{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-14","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 14","translated":"Chapter 14"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-14","lines":317},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-13","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-15","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h14-s1","source":"VEERTIENDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"CHAPTER FOURTEEN","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"VEERTIENDE HOOFDSTUK","title":"'Chapter Fourteen'","body":"veertiende is the ordinal 'fourteenth' (veertien + -de); hoofdstuk ('chapter') is a het-word compound of hoofd ('head/main') + stuk ('piece')."}],"words":[{"surface":"VEERTIENDE","lemma":"veertiende","morphology":"ordinal numeral, attributive","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"fourteenth"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the title","gloss":"chapter"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h14-s2","source":"Ge weet, begon Havelaar, hoe de nederlandsche bezittingen ter Westkust van Sumatra aan de onafhankelyke ryken in den noordhoek grenzen, waarvan Atjeh het aanzienlykste is.","translation":"You know, Havelaar began, how the Dutch possessions on the west coast of Sumatra border on the independent realms in the northern corner, of which Atjeh is the most considerable.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge weet ... hoe de nederlandsche bezittingen ... aan de onafhankelyke ryken ... grenzen","title":"Indirect question with hoe","body":"hoe ('how') opens an indirect question with verb-final order, so grenzen ('border') closes the clause. The framing Ge weet directly addresses Verbrugge, Havelaar's listener."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ter Westkust ... waarvan Atjeh het aanzienlykste is","title":"Frozen ter + superlative","body":"ter (= te der) is a fused old dative-feminine form surviving in fixed phrases. het aanzienlykste is the superlative 'the most considerable'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of Havelaar’s quoted speech","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the object clause of weet","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezittingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsche","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies bezittingen","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"bezittingen","lemma":"bezitting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of grenzen","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with article","role":"introduces Westkust","gloss":"on the","note":"Ter is a contraction of te der, here meaning “on the.”"},{"surface":"Westkust","lemma":"westkust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of ter","gloss":"west coast"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sumatra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sumatra","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van; modifies Westkust","gloss":"Sumatra"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"prepositional complement of grenzen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ryken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onafhankelyke","lemma":"onafhankelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies ryken","gloss":"independent"},{"surface":"ryken","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"realms"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noordhoek","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular, archaic form","role":"determiner of noordhoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noordhoek","lemma":"noordhoek","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"northern corner"},{"surface":"grenzen","lemma":"grenzen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the object clause","gloss":"border"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause referring to ryken","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"Atjeh","lemma":"Atjeh","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Atjeh"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized aanzienlykste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanzienlykste","lemma":"aanzienlijk","morphology":"adjective, superlative, substantivized","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"most considerable"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to aanzienlykste","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h14-s3","source":"Men zegt dat een geheim artikel in het traktaat van 1824, ons jegens de Engelschen de verplichting oplegt, de rivier van Singkel niet te overschryden.","translation":"It is said that a secret article in the treaty of 1824 binds us, with respect to the English, not to cross the river of Singkel.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een geheim artikel ... ons ... de verplichting oplegt, de rivier ... niet te overschryden","title":"Separable opleggen + negated te-infinitive","body":"legt ... op ('imposes') is separable opleggen; the obligation is spelled out by the te-infinitive niet te overschryden ('not to cross'). ons is the indirect object 'on us'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of zegt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of artikel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies artikel","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"artikel","lemma":"artikel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of oplegt","gloss":"article"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking traktaat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of traktaat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"traktaat","lemma":"traktaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"treaty"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the year modifying traktaat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"personal pronoun, indirect object, plural","role":"indirect object of oplegt","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"jegens","lemma":"jegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Engelschen","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Engelschen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Engelschen","lemma":"Engelsman","morphology":"noun, masculine plural, substantivized","role":"object of jegens","gloss":"English"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verplichting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verplichting","lemma":"verplichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of oplegt","gloss":"obligation"},{"surface":"oplegt","lemma":"opleggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"imposes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rivier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rivier","lemma":"rivier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of overschryden","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Singkel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Singkel","lemma":"Singkel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van; identifies rivier","gloss":"Singkel"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overschryden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks overschryden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"overschryden","lemma":"overschrijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement specifying verplichting","gloss":"cross"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h14-s4","source":"De generaal Vandamme, die met een faux-air Napoléon gaarne zyn gouvernement zoo vèr mogelyk uitbreidde, stuitte dus in die richting op een onoverkomelyken hinderpaal.","translation":"General Vandamme, who with a faux-air of Napoleon was fond of extending his governorship as far as possible, thus ran up against an insurmountable obstacle in that direction.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... gaarne zyn gouvernement zoo vèr mogelyk uitbreidde","title":"Imperfect of separable uitbreiden","body":"uitbreidde is the simple past of separable uitbreiden ('to extend'); inside the die-relative the verb still goes final. gaarne is the literary 'gladly, fond of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stuitte","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"Vandamme","lemma":"Vandamme","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to generaal","gloss":"Vandamme"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of uitbreidde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking faux-air","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of faux-air","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"faux-air","lemma":"faux-air","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"superficial resemblance","note":"French faux air means a deceptive or superficial resemblance."},{"surface":"Napoléon","lemma":"Napoléon","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of faux-air","gloss":"Napoleon"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitbreidde","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of gouvernement","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uitbreidde","gloss":"governorship"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vèr","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"vèr","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitbreidde","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of zo ver","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"uitbreidde","lemma":"uitbreiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on generaal","gloss":"extended"},{"surface":"stuitte","lemma":"stuiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran up"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stuitte","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking richting","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of richting","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"richting","lemma":"richting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of stuitte","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hinderpaal","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hinderpaal","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onoverkomelyken","lemma":"onoverkomelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hinderpaal","gloss":"insurmountable"},{"surface":"hinderpaal","lemma":"hinderpaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of stuitte","gloss":"obstacle"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h14-s5","source":"Ik moet aan 't bestaan van dat geheim artikel wel gelooven, omdat het me anders bevreemden zou dat de Radjahs van Troeman en Analaboe, wier provincien niet zonder gewicht zyn door den peperhandel die daar gedreven wordt, niet sedert lang onder nederlandsche souvereiniteit zyn gebracht.","translation":"I am inclined to believe in the existence of that secret article, for otherwise it would surprise me that the Rajahs of Troeman and Analaboe, whose provinces are of no small weight on account of the pepper trade carried on there, had not long since been brought under Dutch sovereignty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat het me anders bevreemden zou","title":"omdat + conditional zou","body":"omdat subordinates; bevreemden zou is the conditional ('it would surprise me') with the infinitive fronted before zou. bevreemden = 'to strike as strange'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de Radjahs ... wier provincien ... niet sedert lang ... zyn gebracht","title":"Genitive relative wier + zijn-passive","body":"wier ('whose') heads the relative; zyn gebracht is a perfect/state passive ('have been brought'). The whole turns on why these pepper-rich realms were not annexed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelooven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelooven","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestaan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking artikel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of artikel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies artikel","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"artikel","lemma":"artikel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of bestaan","gloss":"article"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelooven","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bevreemden","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bevreemden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bevreemden","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevreemden","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"bevreemden","lemma":"bevreemden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bevreemden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gebracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Radjahs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Radjahs","lemma":"radja","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive gebracht","gloss":"Rajahs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Troeman","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Troeman","lemma":"Troeman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Troeman"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Analaboe","lemma":"Analaboe","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated with Troeman","gloss":"Analaboe"},{"surface":"wier","lemma":"wier","morphology":"relative possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of provincien","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"provincien","lemma":"provincie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"provinces"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zonder gewicht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewicht","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"gewicht","lemma":"gewicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula with zonder gewicht","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition expressing cause","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of peperhandel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"peperhandel","lemma":"peperhandel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"pepper trade"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive gedreven","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedreven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gedreven","lemma":"drijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on peperhandel","gloss":"carried on"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gedreven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebracht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition/adverb","role":"part of sedert lang","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of sedert lang","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking souvereiniteit","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"nederlandsche","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies souvereiniteit","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"souvereiniteit","lemma":"soevereiniteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gebracht","gloss":"sovereignty"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of bevreemden","gloss":"brought"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h14-s6","source":"Ge weet hoe gemakkelyk men een voorwendsel vindt om zulke landjes den oorlog aantedoen, en zich daarvan meester te maken.","translation":"You know how easily one finds a pretext for making war on such little lands and seizing them for oneself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe gemakkelyk men een voorwendsel vindt om ... den oorlog aantedoen","title":"om ... te (joined aantedoen)","body":"om ... aantedoen is a purpose clause; aantedoen writes te inside separable aandoen, 1860 style. zulke landjes ... den oorlog aandoen = 'to make war on such little lands'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zulke landjes ... en zich daarvan meester te maken","title":"Diminutive landjes + reflexive idiom","body":"landjes is the plural diminutive of land ('little lands', dismissive). zich meester maken van is a reflexive idiom 'to seize, take possession of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemakkelyk","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vindt","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vindt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorwendsel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"voorwendsel","lemma":"voorwendsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vindt","gloss":"pretext"},{"surface":"vindt","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of weet","gloss":"finds"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive purpose clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landjes","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"landjes","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive plural","role":"indirect object of aantedoen","gloss":"little lands"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of oorlog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorlog","lemma":"oorlog","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aantedoen","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"aantedoen","lemma":"aandoen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of voorwendsel","gloss":"to wage","note":"Aantedoen is the older closed spelling of modern aan te doen."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of maken","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of meester","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"meester","lemma":"meester","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of maken","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with aantedoen","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h14-s7","source":"Het stelen van een landschap zal altyd makkelyker blyven dan van een molen.","translation":"Stealing a region will always remain easier than stealing a windmill.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het stelen van een landschap zal altyd makkelyker blyven dan van een molen","title":"Nominalized infinitive + comparative","body":"Het stelen ('the stealing') is an infinitive as neuter subject; makkelyker ... dan is the comparative with dan. The aphorism mocks the ease of colonial land-grabbing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stelen","lemma":"stelen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zal blijven","gloss":"stealing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landschap","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landschap","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"landschap","lemma":"landschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of stelen","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of blijven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blijven","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"makkelyker","lemma":"makkelijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of blijven","gloss":"easier"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking molen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of molen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"molen","lemma":"molen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement in elliptical comparison","gloss":"windmill"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h14-s8","source":"Ik geloof van den generaal Vandamme, dat hy zelfs een molen zou weggenomen hebben als hy daarin lust gevoeld had, en begryp dus niet dat hy die landschappen in de Noord zou hebben verschoond, wanneer niet daarvoor steviger gronden hadden bestaan dan recht en billykheid.","translation":"I believe of General Vandamme that he would have made off with a windmill itself had he taken a fancy to it, and so I cannot suppose that he would have spared those northern regions had there not been firmer grounds for it than justice and equity.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy zelfs een molen zou weggenomen hebben als hy daarin lust gevoeld had","title":"Conditional perfect + counterfactual","body":"zou weggenomen hebben is conditional perfect ('would have made off with'); the als-clause lust gevoeld had is a counterfactual pluperfect. daarin = 'in it' (pronominal adverb)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer niet daarvoor steviger gronden hadden bestaan dan recht en billykheid","title":"Counterfactual + comparative steviger ... dan","body":"hadden bestaan is the pluperfect in a counterfactual wanneer-clause ('had there not existed'); steviger ... dan is the comparative ('firmer than'). daarvoor is a pronominal adverb 'for it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking generaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of geloof","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"Vandamme","lemma":"Vandamme","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to generaal","gloss":"Vandamme"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weggenomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weggenomen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weggenomen","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of molen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"molen","lemma":"molen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weggenomen","gloss":"windmill"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of weggenomen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"weggenomen","lemma":"wegnemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of geloof","gloss":"made off with"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of weggenomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gevoeld","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevoeld","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of lust","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"lust","lemma":"lust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gevoeld","gloss":"fancy"},{"surface":"gevoeld","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"adverbial clause on weggenomen","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevoeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with geloof","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begryp","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates begryp","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verschoond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verschoond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landschappen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"landschappen","lemma":"landschap","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verschoond","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Noord","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Noord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Noord","lemma":"noord","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"north"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verschoond","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of verschoond","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"verschoond","lemma":"verschonen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of begryp","gloss":"spared"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hadden","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates hadden bestaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of gronden","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"steviger","lemma":"stevig","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies gronden","gloss":"firmer"},{"surface":"gronden","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hadden bestaan","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of bestaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"adverbial clause on verschoond","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparative complement","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first term of comparative complement","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"billykheid","lemma":"billijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with recht","gloss":"equity"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h14-s9","source":"Hoe dit zy, hy richtte zyn veroveraarsblikken niet Noord- maar Oostwaarts.","translation":"However that may be, he turned his conqueror's gaze not northward but eastward.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe dit zy, hy richtte zyn veroveraarsblikken niet Noord- maar Oostwaarts","title":"Concessive optative Hoe dit zy","body":"Hoe dit zy ('however that may be') is a fixed concessive with the optative zy. richtte is the weak imperfect of richten; the niet ... maar pair contrasts the directions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zij","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zij","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular, subjunctive","role":"verb of concessive clause","gloss":"may be","note":"Zy is an older spelling of zij; here it is a subjunctive verb, not the pronoun."},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of richtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"richtte","lemma":"richten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of veroveraarsblikken","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"veroveraarsblikken","lemma":"veroveraarsblik","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of richtte","gloss":"conqueror's gazes"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies richtte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Noord","lemma":"noordwaarts","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of richtte","gloss":"northward","note":"Noord- is completed by the shared suffix -waarts in Oostwaarts."},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Oostwaarts","lemma":"oostwaarts","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement coordinated with Noord","gloss":"eastward"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h14-s10","source":"De landstreken Mandhéling en Ankola--dit was de naam der adsistent-residentie die gevormd was uit de pas tot rust gebrachte Battahlanden--waren wel nog niet gezuiverd van atjineschen invloed--want waar dweepzucht eens wortel schiet, is 't uitroeien moeielyk--maar de Atjinezen zelf waren er toch niet meer. Dit was evenwel den Gouverneur niet genoeg.","translation":"The territories of Mandhéling and Ankola — this was the name of the assistant-residency formed out of the newly pacified Battah lands — were indeed not yet cleansed of Atjinese influence, for wherever fanaticism once takes root it is hard to dig out, but the Atjinese themselves were no longer there. This, however, was not enough for the Governor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want waar dweepzucht eens wortel schiet, is 't uitroeien moeielyk","title":"Free relative waar + nominalized infinitive","body":"waar ('wherever') heads a verb-final clause (schiet); 't uitroeien is an infinitive turned neuter noun ('the rooting-out'). wortel schieten = 'to take root'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landstreken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landstreken","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren gezuiverd","gloss":"territories"},{"surface":"Mandhéling","lemma":"Mandhéling","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to landstreken","gloss":"Mandhéling"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ankola","lemma":"Ankola","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Mandhéling","gloss":"Ankola"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to naam","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of adsistent-residentie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"adsistent-residentie","lemma":"assistent-residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of naam","gloss":"assistant-residency"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive gevormd","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"gevormd","lemma":"vormen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on adsistent-residentie","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gevormd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Battahlanden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Battahlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebrachte","gloss":"newly"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rust","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gebrachte","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"gebrachte","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, participle, inflected","role":"modifies Battahlanden","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"Battahlanden","lemma":"Battahland","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"Battah lands"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gezuiverd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezuiverd","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezuiverd","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezuiverd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gezuiverd","lemma":"zuiveren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with waren","gloss":"cleansed"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking atjineschen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"atjineschen","lemma":"Atjinees","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies invloed","gloss":"Atjinese"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces locative subordinate clause","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"dweepzucht","lemma":"dweepzucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schiet","gloss":"fanaticism"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schiet","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"wortel","lemma":"wortel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schiet","gloss":"root"},{"surface":"schiet","lemma":"schieten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of waar-clause","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking uitroeien to moeielyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitroeien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitroeien","lemma":"uitroeien","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"eradication"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Atjinezen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Atjinezen","lemma":"Atjinees","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"Atjinese"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes Atjinezen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of contrasting clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to genoeg","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genoeg","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of was genoeg","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genoeg","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"enough"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h14-s11","source":"Hy breidde zyn gezag tot aan de oostkust uit, en er werden nederlandsche beambten en nederlandsche garnizoenen gezonden naar Bila en Pertibie, welke posten echter--zooals je weet, Verbrugge--later weer ontruimd zyn. Toen er op Sumatra een Regeeringskommissaris aankwam, die deze uitbreiding doelloos vond en ze hierom afkeurde, vooral ook wyl ze in stryd was met de wanhopige spaarzaamheid waarop door 't moederland zoozeer was aangedrongen, beweerde de generaal Vandamme dat die uitbreiding geen bezwarenden invloed behoefde te hebben op de begrooting, want dat de nieuwe garnizoenen gevormd waren uit troepen waarvoor toch reeds gelden waren toegestaan, zoodat hy een zeer groote landstreek onder nederlandsch bestuur had gebracht, zonder dat hieruit geldelijke uitgaven waren voortgevloeid.","translation":"He extended his authority all the way to the east coast, and Dutch officials and Dutch garrisons were sent to Bila and Pertibie, posts which — as you know, Verbrugge — were later evacuated again. When a Government Commissioner arrived on Sumatra who found this expansion pointless and disapproved of it on that account, chiefly too because it conflicted with the desperate economy on which the motherland so strongly insisted, General Vandamme maintained that the expansion need have no burdensome effect on the budget, for the new garrisons had been formed out of troops for which funds had already in any case been granted, so that he had brought a very large region under Dutch administration without any monetary outlay flowing from it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er werden nederlandsche beambten en ... garnizoenen gezonden","title":"Existential er + worden-passive","body":"er werden ... gezonden is an existential process passive ('were sent'), er filling the subject slot before the indefinite plural. The agentless passive keeps the focus on policy, not actors."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"welke posten echter ... later weer ontruimd zyn","title":"Formal relative welke + zijn-passive","body":"welke posten ('which posts') is the formal/period relative welk used adjectivally to resume a noun. ontruimd zyn is a perfect/state passive ('have been evacuated')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of breidde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"breidde","lemma":"uitbreiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb breidde ... uit","gloss":"broadened"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of gezag","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of breidde","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"all the way"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"second part of compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oostkust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oostkust","lemma":"oostkust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot aan","gloss":"east coast"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of breidde ... uit, supplying the contextual sense ‘extended’","gloss":"extended"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing the passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gezonden","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"nederlandsche","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies beambten","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated subject of passive gezonden","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nederlandsche","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies garnizoenen","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"garnizoenen","lemma":"garnizoen","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated subject of passive gezonden","gloss":"garrisons"},{"surface":"gezonden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the passive clause","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bila","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Bila","lemma":"Bila","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Bila"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Pertibie","lemma":"Pertibie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Bila","gloss":"Pertibie"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative determiner","role":"relative determiner of posten","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"posten","lemma":"post","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of passive ontruimd zijn","gloss":"posts"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the relative clause ontruimd zijn","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause je weet","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative addressing Verbrugge","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontruimd zijn","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontruimd","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ontruimd","lemma":"ontruimen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the relative passive clause","gloss":"evacuated"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"perfect passive auxiliary, present, plural","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of ontruimd","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aankwam","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"presentative element in the clause of aankwam","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sumatra","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Sumatra","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Sumatra"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeeringskommissaris","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Regeeringskommissaris","lemma":"regeringscommissaris","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aankwam","gloss":"Government Commissioner"},{"surface":"aankwam","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause introduced by Toen","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond and afkeurde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitbreiding","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"uitbreiding","lemma":"uitbreiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"expansion"},{"surface":"doelloos","lemma":"doelloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of uitbreiding with vond","gloss":"pointless"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause on Regeeringskommissaris","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"direct object of afkeurde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hierom","lemma":"hierom","morphology":"adverb","role":"causal adverb modifying afkeurde","gloss":"for this reason"},{"surface":"afkeurde","lemma":"afkeuren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with vond","gloss":"disapproved"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb modifying the causal clause","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb reinforcing vooral","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"wyl","lemma":"wijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of was","gloss":"because","note":"Archaic causal wijl means ‘because’ here, not temporal ‘while’."},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of was; refers to uitbreiding","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in strijd zijn met","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"stryd","lemma":"strijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement in the idiom in strijd zijn met","gloss":"conflict"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula in the idiom in strijd zijn met","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in strijd zijn met","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spaarzaamheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wanhopige","lemma":"wanhopig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies spaarzaamheid","gloss":"desperate"},{"surface":"spaarzaamheid","lemma":"spaarzaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"economy"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of aangedrongen","gloss":"on which"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moederland","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moederland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moederland","lemma":"moederland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agent of passive aangedrongen","gloss":"motherland"},{"surface":"zoozeer","lemma":"zozeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of aangedrongen","gloss":"so strongly"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"perfect passive auxiliary, past, singular","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of aangedrongen","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"aangedrongen","lemma":"aandringen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the relative passive clause on spaarzaamheid","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"beweerde","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb following the temporal clause","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of beweerde","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"Vandamme","lemma":"Vandamme","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to generaal","gloss":"Vandamme"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first reported-content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of uitbreiding","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uitbreiding","lemma":"uitbreiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of behoefde","gloss":"expansion"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"bezwarenden","lemma":"bezwarend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies invloed","gloss":"burdensome"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"behoefde","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the first reported-content clause","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of behoefde","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begrooting","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begrooting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begrooting","lemma":"begroting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"budget"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second reported-content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of garnizoenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies garnizoenen","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"garnizoenen","lemma":"garnizoen","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive gevormd waren","gloss":"garrisons"},{"surface":"gevormd","lemma":"vormen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the second reported-content clause","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"perfect passive auxiliary, past, plural","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of gevormd","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the source troepen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"troepen","lemma":"troep","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of gevormd","gloss":"troops"},{"surface":"waarvoor","lemma":"waarvoor","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of toegestaan","gloss":"for which"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying waren toegestaan","gloss":"in any case"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverb modifying waren toegestaan","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive toegestaan","gloss":"funds"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"perfect passive auxiliary, past, plural","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of toegestaan","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"toegestaan","lemma":"toestaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause on troepen","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of had gebracht","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had gebracht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landstreek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies landstreek","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"landstreek","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gebracht","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestuur","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bestuur","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gebracht","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the result clause","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause zonder dat","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"completes conjunction zonder dat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hieruit","lemma":"hieruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"source adverb modifying voortgevloeid","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"geldelijke","lemma":"geldelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uitgaven","gloss":"monetary"},{"surface":"uitgaven","lemma":"uitgave","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of voortgevloeid","gloss":"outlays"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of voortgevloeid","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"voortgevloeid","lemma":"voortvloeien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the clause zonder dat","gloss":"flowed"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h14-s12","source":"En wat voorts het gedeeltelyk ontblooten van andere plaatsen aanging, voornamelyk in 't Mandhélingsche, meende hy genoeg te kunnen rekenen op de trouw en de aanhankelykheid van Jang di Pertoean, 't voornaamste hoofd in de Battahlanden, om hierin geen bezwaar te zien.","translation":"And as for the partial stripping of other places, chiefly in the Mandhéling country, he thought he could rely sufficiently on the loyalty and devotion of Jang di Pertoean, the foremost chief in the Battah lands, to see no difficulty in it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"meende hy genoeg te kunnen rekenen op de trouw ... om hierin geen bezwaar te zien","title":"te kunnen rekenen + om ... te zien","body":"te kunnen rekenen is a stacked te-infinitive ('to be able to rely'); the purpose om ... te zien ('to see no objection') closes with a second te-infinitive. geen bezwaar negates the indefinite."