"vervelen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb with heeft","gloss":"bored"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the final clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to onvergeeflyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"onvergeeflyk","lemma":"onvergeeflijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"unforgivable"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h13-s99","source":"Wanneer wy tezamen wandelen, en ge wykt telkens af van den weg, en roept my in 't kreupelhout, alleen met het doel om de wandeling te rekken, vind ik dit onaangenaam, en neem me voor, in 't vervolg alleen te gaan.","translation":"When we walk together, and you keep turning aside from the road and calling me into the underbrush, only to prolong the walk, I find this disagreeable, and resolve in future to go alone.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wanneer wy tezamen wandelen, ... vind ik dit onaangenaam","title":"Fronted subordinate clause + V2","body":"The Wanneer-clause occupies the first slot, so the main clause inverts: verb vind before subject ik. wy is 'we' (period spelling of wij)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"neem me voor, in 't vervolg alleen te gaan","title":"Reflexive separable zich voornemen","body":"zich voornemen ('to resolve') is a separable, reflexive verb: here neem ... voor with reflexive me, governing the te-infinitive te gaan ('to go alone in future')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person plural","role":"subject of wandelen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"tezamen","lemma":"tezamen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wandelen","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"wandelen","lemma":"wandelen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates wykt with wandelen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of wykt and roept","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wykt","lemma":"wijken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb afwijken","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wykt af","gloss":"each time"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of wykt; forms afwijken","gloss":"aside"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of wykt af","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates roept with wykt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"roept","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated verb with wykt","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, first person singular","role":"direct object of roept","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination of roept","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of kreupelhout","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kreupelhout","lemma":"kreupelhout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"underbrush"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the purpose phrase","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive rekken","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of wandeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wandeling","lemma":"wandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of rekken","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive rekken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rekken","lemma":"rekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of doel","gloss":"prolong"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of vind and neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"onaangenaam","lemma":"onaangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of dit","gloss":"disagreeable"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates neem with vind","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb voornemen","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person singular","role":"reflexive object of neem voor","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of neem; forms zich voornemen","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of vervolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vervolg","lemma":"vervolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaan","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive gaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of neem voor","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h13-s100","source":"Maar als ge me daar een plant weet aantewyzen die ik niet kende, of waaraan voor my iets te zien valt dat vroeger myn aandacht ontsnapte ... als ge my van-tyd tot-tyd een bloem toont, die ik gaarne pluk en meedraag in 't knoopsgat, dan vergeef ik u dat afwyken van den weg, ja, ik ben er dankbaar voor.","translation":"But if you can point out to me there a plant I did not know, or one in which there is something to see that earlier escaped my notice ... if from time to time you show me a flower that I gladly pluck and carry along in my buttonhole, then I forgive you that straying from the road--yes, I am grateful for it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ge me daar een plant weet aantewyzen die ik niet kende","title":"Separable aanwijzen as joined te-infinitive","body":"aantewyzen writes the te of a separable verb inside the word (aan-te-wyzen), an 1860 spelling habit. weet ... aantewyzen = 'know how to point out'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waaraan voor my iets te zien valt","title":"Pronominal adverb waaraan","body":"waaraan fuses waar- + aan ('at/in which'), referring back to the plant — 'a plant in which there is something to see'. te zien valt = 'is to be seen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting conditional sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, first person singular","role":"indirect object of aantewyzen","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aantewyzen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of plant","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"plant","lemma":"plant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aantewyzen","gloss":"plant"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"governs the infinitive aantewyzen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"aantewyzen","lemma":"aanwijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of weet","gloss":"point out"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kende; refers to plant","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of kende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kende","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kende","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two relative descriptions of plant","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"complement of te zien; refers to plant","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the experiencer my","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, first person singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of valt","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of valt","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause; with te zien expresses availability","gloss":"is available","note":"Iets te zien valt means that something is there to be seen."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ontsnapte; refers to iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontsnapte","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessor of aandacht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"aandacht","lemma":"aandacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"experiencer object of ontsnapte","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"ontsnapte","lemma":"ontsnappen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of toont","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, first person singular","role":"indirect object of toont","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"van-tyd","lemma":"van tijd","morphology":"adverb, first part of fixed phrase","role":"begins van-tyd tot-tyd","gloss":"from time"},{"surface":"tot-tyd","lemma":"tot tijd","morphology":"adverb, second part of fixed phrase","role":"completes van-tyd tot-tyd","gloss":"to time"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of bloem","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bloem","lemma":"bloem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of toont","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"toont","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the second conditional clause","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of pluk and meedraag; refers to bloem","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of pluk and meedraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pluk and meedraag","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"pluk","lemma":"plukken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause","gloss":"pluck"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates meedraag with pluk","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meedraag","lemma":"meedragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated verb with pluk","gloss":"carry along"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of meedraag","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of knoopsgat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"knoopsgat","lemma":"knoopsgat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"buttonhole"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the consequence of the conditions","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"vergeef","lemma":"vergeven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of vergeef and ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of vergeef","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of afwyken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"afwyken","lemma":"afwijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"direct object of vergeef","gloss":"straying"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of afwyken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces an emphatic restatement","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to dankbaar","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of voor","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dankbaar","lemma":"dankbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"governs er as complement of dankbaar","gloss":"for"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h13-s101","source":"En, zelfs zonder bloem of plant, zoodra ge my ter-zyde roept om me door 't geboomte heen het pad te wyzen, dat we straks zullen betreden, doch dat nu nog verre voor ons ligt in de diepte, en als een nauw merkbaar streepje zich slingert door 't veld daar-beneden ... ook dan neem ik u de afwyking niet euvel.","translation":"And, even without flower or plant, as soon as you call me aside to show me, through the trees, the path we shall presently tread, which now still lies far before us in the depths and winds like a barely perceptible little streak across the field down below ... even then I do not take the digression amiss.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoodra ge my ter-zyde roept om me ... het pad te wyzen","title":"om ... te (purpose)","body":"om ... te wyzen is a purpose clause, 'in order to show me the path'. zoodra ('as soon as') subordinates, sending roept to its clause-end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat we straks zullen betreden","title":"Future with zullen","body":"zullen betreden is the explicit future ('shall tread'), the infinitive at the clause end. straks = 'soon, presently'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of neem","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zonder bloem of plant","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bloem","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"bloem","lemma":"bloem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"plant","lemma":"plant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with bloem","gloss":"plant"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of roept","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of roept","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of roept","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ter-zyde","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of roept","gloss":"aside"},{"surface":"roept","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of wyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of wyzen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of door ... heen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geboomte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geboomte","lemma":"geboomte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door ... heen","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"adverb","role":"second part of door ... heen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pad","lemma":"pad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of wyzen","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive wyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wyzen","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of roept","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of betreden; refers to pad","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betreden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"straks","lemma":"straks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betreden","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of betreden","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"betreden","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the relative clause on pad","gloss":"tread"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the relative clauses on pad","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ligt; refers to pad","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"verre","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of ligt","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on pad","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diepte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of diepte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diepte","lemma":"diepte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ligt","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ligt and slingert","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison with streepje","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of streepje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies merkbaar","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"merkbaar","lemma":"merkbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies streepje","gloss":"perceptible"},{"surface":"streepje","lemma":"streep","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of als in the comparison","gloss":"little streak"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of slingert","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"slingert","lemma":"slingeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"second verb of the relative clause on pad","gloss":"winds"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veld","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of veld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veld","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of slingert","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"daar-beneden","lemma":"daarbeneden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veld","gloss":"down below"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dan","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies neem","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of neem","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afwyking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afwyking","lemma":"afwijking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in neem ... euvel","gloss":"digression"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates neem ... euvel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"euvel","lemma":"euvel","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement in neem ... euvel","gloss":"amiss","note":"In iemand iets euvel nemen, euvel means “amiss” or “badly.”"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h13-s102","source":"Want als wy eindelyk zóó ver zullen gekomen zyn, zal ik weten hoe zich onze weg heeft gekronkeld door 't gebergte, wat de oorzaak is dat wy de zon die zoo-even dáár stond, nu links van ons hebben, wáárom die heuvel nu achter ons ligt, welks top we vroeger vóór ons zagen ... zie, dan hebt ge my door die afwyking 't begrypen myner wandeling gemakkelyk gemaakt, en begrypen is genot.","translation":"For when at last we shall have come so far, I shall know how our road wound through the mountains, what the reason is that we now have on our left the sun that stood just now over there, why that hill now lies behind us whose summit we earlier saw before us ... see, then by that digression you have made the understanding of my walk easy for me, and to understand is a pleasure.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zal ik weten hoe zich onze weg heeft gekronkeld","title":"Reflexive zich kronkelen, perfect","body":"zich kronkelen ('to wind') is reflexive; heeft gekronkeld is its present perfect. The whole sits in an indirect question opened by hoe, with verb-final order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"welks top we vroeger vóór ons zagen","title":"Genitive relative welks","body":"welks ('whose') is the inflected genitive of the formal relative welk — a heavy, archaic relative form for 'the hill whose summit...'. zagen is the strong imperfect of zien."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an explanation","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gekomen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zullen gekomen zijn","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekomen","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of gekomen","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in zullen gekomen zijn","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the indirect question of gekronkeld","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of gekronkeld","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft gekronkeld","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekronkeld","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gekronkeld","lemma":"kronkelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the indirect question introduced by hoe","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebergte","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebergte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebergte","lemma":"gebergte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gekronkeld","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to oorzaak","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause explaining oorzaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of stond; refers to zon","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of stond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on zon","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebben","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of hebben","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of van","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"wáárom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the indirect question of ligt","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heuvel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heuvel","lemma":"heuvel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"hill"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of ligt","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the indirect question introduced by wáárom","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"welks","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of top; refers to heuvel","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"top","lemma":"top","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zagen","gloss":"summit"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zagen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zagen","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of zagen","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"zagen","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on top","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"discourse imperative","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebt","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt gemaakt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"benefactive object of gemaakt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afwyking","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afwyking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"afwyking","lemma":"afwijking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"digression"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begrypen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begrypen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive","role":"possessive determiner of wandeling","gloss":"of my","note":"Archaic genitive form of mijn: “of my.”"},{"surface":"wandeling","lemma":"wandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of begrypen","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of gemaakt","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by hebt","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"begrypen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"subject of is","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to genot","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"genot","lemma":"genot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"pleasure"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h13-s103","source":"Ik, lezer, heb u in myn verhaal dikwyls op den grooten weg gelaten, schoon 't my moeite kostte u niet meetevoeren in 't kreupelhout.","translation":"I, reader, have often left you on the high road in my tale, though it cost me an effort not to carry you off into the underbrush.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb u in myn verhaal dikwyls op den grooten weg gelaten","title":"Present perfect of laten","body":"heb ... gelaten is the perfect ('have left'); note the middle-field order — time/manner dikwyls before place op den grooten weg, the typical Dutch sequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schoon 't my moeite kostte u niet meetevoeren","title":"Concessive schoon + joined meetevoeren","body":"schoon ('although') is an archaic concessive conjunction. meetevoeren joins the te into the separable meevoeren ('to carry off'), 1860 style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelaten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative address to the reader","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelaten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gelaten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhaal","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of verhaal","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gelaten","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelaten","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"gelaten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of kostte","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"dummy subject of kostte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of kostte","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kostte","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"kostte","lemma":"kosten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"cost"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of meetevoeren","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates meetevoeren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meetevoeren","lemma":"meevoeren","morphology":"verb, separable te-infinitive","role":"infinitival subject of kostte","gloss":"to carry along","note":"Historical closed spelling of mee te voeren."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kreupelhout","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kreupelhout","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kreupelhout","lemma":"kreupelhout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"underbrush"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h13-s104","source":"Ik vreesde dat de wandeling u verdrieten zou, daar ik niet wist of ge vermaak zoudt scheppen in de bloemen of planten die ik u wyzen wilde. Maar omdat ik geloof dat het u later genoegen zal doen, het pad gezien te hebben dat we straks zullen betreden, voel ik me nu genoopt u iets te zeggen van Havelaars huis.","translation":"I feared that the walk would weary you, since I did not know whether you would take delight in the flowers or plants I wished to show you. But because I believe it will give you pleasure later to have seen the path we shall presently tread, I now feel obliged to tell you something of Havelaar's house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"of ge vermaak zoudt scheppen in de bloemen","title":"Indirect question + conditional zoudt","body":"of ('whether') opens an indirect question with verb-final order; zoudt scheppen is the second-person conditional ('would take delight'). vermaak scheppen = 'to take pleasure'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ik geloof dat het u later genoegen zal doen","title":"omdat + future zal doen","body":"omdat ('because') subordinates, and the embedded dat-clause carries the future zal doen at its end. genoegen doen = 'to give pleasure'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vreesde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vreesde","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verdrieten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wandeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wandeling","lemma":"wandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verdrieten","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verdrieten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"verdrieten","lemma":"verdrieten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"weary"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verdrieten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of wist","gloss":"since","note":"Here daar is a causal conjunction meaning “since.”"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on vreesde","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question of scheppen","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zoudt scheppen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vermaak","lemma":"vermaak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of scheppen","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"zoudt","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of scheppen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"scheppen","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the indirect question introduced by of","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bloemen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bloemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bloemen","lemma":"bloem","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"planten","lemma":"plant","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with bloemen","gloss":"plants"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of wyzen; refers to bloemen of planten","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of wyzen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wyzen","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by wilde","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on bloemen of planten","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two sentences","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geloof","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the causal clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of doen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"anticipatory subject of doen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of doen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pad","lemma":"pad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in gezien te hebben","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the perfect infinitive gezien te hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of betreden; refers to pad","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betreden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"straks","lemma":"straks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betreden","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of betreden","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"betreden","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the relative clause on pad","gloss":"tread"},{"surface":"voel","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of voel","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genoopt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"genoopt","lemma":"nopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of voel","gloss":"obliged"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of genoopt","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of huis","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zeggen","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h13-s105","source":"Men zou verkeerd doen, zich van een huis in Indie een voorstelling te maken naar europesche begrippen, en zich daarby een steenmassa te denken van op-elkander gestapelde kamers en kamertjes, met de straat er voor, rechts en links buren wier huisgoden tegen de onzen aanleunen, en een tuintje met drie bessenboompjes er achter.","translation":"One would do wrong to picture a house in the Indies according to European notions, and to imagine alongside it a mass of stone made up of rooms and little rooms stacked one on another, with the street in front, neighbours on right and left whose household gods lean against ours, and a little garden with three berry bushes behind it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een steenmassa ... van op-elkander gestapelde kamers en kamertjes","title":"Diminutive kamertjes + past participle as adjective","body":"kamertjes is the plural diminutive of kamer ('little rooms'); gestapelde ('stacked') is a past participle used attributively, inflected with -e."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"buren wier huisgoden tegen de onzen aanleunen","title":"Genitive relative wier","body":"wier ('whose', for plural/feminine antecedents) opens the relative clause; the separable aanleunen ('lean against') closes it. de onzen = 'ours', the possessive used substantively."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect reflexive object of maken","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of maken","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorstelling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"voorstelling","lemma":"voorstelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verkeerd doen","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begrippen","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies begrippen","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of naar","gloss":"notions"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect reflexive object of denken","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies denken","gloss":"alongside it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of steenmassa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"steenmassa","lemma":"steenmassa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of denken","gloss":"mass of stone"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive denken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with maken","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces material/composition phrase","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"op-elkander","lemma":"op elkaar","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies gestapelde","gloss":"on one another","note":"elkander is an older form of elkaar."},{"surface":"gestapelde","lemma":"stapelen","morphology":"past participle, attributive","role":"modifies kamers and kamertjes","gloss":"stacked"},{"surface":"kamers","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kamertjes","lemma":"kamertje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive, plural","role":"coordinated with kamers","gloss":"little rooms"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking straat","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of straat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"straat","lemma":"straat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb component","role":"forms er ... voor with voor","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms er ... voor: in front","gloss":"in front"},{"surface":"rechts","lemma":"rechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies buren","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies buren","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"buren","lemma":"buur","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"neighbours"},{"surface":"wier","lemma":"wier","morphology":"relative possessive determiner","role":"possessor of huisgoden","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"huisgoden","lemma":"huisgod","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of aanleunen","gloss":"household gods"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onzen","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized onzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onzen","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive pronoun, substantivized, plural","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"ours","note":"de onzen means “ours,” with the omitted plural noun understood."},{"surface":"aanleunen","lemma":"aanleunen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on buren","gloss":"lean"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tuintje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tuintje","lemma":"tuintje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive, singular","role":"coordinated with straat and buren","gloss":"little garden"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bessenboompjes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies bessenboompjes","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"bessenboompjes","lemma":"bessenboompje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"berry bushes"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb component","role":"forms er ... achter with achter","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms er ... achter: behind it","gloss":"behind"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h13-s106","source":"Op weinig uitzonderingen na, hebben de huizen in Indie geen verdieping.","translation":"With few exceptions, houses in the Indies have no upper storey.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hebben de huizen in Indie geen verdieping","title":"geen negating an indefinite","body":"geen verdieping ('no upper storey') — Dutch negates the indefinite noun with geen, never niet + een. Fronting Op weinig uitzonderingen na inverts the verb hebben."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of circumposition op ... na","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitzonderingen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"uitzonderingen","lemma":"uitzondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op ... na","gloss":"exceptions"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"postposition","role":"second part of circumposition op ... na","gloss":"excepted"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huizen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verdieping","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"verdieping","lemma":"verdieping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"upper storey"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h13-s107","source":"Dit komt den europeschen lezer vreemd voor, want het is een eigenaardigheid van beschaving--of van wat hiervoor doorgaat--alles vreemd te vinden wat natuurlyk is.","translation":"This strikes the European reader as strange, for it is a peculiarity of civilization--or of what passes for it--to find strange everything that is natural.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit komt den europeschen lezer vreemd voor","title":"Separable voorkomen + dative-flavoured object","body":"voorkomen ('to seem') is separable: komt ... voor. den europeschen lezer carries the old accusative/dative -n on article and adjective — 'seems strange to the European reader'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alles vreemd te vinden wat natuurlyk is","title":"Free relative wat","body":"wat ('what, that which') is a free relative with no antecedent — 'everything that is natural'. te vinden is the te-infinitive defining the 'peculiarity of civilization'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb voorkomen","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"europeschen","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, dative","role":"modifies lezer","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object/experiencer of voorkomt","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of komt","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of komt ... voor","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to eigenaardigheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eigenaardigheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eigenaardigheid","lemma":"eigenaardigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"peculiarity"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschaving","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing relative clause wat hiervoor doorgaat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of doorgaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hiervoor","lemma":"hiervoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of doorgaat","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"doorgaat","lemma":"doorgaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on wat","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vinden","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vinden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject clause explaining eigenaardigheid","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on wat","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h13-s108","source":"De indische huizen zyn geheel anders dan de onzen, doch niet zy zyn vreemd, onze huizen zyn vreemd.","translation":"The houses of the Indies are altogether different from ours, yet it is not they that are strange; our houses are strange.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet zy zyn vreemd, onze huizen zyn vreemd","title":"niet negating a constituent","body":"niet zy ('not they') negates the subject pronoun for contrast — Dutch niet, not geen, negates here since there is no indefinite noun. The chiasmus inverts the reader's assumption."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"De indische huizen zyn geheel anders dan de onzen","title":"Comparison with dan","body":"anders dan ('different from/than') uses dan for the standard of comparison. de onzen ('ours') is the possessive used as a noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huizen","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"indische","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies huizen","gloss":"of the Indies"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking huizen to anders","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies anders","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of zyn","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with de onzen","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onzen","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive pronoun, substantivized, plural","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"ours","note":"de onzen means “ours,” with huizen understood."},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zy","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking zy to vreemd","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of zyn","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"possessor of huizen","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking huizen to vreemd","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of zyn","gloss":"strange"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h13-s109","source":"Wie 't eerst zich de weelde kon veroorloven niet in één kamer te slapen met zyn koeien, heeft de tweede kamer van zyn huis niet op, maar naast de eerste gezet, want het bouwen gelykvloers is eenvoudiger en biedt ook meer gemak aan in 't bewonen.","translation":"Whoever first could afford the luxury of not sleeping in one room with his cows did not set the second room of his house on top of, but beside the first, for building on a single level is simpler and offers more comfort in the living.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heeft de tweede kamer ... niet op, maar naast de eerste gezet","title":"Perfect with split prepositions","body":"heeft ... gezet is the present perfect ('set'), with the contrast niet op ... maar naast ('not on top of, but beside') wedged before the participle in the middle field."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want het bouwen gelykvloers is eenvoudiger","title":"Coordinating want + nominalized infinitive","body":"want ('for') joins as an equal, keeping main-clause order. het bouwen is an infinitive turned neuter noun ('the building'); eenvoudiger is the comparative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"subject of kon and heeft","gloss":"Whoever","note":"Wie at the head of this clause means “whoever.”"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"forms adverbial superlative 't eerst","gloss":"the","note":"'t is an elided form of het."