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects this sentence to the preceding account","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of aanging in the topic construction wat ... aanging","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"voorts","lemma":"voorts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanging","gloss":"furthermore"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner marking the nominalized infinitive ontblooten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gedeeltelyk","lemma":"gedeeltelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nominalized ontblooten","gloss":"partially"},{"surface":"ontblooten","lemma":"ontbloten","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"direct object of aanging","gloss":"stripping"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaatsen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies plaatsen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"aanging","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the topic clause wat ... aanging","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"voornamelyk","lemma":"voornamelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontblooten","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mandhélingsche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Mandhélingsche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Mandhélingsche","lemma":"Mandhelings","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Mandhéling country"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying rekenen","gloss":"sufficiently"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitival complement kunnen rekenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of rekenen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"rekenen","lemma":"rekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of meende","gloss":"rely"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trouw","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of trouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of op","gloss":"loyalty"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanhankelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanhankelykheid","lemma":"aanhankelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second coordinated object of op","gloss":"devotion"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Jang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of the proper name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"middle element of the proper name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"final element of the proper name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voornaamste","lemma":"voornaam","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies hoofd","gloss":"foremost"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Battahlanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Battahlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Battahlanden","lemma":"Batakland","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"Battah lands"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause om ... te zien","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"hierin","lemma":"hierin","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of zien","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezwaar","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"bezwaar","lemma":"bezwaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the infinitive clause introduced by om","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h14-s13","source":"Met weerzin gaf de Regeeringskommissaris toe, en wel op de herhaalde betuigingen van den generaal dat hy persoonlijk zich tot borg stelde voor Jang di Pertoean's trouw.","translation":"With reluctance the Government Commissioner gave way, and only on the general's repeated assurances that he stood surety personally for Jang di Pertoean's loyalty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Met weerzin gaf de Regeeringskommissaris toe","title":"Fronted phrase + separable toegeven","body":"Fronting Met weerzin ('with reluctance') inverts the verb (gaf ... toe). toegeven is separable, 'to give in, yield'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy persoonlijk zich tot borg stelde voor Jang di Pertoean's trouw","title":"Reflexive idiom zich tot borg stellen","body":"zich tot borg stellen ('to stand surety, vouch') is a reflexive construction. The dat-clause is subordinate, so stelde goes to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weerzin","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"weerzin","lemma":"weerzin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gaf","gloss":"reluctance"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb gaf ... toe","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeeringskommissaris","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeeringskommissaris","lemma":"regeringscommissaris","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gaf ... toe","gloss":"Government Commissioner"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of gaf ... toe, supplying the contextual sense ‘gave way’","gloss":"gave way"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the specifying phrase en wel","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb in the phrase en wel","gloss":"specifically"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betuigingen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betuigingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"herhaalde","lemma":"herhaald","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies betuigingen","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"betuigingen","lemma":"betuiging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"assurances"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking generaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historically inflected","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor/source of betuigingen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of stelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"persoonlijk","lemma":"persoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stelde","gloss":"personally"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of stelde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement borg","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"borg","lemma":"borg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement in zich tot borg stellen","gloss":"surety","note":"Zich tot borg stellen means ‘to stand surety’ or personally guarantee someone’s loyalty."},{"surface":"stelde","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trouw","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of the possessor name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"middle element of the possessor name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean's","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"final, possessive element of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Pertoean's"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor; possessed by Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"loyalty"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h14-s14","source":"Nu was de kontroleur die vóór my de afdeeling Natal bestuurde, de schoonzoon van den adsistent-resident in de Battahlanden, welke ambtenaar met Jang di Pertoean in onmin leefde.","translation":"Now the controller who governed the Natal division before me was the son-in-law of the assistant-resident in the Battah lands, an official who was on bad terms with Jang di Pertoean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nu was de kontroleur die vóór my de afdeeling Natal bestuurde, de schoonzoon ...","title":"Relative die + verb-final bestuurde","body":"die opens the relative clause ('who governed Natal before me'), pushing bestuurde to the end. The main clause links subject and predicate noun de schoonzoon ('the son-in-law')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying was","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"main copula linking kontroleur and schoonzoon","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bestuurde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in the temporal phrase vóór mij","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, first person singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bestuurde","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"specifies afdeeling","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"bestuurde","lemma":"besturen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on kontroleur","gloss":"governed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schoonzoon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoonzoon","lemma":"schoonzoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"son in law"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of schoonzoon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historically inflected","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Battahlanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Battahlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Battahlanden","lemma":"Batakland","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"Battah lands"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative determiner","role":"relative determiner of ambtenaar; refers to adsistent-resident","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of leefde","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Jang","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of the proper name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"middle element of the proper name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"final element of the proper name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in onmin leven met","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"onmin","lemma":"onmin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement in the idiom in onmin leven met","gloss":"bad terms","note":"In onmin leven met means ‘to be on bad terms with’ someone."},{"surface":"leefde","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on ambtenaar","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h14-s15","source":"Later heb ik veel hooren spreken van klachten die tegen dien adsistent-resident waren ingebracht, doch men moest voorzichtig wezen met geloof-slaan aan deze beschuldigingen, omdat ze grootendeels uit den mond kwamen van Jang di Pertoean, en wel op een oogenblik toen deze zelf van veel zwaarder vergrypen was aangeklaagd, hetgeen hem misschien noopte zyn verdediging te zoeken in de fouten van zyn beschuldiger ... wat meer gebeurt.","translation":"Later I heard much talk of complaints that had been brought against that assistant-resident, yet one had to be cautious in giving credence to these accusations, since they came largely from the mouth of Jang di Pertoean, and at a moment, moreover, when he himself stood accused of far graver offenses, which perhaps prompted him to seek his own defense in the faults of his accuser ... as happens often enough.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"men moest voorzichtig wezen met geloof-slaan aan deze beschuldigingen","title":"Modal moest + archaic infinitive wezen","body":"moest ... wezen ('had to be') uses modal moeten with wezen, the older infinitive of zijn. geloof slaan aan = 'to give credence to'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op een oogenblik toen deze zelf van veel zwaarder vergrypen was aangeklaagd","title":"toen + pluperfect passive","body":"toen subordinates ('when'); was aangeklaagd is a pluperfect passive ('had been accused'). zwaarder ... vergrypen = 'graver offences' (comparative)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of hooren","gloss":"Later"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hooren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of hooren","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of heb","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hooren","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klachten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"klachten","lemma":"klacht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of spreken","gloss":"complaints"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of passive ingebracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adsistent-resident","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of ingebracht","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ingebracht","lemma":"inbrengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in relative clause on klachten","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"voorzichtig","lemma":"voorzichtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"cautious"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geloof-slaan","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"geloof-slaan","lemma":"geloof slaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"object of met; governs aan beschuldigingen","gloss":"giving credence","note":"Geloof slaan aan means “give credence to.”"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschuldigingen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschuldigingen","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"beschuldigingen","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"accusations"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwamen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of kwamen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"grootendeels","lemma":"grotendeels","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of kwamen","gloss":"largely","note":"Grootendeels is an older spelling of grotendeels."},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mond","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of mond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mond","lemma":"mond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of omdat-clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links op een oogenblik to the preceding explanation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic adverb in en wel","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aangeklaagd","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of passive aangeklaagd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"emphasizes deze","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vergrypen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zwaarder","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"zwaarder","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies vergrypen","gloss":"graver"},{"surface":"vergrypen","lemma":"vergrijp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"offenses","note":"Vergrypen uses the older spelling y for modern ij."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of aangeklaagd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aangeklaagd","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in temporal clause","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of noopte","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of noopte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noopte","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"noopte","lemma":"nopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"prompted"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verdediging","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verdediging","lemma":"verdediging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zoeken","gloss":"defense"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of noopte","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fouten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fouten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fouten","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"faults"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschuldiger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of beschuldiger","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"beschuldiger","lemma":"beschuldiger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor complement of fouten","gloss":"accuser"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of gebeurt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of gebeurt","gloss":"more often"},{"surface":"gebeurt","lemma":"gebeuren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical relative clause","gloss":"happens"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h14-s16","source":"Hoe dit zy, de gezaghebber van Natal omhelsde de party van zyn schoonvader tegen Jang di Pertoean, en dit te vuriger misschien omdat die kontroleur zeer bevriend was met zekeren Soetan Salim, een natalsch Hoofd dat ook zeer op den battakschen chef gebeten was.","translation":"However that may be, the chief officer of Natal embraced the cause of his father-in-law against Jang di Pertoean, and the more ardently perhaps because that controller was on very friendly terms with a certain Soetan Salim, a Natal chief who was likewise much incensed against the Battah chief.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omhelsde de party van zyn schoonvader ... en dit te vuriger misschien omdat ...","title":"te vuriger (the more ardently)","body":"te + comparative (te vuriger) means 'all the more ardently'. The omdat-clause that follows gives the reason, with bevriend was at its end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative adverb in concessive clause","gloss":"However"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zij","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of concessive clause","gloss":"may be","note":"Zy is the historical spelling of zij and here a fossilized subjunctive: “may be.”"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezaghebber","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gezaghebber","lemma":"gezaghebber","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of omhelsde","gloss":"chief officer"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"omhelsde","lemma":"omhelzen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"embraced"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of party","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"party","lemma":"partij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of omhelsde","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoonvader","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of schoonvader","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schoonvader","lemma":"schoonvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor complement of party","gloss":"father-in-law"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Jang","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"resumptive pronoun referring to the manner of omhelsde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"forms comparative construction te vuriger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vuriger","lemma":"vurig","morphology":"adjective, comparative, adverbial","role":"adverbial modifier of omhelsde","gloss":"more ardently"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vuriger","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bevriend","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevriend","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"bevriend","lemma":"bevriend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"friendly"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to bevriend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zekeren","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zekeren","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"indefinite determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Soetan Salim","gloss":"a certain","note":"Zekeren is an older inflected form of zeker."},{"surface":"Soetan","lemma":"Soetan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of met","gloss":"Soetan"},{"surface":"Salim","lemma":"Salim","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Soetan","gloss":"Salim"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"natalsch","lemma":"Natals","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Hoofd","gloss":"Natal","note":"Natalsch is an older spelling of Natals."},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to Soetan","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of gebeten","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of gebeten","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governed by gebeten","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of chef","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"battakschen","lemma":"Bataks","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular","role":"modifies chef","gloss":"Battah","note":"Battakschen is the older inflected spelling of modern Batakse."},{"surface":"chef","lemma":"chef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"gebeten","lemma":"bijten","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"incensed","note":"Op iemand gebeten zijn means “to be incensed against someone.”"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dat to gebeten","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h14-s17","source":"Sedert lang heerschte er een veete tusschen de familien dezer beide hoofden. Er waren huwelyksvoorstellen afgeslagen, er bestond yverzucht over invloed, trots aan den kant van Jang di Pertoean die van beter geboorte was, en meer andere oorzaken nog liepen samen om Natal en Mandhéling tegen elkander opgezet te houden.","translation":"A feud had long reigned between the families of these two chiefs. Marriage proposals had been refused, there was jealousy over influence, pride on the part of Jang di Pertoean, who was of better birth, and still other causes ran together to keep Natal and Mandhéling set against each other.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sedert lang heerschte er een veete tusschen de familien dezer beide hoofden","title":"Existential er + genitive dezer","body":"heerschte er ('there reigned') is existential, with fronted Sedert lang forcing inversion. dezer beide hoofden is the inflected genitive demonstrative, 'of these two chiefs'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Jang di Pertoean die van beter geboorte was","title":"Comparative beter + relative die","body":"van beter geboorte ('of better birth') uses the comparative beter; the die-relative closes verb-final on was. The pride of higher birth is one root of the feud."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in temporal phrase sedert lang","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of sedert","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"heerschte","lemma":"heersen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reigned"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive introducing subject veete","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of veete","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"veete","lemma":"vete","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heerschte","gloss":"feud","note":"Veete is an older spelling of vete."},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking familien","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familien","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tusschen","gloss":"families","note":"Familien is the older unaccented spelling of familiën."},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of familien","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive introducing subject huwelyksvoorstellen","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of afgeslagen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"huwelyksvoorstellen","lemma":"huwelijksvoorstel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive afgeslagen","gloss":"marriage proposals","note":"Huwelyksvoorstellen uses the older spelling y for modern ij."},{"surface":"afgeslagen","lemma":"afslaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive introducing subject yverzucht","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"bestond","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parallel clause to afgeslagen","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"yverzucht","lemma":"ijverzucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bestond","gloss":"jealousy","note":"Yverzucht uses the older spelling y for modern ij."},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking invloed","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"trots","lemma":"trots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptically coordinated subject with yverzucht","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in phrase aan den kant van","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of kant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Jang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geboorte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies geboorte","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"geboorte","lemma":"geboorte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; predicative complement of was","gloss":"birth"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die to van beter geboorte","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies andere oorzaken","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oorzaken","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of liepen","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of meer andere","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"liepen","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"samen","lemma":"samen","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of liepen","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive houden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Mandhéling","lemma":"Mandhéling","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Natal","gloss":"Mandheling"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elkander","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkander","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"opgezet","lemma":"opzetten","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"object complement of Natal and Mandhéling","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive houden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of liepen samen","gloss":"keep"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h14-s18","source":"Op-eenmaal verspreidde zich 't gerucht dat er in Mandhéling een komplot was ontdekt, waarin Jang di Pertoean zou betrokken wezen, en dat ten-doel had de heilige vaan des opstands uittesteken en alle Europeanen te vermoorden.","translation":"All at once the rumor spread that a plot had been uncovered in Mandhéling, in which Jang di Pertoean was supposedly implicated, and which aimed at raising the holy banner of revolt and murdering all the Europeans.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Op-eenmaal verspreidde zich 't gerucht dat er ... een komplot was ontdekt","title":"Reflexive zich verspreiden + pluperfect passive","body":"verspreidde zich ('spread itself') is reflexive, with fronted Op-eenmaal causing inversion. was ontdekt is a pluperfect passive ('had been uncovered') inside the dat-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ten-doel had de heilige vaan des opstands uittesteken","title":"Genitive des opstands + joined uittesteken","body":"des opstands is the masculine genitive ('of the revolt'). uittesteken writes te inside separable uitsteken (joined-infinitive 1860 spelling), 'to raise the banner'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op-eenmaal","lemma":"op eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of verspreidde","gloss":"All at once"},{"surface":"verspreidde","lemma":"verspreiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of verspreidde","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gerucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gerucht","lemma":"gerucht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of verspreidde","gloss":"rumor"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontdekt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive introducing subject komplot","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mandhéling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Mandhéling","lemma":"Mandhéling","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Mandheling"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of komplot","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"komplot","lemma":"complot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive ontdekt","gloss":"plot","note":"Komplot is a historical spelling of complot."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ontdekt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ontdekt","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in content clause","gloss":"uncovered"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of betrokken","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of betrokken","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of betrokken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"betrokken","lemma":"betrekken","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"implicated"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ten-doel","lemma":"ten doel","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"predicative complement in ten doel had","gloss":"as its aim","note":"Ten doel hebben means “to have as its aim.”"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated relative clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heilige","lemma":"heilig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vaan","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"vaan","lemma":"vaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uittesteken","gloss":"banner"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of opstands","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"opstands","lemma":"opstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of vaan","gloss":"revolt"},{"surface":"uittesteken","lemma":"uitsteken","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of ten doel had","gloss":"to raise","note":"Uittesteken is the historical closed spelling of uit te steken."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Europeanen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Europeanen","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of vermoorden","gloss":"Europeans"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vermoorden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vermoorden","lemma":"vermoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive complement of ten doel had","gloss":"murder"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h14-s19","source":"De eerste ontdekking hiervan had te Natal plaats gehad, wat natuurlyk is, daar men in nabyliggende provincien altyd beter van den stand der zaken onderricht wordt dan op de plaats zelf, dewyl velen die te-huis door vrees voor een betrokken Hoofd zich laten weerhouden van de openbaring eener hun bekende omstandigheid, die vrees eenigermate overwinnen zoodra ze zich op een grondgebied bevinden waar dat Hoofd geen invloed heeft.","translation":"The first discovery of this had taken place at Natal, which is natural, since in neighboring provinces one is always better informed of the state of affairs than on the spot itself, because many who at home are held back by fear of an implicated chief from disclosing some circumstance known to them, master that fear to some degree the moment they find themselves on a territory where that chief has no influence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar men in nabyliggende provincien altyd beter ... onderricht wordt","title":"Causal daar + worden-passive","body":"daar ('since') subordinates; onderricht wordt is a process passive ('one is informed'). beter is the comparative adverb. The clause explains why discoveries surface in neighbouring districts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"velen die ... zich laten weerhouden ... overwinnen die vrees ... zoodra ze zich ... bevinden","title":"Causative laten + reflexive zich","body":"zich laten weerhouden ('let themselves be held back') stacks reflexive zich + causative laten; zich bevinden ('find themselves') is also reflexive. dewyl ('because') opens the long causal frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontdekking","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies ontdekking","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ontdekking","lemma":"ontdekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had plaats gehad","gloss":"discovery"},{"surface":"hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies ontdekking","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of plaatsgehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of plaatsgehad","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"nominal part of plaats gehad","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial part of plaats gehad","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wat to natuurlijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of onderricht wordt","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of onderricht wordt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking provincien","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"nabyliggende","lemma":"nabijliggend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies provincien","gloss":"neighboring"},{"surface":"provincien","lemma":"provincie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of onderricht wordt","gloss":"provinces"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderricht wordt","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies onderricht","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stand","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of stand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stand","lemma":"stand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive form","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of stand","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"onderricht","lemma":"onderrichten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate with wordt","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of onderricht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces comparative phrase op de plaats zelf","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"emphasizes plaats","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"dewyl","lemma":"dewijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of overwinnen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of overwinnen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of laten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"te-huis","lemma":"thuis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laten weerhouden","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrees","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of door","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"betrokken","lemma":"betrekken","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"modifies Hoofd","gloss":"implicated"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of laten weerhouden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause on velen","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"weerhouden","lemma":"weerhouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laten","gloss":"be held back"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking openbaring","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of openbaring","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"openbaring","lemma":"openbaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"disclosure"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive form","role":"determiner of omstandigheid","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect complement of bekende","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"bekende","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies omstandigheid","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"omstandigheid","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of openbaring","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of vrees","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of overwinnen","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"eenigermate","lemma":"enigermate","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overwinnen","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"overwinnen","lemma":"overwinnen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of bevinden","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of bevinden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of bevinden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grondgebied","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grondgebied","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grondgebied","lemma":"grondgebied","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bevinden","gloss":"territory"},{"surface":"bevinden","lemma":"bevinden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of temporal clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"modifies heeft and refers to grondgebied","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on grondgebied","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h14-s20","source":"Dit is dan ook de reden, Verbrugge, waarom ik geen vreemdeling ben in de zaken van Lebak, en dat ik redelyk veel wist van wat hier omgaat, voor ik dacht hier ooit te zullen geplaatst worden.","translation":"This, then, is also the reason, Verbrugge, why I am no stranger to the affairs of Lebak, and why I knew a fair amount of what goes on here before I ever thought I would be posted here.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor ik dacht hier ooit te zullen geplaatst worden","title":"Future passive te zullen geplaatst worden","body":"te zullen geplaatst worden stacks a te-infinitive + future zullen + passive worden ('to be going to be posted') — a dense future-passive cluster typical of formal Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to reden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying is","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on reden","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vreemdeling","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"vreemdeling","lemma":"vreemdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to vreemdeling","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause coordinated with waarom-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"redelyk","lemma":"redelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"fairly","note":"Redelyk is the nineteenth-century spelling of redelijk."},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of clause coordinated with waarom-clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing complement of wist","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of omgaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omgaat","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"omgaat","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of embedded clause","gloss":"goes on"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of dacht","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on wist","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geplaatst","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geplaatst","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geplaatst worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of geplaatst","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"geplaatst","lemma":"plaatsen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive infinitive","gloss":"posted"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive infinitive complement of zullen","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h14-s21","source":"Ik was in 1846 in 't Krawangsche, en heb veel rondgedwaald in de Preanger waar ik reeds in 1840 Lebaksche uitgewekenen ontmoette.","translation":"In 1846 I was in the Krawang country, and I roamed widely through the Preanger, where as early as 1840 I had met émigrés from Lebak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb veel rondgedwaald ... waar ik reeds in 1840 Lebaksche uitgewekenen ontmoette","title":"Perfect rondgedwaald + imperfect ontmoette","body":"heb ... rondgedwaald is the perfect of separable ronddwalen ('roamed about'); the waar-relative shifts to the narrative imperfect ontmoette ('met'). Mixing tenses is natural in such recollection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 1846","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 't","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of Krawangsche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Krawangsche","lemma":"Krawangs","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"Krawang country","note":"Het Krawangsche is an older regional expression meaning the Krawang country."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of rondgedwaald","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rondgedwaald","gloss":"widely"},{"surface":"rondgedwaald","lemma":"ronddwalen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated predicate with was","gloss":"roamed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Preanger","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Preanger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Preanger","lemma":"Preanger","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"Preanger"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontmoette","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontmoette","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontmoette","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 1840","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uitgewekenen","gloss":"from Lebak"},{"surface":"uitgewekenen","lemma":"uitgewekene","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of ontmoette","gloss":"émigrés"},{"surface":"ontmoette","lemma":"ontmoeten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on Preanger","gloss":"met"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h14-s22","source":"Ook ben ik bekend met sommige eigenaren van partikuliere landen in 't Buitenzorgsche en in de Bataviasche ommelanden, en ik weet hoe van-oudsher die landheeren verheugd zyn over den slechten toestand dezer Afdeeling, omdat dit hun landeryen bevolkt.","translation":"I am also acquainted with some of the owners of private estates in the Buitenzorg country and in the lands around Batavia, and I know how those landlords have from of old rejoiced over the wretched condition of this division, because it peoples their estates.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik weet hoe van-oudsher die landheeren verheugd zyn ... omdat dit hun landeryen bevolkt","title":"Indirect question hoe + causal omdat","body":"hoe opens an indirect question (verheugd zyn at its end, a state passive 'are gladdened'); omdat then gives the cause (bevolkt at its end). hun is the possessive 'their'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekend","gloss":"Also"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to bekend","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bekend","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"acquainted"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eigenaren","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eigenaren","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"eigenaren","lemma":"eigenaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"owners"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"partikuliere","lemma":"particulier","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies landen","gloss":"private","note":"Partikuliere is an older spelling of particuliere."},{"surface":"landen","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"estates"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Buitenzorgsche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Buitenzorgsche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Buitenzorgsche","lemma":"Buitenzorgs","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"Buitenzorg country","note":"Het Buitenzorgsche means the Buitenzorg country."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ommelanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ommelanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bataviasche","lemma":"Batavias","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ommelanden","gloss":"Batavian"},{"surface":"ommelanden","lemma":"ommeland","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"surrounding lands"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb coordinated with ben","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb introducing an embedded clause","role":"introduces complement clause of weet","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"van-oudsher","lemma":"van oudsher","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verheugd zijn","gloss":"from of old"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landheeren","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"landheeren","lemma":"landheer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"landlords"},{"surface":"verheugd","lemma":"verheugd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"delighted"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking landheeren to verheugd","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toestand","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of toestand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slechten","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies toestand","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of over","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive form","role":"determiner of Afdeeling","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of toestand","gloss":"Division"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bevolkt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bevolkt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of landeryen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"landeryen","lemma":"landerij","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bevolkt","gloss":"estates","note":"Landeryen is the nineteenth-century spelling of landerijen."},{"surface":"bevolkt","lemma":"bevolken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of causal clause","gloss":"peoples"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h14-s23","source":"Zóó ook zou dan te Natal de samenzwering ontdekt wezen, die--als ze bestaan heeft, wat ik niet weet--Jang di Pertoean deed kennen als verrader.","translation":"So too, then, the conspiracy was said to have been uncovered at Natal which — if it ever existed, which I do not know — exposed Jang di Pertoean as a traitor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zóó ook zou dan ... de samenzwering ontdekt wezen","title":"Conditional passive zou ... ontdekt wezen","body":"zou ... ontdekt wezen is a conditional/reported passive ('was said to have been uncovered'), wezen the archaic infinitive of zijn. Fronting Zóó ook forces inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... Jang di Pertoean deed kennen als verrader","title":"Causative deed kennen","body":"deed kennen ('made known, exposed') is causative doen + bare infinitive in the imperfect. The relative die heads the clause referring to de samenzwering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontdekt wezen","gloss":"Thus"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontdekt","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontdekt","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontdekt","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of ontdekt wezen","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of samenzwering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"samenzwering","lemma":"samenzwering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ontdekt wezen","gloss":"conspiracy"},{"surface":"ontdekt","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive infinitive","gloss":"uncovered"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"have been","note":"Wezen is used here as an infinitive of zijn."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of deed kennen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bestaan","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bestaan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle complement of heeft","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bestaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of parenthetical relative clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of deed kennen","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on samenzwering","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of deed","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object complement verrader","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"verrader","lemma":"verrader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"a traitor"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h14-s24","source":"Volgens door den kontroleur van Natal afgenomen verklaringen van getuigen, zou hy gezamenlyk met zyn broeder Soetan Adam de battaksche Hoofden hebben doen verzamelen in een heilig bosch waarin zy zouden gezworen hebben niet te rusten voor 't gezag der \"christenhonden\" in Mandhéling vernietigd was.","translation":"According to depositions of witnesses taken down by the controller of Natal, he was said, together with his brother Soetan Adam, to have gathered the Battah chiefs in a sacred grove, where they were supposed to have sworn not to rest until the authority of the \"Christian dogs\" in Mandhéling was destroyed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou hy ... de battaksche Hoofden hebben doen verzamelen in een heilig bosch","title":"Conditional perfect + causative doen verzamelen","body":"zou ... hebben doen verzamelen is a reported conditional perfect with causative doen ('was said to have had the chiefs gathered'). The whole reports an accusation, not a fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarin zy zouden gezworen hebben niet te rusten voor 't gezag ... vernietigd was","title":"Reported zou + pre-temporal voor","body":"zouden gezworen hebben is reported conditional perfect ('were supposed to have sworn'); voor ('before') subordinates the clause closing on vernietigd was (pluperfect passive). niet te rusten = 'not to rest'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Volgens","lemma":"volgens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing verklaringen","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of afgenomen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door; agent of afgenomen","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing Natal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies kontroleur","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"afgenomen","lemma":"afnemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies verklaringen","gloss":"taken down"},{"surface":"verklaringen","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of volgens","gloss":"depositions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing getuigen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"modifies verklaringen","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"reportative auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"was said to"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hebben doen verzamelen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gezamenlyk","lemma":"gezamenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebben doen verzamelen","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing broeder","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of broeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"broeder","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Soetan","lemma":"Soetan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to broeder","gloss":"Soetan"},{"surface":"Adam","lemma":"Adam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Soetan Adam","gloss":"Adam"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"battaksche","lemma":"Bataks","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Hoofden","gloss":"Battah"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of doen and understood subject of verzamelen","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of doen verzamelen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hebben","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"verzamelen","lemma":"verzamelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of doen","gloss":"to gather"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing bosch","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bosch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heilig","lemma":"heilig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies bosch","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"bosch","lemma":"bos","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"grove"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying bosch","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zouden hebben gezworen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"reportative auxiliary of hebben gezworen","gloss":"were supposed to"},{"surface":"gezworen","lemma":"zweren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"sworn"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezworen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates rusten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive rusten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rusten","lemma":"rusten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"content complement of gezworen","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause with vernietigd was","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of gezag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of vernietigd was","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of christenhonden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"christenhonden","lemma":"christenhond","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive modifier of gezag","gloss":"Christian dogs"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing Mandhéling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Mandhéling","lemma":"Mandhéling","morphology":"proper noun","role":"locative modifier of gezag","gloss":"Mandhéling"},{"surface":"vernietigd","lemma":"vernietigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of passive temporal clause","gloss":"destroyed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vernietigd","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h14-s25","source":"Het spreekt vanzelf, dat hy hiertoe een ingeving van den hemel had ontvangen. Ge weet, dat dit by zulke gelegenheden nooit uitblyft.","translation":"It goes without saying that for this he had received an inspiration from heaven. You know that on such occasions this is never lacking.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het spreekt vanzelf, dat hy hiertoe een ingeving van den hemel had ontvangen","title":"Impersonal Het spreekt vanzelf","body":"Het spreekt vanzelf ('it goes without saying') is an impersonal-het idiom. hiertoe ('for this') is a pronominal adverb; had ontvangen is the pluperfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat dit by zulke gelegenheden nooit uitblyft","title":"Negative nooit + separable uitblijven","body":"nooit ('never') is the single negative word; uitblyft is separable uitblijven ('to fail to occur'). The dat-clause is subordinate, hence verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of spreekt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb in idiom spreekt vanzelf","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes idiom spreekt vanzelf","gloss":"for itself"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of spreekt vanzelf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had ontvangen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"purpose modifier of ontvangen","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ingeving","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ingeving","lemma":"ingeving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontvangen","gloss":"inspiration"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing hemel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of hemel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of ontvangen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of uitblijft","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing gelegenheden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of gelegenheden","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"gelegenheden","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"occasions"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitblijft","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"uitblyft","lemma":"uitblijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of object clause","gloss":"is lacking"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h14-s26","source":"Of nu inderdaad dit voornemen by Jang di Pertoean bestaan heeft, kan ik niet verzekeren. Ik heb de verklaringen der getuigen gelezen, doch ge zult terstond inzien waarom daaraan niet onvoorwaardelyk geloof mag worden geslagen.","translation":"Whether this design ever in fact existed in Jang di Pertoean's mind, I cannot affirm. I have read the witnesses' depositions, but you will see at once why no unconditional credence may be placed in them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ge zult terstond inzien waarom daaraan niet onvoorwaardelyk geloof mag worden geslagen","title":"Pronominal daaraan + worden-passive with modal","body":"daaraan ('to it') is a pronominal adverb. mag worden geslagen stacks modal mogen + passive worden ('may be placed'). geloof slaan aan = 'to give credence to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces interrogative object clause of verzekeren","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse and temporal modifier of bestaan heeft","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestaan heeft","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voornemen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bestaan heeft","gloss":"design"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of interrogative clause","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of bestaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of verzekeren","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of kan verzekeren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verzekeren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verzekeren","lemma":"verzekeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"affirm"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb gelezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verklaringen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verklaringen","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"depositions"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of getuigen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive modifier of verklaringen","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zult inzien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of inzien","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inzien","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"inzien","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces object clause of inzien","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of geloof slaan","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates mag worden geslagen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"onvoorwaardelyk","lemma":"onvoorwaardelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geloof slaan","gloss":"unconditionally"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive mag worden geslagen","gloss":"credence"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden geslagen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geslagen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb in idiom geloof slaan aan","gloss":"placed"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h14-s27","source":"Zéker is 't dat de man, wat zyn islamsche dweepzucht aangaat, wel tot zoo-iets kan in-staat geweest zyn.","translation":"Certain it is that the man, so far as his Islamic fanaticism is concerned, may well have been capable of such a thing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat zyn islamsche dweepzucht aangaat, wel tot zoo-iets kan in-staat geweest zyn","title":"Modal kan + pluperfect infinitive","body":"kan ... in-staat geweest zyn ('may have been capable') stacks modal kunnen with a perfect infinitive. wat ... aangaat = 'as far as ... is concerned'. Zéker is 't fronts the predicate for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zéker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links 't to Zéker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular, elided","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kan geweest zijn","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"object of aangaat in parenthetical clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of dweepzucht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"islamsche","lemma":"islams","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dweepzucht","gloss":"Islamic"},{"surface":"dweepzucht","lemma":"dweepzucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"fanaticism"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause wat ... aangaat","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes possibility expressed by kan","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing zoo-iets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of tot in tot ... in staat","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geweest zijn","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"in-staat","lemma":"in staat","morphology":"adjective phrase, predicative","role":"subject complement of geweest zijn","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"perfect participle in geweest zijn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h14-s28","source":"Hy was, met de geheele battaksche bevolking, eerst kort te voren door de Padries overgehaald tot het ware geloof, en nieuwbekeerden zyn gewoonlyk fanatiek.","translation":"He had, along with the whole Battah population, only shortly before been won over to the true faith by the Padris, and the newly converted are usually fanatical.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was ... eerst kort te voren door de Padries overgehaald tot het ware geloof","title":"Pluperfect passive + separable overhalen","body":"was ... overgehaald is a pluperfect passive ('had been won over'); overhalen is separable, agent marked by door. eerst kort te voren = 'only shortly before'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was overgehaald","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of overgehaald","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing bevolking","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheele","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"battaksche","lemma":"Bataks","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"Battah"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of kort te voren","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te voren","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition, part of fixed phrase","role":"part of te voren","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"voren","lemma":"voren","morphology":"adverb, part of fixed phrase","role":"part of te voren","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of overgehaald","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Padries","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Padries","lemma":"Padrie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"agent of overgehaald","gloss":"Padris"},{"surface":"overgehaald","lemma":"overhalen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"won over"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing geloof","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geloof","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nieuwbekeerden","lemma":"nieuwbekeerde","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"new converts"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"links nieuwbekeerden to fanatiek","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zijn fanatiek","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"fanatiek","lemma":"fanatiek","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of zijn","gloss":"fanatical"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h14-s29","source":"Het gevolg van die ware of vermeende ontdekking was dat Jang di Pertoean door den adsistent-resident van Mandhéling, werd gevangen genomen en naar Natal gezonden. Hier sloot de kontroleur hem voorloopig in 't fort op, en liet hy hem met de eerste geschikte scheepsgelegenheid gevankelyk naar Padang, vervoeren.","translation":"The consequence of that true or supposed discovery was that Jang di Pertoean was taken prisoner by the assistant-resident of Mandhéling and sent to Natal. Here the controller shut him up provisionally in the fort, and had him conveyed in custody to Padang by the first suitable opportunity by sea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"werd ... door den adsistent-resident ... gevangen genomen en naar Natal gezonden","title":"worden-passive, two participles","body":"werd ... gevangen genomen ... en gezonden is a process passive in the imperfect, the agent in den adsistent-resident (accusative -n). Two past participles share the one auxiliary werd."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"liet hy hem ... gevankelyk naar Padang, vervoeren","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"liet ... vervoeren is causative laten ('had him conveyed') with the bare infinitive at the end. gevankelyk ('in custody') is an archaic adverb. Padang is the west-coast capital."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing ontdekking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontdekking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ontdekking","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links ware and vermeende","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"vermeende","lemma":"vermeend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ontdekking","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"ontdekking","lemma":"ontdekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"discovery"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links gevolg to subject clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of werd genomen and gezonden","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of genomen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door; agent of genomen","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing Mandhéling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Mandhéling","lemma":"Mandhéling","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"Mandhéling"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of genomen and gezonden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gevangen","lemma":"gevangen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"result complement in gevangen genomen","gloss":"prisoner"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first passive main verb","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links genomen and gezonden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing Natal","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"gezonden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"second passive main verb","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"Hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of sloot op","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"sloot","lemma":"sluiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable sloot ... op","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sloot op","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of sloot op","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"voorloopig","lemma":"voorlopig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sloot op","gloss":"provisionally"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing fort","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of fort","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fort","lemma":"fort","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"fort"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of sloot ... op","gloss":"confined"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links sloot op and liet vervoeren","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"causative verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of liet vervoeren","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of liet and understood object of vervoeren","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing scheepsgelegenheid","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of scheepsgelegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, inflected","role":"modifies scheepsgelegenheid","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"geschikte","lemma":"geschikt","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies scheepsgelegenheid","gloss":"suitable"},{"surface":"scheepsgelegenheid","lemma":"scheepsgelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"opportunity by sea"},{"surface":"gevankelyk","lemma":"gevankelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vervoeren","gloss":"in custody"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing Padang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"vervoeren","lemma":"vervoeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of liet","gloss":"conveyed"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h14-s30","source":"Het spreekt vanzelf dat men den Gouverneur al de stukken aanbood, waarin de zoo bezwarende getuigenissen waren opgenomen, en die de strengheid van de genomen maatregelen moesten wettigen. Onze Jang di Pertoean was dus van Mandhéling, vertrokken als een gevangene.","translation":"It goes without saying that all the documents in which the so incriminating testimonies were recorded, and which had to justify the severity of the measures taken, were laid before the Governor. Our Jang di Pertoean thus departed from Mandhéling as a prisoner.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men den Gouverneur al de stukken aanbood, waarin de ... getuigenissen waren opgenomen","title":"Imperfect aanbood + pluperfect passive","body":"aanbood is the strong simple past of separable aanbieden ('offered, laid before'); waren opgenomen is a pluperfect passive ('had been recorded') in the relative clause. den Gouverneur keeps the accusative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die de strengheid van de genomen maatregelen moesten wettigen","title":"Modal moesten + past participle as adjective","body":"moesten wettigen ('had to justify') is modal moeten + bare infinitive. genomen is a past participle used attributively, 'the measures taken'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with spreekt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms the idiom spreekt vanzelf","gloss":"for itself","note":"Spreekt vanzelf is an idiom meaning “goes without saying.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aanbood","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aanbood","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of aanbood","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"quantifies de stukken","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aanbood","gloss":"documents"},{"surface":"aanbood","lemma":"aanbieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of opgenomen; refers to stukken","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of getuigenissen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezwarende","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"bezwarende","lemma":"bezwarend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies getuigenissen","gloss":"incriminating"},{"surface":"getuigenissen","lemma":"getuigenis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren opgenomen","gloss":"testimonies"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of opgenomen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"opgenomen","lemma":"opnemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle in relative clause on stukken","gloss":"recorded"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of moesten wettigen; refers to stukken","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of strengheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"strengheid","lemma":"strengheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wettigen","gloss":"severity"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maatregelen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maatregelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies maatregelen","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"maatregelen","lemma":"maatregel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"measures"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of wettigen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"wettigen","lemma":"wettigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moesten","gloss":"justify"},{"surface":"Onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun, part of a title","role":"part of subject Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun, part of a title","role":"part of subject Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"is made"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun, part of a title","role":"part of subject Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Ruler"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of vertrokken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was vertrokken","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mandhéling","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Mandhéling","lemma":"Mandhéling","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Mandheling"},{"surface":"vertrokken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary was","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement gevangene","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevangene","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevangene","lemma":"gevangene","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of vertrokken","gloss":"prisoner"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h14-s31","source":"Te Natal was hy gevangen. Aan-boord van 't oorlogsvaartuig dat hem overvoerde, was hy ook natuurlyk een gevangene.","translation":"At Natal he was a prisoner. Aboard the man-of-war that carried him over, he was naturally a prisoner as well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s31.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of Te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to gevangen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gevangen","lemma":"gevangen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"captive"},{"surface":"Aan-boord","lemma":"aan boord","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"locative modifier of was","gloss":"aboard"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorlogsvaartuig","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of oorlogsvaartuig","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorlogsvaartuig","lemma":"oorlogsvaartuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"man-of-war"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of overvoerde; refers to oorlogsvaartuig","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of overvoerde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"overvoerde","lemma":"overvoeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on oorlogsvaartuig","gloss":"carried over"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to gevangene","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the predication was een gevangene","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was een gevangene","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevangene","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevangene","lemma":"gevangene","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"prisoner"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h14-s32","source":"Hy verwachtte dus--schuldig of niet, dit doet niets tot de zaak, daar hy in wettigen vorm en door bevoegde autoriteit was beschuldigd van hoogverraad--ook te Padang, als een gevangene te zullen aankomen.","translation":"He therefore expected — guilty or not, that has nothing to do with the matter, since he had in lawful form and by a competent authority been accused of high treason — to arrive at Padang as a prisoner too.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy verwachtte dus ... ook te Padang, als een gevangene te zullen aankomen","title":"te zullen aankomen (future te-infinitive)","body":"te zullen aankomen embeds the future zullen inside a te-infinitive governed by verwachtte ('expected to arrive'). The inserted dash-clause holds the legal qualification."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar hy in wettigen vorm en door bevoegde autoriteit was beschuldigd van hoogverraad","title":"Causal daar + pluperfect passive","body":"daar ('since') subordinates; was beschuldigd is a pluperfect passive ('had been accused'), agent by door bevoegde autoriteit. wettigen vorm shows the old accusative -n."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of verwachtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verwachtte","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwachtte","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"elliptical predicative adjective: schuldig of niet","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates elliptical schuldig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object in idiom doet niets tot de zaak","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom doet niets tot de zaak","gloss":"to","note":"Niets tot de zaak doen means “to have nothing to do with the matter.”"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of beschuldigd","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was beschuldigd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vorm","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"wettigen","lemma":"wettig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vorm","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"vorm","lemma":"vorm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking autoriteit","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"bevoegde","lemma":"bevoegd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies autoriteit","gloss":"competent"},{"surface":"autoriteit","lemma":"autoriteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of beschuldigd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"beschuldigd","lemma":"beschuldigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle with auxiliary was","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoogverraad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hoogverraad","lemma":"hoogverraad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of beschuldigd","gloss":"high treason"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te zullen aankomen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement gevangene","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevangene","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevangene","lemma":"gevangene","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of aankomen","gloss":"prisoner"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitival clause zullen aankomen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of aankomen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"aankomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verwachtte","gloss":"arrive"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h14-s33","source":"Wèl moet hy dus zeer verwonderd hebben gestaan, by de ontscheping te vernemen dat hy vry was niet alleen, maar dat de generaal, wiens rytuig hem by 't aan wal stappen opwachtte, het zich tot een eer rekenen zou hem by zich aan huis te ontvangen en te herbergen. Zeker is nooit een van hoogverraad beschuldigde aangenamer verrast geworden.","translation":"He must indeed have stood greatly astonished, on disembarking, to learn not only that he was free, but that the general, whose carriage awaited him as he stepped ashore, would count it an honor to receive and lodge him in his own house. Surely no man accused of high treason was ever more agreeably surprised.