},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kon veroorloven","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect reflexive object of veroorloven","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weelde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weelde","lemma":"weelde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of veroorloven","gloss":"luxury"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of veroorloven","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"veroorloven","lemma":"veroorloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"afford"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slapen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kamer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies kamer","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of slapen","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive slapen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"slapen","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"content of the luxury being afforded","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koeien","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular","role":"possessor of koeien","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"koeien","lemma":"koe","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"cows"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezet","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tweede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tweede","lemma":"tweede","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies kamer","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gezet","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"adverb","role":"contrasts with naast de eerste; ellipsis of op de eerste","gloss":"on top"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eerste","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eerste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, substantivized","role":"object of naast","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"gezet","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle governed by heeft","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"nominalizes bouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bouwen","lemma":"bouwen","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"subject of is and biedt","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"gelykvloers","lemma":"gelijkvloers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bouwen","gloss":"on one level","note":"gelykvloers is the older spelling of gelijkvloers."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking bouwen to eenvoudiger","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"eenvoudiger","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"simpler"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"biedt","lemma":"bieden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with is","gloss":"offers"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies biedt","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, comparative","role":"quantifies gemak","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"gemak","lemma":"gemak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of biedt","gloss":"comfort"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of biedt ... aan","gloss":"provides"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 't","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"nominalizes bewonen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bewonen","lemma":"bewonen","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"object of in","gloss":"living"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h13-s110","source":"Onze hooge huizen zyn geboren uit gebrek aan ruimte: we zoeken in de lucht wat er op den grond ontbreekt, en zoo is eigenlyk elk dienstmeisje dat 's avends het venster sluit van 't dakkamertje waar ze slaapt, een levend protest tegen de overbevolking ... al denkt zyzelf aan iets anders, wat ik wel gelooven wil.","translation":"Our tall houses were born of a want of space: we seek in the air what is lacking on the ground, and so, in truth, every servant girl who in the evening closes the window of the attic room where she sleeps is a living protest against overpopulation ... though she herself be thinking of something else, as I am quite willing to believe.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Onze hooge huizen zyn geboren uit gebrek aan ruimte","title":"zijn-passive (state) geboren","body":"zyn geboren ('were born') is a zijn-passive expressing a resulting state, with the cause marked by uit ('out of'). hooge shows the attributive -e and period doubled vowel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"we zoeken in de lucht wat er op den grond ontbreekt","title":"Free relative wat + existential er","body":"wat introduces 'what is lacking'; er here helps the impersonal locative 'on the ground there is lacking'. den grond keeps the old accusative -n after a preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"elk dienstmeisje dat 's avends het venster sluit van 't dakkamertje","title":"Diminutives dienstmeisje, dakkamertje","body":"Both meisje (from meid) and dakkamertje carry the -je diminutive, which also makes them neuter (hence dat, het). 's avends is the genitive-time idiom 'of an evening'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"possessor of huizen","gloss":"Our"},{"surface":"hooge","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies huizen","gloss":"tall","note":"hooge is an older inflected spelling of hoge."},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking huizen to geboren","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"geboren","lemma":"geboren","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"main predicate with zyn","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebrek","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"gebrek","lemma":"gebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"lack"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ruimte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ruimte","lemma":"ruimte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"space"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zoeken","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lucht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zoeken","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of zoeken and subject of ontbreekt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontbreekt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grond","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"ontbreekt","lemma":"ontbreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on wat","gloss":"is lacking"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dienstmeisje to protest","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entire clause","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"elk","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dienstmeisje","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"dienstmeisje","lemma":"dienstmeisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"servant girl"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of sluit","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"adverbial genitive article","role":"forms time expression with avends","gloss":"in the","note":"'s is a fossilized genitive article in the expression 's avonds."},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, adverbial genitive","role":"time adjunct of sluit","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of venster","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"venster","lemma":"venster","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of sluit","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"sluit","lemma":"sluiten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on dienstmeisje","gloss":"closes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dakkamertje","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dakkamertje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dakkamertje","lemma":"dakkamertje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"attic room"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on dakkamertje","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of slaapt","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"slaapt","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on dakkamertje","gloss":"sleeps"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of protest","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"levend","lemma":"levend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies protest","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"protest","lemma":"protest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"protest"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overbevolking","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overbevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overbevolking","lemma":"overbevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"overpopulation"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of denkt","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"denkt","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of concessive clause introduced by al","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"zyzelf","lemma":"zijzelf","morphology":"intensive pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of denkt","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of denkt","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adjective, postpositive","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gelooven","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes willingness","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on wat","gloss":"am willing"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h13-s111","source":"In landen dus, waar beschaving en overbevolking nog niet door samenpersing beneden, 't menschdom naar-boven hebben opgeknepen, zyn de huizen zonder verdieping, en dat van Havelaar behoorde niet tot de weinige uitzonderingen op dezen regel.","translation":"In countries, then, where civilization and overpopulation have not yet squeezed mankind upward by compression below, the houses are without an upper storey, and Havelaar's was not among the few exceptions to this rule.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar beschaving en overbevolking ... naar-boven hebben opgeknepen","title":"Perfect of separable opknijpen","body":"hebben ... opgeknepen is the present perfect of separable opknijpen ('to pinch/squeeze up'); the whole sits in a waar-relative with verb-final order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"behoorde niet tot de weinige uitzonderingen op dezen regel","title":"Imperfect + demonstrative dezen","body":"behoorde is the simple past of behoren ('to belong'); dezen regel shows the demonstrative deze with the old accusative -n on a de-word."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landen","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"landen","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of In","gloss":"countries"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying zyn","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on landen","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of hebben opgeknepen","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links beschaving and overbevolking","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"overbevolking","lemma":"overbevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of hebben opgeknepen","gloss":"overpopulation"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of nog niet modifying hebben opgeknepen","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates hebben opgeknepen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking samenpersing","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"samenpersing","lemma":"samenpersing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"compression"},{"surface":"beneden","lemma":"beneden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies samenpersing","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of menschdom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschdom","lemma":"mensdom","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of opgeknepen","gloss":"mankind","note":"Nineteenth-century spelling of modern mensdom."},{"surface":"naar-boven","lemma":"naar boven","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of opgeknepen","gloss":"upward","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern naar boven."},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of opgeknepen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"opgeknepen","lemma":"opknijpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"squeezed"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb with subject huizen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of huizen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdieping","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"verdieping","lemma":"verdieping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"an upper storey"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses headed by zyn and behoorde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of behoorde; stands for huis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"behoorde","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb with subject dat","gloss":"belonged"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates behoorde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitzonderingen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of uitzonderingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies uitzonderingen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"uitzonderingen","lemma":"uitzondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of tot","gloss":"exceptions"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regel","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of regel","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"regel","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"rule"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h13-s112","source":"By 't binnentreden ... doch neen, ik wil een bewys geven dat ik afstand doe van alle aanspraken op schilderachtigheid.","translation":"On entering ... but no, I will give a proof that I renounce all claim to picturesqueness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s112.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik wil een bewys geven dat ik afstand doe van alle aanspraken","title":"Modal willen + bare infinitive","body":"wil ... geven is modal willen with a bare infinitive ('I will give'). afstand doen van is the fixed idiom 'to renounce'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"By 't binnentreden","title":"Nominalized infinitive binnentreden","body":"binnentreden ('to enter') is here a neuter noun after the preposition by: 'on entering'. Multatuli breaks off mid-sentence — a deliberate refusal of the picturesque."}],"words":[{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnentreden","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of binnentreden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnentreden","lemma":"binnentreden","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of By","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a corrective clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical rejection of the abandoned description","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"modal verb governing geven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of bewys","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bewys","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of bewys","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"afstand","lemma":"afstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the expression afstand doen","gloss":"renunciation","note":"Afstand doen van is an idiom meaning to renounce or relinquish something."},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of afstand doe","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of aanspraken","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"aanspraken","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"claims"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schilderachtigheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schilderachtigheid","lemma":"schilderachtigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aanspraken","gloss":"picturesqueness"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h13-s113","source":"Is gegeven: een langwerpig vierkant dat ge wel wilt verdeelen in een-en-twintig vakken, drie breed, zeven diep.","translation":"Given: an oblong rectangle that you will kindly divide into twenty-one squares, three wide, seven deep.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een langwerpig vierkant dat ge wel wilt verdeelen","title":"Relative dat for a het-word","body":"vierkant ('rectangle/square') is a het-word, so its relative pronoun is dat, not die. wel wilt verdeelen is a polite modal request, 'will kindly divide'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate in an elliptical construction","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vierkant","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"langwerpig","lemma":"langwerpig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies vierkant","gloss":"oblong"},{"surface":"vierkant","lemma":"vierkant","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is gegeven","gloss":"rectangle"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verdeelen; refers to vierkant","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wilt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds a polite request to wilt verdeelen","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"wilt","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"modal verb governing verdeelen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"verdeelen","lemma":"verdelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilt","gloss":"divide","note":"Historical spelling of modern verdelen."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vakken","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"een-en-twintig","lemma":"eenentwintig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies vakken","gloss":"twenty-one","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern eenentwintig."},{"surface":"vakken","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"squares"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"measure complement of breed","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"breed","lemma":"breed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptically describes the arrangement of vakken","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"zeven","lemma":"zeven","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"measure complement of diep","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptically describes the arrangement of vakken","gloss":"deep"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h13-s114","source":"We nummeren die vakken, beginnende van den linker-bovenhoek rechts-uit, zoodat vier onder één kome, vyf onder twee, en zoo vervolgens.","translation":"We number these squares, beginning from the upper left-hand corner and going rightward, so that four comes beneath one, five beneath two, and so on.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"beginnende van den linker-bovenhoek rechts-uit","title":"Present participle beginnende","body":"beginnende is a present participle (-end + -e) used adverbially, 'beginning from...'. linker-bovenhoek is a stacked compound ('upper-left corner')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoodat vier onder één kome","title":"Optative kome in a result clause","body":"zoodat ('so that') opens a result clause; kome is the present subjunctive/optative ('so that four may come beneath one'), a formal touch for instructions."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of nummeren","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"nummeren","lemma":"nummeren","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vakken","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"vakken","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of nummeren","gloss":"squares"},{"surface":"beginnende","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"supplementary clause with understood subject we","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking linker-bovenhoek","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of linker-bovenhoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"linker-bovenhoek","lemma":"linkerbovenhoek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"upper left-hand corner","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern linkerbovenhoek."},{"surface":"rechts-uit","lemma":"rechtsuit","morphology":"adverb","role":"indicates the direction of numbering","gloss":"rightward","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern rechtsuit."},{"surface":"zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"vier","lemma":"vier","morphology":"cardinal numeral used as a noun","role":"subject of kome","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking één","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"cardinal numeral used as a noun","role":"object of onder","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"kome","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"comes","note":"The final -e marks the now-archaic present subjunctive."