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wèl moet hy dus zeer verwonderd hebben gestaan","title":"Modal moet + perfect infinitive (inference)","body":"moet ... hebben gestaan ('must have stood') is modal moeten with a perfect infinitive, expressing inference. Fronting Wèl triggers inversion of subject and verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het zich tot een eer rekenen zou hem ... te ontvangen en te herbergen","title":"Reflexive idiom + conditional + te-infinitive","body":"het zich tot een eer rekenen ('to count it an honour') is reflexive; rekenen zou is conditional, governing the te-infinitives te ontvangen en te herbergen. wiens is the genitive relative 'whose'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes moet","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestaan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gestaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestaan","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwonderd","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"verwonderd","lemma":"verwonderd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of gestaan","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gestaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gestaan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by moet hebben","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontscheping","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontscheping","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontscheping","lemma":"ontscheping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"disembarkation"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces vernemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vernemen","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verwonderd gestaan","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vry","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to vry","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alleen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vry","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated clause of zou rekenen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou rekenen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"wiens","lemma":"wie","morphology":"possessive relative determiner","role":"determiner of rytuig","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"rytuig","lemma":"rijtuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of opwachtte","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of opwachtte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal phrase bij het aan wal stappen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, elided","role":"nominalizes stappen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of directional phrase aan wal","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wal","lemma":"wal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"stappen","lemma":"stappen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"stepping"},{"surface":"opwachtte","lemma":"opwachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on rytuig","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory direct object of rekenen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, dative","role":"reflexive indirect object of rekenen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eer","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of rekenen","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"rekenen","lemma":"rekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of rekenen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ontvangen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces phrase bij zich","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of locative phrase aan huis","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces ontvangen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement expressing what counts as an honor","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces herbergen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"herbergen","lemma":"herbergen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with ontvangen","gloss":"lodge"},{"surface":"Zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the whole sentence","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is verrast geworden","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschuldigde","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoogverraad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hoogverraad","lemma":"hoogverraad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"high treason"},{"surface":"beschuldigde","lemma":"beschuldigen","morphology":"adjective, past participial, nominalized, singular","role":"head of subject noun phrase","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"aangenamer","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective, comparative, adverbial use","role":"modifies verrast","gloss":"more agreeably"},{"surface":"verrast","lemma":"verrassen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle with is geworden","gloss":"surprised"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past participle","role":"forms perfect passive with is and verrast","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h14-s34","source":"Kort hierop werd de adsistent-resident van Mandhéling, in zyn betrekking geschorst wegens allerlei vergrypen die ik hier niet beoordeel. Jang di Pertoean echter, na op Padang, eenigen tyd ten-huize van den generaal te hebben vertoefd, en na door dezen met de meeste onderscheiding te zyn behandeld, keerde over Natal naar Mandhéling terug, niet met het zelfgevoel van den onschuldig- verklaarde, maar met den trots van iemand die zóó hoog staat dat hy geen verklaring van onschuld noodig heeft.","translation":"Shortly after this the assistant-resident of Mandhéling was suspended from his post on account of all manner of offenses which I do not here judge. Jang di Pertoean, however, after lodging some time at Padang in the general's house, and after being treated by him with the utmost distinction, returned by way of Natal to Mandhéling, not with the self-assurance of a man declared innocent, but with the pride of one who stands so high that he needs no declaration of innocence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"na ... ten-huize van den generaal te hebben vertoefd, en na ... met de meeste onderscheiding te zyn behandeld","title":"na + perfect te-infinitive","body":"na te hebben vertoefd ('after having stayed') and na te zyn behandeld ('after being treated') are perfect te-infinitives after na. te zyn behandeld is also passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet met het zelfgevoel van den onschuldig-verklaarde, maar met den trots van iemand die zóó hoog staat","title":"niet ... maar + accusative den","body":"The niet ... maar correlative contrasts self-assurance with pride; den trots and den onschuldig-verklaarde carry the masculine accusative -n. The die-relative closes on staat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hierop","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of geschorst","gloss":"after this"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geschorst","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive geschorst","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mandhéling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Mandhéling","lemma":"Mandhéling","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Mandhéling"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betrekking","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of betrekking","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"geschorst","lemma":"schorsen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"wegens","lemma":"wegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vergrypen","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"allerlei","lemma":"allerlei","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vergrypen","gloss":"all manner of"},{"surface":"vergrypen","lemma":"vergrijp","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of wegens","gloss":"offenses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of beoordeel","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beoordeel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beoordeel","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beoordeel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beoordeel","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying vergrypen","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of keerde","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies keerde","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces perfect infinitive clause headed by vertoefd","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"duration modifier of vertoefd","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ten-huize","lemma":"ten huize","morphology":"adverbial prepositional phrase","role":"location modifier of vertoefd","gloss":"at the house","note":"Formal idiom meaning “at the house.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking generaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks perfect infinitive hebben vertoefd","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of vertoefd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"vertoefd","lemma":"vertoeven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"head of perfect infinitive clause introduced by na","gloss":"lodged"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces passive infinitive clause headed by behandeld","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agent dezen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, historical oblique form","role":"agent of behandeld","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderscheiding","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderscheiding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meeste","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies onderscheiding","gloss":"utmost"},{"surface":"onderscheiding","lemma":"onderscheiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"distinction"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks passive infinitive te zyn behandeld","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of behandeld","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"behandeld","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with vertoefd","gloss":"treated"},{"surface":"keerde","lemma":"keren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable terugkeren","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking route via Natal","gloss":"by way of"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of over","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mandhéling","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Mandhéling","lemma":"Mandhéling","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"Mandhéling"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of keerde ... terug","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the first met-phrase","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zelfgevoel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zelfgevoel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zelfgevoel","lemma":"zelfgevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of keerde","gloss":"self-assurance"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verklaarde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of substantivized verklaarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onschuldig","lemma":"onschuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement within onschuldig verklaarde","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"verklaarde","lemma":"verklaren","morphology":"past participle, substantivized, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"declared man","note":"De onschuldig verklaarde means “the man declared innocent.”"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trots","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of trots","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trots","lemma":"trots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoog","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of staat","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on iemand","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verklaring","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"verklaring","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"declaration"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onschuld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onschuld","lemma":"onschuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"innocence"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of heeft","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of result clause introduced by dat","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h14-s35","source":"Immers, onderzocht was de zaak niet! Aannemende dat men de tegen hem ingebrachte beschuldiging voor valsch hield, dan had reeds dit vermoeden een onderzoek vereischt, teneinde de valsche getuigen te straffen, en vooral hen die blyken zouden zoodanige valsheid te hebben uitgelokt.","translation":"For, after all, the matter had not been investigated! Granting that the accusation brought against him was held to be false, then this very suspicion already called for an inquiry, in order to punish the false witnesses, and above all those who might appear to have procured such falsehood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Aannemende dat men de ... beschuldiging voor valsch hield","title":"Present participle Aannemende","body":"Aannemende ('granting, assuming') is a present participle opening an absolute construction. The dat-clause that follows is its object, with hield verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan had reeds dit vermoeden een onderzoek vereischt, teneinde de valsche getuigen te straffen","title":"teneinde ... te (purpose)","body":"teneinde + te-infinitive ('in order to punish') is the formal, archaic equivalent of om ... te. had ... vereischt is the pluperfect ('would already have required')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderzocht","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"onderzocht","lemma":"onderzoeken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of passive was onderzocht","gloss":"investigated"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of onderzocht","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of onderzocht","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderzocht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Aannemende","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"supplementary participial clause governing dat","gloss":"granting"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hield","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschuldiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of ingebrachte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ingebrachte","lemma":"inbrengen","morphology":"past participle, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies beschuldiging","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on hield","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"valsch","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hield","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vereischt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner and emphatic modifier of vermoeden","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"vermoeden","lemma":"vermoeden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of vereischt","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vereischt","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"vereischt","lemma":"vereisen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary had","gloss":"required"},{"surface":"teneinde","lemma":"teneinde","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of straffen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of getuigen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"valsche","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies getuigen","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of straffen","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the clause of straffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"straffen","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause introduced by teneinde","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hen","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of straffen, coordinated with getuigen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of blyken","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"blyken","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zouden","gloss":"appear"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of blyken","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies valsheid","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"valsheid","lemma":"valsheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitgelokt","gloss":"falsehood"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks perfect infinitive hebben uitgelokt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of uitgelokt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"uitgelokt","lemma":"uitlokken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"perfect infinitive complement of blyken","gloss":"procured"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h14-s36","source":"Het schynt dat de generaal zyn redenen had om dit onderzoek niet te doen plaats hebben. De tegen Jang di Pertoean ingebrachte aanklacht werd beschouwd als non avenu, en ik houd voor zeker dat de daarop doelende stukken nooit onder de oogen der Regeering te Batavia gebracht zyn.","translation":"It seems that the general had his reasons for not letting this inquiry take place. The charge brought against Jang di Pertoean was treated as null and void, and I hold it for certain that the documents bearing on it never came before the eyes of the Government at Batavia.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het schynt dat de generaal zyn redenen had","title":"Impersonal Het schynt dat","body":"Het schynt dat ('it seems that') uses dummy het with a dat-complement — a classic impersonal construction. had is verb-final in the subordinate clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de daarop doelende stukken nooit onder de oogen der Regeering ... gebracht zyn","title":"Present participle doelende + genitive der","body":"daarop doelende ('bearing on it') is a present participle phrase; der Regeering is the feminine genitive 'of the Government'. gebracht zyn is a perfect passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with schynt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb governing dat-clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of redenen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"redenen","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose/complement infinitive clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement expressing the reason","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom plaats hebben","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"have","note":"Plaats hebben means “take place.”"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanklacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Jang","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of ingebrachte","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"ingebrachte","lemma":"inbrengen","morphology":"past participle, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies aanklacht","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"aanklacht","lemma":"aanklacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive beschouwd","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of beschouwd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"beschouwd","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"treated"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement non avenu","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"non","lemma":"non avenu","morphology":"French expression, first part","role":"first part of complement of beschouwd","gloss":"null","note":"French non avenu means “null and void.”"},{"surface":"avenu","lemma":"non avenu","morphology":"French expression, second part","role":"second part of complement of beschouwd","gloss":"void"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with beschouwd","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in idiom voor zeker houden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of houd","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gebracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of doelende","gloss":"on it"},{"surface":"doelende","lemma":"doelen","morphology":"verb, present participle, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies stukken","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive gebracht","gloss":"documents"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebracht","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical genitive form","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of oogen","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking location Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"have been"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h14-s37","source":"Kort na Jang di Pertoean's terugkeer kwam ik te Natal aan om 't bestuur van die afdeeling overtenemen.","translation":"Shortly after Jang di Pertoean's return I arrived at Natal to take over the administration of that division.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwam ik te Natal aan om 't bestuur van die afdeeling overtenemen","title":"Separable aankomen + om ... te (joined overtenemen)","body":"kwam ... aan is separable aankomen ('arrived'); the purpose om ... overtenemen ('in order to take over') joins te inside separable overnemen, 1860 style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies phrase na ... terugkeer","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking terugkeer","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of possessor name","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean's","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"final part of possessor name","gloss":"Pertoean's"},{"surface":"terugkeer","lemma":"terugkeer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of na","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable aankomen","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of kwam ... aan","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose infinitive clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of overtenemen","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeeling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"overtenemen","lemma":"overnemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause introduced by om","gloss":"take over","note":"Historical fused spelling of over te nemen."}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h14-s38","source":"Myn voorganger verhaalde me natuurlyk wat er kort geleden in 't Mandhélingsche was voorgevallen, en gaf my de noodige inlichting over de staatkundige verhouding tusschen die landstreek en myn Afdeeling.","translation":"My predecessor naturally recounted to me what had recently occurred in the Mandhéling country, and gave me the necessary information about the political relations between that region and my division.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Myn voorganger verhaalde me natuurlyk wat er ... was voorgevallen","title":"Free relative wat + pluperfect of separable","body":"wat ('what') is a headless relative object; was voorgevallen is the pluperfect of separable voorvallen ('had occurred'), with existential er. verhaalde is the imperfect of verhalen ('to recount')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of voorganger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verhaalde","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"verhaalde","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recounted","note":"The verb here means “recount,” not “repeat.”"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of verhaalde","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verhaalde","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voorgevallen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative/existential adverb in subordinate clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"geleden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgevallen","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mandhélingsche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Mandhélingsche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Mandhélingsche","lemma":"Mandhélings","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"Mandhéling country","note":"Het Mandhélingsche means the Mandhéling territory or country."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorgevallen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"voorgevallen","lemma":"voorvallen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"head of subordinate clause governed by wat","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with verhaalde","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inlichting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noodige","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies inlichting","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"inlichting","lemma":"inlichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhouding","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"staatkundige","lemma":"staatkundig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verhouding","gloss":"political"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over","gloss":"relationship"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landstreek","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landstreek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"landstreek","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first complement of tusschen","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Afdeeling","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second complement of tusschen","gloss":"Division"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h14-s39","source":"Het was hem niet euvel te duiden dat hy zich zeer beklaagde over de zyns inziens onrechtvaardige behandeling die zyn schoonvader ten-deel viel, en over de onbegrypelyke bescherming die Jang di Pertoean van den generaal bleek te genieten.","translation":"It was not to be held against him that he complained bitterly of the, in his view, unjust treatment that had befallen his father-in-law, and of the incomprehensible protection that Jang di Pertoean evidently enjoyed from the general.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was hem niet euvel te duiden dat hy zich zeer beklaagde","title":"Impersonal het + idiom euvel duiden","body":"Het was ... niet euvel te duiden ('it was not to be held against him') pairs dummy het with the idiom euvel duiden and a te-infinitive. zich beklaagde is the reflexive 'complained'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de zyns inziens onrechtvaardige behandeling die zyn schoonvader ten-deel viel","title":"Genitive zyns + separable ten deel vallen","body":"zyns inziens ('in his view') is a frozen genitive idiom. ten deel vallen ('to befall') is a separable-style idiom closing the die-relative on viel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of was","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula with euvel te duiden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of duiden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was te duiden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"euvel","lemma":"euvel","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement in euvel duiden","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive duiden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"duiden","lemma":"duiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of was","gloss":"be held"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of was te duiden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of beklaagde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, singular","role":"reflexive object of beklaagde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beklaagde","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"beklaagde","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of dat-clause","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of beklaagde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of behandeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zyns","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessive element of zyns inziens","gloss":"his","note":"Historical spelling in the fixed phrase zijns inziens, ‘in his view’."},{"surface":"inziens","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"noun, neuter, genitive, singular","role":"head of parenthetical zyns inziens","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"onrechtvaardige","lemma":"onrechtvaardig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies behandeling","gloss":"unjust"},{"surface":"behandeling","lemma":"behandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"treatment"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, singular","role":"possessor of schoonvader","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schoonvader","lemma":"schoonvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of ten deel viel","gloss":"father-in-law"},{"surface":"ten-deel","lemma":"ten deel","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"idiomatic complement of viel","gloss":"befell","note":"In modern spelling ten deel; ten deel vallen means ‘befall’."},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on behandeling","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two over-complements of beklaagde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces second complement of beklaagde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of bescherming","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onbegrypelyke","lemma":"onbegrijpelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bescherming","gloss":"incomprehensible","note":"Historical spelling of modern onbegrijpelijke."},{"surface":"bescherming","lemma":"bescherming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"protection"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of genieten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of subject name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"middle part of subject name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"final part of subject name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent-like source of bescherming","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"bleek","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on bescherming","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive genieten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"genieten","lemma":"genieten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of bleek","gloss":"enjoy"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h14-s40","source":"Noch hy noch ik wisten op dàt oogenblik dat de opzending van Jang di Pertoean naar Batavia, een vuistslag in 't gelaat van dien generaal zou geweest zyn, en dat deze--persoonlyk voor de trouw van dat hoofd hebbende ingestaan --gegronde redenen had, wat het ook kosten mocht, hem te vrywaren tegen een beschuldiging van hoogverraad.","translation":"Neither he nor I knew at that moment that the sending of Jang di Pertoean to Batavia would have been a blow in the face for that general, and that he — having stood surety personally for that chief's loyalty — had well-founded reasons, whatever it might cost, to shield him from an accusation of high treason.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Noch hy noch ik wisten op dàt oogenblik dat ...","title":"Correlative noch ... noch","body":"noch ... noch ('neither ... nor') is a single-negation correlative; the verb wisten still agrees with the compound subject. dàt oogenblik uses the far demonstrative dat for a het-word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"deze--persoonlyk voor de trouw van dat hoofd hebbende ingestaan--gegronde redenen had","title":"Present participle hebbende ingestaan","body":"hebbende ingestaan is a perfect present-participle absolute ('having stood surety') — a very formal, Latinate construction inserted to give the general's motive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"first element of noch ... noch","gloss":"Neither"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of wisten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"second element of noch ... noch","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of wisten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wisten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal adjunct","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces first object clause of wisten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of opzending","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opzending","lemma":"opzending","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou geweest zyn","gloss":"sending"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of opzending","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of object name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"middle part of object name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"final part of object name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination of opzending","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of vuistslag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vuistslag","lemma":"vuistslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"blow"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of vuistslag","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of gelaat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of gelaat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geweest zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"copula linking opzending to vuistslag","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two object clauses of wisten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second object clause of wisten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"persoonlyk","lemma":"persoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ingestaan","gloss":"personally","note":"Historical spelling of modern persoonlijk."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ingestaan","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of trouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"loyalty"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of trouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"hebbende","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present participle","role":"perfect auxiliary of ingestaan","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"ingestaan","lemma":"instaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial clause modifying deze","gloss":"stood surety"},{"surface":"gegronde","lemma":"gegrond","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies redenen","gloss":"well-founded"},{"surface":"redenen","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of second dat-clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"free-choice element in wat ... ook","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of kosten mocht","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms free-choice construction with wat","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"kosten","lemma":"kosten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of mocht","gloss":"cost"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of kosten","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of vrywaren","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vrywaren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vrywaren","lemma":"vrijwaren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of redenen","gloss":"shield","note":"Historical spelling of modern vrijwaren."},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of vrywaren","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of beschuldiging","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of beschuldiging","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hoogverraad","lemma":"hoogverraad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"high treason"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h14-s41","source":"Dit was voor den generaal des te belangryker, omdat inmiddels de zoo-even bedoelde Regeeringskommissaris zelf Gouverneur-generaal was geworden, en hem dus hoogstwaarschynlyk uit zyn gouvernement zou hebben teruggeroepen, uit verstoordheid over 't ongegrond vertrouwen op Jang di Pertoean, en over de hierop steunende hoofdigheid waarmee de generaal zich tegen 't ontruimen van de Oostkust verzet had.","translation":"This was all the more important for the general because in the meantime the very Government Commissioner just referred to had himself become Governor-General, and would therefore in all likelihood have recalled him from his governorship, out of vexation at the unfounded confidence placed in Jang di Pertoean, and at the obstinacy resting on it with which the general had resisted the evacuation of the east coast.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat inmiddels de ... Regeeringskommissaris zelf Gouverneur-generaal was geworden","title":"omdat + pluperfect was geworden","body":"was geworden is the pluperfect of worden ('had become'). omdat subordinates the long causal clause, sending the verb cluster to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hem dus hoogstwaarschynlyk uit zyn gouvernement zou hebben teruggeroepen","title":"Conditional perfect of separable terugroepen","body":"zou hebben teruggeroepen is the conditional perfect ('would have recalled') of separable terugroepen. The stacked verbs at the end are characteristic of formal narrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Dit to belangryker","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces beneficiary of belangryker","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"fossilized determiner, genitive","role":"first element of comparative intensifier des te","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"second element of comparative intensifier des te","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belangryker","lemma":"belangrijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"more important","note":"Historical spelling of modern belangrijker."},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"inmiddels","lemma":"inmiddels","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was geworden","gloss":"in the meantime"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Regeeringskommissaris","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedoelde","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"bedoelde","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, past participle, adjectival","role":"modifies Regeeringskommissaris","gloss":"referred to"},{"surface":"Regeeringskommissaris","lemma":"regeringscommissaris","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was geworden","gloss":"Government Commissioner","note":"Historical spelling of modern regeringscommissaris."},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"emphasizes Regeeringskommissaris","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of geworden","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of first conjunct in omdat-clause","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links was geworden and zou hebben teruggeroepen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of teruggeroepen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou hebben teruggeroepen","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"hoogstwaarschynlyk","lemma":"hoogstwaarschijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou hebben teruggeroepen","gloss":"in all likelihood","note":"Historical spelling of modern hoogstwaarschijnlijk."},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source of teruggeroepen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, singular","role":"possessor of gouvernement","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"governorship"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of teruggeroepen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of teruggeroepen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"teruggeroepen","lemma":"terugroepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"second predicate of omdat-clause","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces causal adjunct of teruggeroepen","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"verstoordheid","lemma":"verstoordheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces first complement of verstoordheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of vertrouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ongegrond","lemma":"ongegrond","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies vertrouwen","gloss":"unfounded"},{"surface":"vertrouwen","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of vertrouwen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of object name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"middle part of object name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"final part of object name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two over-complements of verstoordheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces second complement of verstoordheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of hoofdigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of steunende","gloss":"on it"},{"surface":"steunende","lemma":"steunen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"modifies hoofdigheid","gloss":"resting"},{"surface":"hoofdigheid","lemma":"hoofdigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"obstinacy"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"instrumental adjunct of verzet had","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verzet had","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, singular","role":"reflexive object of verzet had","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of verzet","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of ontruimen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontruimen","lemma":"ontruimen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"head of object phrase of tegen","gloss":"evacuation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of ontruimen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Oostkust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Oostkust","lemma":"oostkust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"east coast"},{"surface":"verzet","lemma":"verzetten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on hoofdigheid","gloss":"resisted"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of verzet","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h14-s42","source":"\"Doch, zei myn voorganger, wat ook den generaal moge bewegen al de beschuldigingen tegen myn schoonvader voetstoots aantenemen, en de veel zwaarder grieven tegen Jang di Pertoean niet eens een onderzoek waardig te keuren, de zaak is niet uit!","translation":"\"But,\" said my predecessor, \"whatever may move the general to accept out of hand all the accusations against my father-in-law, and to deem the far graver charges against Jang di Pertoean not even worth an inquiry, the matter is not finished!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat ook den generaal moge bewegen ... aantenemen","title":"Concessive optative moge","body":"wat ook ... moge bewegen ('whatever may move') uses moge, the optative of mogen, for concession. aantenemen joins te inside separable aannemen, 1860 spelling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de veel zwaarder grieven ... niet eens een onderzoek waardig te keuren","title":"Comparative zwaarder + te-infinitive","body":"veel zwaarder grieven ('far graver charges') is the comparative; waardig te keuren ('to deem worthy') is a te-infinitive. niet eens = 'not even'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces quoted speech","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, singular","role":"possessor of voorganger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"subject of bewegen","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms free-choice construction with wat","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewegen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"moge","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of bewegen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"bewegen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"finite predicate with moge","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of beschuldigingen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of beschuldigingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschuldigingen","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of aantenemen","gloss":"accusations"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces target of beschuldigingen","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, singular","role":"possessor of schoonvader","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schoonvader","lemma":"schoonvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"father-in-law"},{"surface":"voetstoots","lemma":"voetstoots","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aantenemen","gloss":"out of hand"},{"surface":"aantenemen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of bewegen","gloss":"accept","note":"Historical form of modern aannemen."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links aantenemen and keuren","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of grieven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zwaarder","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"zwaarder","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, comparative, uninflected","role":"modifies grieven","gloss":"graver"},{"surface":"grieven","lemma":"grief","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of keuren","gloss":"charges"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces target of grieven","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of object name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"middle part of object name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"final part of object name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates waardig keuren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms emphatic niet eens","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of waardig","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"waardig","lemma":"waardig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"secondary predicate of grieven with keuren","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive keuren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"keuren","lemma":"keuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitival complement of bewegen","gloss":"deem"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with uit","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is uit","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"finished"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h14-s43","source":"En als men te Padang, zooals ik gis, de afgelegde getuigenissen vernietigd heeft, ziehier iets anders dat niet vernietigd worden kan.\"","translation":"And if at Padang, as I surmise, they have destroyed the depositions that were taken, here is something else that cannot be destroyed.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ziehier iets anders dat niet vernietigd worden kan","title":"worden-passive with modal kan","body":"vernietigd worden kan ('can be destroyed') stacks process passive worden with modal kunnen, all clause-final after the relative dat. ziehier ('here is') is an archaic presentative."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links to preceding speech","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft vernietigd","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause ik gis","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gis","lemma":"gissen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"surmise"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of getuigenissen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afgelegde","lemma":"afleggen","morphology":"verb, past participle, adjectival","role":"modifies getuigenissen","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"getuigenissen","lemma":"getuigenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of vernietigd","gloss":"depositions"},{"surface":"vernietigd","lemma":"vernietigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"destroyed"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of vernietigd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ziehier","lemma":"ziehier","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"main presentative predicate","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"presented subject of ziehier","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adjective, postpositive","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of kan worden vernietigd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kan worden vernietigd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vernietigd","lemma":"vernietigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive relative clause","gloss":"destroyed"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of vernietigd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden vernietigd","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h14-s44","source":"En hy toonde my een vonnis van den Rappat-raad te Natal waarvan hy voorzitter was, houdende: VEROORDEELING VAN ZEKEREN Si Pamaga TOT DE STRAF VAN GEESELING EN BRANDMERK, EN--ik meen--TWINTIGJARIGEN DWANGARBEID, WEGENS POGING TOT MOORD OP DEN TOEANKOE VAN NATAL.","translation":"And he showed me a sentence of the Rappat-council at Natal, of which he was president, containing: SENTENCE OF A CERTAIN Si Pamaga TO THE PENALTY OF FLOGGING AND BRANDING, AND — I believe — TWENTY YEARS' HARD LABOR, FOR ATTEMPTED MURDER OF THE TOEANKOE OF NATAL.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een vonnis van den Rappat-raad ... waarvan hy voorzitter was, houdende: ...","title":"Present participle houdende ('containing')","body":"houdende is a present participle in legal-formula use, 'containing/to the effect that'. waarvan ('of which') is a pronominal-adverb relative. den Rappat-raad keeps the accusative -n."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of toonde","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of toonde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"toonde","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, first-person singular","role":"indirect object of toonde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of vonnis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vonnis","lemma":"vonnis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of toonde","gloss":"sentence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement Rappat-raad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Rappat-raad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rappat-raad","lemma":"Rappat-raad","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of van modifying vonnis","gloss":"Rappat council"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te modifying Rappat-raad","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"relative complement of voorzitter referring to Rappat-raad","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voorzitter","lemma":"voorzitter","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"president"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to voorzitter","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"houdende","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial modifier of vonnis introducing its contents","gloss":"containing"},{"surface":"VEROORDEELING","lemma":"veroordeling","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the contents of vonnis","gloss":"SENTENCE"},{"surface":"VAN","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the person sentenced","gloss":"OF"},{"surface":"ZEKEREN","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, indefinite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"nominal modifier of Si Pamaga","gloss":"A CERTAIN"},{"surface":"Si","lemma":"Si","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"first part of the name Si Pamaga","gloss":"Si"},{"surface":"Pamaga","lemma":"Pamaga","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the name Si Pamaga","gloss":"Pamaga"},{"surface":"TOT","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the imposed penalty","gloss":"TO"},{"surface":"DE","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of STRAF","gloss":"THE"},{"surface":"STRAF","lemma":"straf","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of TOT","gloss":"PENALTY"},{"surface":"VAN","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the specification of STRAF","gloss":"OF"},{"surface":"GEESELING","lemma":"geseling","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"first complement of VAN","gloss":"FLOGGING"},{"surface":"EN","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates GEESELING and BRANDMERK","gloss":"AND"},{"surface":"BRANDMERK","lemma":"brandmerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second complement of VAN","gloss":"BRANDING"},{"surface":"EN","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the additional penalty DWANGARBEID","gloss":"AND"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"TWINTIGJARIGEN","lemma":"twintigjarig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"modifies DWANGARBEID","gloss":"TWENTY YEARS'"},{"surface":"DWANGARBEID","lemma":"dwangarbeid","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"additional penalty coordinated by EN","gloss":"HARD LABOR"},{"surface":"WEGENS","lemma":"wegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the ground for the sentence","gloss":"FOR"},{"surface":"POGING","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of WEGENS","gloss":"ATTEMPT"},{"surface":"TOT","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the intended crime","gloss":"AT"},{"surface":"MOORD","lemma":"moord","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of TOT modifying POGING","gloss":"MURDER"},{"surface":"OP","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the intended victim","gloss":"OF"},{"surface":"DEN","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of TOEANKOE","gloss":"THE"},{"surface":"TOEANKOE","lemma":"toeankoe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, title","role":"complement of OP","gloss":"TOEANKOE"},{"surface":"VAN","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the territorial complement NATAL","gloss":"OF"},{"surface":"NATAL","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of VAN modifying TOEANKOE","gloss":"NATAL"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h14-s45","source":"\"Lees eens het proces-verbaal van de terechtzitting, zei myn voorganger, en beoordeel dan of myn schoonvader niet zal geloofd worden te Batavia, als hy dáár Jang di Pertoean aanklaagt van hoogverraad!","translation":"\"Just read the record of the trial,\" said my predecessor, \"and then judge whether my father-in-law will not be believed at Batavia when he charges Jang di Pertoean there with high treason!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lees eens het proces-verbaal ... en beoordeel dan","title":"Imperatives Lees / beoordeel","body":"Lees and beoordeel are bare-stem imperatives ('read', 'judge'). eens softens the command to an invitation, 'just read'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of myn schoonvader niet zal geloofd worden te Batavia, als hy dáár Jang di Pertoean aanklaagt","title":"Indirect question of + future passive","body":"of ('whether') opens an indirect question; zal geloofd worden is a future process passive ('will be believed'). The als-clause closes verb-final on aanklaagt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lees","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the first command","gloss":"Read"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens the imperative Lees","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of proces-verbaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"proces-verbaal","lemma":"proces-verbaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Lees","gloss":"record"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces terechtzitting as complement of proces-verbaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of terechtzitting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"terechtzitting","lemma":"terechtzitting","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of van modifying proces-verbaal","gloss":"trial"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb for the quoted commands","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of voorganger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Lees and beoordeel","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"beoordeel","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the second command","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beoordeel","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect yes-no question governed by beoordeel","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of schoonvader","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schoonvader","lemma":"schoonvader","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of zal geloofd worden","gloss":"father-in-law"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zal geloofd worden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"future auxiliary of geloofd worden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"geloofd","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb in the passive zal geloofd worden","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geloofd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te modifying geloofd worden","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of aanklaagt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of aanklaagt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanklaagt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"first part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun particle","role":"second part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"third part of the name Jang di Pertoean, direct object of aanklaagt","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"aanklaagt","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the als-clause","gloss":"charges"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the charge hoogverraad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hoogverraad","lemma":"hoogverraad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van governed by aanklaagt","gloss":"high treason"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h14-s46","source":"Ik las de stukken.","translation":"I read the documents.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s46.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of las","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of stukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of las","gloss":"documents"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h14-s47","source":"Volgens verklaringen van getuigen en \"de bekentenis van den beklaagde\" was Si Pamaga omgekocht om te Natal den Toeankoe, diens pleegvader Soetan Salim en den gezaghebbenden kontroleur te vermoorden.","translation":"According to the witnesses' depositions and \"the confession of the accused,\" Si Pamaga had been bribed to murder the Toeankoe at Natal, together with his foster-father Soetan Salim and the controller in charge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Si Pamaga was omgekocht om te Natal den Toeankoe ... te vermoorden","title":"Pluperfect passive + om ... te","body":"was omgekocht is a pluperfect passive ('had been bribed'); the purpose om ... te vermoorden ('to murder') gives the aim. den Toeankoe carries the accusative -n."}],"words":[{"surface":"Volgens","lemma":"volgens","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the evidential phrase modifying was omgekocht","gloss":"According to"},{"surface":"verklaringen","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"first complement of Volgens","gloss":"depositions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces getuigen as complement of verklaringen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of van modifying verklaringen","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates verklaringen and bekentenis","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of bekentenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bekentenis","lemma":"bekentenis","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"second complement of Volgens, coordinated with verklaringen","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces beklaagde as complement of bekentenis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of beklaagde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beklaagde","lemma":"beklaagde","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of van modifying bekentenis","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of omgekocht","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"Si","lemma":"Si","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"first part of the subject Si Pamaga","gloss":"Si"},{"surface":"Pamaga","lemma":"Pamaga","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the subject Si Pamaga","gloss":"Pamaga"},{"surface":"omgekocht","lemma":"omkopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb in the passive was omgekocht","gloss":"bribed"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive te vermoorden","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te modifying vermoorden","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Toeankoe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Toeankoe","lemma":"toeankoe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, title","role":"first direct object of vermoorden","gloss":"Toeankoe"},{"surface":"diens","lemma":"diens","morphology":"possessive pronoun, third-person masculine singular","role":"determiner of pleegvader referring to the Toeankoe","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pleegvader","lemma":"pleegvader","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"second direct object of vermoorden","gloss":"foster-father"},{"surface":"Soetan","lemma":"Soetan","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"first part of the name in apposition to pleegvader","gloss":"Soetan"},{"surface":"Salim","lemma":"Salim","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the name in apposition to pleegvader","gloss":"Salim"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates pleegvader and kontroleur","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gezaghebbenden","lemma":"gezaghebbend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"modifies kontroleur","gloss":"in charge"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, historical spelling","role":"third direct object of vermoorden","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive vermoorden after om","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vermoorden","lemma":"vermoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of omgekocht","gloss":"murder"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h14-s48","source":"Hy had zich, om dit opzet uittevoeren, naar de woning van den Toeankoe begeven, en daar met de bedienden die op den trap der buitengalery zaten, een gesprek aangeknoopt over een Sewah met het doel zyn tegenwoordigheid te rekken tot hy den Toeankoe zou gewaar worden, die zich dan ook weldra, omgeven van eenige verwanten en bedienden, vertoonde.","translation":"To carry out this design he had gone to the dwelling of the Toeankoe, and there struck up a conversation about a Sewah with the servants sitting on the steps of the outer gallery, with the aim of prolonging his presence until he should catch sight of the Toeankoe, who indeed soon appeared, surrounded by some of his kinsmen and servants.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had zich ... naar de woning van den Toeankoe begeven","title":"Pluperfect reflexive zich begeven","body":"had zich ... begeven ('had betaken himself, gone') is the pluperfect of reflexive zich begeven. om dit opzet uittevoeren joins te inside separable uitvoeren, 1860 style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"tot hy den Toeankoe zou gewaar worden, die zich dan ook weldra ... vertoonde","title":"Subordinating tot + conditional zou","body":"tot ('until') subordinates the clause; zou gewaar worden ('should catch sight of') is conditional. zich vertoonde ('showed himself') is the reflexive imperfect closing the die-relative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had begeven and had aangeknoopt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of begeven and aangeknoopt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, third-person singular","role":"reflexive object of begeven","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive uittevoeren","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of opzet","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"opzet","lemma":"opzet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uittevoeren","gloss":"design"},{"surface":"uittevoeren","lemma":"uitvoeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical closed spelling with te","role":"purpose complement of om","gloss":"to carry out","note":"The modern spelling separates the infinitive marker: uit te voeren."},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination woning","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of woning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of naar modifying begeven","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Toeankoe as possessor of woning","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Toeankoe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Toeankoe","lemma":"toeankoe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, title","role":"complement of van modifying woning","gloss":"Toeankoe"},{"surface":"begeven","lemma":"begeven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first lexical verb governed by had","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates begeven and aangeknoopt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangeknoopt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the interlocutors bedienden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of bedienden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bedienden","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of met modifying aangeknoopt","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender plural","role":"subject of zaten referring to bedienden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location trap","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of trap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trap","lemma":"trap","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of op modifying zaten","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive feminine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of buitengalery","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"buitengalery","lemma":"buitengalerij","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular, historical spelling","role":"genitive modifier of trap","gloss":"outer gallery"},{"surface":"zaten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying bedienden","gloss":"were sitting"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of gesprek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of aangeknoopt","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"aangeknoopt","lemma":"aanknopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"second lexical verb governed by had","gloss":"struck up"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the topic Sewah","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of Sewah","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Sewah","lemma":"sewah","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over modifying gesprek","gloss":"dagger"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose phrase het doel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met modifying aangeknoopt","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of tegenwoordigheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tegenwoordigheid","lemma":"tegenwoordigheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of rekken","gloss":"presence"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks rekken as complement of doel","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rekken","lemma":"rekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement specifying doel","gloss":"prolong"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal limit clause of gewaar worden","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zou gewaar worden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Toeankoe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Toeankoe","lemma":"toeankoe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, title","role":"direct object of gewaar worden","gloss":"Toeankoe"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gewaar worden","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"gewaar","lemma":"gewaar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative element of gewaar worden","gloss":"aware"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"forms gewaar worden with gewaar","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"subject of vertoonde referring to Toeankoe","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, third-person singular","role":"reflexive object of vertoonde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the emphatic phrase dan ook modifying vertoonde","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the emphatic phrase dan ook modifying vertoonde","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertoonde","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"omgeven","lemma":"omgeven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"supplementary participial modifier of die","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agents of omgeven","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural, historical spelling","role":"determiner of verwanten and bedienden","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"verwanten","lemma":"verwant","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"first complement of van governed by omgeven","gloss":"kinsmen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates verwanten and bedienden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bedienden","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"second complement of van governed by omgeven","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"vertoonde","lemma":"vertonen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular, reflexive","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying Toeankoe","gloss":"appeared"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h14-s49","source":"Pamaga was met zyn Sewah op den Toeankoe losgegaan, doch had uit onbekende oorzaken zyn moorddadig opzet niet kunnen volvoeren.","translation":"Pamaga had rushed at the Toeankoe with his Sewah, but for reasons unknown had been unable to carry out his murderous design.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ... niet kunnen volvoeren","title":"Modal in the pluperfect","body":"The pluperfect 'had ... volvoeren' wraps around a modal verb, so 'kunnen' appears as a bare infinitive rather than the expected participle (a 'double infinitive' construction). Note how the cluster 'kunnen volvoeren' piles up clause-finally with all verbs at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn moorddadig opzet","title":"Period spelling: zyn, opzet","body":"The 1860 page writes the possessive 'zijn' as 'zyn', with y standing for the modern ij. 'opzet' (design, intent) is a separable-verb noun frozen into a compound."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"doch","title":"doch = 'but, yet'","body":"'doch' is an archaic, literary equivalent of 'maar' (but). It still coordinates two clauses without sending the verb to the end, but signals an elevated, period register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pamaga","lemma":"Pamaga","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of was losgegaan and had kunnen volvoeren","gloss":"Pamaga"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of losgegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the instrument Sewah","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of Sewah","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Sewah","lemma":"sewah","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met modifying losgegaan","gloss":"dagger"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the target of losgegaan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Toeankoe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Toeankoe","lemma":"toeankoe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, title","role":"complement of op governed by losgegaan","gloss":"Toeankoe"},{"surface":"losgegaan","lemma":"losgaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb governed by was","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the contrasting clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen volvoeren","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause oorzaken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"onbekende","lemma":"onbekend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies oorzaken","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"complement of uit modifying volvoeren","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of opzet","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"moorddadig","lemma":"moorddadig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter singular","role":"modifies opzet","gloss":"murderous"},{"surface":"opzet","lemma":"opzet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of volvoeren","gloss":"design"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kunnen volvoeren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had governing volvoeren","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"volvoeren","lemma":"volvoeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"carry out"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h14-s50","source":"De Toeankoe was verschrikt uit het venster gesprongen, en Pamaga nam de vlucht. Hy verschool zich in 't bosch, en werd eenige dagen later door de natalsche policie opgevat.","translation":"The Toeankoe, terrified, had leapt out of the window, and Pamaga took to flight. He hid himself in the forest, and some days later was apprehended by the Natal police.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was ... uit het venster gesprongen","title":"Pluperfect with zijn","body":"Verbs of motion like 'springen' (to leap) form their perfect tenses with 'zijn', not 'hebben': 'was ... gesprongen' = 'had leapt'. The participle waits at the very end of the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy verschool zich","title":"Reflexive zich","body":"'zich verschuilen' (to hide oneself) is reflexive; 'zich' is the third-person reflexive pronoun. 'verschool' is the strong simple past of 'verschuilen' with a vowel change."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"werd ... opgevat","title":"Passive with worden","body":"'werd ... opgevat' (was apprehended) is the worden-passive in the past: 'werd' (became) plus the participle of the separable verb 'opvatten'. The agent follows 'door' (by the Natal police)."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Toeankoe","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Toeankoe","lemma":"toeankoe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, title","role":"subject of was gesprongen","gloss":"Toeankoe"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gesprongen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verschrikt","lemma":"verschrikken","morphology":"verb, past participle, adjectival use","role":"supplementary predicate modifying Toeankoe","gloss":"terrified"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source venster","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of venster","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"venster","lemma":"venster","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of uit modifying gesprongen","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"gesprongen","lemma":"springen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb governed by was","gloss":"leapt"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses of gesprongen and nam","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Pamaga","lemma":"Pamaga","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"Pamaga"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of vlucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vlucht","lemma":"vlucht","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of nam in the idiom de vlucht nemen","gloss":"flight","note":"De vlucht nemen means “to take flight” or “to flee.”"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of verschool and werd opgevat","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"verschool","lemma":"verschuilen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, third-person singular","role":"reflexive object of verschool","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location bosch","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of bosch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bosch","lemma":"bos","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, historical spelling","role":"complement of in modifying verschool","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates verschool and werd opgevat","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgevat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural, historical spelling","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying later","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies werd opgevat","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent policie","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of policie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"natalsche","lemma":"Natals","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical spelling","role":"modifies policie","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"policie","lemma":"politie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular, historical spelling","role":"agent of opgevat","gloss":"police"},{"surface":"opgevat","lemma":"opvatten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb in the passive werd opgevat","gloss":"apprehended"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h14-s51","source":"\"Aan den beschuldigde gevraagd: wat hem tot dezen aanslag en den voorgenomen moord op Soetan Salim en den kontroleur van Natal had bewogen?\" antwoordt hy: \"DAARTOE TE ZYN OMGEKOCHT DOOR SOETAN ADAM, UIT NAAM VAN DIENS BROEDER JANG DI PERTOEAN VAN MANDHÉLING.\"","translation":"\"Asked of the accused: what had moved him to this assault and the intended murder of Soetan Salim and the controller of Natal?\" he answers: \"THAT HE HAD BEEN BRIBED TO IT BY SOETAN ADAM, IN THE NAME OF HIS BROTHER JANG DI PERTOEAN OF MANDHÉLING.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat hem ... had bewogen","title":"Embedded question, verb-final","body":"After the colon the indirect question 'wat hem ... had bewogen' is a subordinate clause: the finite 'had' is pushed to the end, behind its object phrase, with the participle last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Aan den beschuldigde gevraagd","title":"Case remnant: den + dative","body":"'Aan den beschuldigde' shows the old masculine accusative/dative ending '-en' on the article (den), a frozen case form still alive in 1860 legal prose. 'gevraagd' here is a participial, document-style opening ('Asked of the accused')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"DAARTOE TE ZYN OMGEKOCHT","title":"te + perfect infinitive","body":"The deposition's clipped answer uses 'te zyn omgekocht' = 'to have been bribed', a passive perfect infinitive governed by 'te'. 'daartoe' ('to that') is a pronominal adverb (daar- + toe) standing in for the preposition + thing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"uit naam van diens broeder","title":"Genitive demonstrative diens","body":"'diens' is the genitive of 'die' meaning 'his / that man's', a formal way of saying 'whose brother'. It belongs to the older inflected demonstrative system of 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschuldigde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic dative","role":"determiner of beschuldigde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschuldigde","lemma":"beschuldigde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gevraagd","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of elliptical passive clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of bewogen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of bewogen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanslag and moord","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of aanslag","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"aanslag","lemma":"aanslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of tot","gloss":"assault"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links aanslag and moord","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of moord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgenomen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies moord","gloss":"intended"},{"surface":"moord","lemma":"moord","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated oblique complement of tot","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking victims of moord","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Soetan","lemma":"Soetan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of name Soetan Salim","gloss":"Soetan"},{"surface":"Salim","lemma":"Salim","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of name Soetan Salim","gloss":"Salim"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Soetan Salim and kontroleur","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement of op","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies kontroleur","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of bewogen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"bewogen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of indirect question","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"antwoordt","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of reporting clause","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of antwoordt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"DAARTOE","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of omgekocht","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"TE","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces zijn omgekocht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ZYN","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of omgekocht in indirect-report infinitive","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"OMGEKOCHT","lemma":"omkopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of infinitival answer","gloss":"bribed"},{"surface":"DOOR","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks agent of omgekocht","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"SOETAN","lemma":"Soetan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of name Soetan Adam","gloss":"Soetan"},{"surface":"ADAM","lemma":"Adam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of name Soetan Adam","gloss":"Adam"},{"surface":"UIT","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase uit naam van","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"NAAM","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit in uit naam van","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"VAN","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase uit naam van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"DIENS","lemma":"diens","morphology":"possessive pronoun, third person masculine singular","role":"determiner of broeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"BROEDER","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"JANG","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of title Jang Di Pertoean","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"DI","lemma":"Di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of title Jang Di Pertoean","gloss":"Di"},{"surface":"PERTOEAN","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of title Jang Di Pertoean","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"VAN","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mandhéling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"MANDHÉLING","lemma":"Mandhéling","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Mandhéling"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h14-s52","source":"\"Is dit duidelyk of niet? vroeg myn voorganger.","translation":"\"Is this clear or not?\" asked my predecessor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is dit duidelyk of niet?","title":"Yes/no question: verb first","body":"A polar question inverts the verb to first position: 'Is dit duidelyk...?'. 'of niet' tacks on the alternative ('or not')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vroeg myn voorganger","title":"Strong past 'vroeg'","body":"'vroeg' (asked) is the strong simple past of 'vragen', changing the stem vowel rather than adding a dental ending. 'myn' is period spelling of 'mijn'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of quoted question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of Is","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links duidelyk and elliptical niet","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates elliptical alternative","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of voorganger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"predecessor"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h14-s53","source":"Het vonnis is na fiat exekutie van den resident, ten-uitvoer gelegd wat de geeseling en 't brandmerk aangaat, en Si Pamaga is op weg naar Padang, om vandaar als kettingganger naar Java te worden gezonden.","translation":"The sentence has, after the resident's fiat of execution, been carried out as regards the flogging and the branding, and Si Pamaga is on his way to Padang, to be sent from there as a chain-gang convict to Java.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is ... ten-uitvoer gelegd","title":"Present perfect passive","body":"'is ... ten-uitvoer gelegd' = 'has ... been carried out', the perfect of a worden-passive (the 'geworden' being dropped, as Dutch does). The participle 'gelegd' lands at the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om ... te worden gezonden","title":"om ... te (purpose) + passive infinitive","body":"'om vandaar ... naar Java te worden gezonden' is a purpose clause ('in order to be sent'). 'om' frames the purpose and the clause closes with the passive infinitive 'te worden gezonden'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kettingganger","title":"kettingganger = chain-gang convict","body":"Literally 'chain-walker' (ketting + ganger), a noun compound for a convict made to do forced labour in irons. Such men were shipped to Java to serve their sentences."