},{"surface":"vyf","lemma":"vijf","morphology":"cardinal numeral used as a noun","role":"subject of elliptical kome","gloss":"five","note":"Historical spelling of modern vijf."},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking twee","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"cardinal numeral used as a noun","role":"object of onder","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the final elliptical expression","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed expression en zo vervolgens","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vervolgens","lemma":"vervolgens","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the expression en zoo vervolgens","gloss":"onward"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h13-s115","source":"De eerste drie nummers tezamen vormen de voorgalery die aan drie kanten open is, en welker dak aan de vóórzyde op zuilen rust.","translation":"The first three numbers together form the front gallery, which is open on three sides and whose roof rests in front on columns.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de voorgalery die aan drie kanten open is, en welker dak ... op zuilen rust","title":"Genitive relative welker","body":"welker ('whose') is the formal, inflected genitive relative — 'the gallery whose roof rests on columns'. Both relative clauses are verb-final (is, rust)."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of nummers","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies nummers","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies nummers","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"nummers","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of vormen","gloss":"numbers"},{"surface":"tezamen","lemma":"tezamen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vormen","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"vormen","lemma":"vormen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of voorgalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgalery","lemma":"voorgalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vormen","gloss":"front gallery"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is; refers to voorgalery","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kanten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies kanten","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"kanten","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"sides"},{"surface":"open","lemma":"open","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement after is","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking die to open","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two relative clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"welker","lemma":"welk","morphology":"possessive relative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of dak; refers to voorgalery","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"dak","lemma":"dak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of rust","gloss":"roof"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vóórzyde","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of vóórzyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vóórzyde","lemma":"voorzijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"front","note":"Historical spelling of modern voorzijde."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zuilen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zuilen","lemma":"zuil","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"columns"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rusten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause with subject dak","gloss":"rests"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h13-s116","source":"Van daar treedt men door twee dubbeldeuren in de binnengalery die door de drie volgende vakken wordt voorgesteld.","translation":"From there one passes through two double doors into the inner gallery, which is represented by the next three squares.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die door de drie volgende vakken wordt voorgesteld","title":"worden-passive with separable voorstellen","body":"wordt voorgesteld ('is represented') is a process passive; voorstellen is separable, its participle voorgesteld closing the relative clause. The agent is marked by door."}],"words":[{"surface":"Van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the adverbial phrase van daar","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"object-like complement of Van","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"treedt","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb with subject men","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of treedt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dubbeldeuren","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies dubbeldeuren","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"dubbeldeuren","lemma":"dubbeldeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"double doors"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"directional preposition marking binnengalery","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of binnengalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnengalery","lemma":"binnengalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"inner gallery","note":"Historical spelling of modern binnengalerij."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt voorgesteld","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent-like means of the passive","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vakken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies vakken","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"volgende","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies vakken","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"vakken","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"squares"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of voorgesteld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"voorgesteld","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive relative clause","gloss":"represented"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h13-s117","source":"De vakken 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16 en 18 zyn kamers, waarvan de meesten door deuren met de daarnaast liggenden in verbinding staan ...","translation":"Squares 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, and 18 are rooms, most of which are connected by doors with those lying adjacent ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarvan de meesten door deuren met de daarnaast liggenden in verbinding staan","title":"Pronominal adverb waarvan + present participle","body":"waarvan ('of which') fuses waar- + van. liggenden is a present participle used substantively ('the [rooms] lying adjacent'). in verbinding staan = 'to be connected'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vakken","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"vakken","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"squares"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the last two numbers in the list","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking vakken to kamers","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"kamers","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject complement after zyn","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause referring to kamers","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of meesten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meesten","lemma":"meest","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deuren","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"deuren","lemma":"deur","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liggenden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of liggenden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"daarnaast","lemma":"daarnaast","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liggenden","gloss":"adjacent"},{"surface":"liggenden","lemma":"liggend","morphology":"substantivized present participle, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"lying","note":"The inflected participle is used substantivally: those lying there."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed expression in verbinding staan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verbinding","lemma":"verbinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the fixed expression in verbinding staan","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"stand"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h13-s118","source":"De drie hoogste nummers vormen de open achtergalery, en wat ik oversloeg is een soort van ongesloten binnengalery, gang of doorloop.","translation":"The three highest numbers form the open back gallery, and what I skipped over is a sort of unenclosed inner gallery, passage, or corridor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat ik oversloeg is een soort van ongesloten binnengalery","title":"Free relative wat + imperfect of separable","body":"wat ('what') is a headless relative subject; oversloeg is the strong simple past of separable overslaan ('to skip over'). binnengalery, doorloop are house-terms."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of nummers","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies nummers","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"hoogste","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive, plural","role":"modifies nummers","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"nummers","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of vormen","gloss":"numbers"},{"surface":"vormen","lemma":"vormen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of achtergalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"open","lemma":"open","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies achtergalery","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"achtergalery","lemma":"achtergalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vormen","gloss":"back gallery","note":"Historical spelling of modern achtergalerij."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses headed by vormen and is","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"direct object of oversloeg and subject of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of oversloeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"oversloeg","lemma":"overslaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause within wat","gloss":"skipped over"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wat to soort","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement after is","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the type after soort","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ongesloten","lemma":"ongesloten","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies binnengalery","gloss":"unenclosed"},{"surface":"binnengalery","lemma":"binnengalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"inner gallery"},{"surface":"gang","lemma":"gang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to binnengalery","gloss":"passage"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links gang and doorloop","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"doorloop","lemma":"doorloop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with gang","gloss":"corridor"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h13-s119","source":"Ik ben recht grootsch op deze beschryving.","translation":"I am downright proud of this description.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ik ben recht grootsch op deze beschryving","title":"recht + grootsch ('downright proud')","body":"recht here is the intensifier 'downright, quite'; grootsch op = 'proud of'. The mock-pride caps Multatuli's deadpan, anti-picturesque house-diagram."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Ik to grootsch","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of grootsch","gloss":"downright"},{"surface":"grootsch","lemma":"groots","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement after ben","gloss":"proud","note":"Historical spelling of modern groots."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of grootsch","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of beschryving","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"beschryving","lemma":"beschrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"description"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h13-s120","source":"Het is moeielyk te zeggen welke uitdrukking in Nederland het denkbeeld teruggeeft, dat men in Indie aan 't woord \"erf\" hecht. Erf is dáár noch tuin, noch park, noch veld, noch bosch, maar òf iets daarvan, òf alles tezamen, òf niets van dat alles.","translation":"It is hard to say which expression in the Netherlands renders the idea that one attaches in the Indies to the word \"erf.\" There an erf is neither garden, nor park, nor field, nor wood, but either something of these, or all of them together, or none of them at all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"welke uitdrukking in Nederland het denkbeeld teruggeeft","title":"Interrogative welke + separable teruggeven","body":"welke ('which') introduces an indirect question with verb-final order; teruggeeft is separable teruggeven ('to render, give back'). The verb sits last because the clause is subordinate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Het to moeielijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moeielijk","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"interrogative determiner","role":"determiner of uitdrukking","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"uitdrukking","lemma":"uitdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of teruggeeft","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Nederland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in; modifies uitdrukking","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of teruggeeft","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"teruggeeft","lemma":"teruggeven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of indirect question","gloss":"renders"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of hecht; refers to denkbeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of hecht","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Indië","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces woord","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to woord","gloss":"plot"},{"surface":"hecht","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on denkbeeld","gloss":"attaches"},{"surface":"Erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"A plot"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with coordinated complements","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial of place modifying is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"marks a member of neither-nor coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first predicative complement of is","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"marks a member of neither-nor coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"park","lemma":"park","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated predicative complement of is","gloss":"park"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"marks a member of neither-nor coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"veld","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated predicative complement of is","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"marks a member of neither-nor coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"bosch","lemma":"bos","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated predicative complement of is","gloss":"wood","note":"Historical spelling of modern bos."},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"contrasts with the preceding neither-nor series","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"òf","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"marks an alternative in the either-or series","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"partitive complement of iets","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"òf","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"marks an alternative in the either-or series","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"coordinated predicative complement of is","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"tezamen","lemma":"tezamen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alles","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"òf","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"marks an alternative in the either-or series","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"coordinated predicative complement of is","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces dat alles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h13-s121","source":"Het is de grond die tot het huis behoort, voor zoo-ver die niet door dat huis bedekt is, zoodat in Indie de uitdrukking: \"tuin en erve\" zou doorgaan voor een pleonasmus. Er zyn daar geen of weinige huizen zonder zoodanig erf.","translation":"It is the ground belonging to the house, in so far as that ground is not covered by the house itself, so that in the Indies the expression \"garden and grounds\" would pass for a pleonasm. There are few or no houses there without such a plot.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor zoo-ver die niet door dat huis bedekt is","title":"zijn-passive (state) bedekt is","body":"bedekt is is a state passive ('is covered'), with the agent door dat huis. voor zoo-ver ('in so far as') subordinates the clause, sending is to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er zyn daar geen of weinige huizen","title":"Existential er + geen","body":"Er zyn ... geen ... huizen is the existential-plus-negation 'there are no... houses'; geen negates the indefinite plural. daar = 'there', in the Indies."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"\"tuin en erve\" zou doorgaan voor een pleonasmus","title":"tuin en erve as pleonasm","body":"In Dutch 'garden and grounds' (tuin en erve) is a fixed legal phrase; Multatuli notes that in the Indies, where every house already has an erf, the pairing would be redundant — a pleonasm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is; refers to erf","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Het to grond","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of behoort; refers to grond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces huis","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on grond","gloss":"belongs"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of voor zover","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zoo-ver","lemma":"zover","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"with voor, introduces a limiting clause","gloss":"so far as","note":"Historical spelling and hyphenation of modern zover in voor zover."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of bedekt is; refers to grond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates bedekt is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent huis","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agent of bedekt is","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"bedekt","lemma":"bedekken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical part of passive bedekt is","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bedekt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Indië","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of uitdrukking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitdrukking","lemma":"uitdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou doorgaan","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first element of quoted expression","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links tuin and erve","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"erve","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, archaic form","role":"second element of quoted expression","gloss":"grounds","note":"Erve is an older inflected form of erf."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of doorgaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"doorgaan","lemma":"doorgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces pleonasmus","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of pleonasmus","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pleonasmus","lemma":"pleonasmus","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of doorgaan voor","gloss":"pleonasm"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential zijn","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb agreeing with huizen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial of place modifying zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"first alternative modifying huizen","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links geen and weinige","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"second alternative modifying huizen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces erf","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"demonstrative adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies erf","gloss":"such a","note":"Historical spelling of modern zodanig."},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"plot"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h13-s122","source":"Sommige erven bevatten bosch en tuin en weiland, en doen aan een park denken. Anderen zyn bloemtuinen.","translation":"Some plots contain woodland and garden and meadow, and call a park to mind. Others are flower gardens.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sommige erven ... Anderen zyn bloemtuinen","title":"Plural erven; substantivized anderen","body":"erven is the irregular plural of erf (with -en and stem change). Anderen ('others') is the adjective used as a noun for 'other plots'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of erven","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"erven","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of bevatten and doen","gloss":"plots"},{"surface":"bevatten","lemma":"bevatten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb agreeing with erven","gloss":"contain"},{"surface":"bosch","lemma":"bos","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first direct object of bevatten","gloss":"woodland"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links coordinated objects of bevatten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of bevatten","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links coordinated objects of bevatten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"weiland","lemma":"weiland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of bevatten","gloss":"meadow"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links bevatten and doen denken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"causative verb coordinated with bevatten","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces park in aan iets denken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of park","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"park","lemma":"park","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"park"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of doen","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"Anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"Others"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking Anderen to bloemtuinen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"bloemtuinen","lemma":"bloemtuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"flower gardens"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h13-s123","source":"Elders weer is 't geheele erf één groot grasveld. En eindelyk zyn er die, al zeer eenvoudig, geheel-en-al zyn gemaakt tot een gemacadamiseerd plein, dat misschien minder aangenaam is voor 't oog, doch de zindelykheid in de huizen bevordert, omdat veel insekten-soorten door gras en boomen worden aangetrokken.","translation":"Elsewhere again the whole plot is one large lawn. And finally there are those that, quite plainly, have been made over entirely into a macadamized square, which is perhaps less pleasing to the eye, yet promotes cleanliness within the houses, since many kinds of insects are drawn by grass and trees.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"geheel-en-al zyn gemaakt tot een gemacadamiseerd plein","title":"zijn-passive (state) gemaakt","body":"zyn gemaakt ('have been made') is a state passive; gemacadamiseerd is a past participle used attributively. tot ... gemaakt = 'turned into'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat veel insekten-soorten door gras en boomen worden aangetrokken","title":"omdat + worden-passive","body":"omdat ('because') subordinates; worden aangetrokken is a process passive ('are drawn'), the separable participle closing the clause, agent marked by door."}],"words":[{"surface":"Elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial of place modifying is","gloss":"Elsewhere"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Elders","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking erf to grasveld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheele","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective, neuter singular, attributive","role":"modifies erf","gloss":"whole","note":"Historical inflection/spelling of modern gehele."},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"plot"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies grasveld","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, neuter singular, attributive","role":"modifies grasveld","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"grasveld","lemma":"grasveld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"lawn"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects the new sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zijn","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"existential main verb agreeing with die","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zijn and zijn gemaakt","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of eenvoudig","gloss":"albeit"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenvoudig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of zijn gemaakt","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"geheel-en-al","lemma":"geheel en al","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies zijn gemaakt","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical part of passive zijn gemaakt","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces plein as resulting state","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of plein","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gemacadamiseerd","lemma":"macadamiseren","morphology":"adjective, past participle, attributive","role":"modifies plein","gloss":"macadamized"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is and bevordert; refers to plein","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"minder","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies aangenaam","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"aangenaam","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"pleasing"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to aangenaam","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces oog","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"contrasts bevordert with is","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of zindelijkheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zindelykheid","lemma":"zindelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bevordert","gloss":"cleanliness","note":"Historical spelling of modern zindelijkheid."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces huizen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of huizen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in; modifies zindelijkheid","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"bevordert","lemma":"bevorderen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb coordinated with is; subject dat","gloss":"promotes"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of insectensoorten","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"insekten-soorten","lemma":"insectensoort","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of worden aangetrokken","gloss":"insect species","note":"Historical spelling and hyphenation of modern insectensoorten."},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agents gras and boomen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"gras","lemma":"gras","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first agent of worden aangetrokken","gloss":"grass"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gras and boomen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"boomen","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated agent of worden aangetrokken","gloss":"trees","note":"Historical plural spelling of modern bomen."},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of aangetrokken","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"aangetrokken","lemma":"aantrekken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical part of passive worden aangetrokken","gloss":"drawn"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h13-s124","source":"Havelaars erf nu was zeer groot, ja, hoe vreemd het klinke, aan een der zyden kon men 't oneindig noemen, daar het aan een ravyn grensde die zich uitstrekte tot aan de oevers van den Tjioedjoeng, de rivier die Rangkas-Betoeng, in een zyner vele bochten omsluit.","translation":"Now Havelaar's plot was very large—indeed, strange as it may sound, on one of its sides one might have called it boundless, for it bordered on a ravine that stretched down to the banks of the Tjioedjoeng, the river that encircles Rangkas-Betoeng in one of its many bends.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe vreemd het klinke","title":"Concessive optative klinke","body":"hoe vreemd het klinke ('however strange it may sound') uses the present subjunctive klinke — a concessive optative, a stock literary flourish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar het aan een ravyn grensde die zich uitstrekte","title":"Causal daar + reflexive uitstrekken","body":"daar ('since, because') is a causal subordinator, sending grensde to the end. zich uitstrekte is the reflexive separable uitstrekken ('stretched itself') in the imperfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of erf","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"plot"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying was","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking erf to groot","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groot","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"intensifies the preceding statement","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive degree modifier of vreemd","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of klinke","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of klinke","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"klinke","lemma":"klinken","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of concessive clause","gloss":"may sound","note":"Klinke is an archaic present subjunctive: “may sound.”"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces een der zijden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"head of een der zijden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of zijden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zyden","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"partitive genitive complement of een","gloss":"sides"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of noemen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of noemen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, elided","role":"direct object of noemen; refers to erf","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"oneindig","lemma":"oneindig","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of noemen","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kon","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"for","note":"Here daar is the literary conjunction “for/because.”"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of grensde; refers to erf","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces ravijn","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of ravijn","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ravyn","lemma":"ravijn","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"ravine","note":"Historical spelling of modern ravijn."},{"surface":"grensde","lemma":"grenzen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"bordered"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of uitstrekte; refers to ravijn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of uitstrekte","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"uitstrekte","lemma":"uitstrekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on ravijn","gloss":"stretched"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of tot aan","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"with tot, introduces oevers","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of oevers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oevers","lemma":"oever","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of tot aan","gloss":"banks"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Tjioedjoeng","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Tjioedjoeng","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Tjioedjoeng","lemma":"Tjioedjoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Tjioedjoeng"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of rivier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rivier","lemma":"rivier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Tjioedjoeng","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of omsluit; refers to rivier","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of omsluit","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces een zijner bochten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"head of een zijner bochten","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive plural","role":"possessive partitive modifier of bochten","gloss":"of its"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"modifies bochten","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"bochten","lemma":"bocht","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"bends"},{"surface":"omsluit","lemma":"omsluiten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on rivier","gloss":"encircles"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h13-s125","source":"Het viel moeielyk te bepalen waar 't erf van de adsistent-residents-woning ophield, en waar de gemeentegrond aanving, daar 't groot verval van water in den Tjioedjoeng die dan eens zyn oevers een gezichtsverheid terugtrok, en dan weer den ravyn vulde tot zeer naby Havelaars huis, gedurig de grenzen veranderde.","translation":"It was hard to determine where the grounds of the assistant resident's house ended and where the common land began, since the great rise and fall of the water in the Tjioedjoeng—which now drew its banks back the breadth of a horizon, and now again filled the ravine to very near Havelaar's house—was forever altering the boundaries.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het viel moeielyk te bepalen waar 't erf ... ophield","title":"Impersonal het + te-infinitive","body":"Het viel moeielyk te bepalen ('it was hard to determine') pairs dummy het with a te-infinitive. ophield is the strong imperfect of separable ophouden ('to cease')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar 't groot verval van water ... gedurig de grenzen veranderde","title":"Causal daar + imperfect","body":"daar ('since') subordinates the long clause to a verb-final close on veranderde ('altered'). verval van water = the rise and fall of the water level."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"impersonal main verb governing te bepalen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of viel","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive bepalen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bepalen","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of viel","gloss":"determine"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the embedded clause of ophield","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ophield","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adsistent-residents-woning","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-residents-woning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-residents-woning","lemma":"assistent-residentswoning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying erf","gloss":"assistant resident's house","note":"Historical spelling and hyphenation of assistent-residentswoning, the official residence of an assistant resident."},{"surface":"ophield","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the coordinated embedded clause of aanving","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gemeentegrond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gemeentegrond","lemma":"gemeentegrond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aanving","gloss":"common land"},{"surface":"aanving","lemma":"aanvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the coordinated embedded clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of veranderde","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verval","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"verval","lemma":"verval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of veranderde","gloss":"rise and fall"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking water","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying verval","gloss":"the water"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tjioedjoeng","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of Tjioedjoeng","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Tjioedjoeng","lemma":"Tjioedjoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of in modifying water","gloss":"Tjioedjoeng"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of terugtrok and vulde; refers to Tjioedjoeng","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan eens ... en dan weer","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan eens ... en dan weer","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of oevers","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"oevers","lemma":"oever","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of terugtrok","gloss":"banks"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezichtsverheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gezichtsverheid","lemma":"gezichtsverheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial measure of terugtrok","gloss":"horizon’s breadth"},{"surface":"terugtrok","lemma":"terugtrekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause on Tjioedjoeng","gloss":"drew back"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan eens ... en dan weer","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan eens ... en dan weer","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of ravyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ravyn","lemma":"ravijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vulde","gloss":"ravine"},{"surface":"vulde","lemma":"vullen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with terugtrok","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the endpoint phrase naby Havelaars huis","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies naby","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"naby","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaars huis","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of naby","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veranderde","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grenzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grenzen","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of veranderde","gloss":"boundaries"},{"surface":"veranderde","lemma":"veranderen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the causal clause introduced by daar","gloss":"altered"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h13-s126","source":"Deze ravyn was dan ook altyd een doorn geweest in de oogen van mevrouw Slotering, wat zeer begrypelyk is.","translation":"This ravine had therefore always been a thorn in the eye of Mrs. Slotering, which is very understandable.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Deze ravyn was dan ook altyd een doorn geweest in de oogen","title":"Pluperfect was ... geweest","body":"was ... geweest is the pluperfect of zijn ('had been'). een doorn in de oogen zijn is the fixed idiom 'to be a thorn in the eye'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ravyn","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ravyn","lemma":"ravijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was ... geweest","gloss":"ravine"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of connective dan ook","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of connective dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was ... geweest","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doorn","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"doorn","lemma":"doorn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was ... geweest","gloss":"thorn","note":"Een doorn in het oog zijn is an idiom meaning to be a source of persistent annoyance."},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary was","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mevrouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"name in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is; refers to the preceding situation","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrypelyk","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"begrypelyk","lemma":"begrijpelijk","morphology":"adjective used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"understandable","note":"Historical spelling of modern begrijpelijk."