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of vonnis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vonnis","lemma":"vonnis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is gelegd","gloss":"sentence"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gelegd","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fiat","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"fiat","lemma":"fiat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of na","gloss":"fiat"},{"surface":"exekutie","lemma":"executie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, attributive","role":"specifies fiat","gloss":"of execution"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"ten-uitvoer","lemma":"ten uitvoer","morphology":"fixed adverbial expression","role":"part of fixed verb phrase ten uitvoer leggen","gloss":"into effect"},{"surface":"gelegd","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of is gelegd","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of geeseling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geeseling","lemma":"geseling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aangaat","gloss":"flogging"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links geeseling and brandmerk","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of brandmerk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brandmerk","lemma":"brandmerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of aangaat","gloss":"branding"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of parenthetical relative clause","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links clauses about vonnis and Si Pamaga","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Si","lemma":"Si","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of name Si Pamaga","gloss":"Si"},{"surface":"Pamaga","lemma":"Pamaga","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of name Si Pamaga","gloss":"Pamaga"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third person singular","role":"links Si Pamaga to op weg","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase op weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"his way"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive te worden gezonden","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"vandaar","lemma":"vandaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezonden","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces role complement kettingganger","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"kettingganger","lemma":"kettingganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"role complement introduced by als","gloss":"chain-gang convict"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces worden gezonden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gezonden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"gezonden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of purpose clause","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h14-s54","source":"Gelyk met hem komen de processtukken van de zaak te Batavia, en dan kan men dáár zien wie de man is, op wiens aanklacht myn schoonvader gesuspendeerd werd!","translation":"Along with him the case papers reach Batavia, and then they can see there who the man is on whose accusation my father-in-law was suspended!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Gelyk met hem komen de processtukken","title":"V2 after a fronted adverbial","body":"The sentence opens with the adverbial 'Gelyk met hem' (Along with him), so the finite verb 'komen' stands second and the subject 'de processtukken' follows it — the verb-second rule in action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op wiens aanklacht","title":"Genitive relative 'wiens'","body":"'wiens' is the genitive relative pronoun 'whose' (masculine), here governed by the preposition 'op': 'op wiens aanklacht' = 'on whose accusation'. It is the formal counterpart to the everyday 'van wie'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gesuspendeerd werd","title":"Worden-passive, verb-final","body":"Inside the relative clause 'op wiens aanklacht myn schoonvader gesuspendeerd werd', the passive 'werd' (was) sits at the very end after the participle, as subordinate word order demands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of adverbial phrase gelijk met hem","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"complement of met","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of processtukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"processtukken","lemma":"processtuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"case papers"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia as destination","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kan zien","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of kan zien","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kan","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject complement of is in embedded question","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanklacht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"wiens","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative possessive determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of aanklacht; refers to man","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"aanklacht","lemma":"aanklacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of schoonvader","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schoonvader","lemma":"schoonvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of werd gesuspendeerd","gloss":"father-in-law"},{"surface":"gesuspendeerd","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gesuspendeerd","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h14-s55","source":"Dat vonnis kan de generaal niet vernietigen, al wilde hy.\"","translation":"That sentence the general cannot annul, even if he wished to.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al wilde hy","title":"Concessive 'al' + subjunctive past","body":"'al wilde hy' = 'even if he wished to'. 'al' introduces a concession and triggers verb-first order; 'wilde' is a past form used here with a hypothetical, almost subjunctive sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat vonnis kan de generaal niet vernietigen","title":"Fronted object, modal at the end","body":"The object 'Dat vonnis' is fronted for emphasis, so the modal 'kan' takes second place and the main verb 'vernietigen' goes to the clause end as a bare infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of vonnis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vonnis","lemma":"vonnis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"fronted direct object of vernietigen","gloss":"sentence"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of vernietigen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kan vernietigen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kan vernietigen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vernietigen","lemma":"vernietigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kan","gloss":"annul"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of concessive clause with omitted infinitive","gloss":"wished to"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h14-s56","source":"Ik nam het bestuur der natalsche afdeeling over, en myn voorganger vertrok.","translation":"I took over the administration of the Natal division, and my predecessor departed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik nam het bestuur ... over","title":"Separable verb 'overnemen'","body":"'overnemen' (to take over) splits in a main clause: the stem 'nam' stays in second position while the prefix 'over' is sent to the end ('nam ... over')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het bestuur der natalsche afdeeling","title":"Genitive 'der'","body":"'der natalsche afdeeling' uses the frozen genitive article 'der' ('of the') instead of modern 'van de afdeling'. This inflected genitive is characteristic of 1860 written Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"finite base of nam over","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of nam over","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, feminine singular, archaic genitive","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"natalsche","lemma":"Natals","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies afdeeling","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of bestuur","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of nam over","gloss":"took over"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of voorganger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vertrok","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"vertrok","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"departed"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h14-s57","source":"Na eenigen tyd ontving ik bericht dat de generaal met een oorlogsstoomboot in de Noord komen, en ook Natal bezoeken zou.","translation":"After some time I received notice that the general would come up north in a war steamer and would visit Natal as well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de generaal ... komen, en ook Natal bezoeken zou","title":"Future-in-the-past with zou","body":"In this subordinate clause the future auxiliary 'zou(den)' is held back to the very end and serves both infinitives ('komen ... en bezoeken'): 'would come ... and would visit'. It expresses reported future."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"in de Noord","title":"'in de Noord' = up north","body":"A nautical/colonial idiom: 'de Noord' names the northern coast of Sumatra as a region, so 'in de Noord komen' is 'to come up to the north'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected, archaic case form","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of na","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of matrix clause","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bericht","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause governed by bericht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou komen and bezoeken","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorlogsstoomboot","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of oorlogsstoomboot","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oorlogsstoomboot","lemma":"oorlogsstoomboot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"war steamer"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking de Noord","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of Noord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Noord","lemma":"noord","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"north"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links komen and bezoeken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezoeken","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of bezoeken","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"bezoeken","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with komen and governed by zou","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of komen and bezoeken","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h14-s58","source":"Hy stapte met veel gevolg ten-mynen huize af, en verlangde oogenblikkelyk de oorspronkelyke processtukken te zien van: \"den armen man dien men zoo vreeselyk mishandeld had.\"","translation":"He alighted at my house with a large retinue, and at once demanded to see the original case papers of: \"the poor man who had been so frightfully ill-treated.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verlangde ... te zien","title":"te + infinitive object","body":"'verlangen' (to desire) governs a 'te'-infinitive: 'verlangde ... de processtukken te zien' = 'demanded to see the case papers'. The 'te zien' closes the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den armen man dien men ... had","title":"Accusative relative 'dien'","body":"'dien' is the old masculine accusative form of the relative 'die' ('whom'): 'den armen man dien men ... mishandeld had'. Both 'den ... man' and 'dien' carry the -n case marking typical of 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ten-mynen huize","title":"Frozen dative phrase","body":"'ten-mynen huize' = 'at my house' is a fossilised dative ('ten' = 'te den', plus dative endings on 'mijn' and 'huis'). Such set phrases survive in formal Dutch as ready-made relics of the old case system."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of stapte and verlangde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"stapte","lemma":"stappen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite base of stapte af","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevolg","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"a large"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"retinue"},{"surface":"ten-mynen","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular, archaic dative in fused expression","role":"determiner of huize within ten-mynen huize","gloss":"at my","note":"Ten-mynen huize is an archaic dative expression meaning ‘at my house.’"},{"surface":"huize","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, archaic dative","role":"location complement of stapte af","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of stapte af","gloss":"alighted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links stapte and verlangde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verlangde","lemma":"verlangen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"oogenblikkelyk","lemma":"ogenblikkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verlangde","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of processtukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorspronkelyke","lemma":"oorspronkelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies processtukken","gloss":"original"},{"surface":"processtukken","lemma":"processtuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"case papers"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verlangde","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition linking processtukken to man","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armen","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, inflected, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"modifies man","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van and antecedent of dien","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, object form","role":"direct object of mishandeld","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of had mishandeld","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies vreeselyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vreeselyk","lemma":"vreselijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mishandeld","gloss":"frightfully"},{"surface":"mishandeld","lemma":"mishandelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"ill-treated"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of mishandeld","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h14-s59","source":"\"Zyzelf hadden een geeseling en een brandmerk verdiend!\" voegde hy er by.","translation":"\"They themselves had deserved a flogging and a branding!\" he added.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voegde hy er by","title":"Separable 'erbij voegen' split","body":"'erbij voegen' (to add) splits: 'voegde' stays in second place and 'er ... by' goes to the end. 'er' here is the pronominal-adverb half of 'erbij' ('to it')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyzelf","title":"Emphatic 'zijzelf'","body":"'Zyzelf' = 'they themselves' (period spelling of 'zijzelf'); 'zij' is reinforced by '-zelf' for contrastive emphasis, here heavily ironic in the general's mouth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyzelf","lemma":"zijzelf","morphology":"emphatic personal pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of hadden verdiend","gloss":"they themselves"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of verdiend","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of geeseling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geeseling","lemma":"geseling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verdiend","gloss":"flogging"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links geeseling and brandmerk","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of brandmerk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brandmerk","lemma":"brandmerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of verdiend","gloss":"branding"},{"surface":"verdiend","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"deserved"},{"surface":"voegde","lemma":"voegen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite base of voegde erbij","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of voegde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal part of erbij","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of voegde erbij","gloss":"added"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h14-s60","source":"Ik begreep er niets van.","translation":"I could make nothing of it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik begreep er niets van","title":"Split pronominal adverb 'ervan'","body":"'ervan' ('of it') is split across the clause: 'er ... van', with the negative 'niets' (nothing) sitting between. The whole means 'I understood nothing of it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement paired with van","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of begreep","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"prepositional part paired with er","gloss":"of"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h14-s61","source":"Want de oorzaken van den stryd over Jang di Pertoean waren my toen nog onbekend, en 't kon dus niet in myn gedachten opkomen, evenmin dat myn voorganger willens en wetens een onschuldige zou veroordeeld hebben tot zóó zware straf, als dat de generaal een misdadiger zou in bescherming nemen tegen een rechtvaardig vonnis.","translation":"For the causes of the quarrel over Jang di Pertoean were still unknown to me then, and so it could not enter my thoughts, any more than that my predecessor would willfully and knowingly have condemned an innocent man to so heavy a penalty, that the general would take a criminal under his protection against a just sentence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waren my toen nog onbekend","title":"Middle field: Time–Manner–Place","body":"The adverbs stack in the order time/manner: 'my toen nog onbekend' ('unknown to me then yet'). Note also the dative-like 'my' = 'to me' with the adjective 'onbekend'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou veroordeeld hebben","title":"Conditional perfect","body":"'zou veroordeeld hebben' = 'would have condemned': the conditional 'zou' plus a perfect infinitive ('veroordeeld hebben'). It expresses a counterfactual the narrator could not then believe."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"willens en wetens","title":"Idiom: willens en wetens","body":"A fixed phrase, 'willing and knowing' = 'willfully and knowingly'. The archaic '-ens' adverbial ending marks it as a frozen legal-moral formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of onbekend","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stryd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of stryd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stryd","lemma":"strijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"quarrel"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Jang","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of over","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking oorzaken to onbekend","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer complement of onbekend","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onbekend","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onbekend","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"onbekend","lemma":"onbekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of opkomen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opkomen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opkomen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opkomen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gedachten","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of gedachten","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of opkomen","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"opkomen","lemma":"opkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"evenmin","lemma":"evenmin","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the first member of evenmin ... als","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of veroordeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of voorganger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of veroordeeld","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"willens","lemma":"willens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veroordeeld","gloss":"willfully"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wetens","lemma":"wetens","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with willens","gloss":"knowingly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onschuldige","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onschuldige","lemma":"onschuldig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of veroordeeld","gloss":"innocent man"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of veroordeeld","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"veroordeeld","lemma":"veroordelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the first dat-clause","gloss":"condemned"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of veroordeeld","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking straf","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zware","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zware","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies straf","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"straf","lemma":"straf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of veroordeeld","gloss":"penalty"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second member of evenmin ... als","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of nemen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misdadiger","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"misdadiger","lemma":"misdadiger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of nemen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bescherming","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"bescherming","lemma":"bescherming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of nemen","gloss":"protection"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the second dat-clause","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vonnis","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vonnis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rechtvaardig","lemma":"rechtvaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vonnis","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"vonnis","lemma":"vonnis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of nemen","gloss":"sentence"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h14-s62","source":"Ik ontving den last, Soetan Salim en den Toeankoe te doen gevangen nemen.","translation":"I received the order to have Soetan Salim and the Toeankoe taken prisoner.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"te doen gevangen nemen","title":"Causative 'doen' + infinitive","body":"'te doen gevangen nemen' = 'to have taken prisoner'. Here 'doen' is the causative auxiliary ('have something done'), stacking with 'nemen' so the verbs cluster at the end after 'te'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ontving den last","title":"Accusative 'den last'","body":"'den last' (the order) shows the masculine accusative ending -n on the article. 'ontving' is the strong past of 'ontvangen' (to receive)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of last","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"Soetan","lemma":"Soetan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first direct object of nemen","gloss":"Soetan"},{"surface":"Salim","lemma":"Salim","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Soetan","gloss":"Salim"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Soetan Salim and den Toeankoe","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of Toeankoe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Toeankoe","lemma":"Toeankoe","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second direct object of nemen","gloss":"Toeankoe"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause modifying last","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gevangen","lemma":"gevangen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of nemen","gloss":"prisoner"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of doen","gloss":"take"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h14-s63","source":"Daar de jonge Toeankoe by de bevolking zeer bemind was, en we slechts weinig garnizoen in 't fort hadden, verzocht ik den generaal hem op vrye voeten te mogen laten, hetgeen me werd toegestaan. Doch voor Soetan Salim, den byzonderen vyand van Jang di Pertoean, was geen genade.","translation":"Since the young Toeankoe was much beloved among the people, and we had only a small garrison in the fort, I asked the general to be allowed to leave him at liberty, which was granted me. But for Soetan Salim, the particular enemy of Jang di Pertoean, there was no mercy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar de jonge Toeankoe ... bemind was","title":"Causal 'daar' = 'since'","body":"'daar' as a subordinating conjunction means 'since/because' and sends its verb to the end: '...zeer bemind was'. This is a distinctly literary causal connector (cf. modern 'omdat')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"verzocht ik den generaal hem op vrye voeten te mogen laten","title":"te + modal + causative laten","body":"A dense verb cluster: 'te mogen laten' = 'to be allowed to leave/let'. 'mogen' is a modal, 'laten' the causative/permissive verb, both stacking after 'te' at clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hetgeen me werd toegestaan","title":"Sentential relative 'hetgeen'","body":"'hetgeen' ('which') is a formal relative referring back to the whole preceding clause. It pairs with the worden-passive 'werd toegestaan' (was granted)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch voor Soetan Salim ... was geen genade","title":"geen for indefinite negation","body":"'was geen genade' = 'there was no mercy'. 'geen' (not a/any) negates an indefinite noun, where 'niet' could not be used. 'Doch' again is the literary 'but'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of was","gloss":"Since"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Toeankoe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Toeankoe","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"Toeankoe","lemma":"Toeankoe","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Toeankoe"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bemind","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"bemind","lemma":"bemind","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Toeankoe to bemind","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of garnizoen","gloss":"a small"},{"surface":"garnizoen","lemma":"garnizoen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"garrison"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fort","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fort","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fort","lemma":"fort","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of hadden","gloss":"fort"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"second verb in the causal subordinate clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzocht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verzocht","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voeten","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"vrye","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies voeten","gloss":"free","note":"Vrye is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern vrije."},{"surface":"voeten","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"feet","note":"Op vrije voeten laten is an idiom meaning “to leave at liberty.”"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces mogen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mogen","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of laten","gloss":"be allowed"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by mogen","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of werd toegestaan","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of toegestaan","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of toegestaan","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"toegestaan","lemma":"toestaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrasting sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Soetan","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Soetan","lemma":"Soetan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of voor","gloss":"Soetan"},{"surface":"Salim","lemma":"Salim","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Soetan","gloss":"Salim"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of vyand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"byzonderen","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vyand","gloss":"particular","note":"Byzonderen reflects the older spelling of modern bijzonderen."},{"surface":"vyand","lemma":"vijand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Soetan Salim","gloss":"enemy","note":"Vyand is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern vijand."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Jang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jang","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of genade","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"genade","lemma":"genade","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"mercy"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h14-s64","source":"De bevolking was in groote spanning.","translation":"The population was in great suspense.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in groote spanning","title":"Adjective -e ending","body":"'groote' takes the attributive -e ending (here doubled vowel 'groote' = modern 'grote'). Adjectives before a noun normally inflect with -e; the spelling is period."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking bevolking to in groote spanning","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spanning","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies spanning","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"spanning","lemma":"spanning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"suspense"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h14-s65","source":"De Natallers vermoedden dat de generaal zich verlaagde tot een werktuig van mandhélingschen haat, en 't was in die omstandigheden dat ik van-tyd tot-tyd iets doen kon, wat hy \"kordaat\" vond, vooral daar hy de weinige macht die er uit het fort kon gemist worden, en het detachement mariniers dat hy van boord had meegebracht, niet aan my afstond ter bedekking als ik naar de plekken reed waar men samenschoolde. Ik heb by die gelegenheid opgemerkt dat de generaal Vandamme zeer goed zorgde voor zyn eigen veiligheid, en 't is dáárom dat ik zyn roem van dapperheid niet onderschryven mag voor ik er meer van gezien heb, of iets anders.","translation":"The people of Natal suspected that the general was lowering himself to be an instrument of Mandhéling hatred, and it was in these circumstances that from time to time I could do something he found \"resolute,\" especially since he would not turn over to me, as a guard when I rode out to the places where people were gathering, the little force that could be spared from the fort, nor the detachment of marines he had brought along from on board. I noticed on that occasion that General Vandamme took very good care of his own safety, and it is for that reason that I cannot endorse his reputation for bravery until I have seen more of it, or something else.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de generaal zich verlaagde","title":"Reflexive 'zich verlagen'","body":"'zich verlagen' (to lower/demean oneself) is reflexive; inside the 'dat'-clause the reflexive 'zich' precedes the verb, which would stand finally in a fuller clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de weinige macht die er ... kon gemist worden","title":"Existential 'er' + relative 'die'","body":"The relative clause 'die er uit het fort kon gemist worden' uses existential/locative 'er' with a passive ('kon gemist worden' = 'could be spared'). 'die' refers to the de-word 'macht'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t is dáárom dat ik ... niet onderschryven mag","title":"Cleft with 'daarom' + modal","body":"'t is dáárom dat...' ('it is for that reason that...') is a cleft for emphasis. 'mag' is the modal 'may/can', pushing 'onderschryven' (to endorse) to the end as a bare infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Natallers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Natallers","lemma":"Nataller","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of vermoedden","gloss":"people of Natal"},{"surface":"vermoedden","lemma":"vermoeden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verlaagde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verlaagde","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of verlaagde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"verlaagde","lemma":"verlagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of vermoedden","gloss":"lowered"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werktuig","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werktuig","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"werktuig","lemma":"werktuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"instrument"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mandhélingschen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mandhélingschen","lemma":"mandhelings","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies haat","gloss":"Mandhéling"},{"surface":"haat","lemma":"haat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of the cleft construction","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omstandigheden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omstandigheden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of was","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the cleft clause of kon","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van-tyd","lemma":"van-tijd","morphology":"adverb, part of fixed phrase","role":"first part of van-tyd tot-tyd, modifying kon","gloss":"from time"},{"surface":"tot-tyd","lemma":"tot-tijd","morphology":"adverb, part of fixed phrase","role":"second part of van-tyd tot-tyd, modifying kon","gloss":"to time"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun referring to iets; direct object of vond","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kordaat","lemma":"kordaat","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vond","gloss":"resolute"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the causal clause introduced by daar","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of afstond","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of afstond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies macht","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afstond","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive gemist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying gemist","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fort","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fort","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fort","lemma":"fort","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gemist","gloss":"fort"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemist","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"gemist","lemma":"missen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the passive relative clause on macht","gloss":"spared"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gemist","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates macht and detachement under the negation","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of detachement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"detachement","lemma":"detachement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of afstond","gloss":"detachment"},{"surface":"mariniers","lemma":"marinier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"postnominal modifier of detachement","gloss":"of marines"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of meegebracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meegebracht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boord","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"boord","lemma":"boord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of meegebracht","gloss":"on board"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of meegebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"meegebracht","lemma":"meebrengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause modifying detachement","gloss":"brought along"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afstond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"afstond","lemma":"afstaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"turned over"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and article","role":"introduces the purpose phrase ter bedekking","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"bedekking","lemma":"bedekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"purpose complement of afstond","gloss":"protection"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of reed","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of reed","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plekken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plekken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plekken","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of reed","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"reed","lemma":"rijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by als","gloss":"rode"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies samenschoolde","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of samenschoolde","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"samenschoolde","lemma":"samenscholen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying plekken","gloss":"were gathering"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opgemerkt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgemerkt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelegenheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of opgemerkt","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"opgemerkt","lemma":"opmerken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zorgde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zorgde","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"Vandamme","lemma":"Vandamme","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to generaal","gloss":"Vandamme"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zorgde","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"zorgde","lemma":"zorgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of opgemerkt","gloss":"took care"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veiligheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of veiligheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies veiligheid","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"veiligheid","lemma":"veiligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zorgde","gloss":"safety"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of the cleft construction","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dáárom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative adverb in the cleft construction","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the cleft clause of mag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of onderschryven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of roem","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"roem","lemma":"roem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of onderschryven","gloss":"reputation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dapperheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dapperheid","lemma":"dapperheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"bravery"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderschryven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"onderschryven","lemma":"onderschrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of mag","gloss":"endorse"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of onderschryven","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of heb","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal part of er ... van, referring to dapperheid","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, comparative","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"prepositional part of er ... van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by heb","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"coordinated with meer as direct object of gezien","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h14-s66","source":"Hy vormde in groote overhaasting een Raad, dien ik ad hoc zou kunnen noemen. Daarin waren leden: een paar adjudanten, andere officieren, de officier van Justitie of fiskaal, dien hy van Padang had meegenomen, en ik.","translation":"In great haste he formed a council, which I might call an ad hoc one. Its members were: a couple of adjutants, other officers, the officer of Justice or fiscal, whom he had brought along from Padang, and myself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een Raad, dien ik ... zou kunnen noemen","title":"Accusative relative 'dien' + double modal","body":"'dien' is the masculine accusative relative ('which/whom'), object of 'noemen'. The verb cluster 'zou kunnen noemen' = 'might call', stacking conditional + modal + bare infinitive at the clause end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"fiskaal","title":"fiskaal = prosecuting officer","body":"In the colonial judiciary the 'fiskaal' (officier van Justitie) was the public prosecutor/legal officer. The word survives in 'fiscal' but the older sense is the law officer here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vormde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vormde","lemma":"vormen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking groote","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies overhaasting","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"overhaasting","lemma":"overhaasting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vormde","gloss":"haste"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Raad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Raad","lemma":"raad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vormde","gloss":"council"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ad","lemma":"ad","morphology":"Latin preposition","role":"first part of the Latin phrase ad hoc","gloss":"for","note":"Ad hoc is a Latin phrase meaning “for this particular purpose.”"