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h13-s127","source":"De plantengroei, reeds overal elders in Indie zoo snel, was op die plaats door de telkens achtergelaten slib byzonder welig, zóó zelfs dat, al had het op- of afloopen des waters plaats gehad met een kracht die 't kreupelhout ontwortelde en meevoerde, er maar zeer weinig tyds noodig was om den grond weer te bedekken met al de ruigte die 't reinhouden van het erf, ook in de onmiddellyke nabyheid van 't huis, zoo moeielyk maakte.","translation":"The plant growth, already so rapid everywhere else in the Indies, was on that spot uncommonly luxuriant on account of the silt deposited there time and again, so much so that, even when the rising or falling of the water had taken place with a force that uprooted the underbrush and swept it away, very little time was needed for the ground to be covered once more with all the rank growth that made keeping the plot clean—even in the immediate vicinity of the house—so difficult.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was op die plaats door de telkens achtergelaten slib byzonder welig","title":"Past participle achtergelaten as adjective","body":"achtergelaten ('left behind') is the past participle of separable achterlaten used attributively before slib ('silt'). The cause of the lush growth is marked by door."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al had het op- of afloopen des waters plaats gehad","title":"Concessive al + genitive des waters","body":"al ('even if') opens a concessive clause with inversion (had ... gehad). des waters is the neuter genitive 'of the water', a case-remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plantengroei","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plantengroei","lemma":"plantengroei","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"plant growth"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies snel","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"overal","lemma":"overal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies snel","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies snel","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies snel","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"snel","lemma":"snel","morphology":"adjective","role":"parenthetical predicative modifier of plantengroei","gloss":"rapid"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"main verb linking plantengroei to welig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op modifying was","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition expressing cause","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slib","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achtergelaten","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"achtergelaten","lemma":"achterlaten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle modifying slib","gloss":"deposited"},{"surface":"slib","lemma":"slib","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"silt"},{"surface":"byzonder","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies welig","gloss":"uncommonly"},{"surface":"welig","lemma":"welig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"luxuriant"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of zóó zelfs dat","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of zóó zelfs dat","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause al had ...","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nominalized op- of afloopen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"oplopen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, first part of op- of afloopen","role":"first coordinated head of subject of had plaats gehad","gloss":"rising","note":"The hyphen avoids repeating -loopen: op- of afloopen means rising or falling."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links op- and afloopen","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"afloopen","lemma":"aflopen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"second coordinated head of subject of had plaats gehad","gloss":"falling","note":"Historical spelling of modern aflopen."},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of waters","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"waters","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, genitive singular","role":"genitive complement of op- of afloopen","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the idiom plaats hebben","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle in had plaats gehad","gloss":"taken","note":"Plaats hebben means to take place."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kracht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ontwortelde and meevoerde; refers to kracht","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kreupelhout","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kreupelhout","lemma":"kreupelhout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ontwortelde","gloss":"underbrush"},{"surface":"ontwortelde","lemma":"ontwortelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on kracht","gloss":"uprooted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meevoerde","lemma":"meevoeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with ontwortelde; object kreupelhout is understood","gloss":"swept away"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive pronoun","role":"expletive subject in er was ... noodig","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies tyds","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"tyds","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, partitive genitive singular","role":"subject phrase with weinig of was noodig","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the result clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bedekken","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedekken","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive bedekken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bedekken","lemma":"bedekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the purpose clause introduced by om","gloss":"cover"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ruigte","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"modifies de ruigte","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ruigte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ruigte","lemma":"ruigte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"rank growth"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of maakte; refers to ruigte","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nominalized reinhouden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reinhouden","lemma":"reinhouden","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"keeping clean"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking erf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying reinhouden","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase in de onmiddellyke nabyheid","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nabyheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nabyheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onmiddellyke","lemma":"onmiddellijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies nabyheid","gloss":"immediate","note":"Historical spelling of modern onmiddellijke."},{"surface":"nabyheid","lemma":"nabijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"vicinity","note":"Historical spelling of modern nabijheid."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying nabyheid","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeielyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective used predicatively","role":"object complement of maakte","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on ruigte","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h13-s128","source":"En dit veroorzaakte geen gering verdriet, zelfs aan wie geen huismoeder was.","translation":"And this caused no small distress, even to one who was no housewife.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zelfs aan wie geen huismoeder was","title":"Free relative wie ('one who')","body":"wie without antecedent means 'whoever / one who'; geen huismoeder negates the indefinite predicate noun. The sentence hints Havelaar himself, not just his wife, was vexed by the ravine."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of veroorzaakte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of veroorzaakte","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"veroorzaakte","lemma":"veroorzaken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verdriet","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"gering","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verdriet","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"verdriet","lemma":"verdriet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of veroorzaakte","gloss":"distress"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aan wie","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"complement of aan and subject of was","gloss":"one who"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huismoeder","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"huismoeder","lemma":"huismoeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"housewife"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h13-s129","source":"Want zonder te spreken van allerlei insekten, die gewoonlyk des avends om de lamp vlogen in zoo groote menigte dat lezen en schryven onmogelyk werd--iets wat op véél plaatsen in Indie lastig is--hielden zich in dat kreupelhout een tal van slangen en ander gedierte op, dat zich niet bepaalde by den ravyn, maar telkens ook in den tuin naast en achter 't huis werd gevonden, of in het grasperk op 't voorplein.","translation":"For—to say nothing of all manner of insects, which usually flew about the lamp of an evening in such great swarms that reading and writing became impossible (a nuisance in many places in the Indies)—there dwelt in that underbrush a host of snakes and other vermin, which did not confine themselves to the ravine, but were repeatedly found in the garden beside and behind the house as well, or in the grass plot on the front square.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die gewoonlyk des avends om de lamp vlogen","title":"Genitive-time des avends + strong vlogen","body":"des avends ('of an evening') is a frozen genitive adverbial of time. vlogen is the strong simple past of vliegen ('flew'), vowel ie→o."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hielden zich ... een tal van slangen ... op","title":"Reflexive separable zich ophouden","body":"zich ophouden ('to dwell, linger') is reflexive and separable: hielden ... zich ... op, prefix op at the clause end. Fronting the place adverbial triggers the inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"governs infinitive spreken","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zonder","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking insekten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"allerlei","lemma":"allerlei","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of insekten","gloss":"all manner of"},{"surface":"insekten","lemma":"insect","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of spreken","gloss":"insects"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of vlogen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vlogen","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of avends","gloss":"of an"},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"temporal modifier of vlogen","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lamp","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lamp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lamp","lemma":"lamp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vlogen","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"vlogen","lemma":"vliegen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on insekten","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menigte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies menigte","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"menigte","lemma":"menigte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vlogen","gloss":"multitude"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause of werd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used nominally","role":"first coordinated subject of werd","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive used nominally","role":"second coordinated subject of werd","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"onmogelyk","lemma":"onmogelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of werd","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"antecedent of wat","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaatsen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"véél","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaatsen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of lastig","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"lastig","lemma":"lastig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"troublesome"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wat to lastig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hielden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence; finite part of hielden ... op","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive pronoun of hielden zich ... op","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kreupelhout","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kreupelhout","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kreupelhout","lemma":"kreupelhout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of hielden ... op","gloss":"underbrush"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of hielden ... op","gloss":"host"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slangen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"slangen","lemma":"slang","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies tal","gloss":"snakes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gedierte","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"gedierte","lemma":"gedierte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with slangen","gloss":"vermin"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of hielden ... op","gloss":"dwelt"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of bepaalde and werd gevonden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of bepaalde","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bepaalde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bepaalde","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of relative clause on tal","gloss":"confined"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ravyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of ravyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ravyn","lemma":"ravijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bepaalde","gloss":"ravine"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werd gevonden","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werd gevonden","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tuin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of tuin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gevonden","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gevonden","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"second verb of relative clause on tal","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grasperk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grasperk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grasperk","lemma":"grasperk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gevonden","gloss":"grass plot"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorplein","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorplein","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorplein","lemma":"voorplein","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies grasperk","gloss":"front square"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h13-s130","source":"Dit plein had men recht vóór zich als men in de buiten galery met den rug naar 't huis gekeerd stond. Links daarvan lag het gebouw met de bureaux, de kas en de vergaderzaal waar Havelaar dien morgen de Hoofden had toegesproken, en daar-achter breidde zich de ravyn uit, dien men overzag tot aan den Tjioedjoeng toe.","translation":"This square lay directly before one when one stood in the outer gallery with one's back turned to the house. To its left stood the building with the offices, the treasury, and the council hall where Havelaar had addressed the Chiefs that morning, and behind it stretched the ravine, which one overlooked as far as the Tjioedjoeng.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als men ... met den rug naar 't huis gekeerd stond","title":"Past participle gekeerd + accusative den rug","body":"gekeerd stond is participle + stond ('stood turned'). den rug carries the masculine accusative -n. The als-clause sets the vantage point for the whole spatial description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plein","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in idiom had ... voor zich","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vóór zich","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"complement of vóór","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stond","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking galery","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of galery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies galery","gloss":"outer"},{"surface":"galery","lemma":"galerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of stond","gloss":"gallery"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces an attendant-circumstance adjunct","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of rug","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rug","lemma":"rug","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gekeerd","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"gekeerd","lemma":"keren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"predicative modifier of rug","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on had","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"Links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"To the left"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of Links","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebouw","lemma":"gebouw","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bureaux","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bureaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bureaux","lemma":"bureau","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"first complement of met","gloss":"offices"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kas","lemma":"kas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second complement of met","gloss":"treasury"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vergaderzaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vergaderzaal","lemma":"vergaderzaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"third complement of met","gloss":"council hall"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"adverbial complement of toegesproken","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of toegesproken","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of morgen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal modifier of toegesproken","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of toegesproken","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of toegesproken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"toegesproken","lemma":"toespreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on vergaderzaal","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar-achter","lemma":"daarachter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies breidde ... uit","gloss":"behind it"},{"surface":"breidde","lemma":"uitbreiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of breidde zich ... uit","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of breidde","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ravyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ravyn","lemma":"ravijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of breidde zich ... uit","gloss":"ravine"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of breidde zich ... uit","gloss":"stretched"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of overzag","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of overzag","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"overzag","lemma":"overzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on ravyn","gloss":"overlooked"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of tot aan ... toe","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tjioedjoeng","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of Tjioedjoeng","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Tjioedjoeng","lemma":"Tjioedjoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"Tjioedjoeng"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes tot aan ... toe","gloss":"all the way"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h13-s131","source":"Juist tegenover de bureaux stond de oude adsistent-residents-woning die nu tydelyk door mevrouw Slotering bewoond werd, en dewyl de toegang van den grooten weg tot het erf plaats had door twee wegen die langs beide zyden van 't grasveld liepen, volgt hieruit vanzelf dat ieder die het erf betrad om zich naar de achter het hoofdgebouw gelegen keuken of stallen te begeven, òf de bureaux òf de woning van mevrouw Slotering moest voorbygaan.","translation":"Just opposite the offices stood the old assistant resident's house, now temporarily inhabited by Mrs. Slotering, and since access from the high road onto the grounds ran by two paths that passed along both sides of the lawn, it follows of itself that anyone who set foot on the plot in order to make his way to the kitchen or the stables, which lay behind the main building, had to pass either the offices or Mrs. Slotering's dwelling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dewyl de toegang ... plaats had door twee wegen die ... liepen","title":"Archaic causal dewyl","body":"dewyl ('because, since') is a literary/archaic causal conjunction, sending plaats had to the clause end. The following die-relative (liepen) is also verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ieder die het erf betrad ... moest voorbygaan","title":"Modal moest + bare infinitive","body":"moest voorbygaan ('had to pass') is modal moeten with the separable infinitive voorbygaan at the end. The relative die clause delays the main verb far to the right."}],"words":[{"surface":"Juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tegenover","gloss":"Just"},{"surface":"tegenover","lemma":"tegenover","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bureaux","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bureaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bureaux","lemma":"bureau","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of tegenover","gloss":"offices"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-residents-woning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies adsistent-residents-woning","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"adsistent-residents-woning","lemma":"assistent-residentswoning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"assistant resident's house"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of werd bewoond","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewoond","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"tydelyk","lemma":"tijdelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewoond","gloss":"temporarily"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mevrouw","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"bewoond","lemma":"bewonen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on adsistent-residents-woning","gloss":"inhabited"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bewoond","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dewyl","lemma":"dewijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of plaats had","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toegang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toegang","lemma":"toegang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of plaats had","gloss":"access"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies toegang","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking erf","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of tot","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, singular, part of fixed verb","role":"nominal part of plaats had","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"plaatshebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause; finite part of plaats had","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wegen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies wegen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"wegen","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of door","gloss":"paths"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of liepen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zyden","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zyden","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"zyden","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of langs","gloss":"sides"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grasveld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grasveld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grasveld","lemma":"grasveld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies zyden","gloss":"lawn"},{"surface":"liepen","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on wegen","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"volgt","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"follows"},{"surface":"hieruit","lemma":"hieruit","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of volgt","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volgt","gloss":"of itself"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorbygaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of moest voorbygaan","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of betrad","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of betrad","gloss":"plot"},{"surface":"betrad","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on ieder","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces purpose infinitive begeven","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of begeven","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking keuken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keuken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdgebouw","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdgebouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdgebouw","lemma":"hoofdgebouw","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gelegen","gloss":"main building"},{"surface":"gelegen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies keuken and stallen","gloss":"situated"},{"surface":"keuken","lemma":"keuken","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first complement of naar","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"stallen","lemma":"stal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second complement of naar","gloss":"stables"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks infinitive begeven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"begeven","lemma":"begeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive governed by om ... te","gloss":"make his way"},{"surface":"òf","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"first part of òf ... òf","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bureaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bureaux","lemma":"bureau","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"first direct object of voorbygaan","gloss":"offices"},{"surface":"òf","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"second part of òf ... òf","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorbygaan","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mevrouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies woning","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorbygaan","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"voorbygaan","lemma":"voorbijgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moest","gloss":"pass"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h13-s132","source":"Terzyde van 't hoofdgebouw en daarachter, lag de vry groote tuin die de vreugde van Tine had opgewekt door de vele bloemen die ze daar vond, en vooral omdat kleine Max daar zoo dikwyls spelen zou.","translation":"To the side of the main building and behind it lay the rather large garden that had stirred Tine's delight, on account of the many flowers she found there, and above all because little Max would so often play there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de vry groote tuin die de vreugde van Tine had opgewekt","title":"Pluperfect of separable opwekken","body":"had opgewekt is the pluperfect ('had stirred') of separable opwekken, inside a die-relative. vry groote ('rather large') with attributive -e on the adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat kleine Max daar zoo dikwyls spelen zou","title":"omdat + conditional/future zou","body":"omdat subordinates; spelen zou expresses anticipated future-in-the-past ('would so often play'). kleine Max is the Havelaars' young son."}],"words":[{"surface":"Terzyde","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial phrase modifying lag","gloss":"to the side","note":"Historical spelling of terzijde, here in the phrase terzijde van (“to the side of”)."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdgebouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdgebouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdgebouw","lemma":"hoofdgebouw","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"main building"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarachter","lemma":"daarachter","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of lag","gloss":"behind it"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tuin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies tuin","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of opgewekt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vreugde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vreugde","lemma":"vreugde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opgewekt","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tine","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van; possessor of vreugde","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgewekt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"opgewekt","lemma":"opwekken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on tuin","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bloemen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bloemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, inflected","role":"modifies bloemen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"bloemen","lemma":"bloem","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of door","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on bloemen","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two grounds for vreugde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omdat-clause","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of spelen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of spelen","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of spelen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dikwyls","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spelen","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"spelen","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of omdat-clause","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of spelen","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h13-s133","source":"Havelaar had zich by mevrouw Slotering laten verontschuldigen dat hy haar nog geen bezoek had gebracht. Hy nam zich voor, den volgenden dag daarheen te gaan, maar Tine was er geweest en had kennis gemaakt.","translation":"Havelaar had sent his apologies to Mrs. Slotering for not yet having paid her a visit. He intended to go there the following day, but Tine had been and had made her acquaintance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar had zich ... laten verontschuldigen","title":"Pluperfect causative laten + reflexive zich","body":"had zich laten verontschuldigen stacks pluperfect had + reflexive zich + causative laten + infinitive — 'had had himself excused / sent his apologies'. A textbook multi-verb cluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy nam zich voor, den volgenden dag daarheen te gaan","title":"Reflexive separable zich voornemen + te-inf","body":"nam zich voor is reflexive separable zich voornemen ('resolved'), governing the te-infinitive te gaan. den volgenden dag keeps the old accusative -n on the time phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of laten verontschuldigen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of laten verontschuldigen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of verontschuldigen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mevrouw","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of by","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative auxiliary of verontschuldigen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"verontschuldigen","lemma":"verontschuldigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"excused"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gebracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gebracht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gebracht","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebracht","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezoek","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gebracht","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of nam voor","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of nam ... voor","gloss":"intended"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of gaan","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"daarheen","lemma":"daarheen","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of gaan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive gaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of nam ... voor","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweest","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb coordinated with gemaakt","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom kennis maken","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb coordinated with geweest","gloss":"made","note":"Kennis maken means “to become acquainted” or “to meet.”"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h13-s134","source":"We vernamen reeds dat die dame een zoogenaamd \"inlandsch kind\" was, die geen andere dan de maleische taal sprak.","translation":"We have already learned that this lady was a so-called \"native child,\" who spoke no language other than Malay.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"We vernamen reeds dat die dame ... was","title":"Strong imperfect vernamen + demonstrative die","body":"vernamen is the strong simple past of vernemen ('to learn, hear'). die dame uses the demonstrative die for a de-word ('that lady')."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vernamen","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"vernamen","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vernamen","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of vernamen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dame","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"dame","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zoogenaamd","lemma":"zogenaamd","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies kind","gloss":"so-called"},{"surface":"inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies kind","gloss":"native","note":"Inlandsch kind was a colonial-era term for someone born or raised in the Dutch East Indies, not necessarily an ethnically indigenous person."},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to kind","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of andere","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective","role":"direct object of sprak","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces complement of andere","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of taal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maleische","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies taal","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of andere dan; object understood with sprak","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on kind","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h13-s135","source":"Ze had haar verlangen te kennen gegeven haar eigen huishouding te blyven voeren, waarin Tine gaarne berustte.","translation":"She had made known her wish to go on running her own household, in which Tine gladly acquiesced.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s135.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze had haar verlangen te kennen gegeven","title":"Pluperfect + idiom te kennen geven","body":"had ... te kennen gegeven is the pluperfect of the fixed idiom te kennen geven ('to make known, express'). waarin Tine ... berustte opens a relative clause with verb-final berustte."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gegeven","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of verlangen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"verlangen","lemma":"verlangen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"part of idiom te kennen geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of idiom te kennen geven","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"given","note":"Te kennen geven means “to make known” or “to express.”"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of huishouding","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies huishouding","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"huishouding","lemma":"huishouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voeren","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive blyven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"aspectual complement introducing voeren","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"voeren","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement expressing verlangen","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of berustte","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of berustte","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies berustte","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"berustte","lemma":"berusten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on verlangen","gloss":"acquiesced"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h13-s136","source":"En niet uit ongastvryheid kwam deze berusting voort, doch voornamelyk uit de vrees dat zy, pas te Lebak aangekomen, en dus nog niet \"op orde\" mevrouw Slotering niet zoo goed zou kunnen ontvangen als wenschelyk gemaakt werd door de byzondere omstandigheden waarin deze dame verkeerde.","translation":"And this acquiescence sprang not from any want of hospitality, but chiefly from the fear that she, newly arrived at Lebak and thus not yet \"settled,\" might not be able to receive Mrs. Slotering as well as the particular circumstances in which that lady found herself made desirable.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet uit ongastvryheid kwam deze berusting voort","title":"Fronted niet-phrase + separable voortkomen","body":"Fronting the negated cause forces inversion (kwam ... voort); voortkomen uit ('to spring from') is separable. The corrective structure ('not from X, but from Y') is heavily used here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de byzondere omstandigheden waarin deze dame verkeerde","title":"Pronominal-relative waarin + demonstrative deze","body":"waarin ('in which') is a relative pronominal adverb, sending verkeerde to the clause end. deze dame uses the near demonstrative for a de-word. The 'particular circumstances' are her pregnancy, kept genteelly vague."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates uit ongastvryheid","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ongastvryheid","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ongastvryheid","lemma":"ongastvrijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"inhospitality"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of kwam ... voort","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of berusting","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"berusting","lemma":"berusting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"acquiescence"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of kwam ... voort","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts the two uit-phrases","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"voornamelyk","lemma":"voornamelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uit de vrees","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrees","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrees","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontvangen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontvangen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangekomen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of aangekomen","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"aangekomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial clause modifying zy","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links participial and predicative modifiers of zy","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies op orde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in predicative phrase op orde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"orde","lemma":"orde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"order","note":"Op orde is an older or regional expression meaning “in order” or “settled.”"