},{"surface":"hoc","lemma":"hoc","morphology":"Latin demonstrative pronoun","role":"second part of the Latin phrase ad hoc","gloss":"this purpose"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of noemen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of noemen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"relative clause modifying Raad","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"Daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of waren","gloss":"therein"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb introducing the list of members","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"leden","lemma":"lid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren; specified by the following list","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase een paar adjudanten","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"adjudanten","lemma":"adjudant","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of paar; first item in the members list","gloss":"adjutants"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies officieren","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"officieren","lemma":"officier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second item in the members list","gloss":"officers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of officier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"officier","lemma":"officier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the third item in the members list","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Justitie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Justitie","lemma":"justitie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies officier","gloss":"Justice"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"fiskaal","lemma":"fiscaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"alternative title coordinated with officier","gloss":"fiscal"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of meegenomen","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meegenomen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of meegenomen","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of meegenomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"meegenomen","lemma":"meenemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause modifying officier or fiskaal","gloss":"brought along"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"final item in the members list","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h14-s67","source":"Deze Raad zou een onderzoek instellen naar de wyze waarop onder myn voorganger 't proces tegen Si Pamaga was gevoerd geworden.","translation":"This council was to hold an inquiry into the manner in which, under my predecessor, the case against Si Pamaga had been conducted.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was gevoerd geworden","title":"Pluperfect passive with 'geworden'","body":"'was gevoerd geworden' = 'had been conducted', the full perfect passive that explicitly keeps 'geworden' (which standard Dutch usually drops). It is the past-behind-the-past of a worden-passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de wyze waarop ... 't proces ... was gevoerd geworden","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative 'waarop'","body":"'de wyze waarop' = 'the manner in which'. 'waarop' (waar- + op) is a pronominal adverb doing the work of 'op welke', standard for referring to things rather than persons."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Raad","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Raad","lemma":"raad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of instellen","gloss":"council"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of instellen","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of instellen","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"instellen","lemma":"instellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wyze","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of instellen","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative adverb introducing the clause modifying wyze","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorganger","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of voorganger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gevoerd","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of proces","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"proces","lemma":"proces","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive gevoerd","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Si","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"proper noun","role":"honorific forming part of the name Si Pamaga","gloss":"Si"},{"surface":"Pamaga","lemma":"Pamaga","morphology":"proper noun","role":"personal name governed by tegen","gloss":"Pamaga"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gevoerd","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the passive construction","gloss":"conducted"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, participle","role":"passive auxiliary of gevoerd","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h14-s68","source":"Ik moest een tal van getuigen laten oproepen, wier verklaringen daartoe noodig waren.","translation":"I had to have summoned a number of witnesses whose depositions were needed for this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"moest ... laten oproepen","title":"Modal + causative laten","body":"'moest ... laten oproepen' = 'had to have summoned'. The modal 'moest' governs the causative 'laten', which in turn governs 'oproepen' — three verbs clustering at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wier verklaringen","title":"Genitive relative 'wier'","body":"'wier' is the feminine/plural genitive relative ('whose'): 'getuigen, wier verklaringen ... noodig waren' = 'witnesses whose depositions were needed'. It is the formal counterpart to 'van wie'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of laten","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of oproepen within the causative construction","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking getuigen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"oproepen","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"wier","lemma":"wie","morphology":"possessive relative pronoun","role":"possessor of verklaringen","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"verklaringen","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"depositions"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of noodig","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking verklaringen to noodig","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h14-s69","source":"De generaal, die natuurlyk vóórzat, ondervroeg en de proces-verbalen werden geschreven door den fiskaal.","translation":"The general, who naturally presided, did the questioning, and the records were written down by the fiscal.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de proces-verbalen werden geschreven door den fiskaal","title":"Worden-passive with agent","body":"A clear worden-passive: 'werden geschreven' (were written) plus the agent introduced by 'door' (by the fiscal). 'den fiskaal' keeps the accusative/dative -n."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vóórzat","title":"voorzitten = to preside","body":"'voorzat' is the simple past of separable 'voorzitten' (to chair/preside) — literally 'to sit in front'. The acute accent marks the stressed prefix; the verb is the root of 'voorzitter' (chairman)."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ondervroeg","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vóórzat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vóórzat","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"vóórzat","lemma":"voorzitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying generaal","gloss":"presided"},{"surface":"ondervroeg","lemma":"ondervragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of proces-verbalen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"proces-verbalen","lemma":"proces-verbaal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive geschreven","gloss":"records"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"written down"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fiskaal","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of fiskaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fiskaal","lemma":"fiscaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent complement of geschreven","gloss":"fiscal"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h14-s70","source":"Daar evenwel deze beambte weinig maleisch verstond--en volstrekt niet het maleisch dat in de Noord van Sumatra wordt gesproken--was 't dikwyls noodig hem de antwoorden der getuigen te vertolken, hetgeen meestal de generaal zelf deed.","translation":"Since, however, this official understood little Malay — and by no means the Malay spoken in the north of Sumatra — it was often necessary to interpret the witnesses' answers for him, which the general for the most part did himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar ... deze beambte weinig maleisch verstond","title":"Causal 'daar' clause","body":"'Daar ... verstond' again means 'Since ... understood', a subordinate causal clause with the verb at the end. 'evenwel' (however) is wedged in as a concessive adverb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het maleisch dat ... wordt gesproken","title":"Relative 'dat' + worden-passive","body":"'het maleisch dat ... wordt gesproken' = 'the Malay that is spoken'. 'dat' is the relative for the het-word 'maleisch'; 'wordt gesproken' is a present worden-passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"was 't dikwyls noodig hem ... te vertolken","title":"Dummy 't + te-infinitive","body":"'was 't ... noodig ... te vertolken' uses impersonal 't ('it') as a placeholder subject for the real subject 'to interpret...'. 'vertolken' (to interpret/render) closes with 'te'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of verstond","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the causal clause","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verstond","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of Maleis","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"maleisch","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verstond","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"verstond","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of the causal clause","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two objects of verstond","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies niet","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the understood second object","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of Maleis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maleisch","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"understood coordinated object of verstond","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of wordt gesproken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place complement","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of noorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Noord","lemma":"noorden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"north","note":"Historical capitalization; modern Dutch normally writes het noorden."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Sumatra as complement of noorden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sumatra","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Sumatra"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main copula of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object","role":"indirect object of vertolken","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of antwoorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"antwoorden","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of vertolken","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive plural","role":"determiner of getuigen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive dependent of antwoorden","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks vertolken as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vertolken","lemma":"vertolken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"subject infinitive governed by nodig","gloss":"interpret"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of deed, referring to vertolken","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deed","gloss":"for the most part"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"emphasizes generaal","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"did"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h14-s71","source":"Uit de zittingen van dien Raad zyn stukken voortgekomen, die ten-duidelykste schynen te bewyzen: dat Si Pamaga nooit het voornemen gekoesterd had iemand, wien het ook zy, te vermoorden. Dat hy noch Soelan Adam, noch Jang di Pertoean ooit had gezien of gekend.","translation":"From the sittings of that council documents emerged which seem to prove most plainly: that Si Pamaga had never harbored the intention of murdering anyone whomsoever. That he had never seen or known either Soetan Adam or Jang di Pertoean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn stukken voortgekomen","title":"Perfect with zijn + separable verb","body":"'zyn ... voortgekomen' = 'have emerged', the perfect of motion-verb 'voortkomen' formed with 'zijn'. 'voort' is the separable prefix folded into the participle 'voortgekomen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand, wien het ook zy, te vermoorden","title":"Concessive relative + subjunctive 'zy'","body":"'wien het ook zy' = 'whomsoever' — a frozen concessive with the dative relative 'wien' and the present subjunctive 'zy' ('be') of 'zijn'. Highly literary and archaic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"noch ... noch ... had gezien of gekend","title":"Correlative negation 'noch ... noch'","body":"'noch Soelan Adam, noch Jang di Pertoean' = 'neither ... nor', a single negation spread across two objects. Dutch keeps one negative force without doubling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source complement","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of zittingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zittingen","lemma":"zitting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"sittings"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Raad as complement of zittingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common singular","role":"determiner of Raad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Raad","lemma":"raad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"council"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of voortgekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of zijn voortgekomen","gloss":"documents"},{"surface":"voortgekomen","lemma":"voortkomen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"emerged"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of schijnen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ten-duidelykste","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies bewijzen","gloss":"most plainly","note":"In the fixed superlative form ten duidelijkste."},{"surface":"schynen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks bewijzen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of schijnen","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of bewijzen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Si","lemma":"Si","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the name Si Pamaga","gloss":"Si"},{"surface":"Pamaga","lemma":"Pamaga","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the name Si Pamaga","gloss":"Pamaga"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had gekoesterd","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of voornemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had gekoesterd","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"gekoesterd","lemma":"koesteren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first object clause","gloss":"harbored"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gekoesterd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of vermoorden","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"free-choice predicate referring to iemand","gloss":"whomsoever"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zij","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms the free-choice expression wien ... ook","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"copula in wien het ook zij","gloss":"may be"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks vermoorden as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vermoorden","lemma":"vermoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of voornemen","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second object clause of bewijzen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of had gezien and gekend","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"first part of the negative coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"Soelan","lemma":"Soelan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the name Soelan Adam","gloss":"Soelan"},{"surface":"Adam","lemma":"Adam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the name Soelan Adam","gloss":"Adam"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the second alternative","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun element","role":"middle part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"last part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Pertoean"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had gezien and gekend","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezien and gekend","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first main verb of the second object clause","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gezien and gekend","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gekend","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with gezien","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h14-s72","source":"Dat hy niet op den Toeankoe van Natal was toegesprongen. Dat deze niet uit het venster gevlucht was ... en zoo voort!","translation":"That he had not sprung upon the Toeankoe of Natal. That the latter had not fled out of the window ... and so forth!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat hy niet op den Toeankoe ... was toegesprongen","title":"Pluperfect of separable 'toespringen'","body":"'was toegesprongen' = 'had sprung upon', the zijn-pluperfect of separable 'toespringen'. 'niet' negates the whole verb (a true verb, hence 'niet' not 'geen')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat deze niet uit het venster gevlucht was","title":"Demonstrative 'deze' as subject","body":"'deze' ('the latter / this one') stands in for the Toeankoe just named, a near demonstrative used pronominally. The clause is a 'dat'-clause with the verb 'was' at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause continuing bewijzen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of was toegesprongen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was toegesprongen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the target of toegesprongen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of Toeankoe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Toeankoe","lemma":"Toeankoe","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the title Toeankoe van Natal","gloss":"Toeankoe"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Natal as complement of Toeankoe","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of toegesprongen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"toegesprongen","lemma":"toespringen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"sprung"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the next object clause continuing bewijzen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was gevlucht","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was gevlucht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the path complement","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of venster","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"venster","lemma":"venster","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"gevlucht","lemma":"vluchten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"fled"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gevlucht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the formula en zo voort","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the expression en zo voort","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the expression en zo voort","gloss":"forth"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h14-s73","source":"Verder: dat het vonnis tegen den ongelukkigen Si Pamaga was geslagen onder de pressie van den voorzitter--myn voorganger--en van 't Raadslid Soetan Salim, welke personen de voorgewende misdaad van Si Pamaga hadden verzonnen om aan den gesuspendeerden adsistent-resident van Mandhéling een wapen ter zyner verdediging in de hand te stellen, en om lucht te geven aan hun haat jegens Jang di Pertoean.","translation":"Further: that the sentence against the unfortunate Si Pamaga had been passed under pressure from the president — my predecessor — and from the councilman Soetan Salim, persons who had invented Si Pamaga's pretended crime in order to put into the hand of the suspended assistant-resident of Mandhéling a weapon for his own defense, and to give vent to their hatred of Jang di Pertoean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was geslagen onder de pressie","title":"Pluperfect passive 'was geslagen'","body":"'het vonnis was geslagen' = 'the sentence had been passed/struck', a zijn-pluperfect passive (geworden omitted). 'slaan' here is the idiomatic legal 'to hand down (a sentence)'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om ... in de hand te stellen ... en om ... te geven","title":"Twin om ... te purpose clauses","body":"Two parallel purpose clauses, each opened by 'om' and closed by 'te' + infinitive ('te stellen ... te geven'), explain why the crime was invented. This is the standard 'in order to' frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"lucht geven aan hun haat","title":"Idiom: lucht geven aan","body":"'lucht geven aan' literally 'to give air to' = to give vent to (a feeling). A fixed idiom that does not translate word-for-word into English."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces another point in the list","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces another object clause continuing bewijzen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of vonnis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vonnis","lemma":"vonnis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was geslagen","gloss":"sentence"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the person sentenced","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of Si Pamaga","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ongelukkigen","lemma":"ongelukkig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies Si Pamaga","gloss":"unfortunate"},{"surface":"Si","lemma":"Si","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the name Si Pamaga","gloss":"Si"},{"surface":"Pamaga","lemma":"Pamaga","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the name Si Pamaga","gloss":"Pamaga"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geslagen","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"passed","note":"Vonnis slaan is an older legal expression meaning “to pass sentence.”"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstance of geslagen","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of pressie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pressie","lemma":"pressie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"pressure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source of the pressure","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of voorzitter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorzitter","lemma":"voorzitter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of van","gloss":"president"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of voorganger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to voorzitter","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two van-phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the second source of the pressure","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of Raadslid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Raadslid","lemma":"raadslid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"councilman"},{"surface":"Soetan","lemma":"Soetan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the name Soetan Salim","gloss":"Soetan"},{"surface":"Salim","lemma":"Salim","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the name Soetan Salim","gloss":"Salim"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of personen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hadden verzonnen","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of misdaad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgewende","lemma":"voorgewend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies misdaad","gloss":"pretended"},{"surface":"misdaad","lemma":"misdaad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hadden verzonnen","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of misdaad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Si","lemma":"Si","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the name Si Pamaga","gloss":"Si"},{"surface":"Pamaga","lemma":"Pamaga","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the name Si Pamaga","gloss":"Pamaga"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of verzonnen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verzonnen","lemma":"verzinnen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"invented"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient of stellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gesuspendeerden","lemma":"gesuspendeerd","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Mandhéling as complement of adsistent-resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Mandhéling","lemma":"Mandhéling","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Mandhéling"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of wapen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wapen","lemma":"wapen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of stellen","gloss":"weapon"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with article","role":"introduces the purpose complement verdediging","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive singular","role":"determiner of verdediging","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"verdediging","lemma":"verdediging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of ter","gloss":"defense"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location complement of stellen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks stellen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stellen","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the first purpose clause","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two purpose clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in lucht geven","gloss":"vent","note":"Lucht geven aan means “to give vent to.”"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks geven as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the second purpose clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces what receives expression","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of haat","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"haat","lemma":"haat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"jegens","lemma":"jegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the target of haat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Jang","lemma":"Jang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Jang"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"di","morphology":"proper noun element","role":"middle part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"di"},{"surface":"Pertoean","lemma":"Pertoean","morphology":"proper noun","role":"last part of the name Jang di Pertoean","gloss":"Pertoean"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h14-s74","source":"De wyze nu waarop de generaal by die gelegenheid ondervroeg, deed denken aan de whistparty van zekeren keizer van Marokko die zyn partner toevoegde: \"speel harten, of ik sny je den hals af.\" Ook de vertalingen, zooals hy die den fiskaal in den pen gaf, lieten veel te wenschen over.","translation":"Now the manner in which the general questioned on that occasion called to mind the game of whist played by a certain emperor of Morocco who said to his partner: \"play hearts, or I cut your throat.\" The translations too, as he dictated them to the fiscal, left much to be desired.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"deed denken aan","title":"Causative 'doen denken'","body":"'deed denken aan' = 'called to mind / made one think of'. 'doen' + bare infinitive 'denken' is a causative construction; 'aan' fixes the object of thought."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zekeren keizer van Marokko die ... toevoegde","title":"Accusative '-en' + relative 'die'","body":"'zekeren keizer' shows the old accusative -en on 'zeker'; 'die ... toevoegde' is a relative clause where the separable 'toevoegen' (to add/say to) appears as the simple past 'toevoegde'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of wijze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of deed denken","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the topic transition","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying wijze","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ondervroeg","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the occasion complement","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common singular","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"ondervroeg","lemma":"ondervragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of deed","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces what was recalled","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of whistparty","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"whistparty","lemma":"whistparty","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"game of whist"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the player associated with whistparty","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zekeren","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"indefinite adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies keizer","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"keizer","lemma":"keizer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"emperor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Marokko as complement of keizer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Marokko","lemma":"Marokko","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Morocco"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of toevoegde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of partner","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"partner","lemma":"partner","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of toevoegde","gloss":"partner"},{"surface":"toevoegde","lemma":"toevoegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"said to"},{"surface":"speel","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"harten","lemma":"harten","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of speel","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the threatened alternative","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, subject","role":"subject of snij af","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sny","lemma":"snijden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb snij af","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person singular, object","role":"possessive dative with hals","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of hals","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of snij af","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of snij ... af","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds vertalingen to the criticism","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of vertalingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vertalingen","lemma":"vertaling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of lieten","gloss":"translations"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the manner clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of gaf, referring to vertalingen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of fiskaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fiskaal","lemma":"fiscaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"fiscal"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in de pen geven","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of pen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pen","lemma":"pen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"pen","note":"In de pen geven means “to dictate.”"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the manner clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"lieten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of lieten over","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks wensen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wenschen","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement in veel te wensen overlaten","gloss":"wish for"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of lieten ... over","gloss":"remaining"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h14-s75","source":"Of nu Soetan Salim en myn voorganger pressie hebben uitgeoefend op den natalschen Rechtsraad om Si Pamaga schuldig te verklaren, is my onbekend. Maar wel weet ik dat de generaal Vandamme pressie heeft uitgeoefend op de verklaringen die 's mans onschuld moesten bewyzen.","translation":"Whether Soetan Salim and my predecessor brought pressure to bear on the Natal court of justice to declare Si Pamaga guilty, I do not know. But this I do know, that General Vandamme brought pressure to bear on the depositions that were to prove the man's innocence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Of nu ... pressie hebben uitgeoefend ... is my onbekend","title":"Fronted 'of'-clause as subject","body":"The whole embedded yes/no question 'Of nu ... hebben uitgeoefend' ('whether ...') serves as the subject of 'is my onbekend'. The separable 'uitoefenen' splits into the participle 'uitgeoefend'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar wel weet ik dat ...","title":"Fronted adverb 'wel' + inversion","body":"Beginning with 'Maar wel' fronts the affirming adverb, forcing inversion: 'weet ik' (verb before subject). 'wel' here stresses the contrast: 'this I DO know'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die 's mans onschuld moesten bewyzen","title":"Genitive 's mans","body":"\"'s mans onschuld\" = 'the man's innocence': \"'s\" is the reduced genitive article 'des', plus the genitive -s on 'man'. A compact survival of the inflected genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the embedded subject clause of is onbekend","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the embedded clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Soetan","lemma":"Soetan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of uitgeoefend","gloss":"Soetan"},{"surface":"Salim","lemma":"Salim","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Soetan Salim","gloss":"Salim"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordinated subjects","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of voorganger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitgeoefend, coordinated with Soetan Salim","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"pressie","lemma":"pressie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitgeoefend","gloss":"pressure"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of uitgeoefend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"uitgeoefend","lemma":"uitoefenen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the embedded subject clause","gloss":"exerted"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rechtsraad","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Rechtsraad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"natalschen","lemma":"Natals","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies Rechtsraad","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"Rechtsraad","lemma":"rechtsraad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"court of justice"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive verklaren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Si","lemma":"Si","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of verklaren","gloss":"Si"},{"surface":"Pamaga","lemma":"Pamaga","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Si Pamaga","gloss":"Pamaga"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of verklaren","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks the infinitive verklaren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verklaren","lemma":"verklaren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive complement of uitgeoefend","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to onbekend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"experiencer complement of onbekend","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"onbekend","lemma":"onbekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weet","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitgeoefend","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitgeoefend","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"Vandamme","lemma":"Vandamme","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to generaal","gloss":"Vandamme"},{"surface":"pressie","lemma":"pressie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitgeoefend","gloss":"pressure"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgeoefend","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"uitgeoefend","lemma":"uitoefenen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"exerted"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verklaringen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verklaringen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verklaringen","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of uitgeoefend","gloss":"depositions"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of moesten bewijzen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"contracted genitive determiner","role":"introduces the genitive possessor 's mans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mans","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, genitive","role":"possessor of onschuld","gloss":"man's"},{"surface":"onschuld","lemma":"onschuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewyzen","gloss":"innocence"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of bewyzen","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"relative clause on verklaringen","gloss":"prove"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h14-s76","source":"Zonder op dat oogenblik nog de strekking daarvan te begrypen, heb ik me tegen die ... onnauwkeurigheid verzet, hetgeen zóó ver gegaan is dat ik heb moeten weigeren eenige verbalen mede te onderteekenen, en ziedaar nu de zaak waarin ik den generaal zoo \"gekontrarieerd\" had.","translation":"Without yet grasping at that moment what it was leading to, I set myself against that ... inaccuracy, and this went so far that I had to refuse to co-sign certain records, and there you have the matter in which I had so \"thwarted\" the general.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zonder ... te begrypen","title":"Zonder + te-infinitive","body":"'Zonder ... te begrypen' = 'without understanding', a participial-style adverbial clause built on 'te' + infinitive after 'zonder'. It sets the scene before the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb ik me ... verzet","title":"Reflexive 'zich verzetten' in the perfect","body":"'zich verzetten tegen' (to resist) is reflexive; in the perfect 'heb ik me ... verzet' the reflexive 'me' covers the first person, with the participle 'verzet' at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb moeten weigeren ... mede te onderteekenen","title":"Double infinitive + te-infinitive","body":"'heb moeten weigeren' uses the double-infinitive (the modal 'moeten' stays infinitive in the perfect), and 'weigeren' then governs 'mede te onderteekenen' (to co-sign). Several verbs stack at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of begrypen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrypen","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of strekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"strekking","lemma":"strekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of begrijpen","gloss":"implication"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"postmodifier of strekking","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks the infinitive begrijpen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"begrypen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zonder","gloss":"grasping"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verzet","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb verzet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of verzet","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onnauwkeurigheid","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onnauwkeurigheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"onnauwkeurigheid","lemma":"onnauwkeurigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"inaccuracy"},{"surface":"verzet","lemma":"verzetten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of heb verzet","gloss":"resisted"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is gegaan; refers to the preceding event","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of gegaan","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of is gegaan","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weigeren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weigeren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of weigeren","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of weigeren","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"weigeren","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moeten","gloss":"refuse"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of verbalen","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"verbalen","lemma":"verbaal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of onderteekenen","gloss":"records"},{"surface":"mede","lemma":"mede","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"particle of mede onderteekenen","gloss":"jointly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks the infinitive ondertekenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"onderteekenen","lemma":"ondertekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of weigeren","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ziedaar","lemma":"ziedaar","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"presentative predicate with zaak","gloss":"there you have"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ziedaar","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"presented noun phrase governed by ziedaar","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"oblique complement of had gecontrarieerd; refers to zaak","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had gecontrarieerd","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gecontrarieerd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gekontrarieerd","lemma":"contrariëren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of had gecontrarieerd","gloss":"thwarted"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gecontrarieerd","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h14-s77","source":"Ge begrypt nu ook waarop de woorden doelen, waarmee ik de beantwoording sloot van de aanmerkingen die er op myn geldelyk beheer gemaakt waren, de woorden waarin ik verzocht van alle welwillende konsideratien verschoond te blyven.","translation":"You now also understand what those words point to with which I closed my reply to the remarks that had been made on my financial management, the words in which I asked to be spared all benevolent consideration.