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontvangen","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontvangen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontvangen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontvangen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of ontvangen","gloss":"be able"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"wenschelyk","lemma":"wenselijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of gemaakt","gloss":"desirable"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of comparative clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omstandigheden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omstandigheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"byzondere","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of passive gemaakt","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of verkeerde","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dame","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"dame","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verkeerde","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"verkeerde","lemma":"verkeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on omstandigheden","gloss":"found herself"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h13-s137","source":"Wel zou ze--geen hollandsch verstaande--niet \"gedeerd\" worden door de vertellingen van Max, zooals Tine 't genoemd had, maar zy begreep dat er meer noodig was dan de familie Slotering niet te deren, en de schrale keuken in-verband met de voorgenomen zuinigheid deden haar werkelyk 't voornemen van mevrouw Slotering zeer verstandig vinden.","translation":"True, she—understanding no Dutch—would not be \"injured\" by Max's tales, as Tine had termed it, but she grasped that more was needed than not to wound the Slotering family, and the meager kitchen, taken together with the thrift they had resolved upon, made her in truth find Mrs. Slotering's intention very sensible.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wel zou ze--geen hollandsch verstaande--niet \"gedeerd\" worden","title":"Conditional zou + worden-passive","body":"zou ... gedeerd worden is a conditional process passive ('would not be injured'). verstaande is an inserted present participle ('understanding no Dutch'), an absolute construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan de familie Slotering niet te deren","title":"te-infinitive deren","body":"te deren ('to harm') is a te-infinitive object of meer noodig. deren is a literary verb for 'to harm, hurt'. The wordplay turns on Tine's joke about Max 'injuring' guests with his stories."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive discourse adverb","gloss":"True"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedeerd worden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedeerd worden","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hollandsch","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"nominalized adjective","role":"direct object of verstaande","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"verstaande","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying ze","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedeerd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gedeerd","lemma":"deren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"injured"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gedeerd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertellingen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vertellingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vertellingen","lemma":"vertelling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of passive gedeerd","gloss":"tales"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Max","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van; possessor of vertellingen","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of genoemd","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of genoemd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"genoemd","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"termed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of genoemd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with gedeerd worden","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of noodig","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive subject marker with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, comparative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to noodig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative infinitive phrase","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of deren","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to familie","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive deren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"deren","lemma":"deren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"comparative infinitive complement of meer noodig","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links clause of begreep with clause of deden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keuken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schrale","lemma":"schraal","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies keuken","gloss":"meager"},{"surface":"keuken","lemma":"keuken","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of compound subject of deden","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"in-verband","lemma":"in verband","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"links keuken with met-phrase","gloss":"in conjunction"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zuinigheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zuinigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgenomen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies zuinigheid","gloss":"intended"},{"surface":"zuinigheid","lemma":"zuinigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met; coordinated in subject","gloss":"thrift"},{"surface":"deden","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb coordinated with begreep","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of deden; subject of vinden","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vinden","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voornemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mevrouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van; possessor of voornemen","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstandig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"verstandig","lemma":"verstandig","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vinden","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of deden","gloss":"find"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h13-s138","source":"Of nu overigens, wanneer de omstandigheden anders waren geweest, de omgang met iemand die slechts één taal sprak, waarin niets gedrukt is dat den geest beschaaft, geleid zou hebben tot wederzydsch genoegen, blyft twyfelachtig.","translation":"Whether, moreover, had circumstances been otherwise, intercourse with someone who spoke but a single language, in which nothing is printed that refines the mind, would have led to mutual pleasure, remains doubtful.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Of nu overigens ... geleid zou hebben tot wederzydsch genoegen, blyft twyfelachtig","title":"Fronted of-clause as subject","body":"A whole indirect question (Of ... geleid zou hebben) serves as the fronted subject; the main verb blyft then stands in second position. geleid zou hebben is conditional perfect ('would have led')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand die slechts één taal sprak, waarin niets gedrukt is","title":"Negative word niets + zijn-passive","body":"niets ('nothing') is a single negative word, and gedrukt is is a state passive ('is printed'). waarin ('in which') refers back to the language."}],"words":[{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question resolved by blyft twyfelachtig","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb in the indirect question","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"overigens","lemma":"overigens","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying the indirect question","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geweest","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omstandigheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of waren geweest","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the conditional clause","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omgang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omgang","lemma":"omgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou hebben geleid","gloss":"intercourse"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of met","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies één taal","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies taal","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of sprak","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on iemand","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"relative modifier of gedrukt is, referring to taal","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive gedrukt","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"gedrukt","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive relative clause","gloss":"printed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gedrukt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of beschaaft, referring to niets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular, archaic form","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of beschaaft","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"beschaaft","lemma":"beschaven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause modifying niets","gloss":"refines"},{"surface":"geleid","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of zou hebben geleid","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geleid","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of geleid","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genoegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wederzydsch","lemma":"wederzijds","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter singular","role":"modifies genoegen","gloss":"mutual"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of geleid","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb governing the indirect question","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"twyfelachtig","lemma":"twijfelachtig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of blyft","gloss":"doubtful"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h13-s139","source":"Tine zou haar zoo goed mogelijk gezelschap gehouden, en veel met haar gesproken hebben over keukenzaken, over sambal-sambal over 't inmaken van ketimon--zonder Liebig, o goden!--maar zoo-iets blyft toch altyd een opoffering, en men vond het dus zeer goed dat de zaken door mevrouw Sloterings vrywillige afzondering geschikt waren op een wyze die aan beide partyen volkomen vryheid liet.","translation":"Tine would have kept her company as well as she could, and talked much with her about kitchen matters, about sambals, about the pickling of ketimon—without Liebig, ye gods!—but a thing of that sort always remains a sacrifice, and so it was thought very well that the affair had been arranged, by Mrs. Slotering's voluntary withdrawal, in a manner that left both parties complete freedom.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"men vond het dus zeer goed dat de zaken ... geschikt waren","title":"zijn-passive geschikt waren","body":"geschikt waren is a state passive ('had been arranged'). The dat-clause is the object of vond het ... goed, with an anticipatory het pointing forward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou gehouden en gesproken hebben","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative singular","role":"indirect object in haar gezelschap houden","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezelschap gehouden","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"mogelijk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"completes zoo goed mogelijk","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"gezelschap","lemma":"gezelschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object in gezelschap houden","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with zou hebben","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with gehouden","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary shared by gehouden and gesproken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking keukenzaken","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"keukenzaken","lemma":"keukenzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"kitchen matters"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sambal-sambal","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"sambal-sambal","lemma":"sambal","morphology":"noun, plural by reduplication","role":"object of over","gloss":"sambals","note":"Indonesian-style reduplication marks the plural: various sambals."},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inmaken","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inmaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inmaken","lemma":"inmaken","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"pickling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ketimon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ketimon","lemma":"ketimon","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"cucumber","note":"Ketimon is an Indonesian word for cucumber."},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Liebig","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"Liebig","lemma":"Liebig","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"Liebig"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the vocative goden","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"goden","lemma":"god","morphology":"noun, masculine plural, vocative","role":"vocative after o","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrast with the preceding hypothetical clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of blyft","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking zoo-iets to opoffering","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive adverb modifying blyft","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyft","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opoffering","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"opoffering","lemma":"opoffering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of blyft","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with blyft","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vond","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geschikt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren geschikt","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mevrouw","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title belonging to Sloterings","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Sloterings","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of afzondering","gloss":"Slotering’s"},{"surface":"vrywillige","lemma":"vrijwillig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, common singular","role":"modifies afzondering","gloss":"voluntary"},{"surface":"afzondering","lemma":"afzondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door; means by which the affairs were arranged","gloss":"withdrawal"},{"surface":"geschikt","lemma":"schikken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive clause","gloss":"arranged"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geschikt","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wyze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking partyen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of partyen","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"partyen","lemma":"partij","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"parties"},{"surface":"volkomen","lemma":"volkomen","morphology":"adjective, attributive, common singular","role":"modifies vryheid","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"vryheid","lemma":"vrijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of liet","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on wyze","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h13-s140","source":"Zonderling echter was het, dat die dame niet alleen geweigerd had deeltenemen aan de gemeenschappelyke maaltyden, maar dat zy zelfs geen gebruik maakte van 't aanbod om haar spyzen te doen gereed maken in de keuken van Havelaars huis. \"Deze bescheidenheid, zei Tine, was wat ver gedreven, want de keuken was ruim genoeg.\"","translation":"Singular, however, it was that this lady had not only declined to take part in the common meals, but that she would not even make use of the offer to have her dishes prepared in the kitchen of Havelaar's house. \"This modesty,\" said Tine, \"was carried somewhat too far, for the kitchen was roomy enough.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h13-s140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet alleen geweigerd had ... maar dat zy zelfs geen gebruik maakte","title":"niet alleen ... maar correlative","body":"niet alleen ... maar ('not only ... but') is a correlative pair. geen gebruik maken van is the idiom 'to make no use of', negating the indefinite with geen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t aanbod om haar spyzen te doen gereed maken","title":"om ... te + causative doen","body":"om ... te doen gereed maken combines a purpose-style om...te with causative doen ('to have her dishes made ready'). gereed maken = 'to prepare'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zonderling","lemma":"zonderling","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Zonderling","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to Zonderling","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geweigerd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dame","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"dame","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geweigerd","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweigerd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweigerd","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"geweigerd","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweigerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"deeltenemen","lemma":"deelnemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of geweigerd","gloss":"to participate","note":"Historical solid spelling of deel te nemen."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maaltyden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maaltyden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gemeenschappelyke","lemma":"gemeenschappelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies maaltyden","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"maaltyden","lemma":"maaltijd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"meals"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the coordinated clause of maakte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakte","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebruik","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second dat-clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanbod","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanbod","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanbod","lemma":"aanbod","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"offer"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause modifying aanbod","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of spyzen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"spyzen","lemma":"spijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of gereed maken","gloss":"dishes"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"head of the infinitive clause modifying aanbod","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gereed","lemma":"gereed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"resultative complement of maken","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking keuken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keuken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keuken","lemma":"keuken","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of maken","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaars","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"Havelaar’s"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies keuken","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bescheidenheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"bescheidenheid","lemma":"bescheidenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was gedreven","gloss":"modesty"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedreven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of ver","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedreven","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"gedreven","lemma":"drijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of was gedreven","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keuken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keuken","lemma":"keuken","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to ruim","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ruim","lemma":"ruim","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"roomy"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of ruim","gloss":"enough"}]}]}