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarop de woorden doelen, waarmee ik ... sloot","title":"Stacked pronominal-adverb relatives","body":"Two relatives in a row use pronominal adverbs: 'waarop ... doelen' (what ... point to) and 'waarmee ik ... sloot' (with which I closed). 'waar-' + preposition is the standard way to relativise a thing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge begrypt nu","title":"Period pronoun 'ge'","body":"'Ge' (and 'gy') is the 19th-century literary 'you', equivalent to modern informal 'je/jij' but in elevated written register. 'begrypt' is period spelling of 'begrijpt'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begrypt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrypt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrypt","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"interrogative pronominal adverb","role":"oblique complement of doelen","gloss":"to what"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of doelen","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"doelen","lemma":"doelen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the embedded interrogative clause","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"instrumental complement of sloot; refers to woorden","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sloot","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beantwoording","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beantwoording","lemma":"beantwoording","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of sloot","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"sloot","lemma":"sluiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on woorden","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanmerkingen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanmerkingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanmerkingen","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; complements beantwoording","gloss":"remarks"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of passive gemaakt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb in the passive relative clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of beheer","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"geldelyk","lemma":"geldelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beheer","gloss":"financial"},{"surface":"beheer","lemma":"beheer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"management"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on aanmerkingen","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to the earlier woorden","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"oblique complement of verzocht; refers to woorden","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzocht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on woorden","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governed by verschoond","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of konsideratien","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"welwillende","lemma":"welwillend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies consideraties","gloss":"benevolent"},{"surface":"konsideratien","lemma":"consideratie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"considerations"},{"surface":"verschoond","lemma":"verschonen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"predicative complement of blijven","gloss":"spared"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks the infinitive blijven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verzocht","gloss":"remain"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h14-s78","source":"--Het was inderdaad zeer sterk voor iemand van uw jaren, zei Duclari.","translation":"— It was indeed very bold for a man of your years, said Duclari.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was inderdaad zeer sterk","title":"Impersonal 'het was'","body":"'Het was ... sterk' = 'It was ... bold', with dummy 'het' as a placeholder subject for the situation just described. 'sterk' here means 'bold/strong' rather than physically strong."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor iemand van uw jaren","title":"Possessive 'uw'","body":"'uw' is the formal/period possessive 'your', matching the polite address. 'van uw jaren' = 'of your years', i.e. someone your age."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to sterk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterk","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterk","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"bold","note":"Sterk here means ‘bold’ or ‘forceful’, not physically strong."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of sterk","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of jaren","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; modifies iemand","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Duclari"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h14-s79","source":"--Ik vond het natuurlyk. Doch zeker is 't, dat de generaal Vandamme niet aan zoo-iets gewoon was.","translation":"— I thought it natural. Yet certain it is that General Vandamme was not used to such a thing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch zeker is 't, dat ...","title":"Fronted predicate + dummy 't","body":"'zeker is 't' fronts the predicate 'zeker' (certain) and inverts, with anticipatory dummy \"'t\" pointing forward to the 'dat'-clause. Literary, emphatic order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet aan zoo-iets gewoon was","title":"'gewoon zijn aan' = used to","body":"'gewoon zijn aan iets' = 'to be used to something'. Negated here with 'niet ... gewoon'. 'zoo-iets' = 'such a thing' (period hyphenated spelling)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of het","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeker","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to zeker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gewoon","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"Vandamme","lemma":"Vandamme","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to generaal","gloss":"Vandamme"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewoon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zoo-iets","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of aan","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"gewoon","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"accustomed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to gewoon","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h14-s80","source":"Ik heb dan ook onder de gevolgen van die zaak veel geleden.","translation":"And I did indeed suffer much from the consequences of that affair.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb ... veel geleden","title":"Present perfect of strong 'lijden'","body":"'heb ... geleden' = 'have suffered', the perfect of strong 'lijden' (note the strong participle 'geleden'). 'dan ook' is a particle pair meaning 'and indeed/so'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb geleden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geleden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the emphatic phrase dan ook","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the emphatic phrase dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevolgen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolgen","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of geleden","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies gevolgen","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of heb geleden","gloss":"suffered"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h14-s81","source":"O neen, Verbrugge, ik zie wat je zeggen wilt, berouwd heeft het me nooit.","translation":"Oh no, Verbrugge, I see what you mean to say — I have never regretted it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik zie wat je zeggen wilt","title":"Embedded clause: modal final","body":"'wat je zeggen wilt' = 'what you mean to say'. In the subordinate clause the modal 'wilt' goes last, after the main verb 'zeggen'. 'je' is the everyday informal 'you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"berouwd heeft het me nooit","title":"Impersonal 'het berouwt me'","body":"'het berouwt me' = 'I regret it' (lit. 'it repents me'), an impersonal construction with dummy 'het' as grammatical subject and 'me' as experiencer. Here in the perfect: 'berouwd heeft het me nooit'."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection modifying neen","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilt zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilt","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"wilt","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the embedded interrogative clause","gloss":"intend"},{"surface":"berouwd","lemma":"berouwen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of heeft berouwd","gloss":"regretted"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of berouwd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of heeft berouwd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"experiencer object of heeft berouwd","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft berouwd","gloss":"never"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h14-s82","source":"Zelfs moet ik hierby voegen dat ik me niet zou bepaald hebben tot eenvoudig protesteeren tegen de wys waarop de generaal de getuigen ondervroeg, noch tot het weigeren myner handteekening op enkele verbalen, indien ik toen had kunnen gissen wat ik eerst later te weten kwam, dat alles voortsproot uit een vooraf vastgestelden toeleg om myn voorganger te bezwaren.","translation":"Indeed, I must add here that I would not have confined myself to a simple protest against the way the general questioned the witnesses, nor to refusing my signature on a few records, had I been able to guess then what I only learned later, that the whole thing sprang from a design settled beforehand to incriminate my predecessor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou ... niet ... bepaald hebben","title":"Conditional perfect (counterfactual)","body":"'zou ... niet ... bepaald hebben' = 'would not have confined (myself)', a conditional perfect setting up a counterfactual that the following 'indien'-clause completes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"indien ik toen had kunnen gissen","title":"indien-conditional + double infinitive","body":"'indien' ('if', formal) opens the conditional clause, verb-final, with the double infinitive 'had kunnen gissen' = 'could have guessed' (modal 'kunnen' stays infinitive in the perfect)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het weigeren myner handteekening","title":"Nominalised infinitive + genitive 'myner'","body":"'het weigeren' is an infinitive used as a neuter noun ('the refusing'), and 'myner handteekening' = 'of my signature' uses the genitive form 'myner' (modern 'van mijn'). Both are formal/period features."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying voegen","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of voegen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voegen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hierby","lemma":"hierbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voegen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"voegen","lemma":"voegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"add"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of voegen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bepaald","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of bepaald","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bepaald","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bepaald","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"bepaald","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the object clause","gloss":"confined"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of bepaald","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking protesteeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies protesteeren","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"protesteeren","lemma":"protesteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"nominalized infinitive governed by tot","gloss":"protesting"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wys","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wys","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wys","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of protesteeren","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"modifies ondervroeg and refers to wys","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ondervroeg","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of getuigen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of ondervroeg","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"ondervroeg","lemma":"ondervragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of the relative clause on wys","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weigeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weigeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weigeren","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"nominalized infinitive coordinated with protesteeren","gloss":"refusing"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive","role":"possessive determiner of handteekening","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"handteekening","lemma":"handtekening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weigeren","gloss":"signature"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verbalen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"enkele","lemma":"enkel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verbalen","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"verbalen","lemma":"verbaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of weigeren","gloss":"records"},{"surface":"indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of gissen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gissen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gissen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gissen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gissen","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"gissen","lemma":"gissen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"guess"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gissen and head of the free relative clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement in te weten komen","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of the relative clause on wat","gloss":"came","note":"Te weten komen is an idiom meaning “to learn” or “to find out.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause explaining wat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voortsproot","gloss":"whole thing"},{"surface":"voortsproot","lemma":"voortspruiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toeleg","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toeleg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vooraf","lemma":"vooraf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vastgestelden","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"vastgestelden","lemma":"vaststellen","morphology":"adjective, inflected past participle","role":"modifies toeleg","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"toeleg","lemma":"toeleg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of voortsproot","gloss":"design"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of bezwaren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessive determiner of voorganger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezwaren","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive bezwaren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bezwaren","lemma":"bezwaren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of toeleg","gloss":"incriminate"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h14-s83","source":"Ik meende dat de generaal, overtuigd van Si Pamaga's onschuld, zich liet meesleepen door de achtenswaardige zucht om een onschuldig slachtoffer te redden van de gevolgen eener rechtsdwaling, voor-zoo-ver dit na de geeseling en 't brandmerk nog mogelyk was.","translation":"I supposed that the general, convinced of Si Pamaga's innocence, was being carried away by the honorable desire to save an innocent victim from the consequences of a miscarriage of justice, in so far as that was still possible after the flogging and the branding.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich liet meesleepen","title":"Reflexive + permissive laten","body":"'zich laten meesleepen' = 'to let oneself be carried away'. The reflexive 'zich' combines with permissive 'laten' plus the separable infinitive 'meesleepen' — a passive-like construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om ... te redden","title":"om ... te (purpose)","body":"'om een onschuldig slachtoffer ... te redden' = 'in order to save an innocent victim', a purpose clause framed by 'om' and closed by 'te redden'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de gevolgen eener rechtsdwaling","title":"Genitive 'eener'","body":"'eener rechtsdwaling' = 'of a miscarriage of justice'; 'eener' is the genitive of the indefinite article 'een', another inflected relic of 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of liet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"overtuigd","lemma":"overtuigen","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"participial modifier of generaal","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onschuld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Si","lemma":"Si","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the name Si Pamaga","gloss":"Si"},{"surface":"Pamaga's","lemma":"Pamaga","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive determiner of onschuld","gloss":"Pamaga's"},{"surface":"onschuld","lemma":"onschuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of overtuigd","gloss":"innocence"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of meesleepen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of meende","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"meesleepen","lemma":"meeslepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of liet","gloss":"be carried away"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zucht","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"achtenswaardige","lemma":"achtenswaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zucht","gloss":"honorable"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agentive complement of meesleepen","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of redden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slachtoffer","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onschuldig","lemma":"onschuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies slachtoffer","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"slachtoffer","lemma":"slachtoffer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of redden","gloss":"victim"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive redden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"redden","lemma":"redden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying zucht","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevolgen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolgen","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of redden","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, genitive, feminine singular","role":"determiner of rechtsdwaling","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"rechtsdwaling","lemma":"rechtsdwaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of gevolgen","gloss":"miscarriage of justice"},{"surface":"voor-zoo-ver","lemma":"voor zover","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the limiting clause of was","gloss":"insofar as"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geeseling","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geeseling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geeseling","lemma":"geseling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of na","gloss":"flogging"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brandmerk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brandmerk","lemma":"brandmerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with geeseling","gloss":"branding"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mogelyk","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dit to mogelyk","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h14-s84","source":"Deze meening deed my wel in verzet komen tegen valsheid, maar ik was daarover niet zóó verontwaardigd als ik zou geweest zyn indien ik geweten had dat het hier geenszins te doen was om een onschuldige te redden, maar dat deze valsheid de strekking had om ten-koste van de eer en 't welzyn myns voorgangers, de bewyzen te vernietigen die de politiek van den generaal in den weg stonden.","translation":"This supposition did indeed make me rise up against falsehood, but I was not so indignant over it as I would have been had I known that it was here by no means a matter of saving an innocent man, but that this falsehood had the purpose of destroying — at the cost of my predecessor's honor and well-being — the evidence that stood in the way of the general's policy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik zou geweest zyn","title":"Conditional perfect with zijn","body":"'als ik zou geweest zyn' = 'as I would have been'. The conditional 'zou' takes the perfect infinitive 'geweest zyn' (the perfect of 'zijn' is formed with 'zijn' itself)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"indien ik geweten had","title":"Pluperfect in an if-clause","body":"'indien ik geweten had' = 'had I known', a pluperfect ('geweten had') in a counterfactual condition. Note the verb-final order forced by 'indien'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ten-koste van ... de eer ... myns voorgangers","title":"Genitive 'myns voorgangers'","body":"'myns voorgangers' = 'of my predecessor', a genitive with the masculine genitive possessive 'myns' (= des/mijns) plus genitive -s on the noun — a heavily inflected period possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"supposition"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzet","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verzet","lemma":"verzet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of komen","gloss":"resistance"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of deed","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking valsheid","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"valsheid","lemma":"valsheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of komen","gloss":"falsehood"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to verontwaardigd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"daarover","lemma":"daarover","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verontwaardigd","gloss":"over it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verontwaardigd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zóó","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verontwaardigd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"verontwaardigd","lemma":"verontwaardigd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"indignant"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of geweest","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geweest zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main copular verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geweten","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geweten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geweten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of geweten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geenszins","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"geenszins","lemma":"geenszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te doen was","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of was","gloss":"matter","note":"Het is te doen om means “it is a matter of” or “the aim is.”"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first object clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of redden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onschuldige","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onschuldige","lemma":"onschuldig","morphology":"adjective used as a noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of redden","gloss":"innocent man"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive redden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"redden","lemma":"redden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of om","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two object clauses of geweten","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second object clause of geweten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of valsheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"valsheid","lemma":"valsheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"falsehood"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of strekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"strekking","lemma":"strekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second object clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of vernietigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ten-koste","lemma":"ten koste","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"head of the adverbial phrase modifying vernietigen","gloss":"at the cost"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of van","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of welzyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"welzyn","lemma":"welzijn","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second object of van","gloss":"well-being"},{"surface":"myns","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive","role":"possessive determiner of voorgangers","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorgangers","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of eer and welzyn","gloss":"predecessor's"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewyzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of vernietigen","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive vernietigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vernietigen","lemma":"vernietigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying strekking","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of stonden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of politiek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"politiek","lemma":"politiek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in den weg stonden","gloss":"policy"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessive complement of politiek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessive complement of politiek","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase in den weg staan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in in the phrase in den weg staan","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"stonden","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"head of the relative clause on bewyzen","gloss":"stood","note":"In de weg staan means “to obstruct” or “to stand in the way.”"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h14-s85","source":"--En hoe ging 't verder met uw voorganger? vroeg Verbrugge.","translation":"— And how did it go further with your predecessor? asked Verbrugge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe ging 't verder met uw voorganger?","title":"wh-question word order","body":"A question opening with the adverb 'hoe' (how) puts the finite verb 'ging' second: 'hoe ging 't...'. 'uw' is the polite possessive 'your'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the question to the preceding discourse","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorganger","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessive determiner of voorganger","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ging","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb introducing the question","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h14-s86","source":"--Gelukkig voor hem was hy reeds naar Java vertrokken voor de generaal te Padang, terugkeerde.","translation":"— Luckily for him he had already left for Java before the general returned to Padang.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was ... reeds ... vertrokken","title":"Pluperfect with zijn","body":"'was ... vertrokken' = 'had departed', the pluperfect of motion-verb 'vertrekken' with 'zijn'. The fronted 'Gelukkig voor hem' triggers inversion ('was hy')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gelukkig","lemma":"gelukkig","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying vertrokken","gloss":"luckily"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of Gelukkig","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vertrokken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertrokken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertrokken","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of vertrokken","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"vertrokken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the principal clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of terugkeerde","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of terugkeerde","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of terugkeerde","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"terugkeerde","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"returned"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h14-s87","source":"Hy schynt zich by de Regeering te Batavia te hebben kunnen verantwoorden, althans hy is in dienst gebleven.","translation":"He seems to have been able to justify himself before the Government at Batavia; at any rate he remained in service.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schynt zich ... te hebben kunnen verantwoorden","title":"Reflexive + perfect te-infinitive + double infinitive","body":"A long cluster: 'schynt zich ... te hebben kunnen verantwoorden' = 'seems to have been able to justify himself'. 'schijnen' takes a 'te'-infinitive; inside, the modal 'kunnen' stays infinitive (double infinitive), and 'zich' is reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy is in dienst gebleven","title":"Perfect with zijn: blijven","body":"'is ... gebleven' = 'remained', the perfect of 'blijven' (to stay), which takes 'zijn' as its auxiliary. 'in dienst blijven' = to stay in service."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schynt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb governing verantwoorden","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of verantwoorden","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verantwoorden","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive phrase headed by verantwoorden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of verantwoorden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of verantwoorden","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"verantwoorden","lemma":"verantwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical verb complement of schynt","gloss":"justify"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying gebleven","gloss":"at any rate"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gebleven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebleven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dienst","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of gebleven","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"gebleven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"remained"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h14-s88","source":"De resident van Ayer Bangie die op 't vonnis fiat exekutie verleend had, werd ...","translation":"The resident of Ayer Bangie who had granted the fiat of execution on the sentence, was ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... fiat exekutie verleend had, werd ...","title":"Relative clause + interrupted passive","body":"'die ... verleend had' = 'who had granted', a relative clause with the pluperfect 'verleend had' at its end. The main verb 'werd' (was) trails off as the sentence is cut short."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ayer Bangie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Ayer","lemma":"Ayer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the name Ayer Bangie","gloss":"Ayer"},{"surface":"Bangie","lemma":"Bangie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the name Ayer Bangie","gloss":"Bangie"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verleend had","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vonnis","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of vonnis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vonnis","lemma":"vonnis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"sentence"},{"surface":"fiat","lemma":"fiat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first element of the compound fiat exekutie","gloss":"fiat"},{"surface":"exekutie","lemma":"executie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verleend","gloss":"of execution","note":"Exekutie is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern executie."},{"surface":"verleend","lemma":"verlenen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verleend","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"main-clause passive auxiliary continued in the next segment","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h14-s89","source":"--Gesuspendeerd?","translation":"— Suspended?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s89.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Gesuspendeerd","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of werd in the preceding segment","gloss":"Suspended"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h14-s90","source":"--Natuurlyk!","translation":"— Naturally!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s90.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"independent response","gloss":"Naturally"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h14-s91","source":"Ge ziet dat ik niet zoo heel onrecht had, in myn puntdicht te zeggen dat de Gouverneur ons schorsend regeerde.","translation":"You see that I was not so very wrong, in my epigram, to say that the Governor governed us by suspension.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge ziet dat ik niet zoo heel onrecht had","title":"dat-clause, verb-final","body":"'dat ik ... onrecht had' is a subordinate clause where the verb 'had' goes to the end. 'onrecht hebben' = 'to be in the wrong'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de Gouverneur ons schorsend regeerde","title":"Present participle 'schorsend'","body":"'schorsend' = 'suspending', the present participle (-end form) of 'schorsen', here used adverbially: 'governed us by/while suspending'. It captures Havelaar's epigram on rule-by-suspension."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"puntdicht","title":"puntdicht = epigram","body":"A 'puntdicht' (lit. 'point-poem') is an epigram — a short, pointed satirical verse. Havelaar's barb is that the Governor 'governed by suspension'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates onrecht had","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heel","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onrecht","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had in the expression onrecht hebben","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"head of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puntdicht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessor of puntdicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"puntdicht","lemma":"puntdicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"epigram"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement expressing what I did","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of regeerde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of regeerde","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, first person plural","role":"direct object of regeerde","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"schorsend","lemma":"schorsen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial modifier of regeerde","gloss":"by suspension"},{"surface":"regeerde","lemma":"regeren","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"head of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"governed"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h14-s92","source":"--En wat is er geworden van al die gesuspendeerde ambtenaren?","translation":"— And what became of all those suspended officials?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat is er geworden van ...","title":"Existential 'er' + 'worden van'","body":"'wat is er geworden van ...' = 'what became of ...'. The idiom 'er worden van' uses existential 'er'; 'geworden' is the participle of 'worden' in its full perfect (with 'zijn')."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject complement of geworden","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the expression wat is er geworden van","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambtenaren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"modifies die ambtenaren","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ambtenaren","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"gesuspendeerde","lemma":"suspenderen","morphology":"verb, past participle, attributive inflection","role":"modifies ambtenaren","gloss":"suspended"},{"surface":"ambtenaren","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"officials"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h14-s93","source":"--O, er waren er nog veel meer!","translation":"— Oh, there were many more of them still!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er waren er nog veel meer","title":"Two er's: existential + quantitative","body":"A neat double 'er': the first 'er' is existential ('there were'), the second 'er' is the quantitative pronoun standing for 'of them' ('er ... veel meer' = 'many more of them')."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun","role":"partitive pronoun referring to officials","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel meer","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies meer","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier, comparative","role":"notional subject of waren","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h14-s94","source":"Allen, de een voor, de ander na, zyn in hun betrekkingen hersteld.","translation":"All of them, one before, another after, were restored to their posts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Allen, de een voor, de ander na, zyn ... hersteld","title":"Perfect passive with zijn","body":"'zyn ... hersteld' = 'were restored', a worden-passive in the perfect (geworden dropped). 'de een voor, de ander na' = 'one before, another after', a fixed paired idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hersteld","gloss":"All of them"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of een","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"first element of de een ... de ander","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier meaning earlier","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"second element of de een ... de ander","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier meaning later","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of hersteld","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betrekkingen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessor of betrekkingen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"betrekkingen","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"posts"},{"surface":"hersteld","lemma":"herstellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive construction","gloss":"restored"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h14-s95","source":"Enkelen van hen hebben later zeer aanzienlyke ambten bekleed.","translation":"Some of them later held very considerable offices.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Enkelen van hen hebben ... ambten bekleed","title":"Present perfect 'hebben bekleed'","body":"'hebben ... bekleed' = 'have held/occupied', perfect with 'hebben' and participle 'bekleed' last. 'Enkelen' is a substantivised quantifier ('a few people') with the -en personal ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Enkelen","lemma":"enkel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of bekleed","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of bekleed","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekleed","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanzienlyke","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"aanzienlyke","lemma":"aanzienlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive inflection, plural","role":"modifies ambten","gloss":"considerable","note":"Aanzienlyke is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern aanzienlijke."},{"surface":"ambten","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of bekleed","gloss":"offices"},{"surface":"bekleed","lemma":"bekleden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h14-s96","source":"--En Soetan Salim?","translation":"— And Soetan Salim?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical follow-up question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Soetan","lemma":"Soetan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the name Soetan Salim","gloss":"Soetan"},{"surface":"Salim","lemma":"Salim","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the name Soetan Salim","gloss":"Salim"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h14-s97","source":"--De generaal voerde hem gevankelyk mede naar Padang, en vandaar werd hy als balling naar Java gezonden.","translation":"— The general carried him off in custody to Padang, and from there he was sent into exile to Java.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"werd hy als balling ... gezonden","title":"Worden-passive after fronted 'vandaar'","body":"'vandaar werd hy ... gezonden' = 'from there he was sent', a worden-passive with inversion after the fronted adverb 'vandaar' (from there). 'gezonden' is the strong participle of 'zenden'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gevankelyk / balling","title":"Archaic legal vocabulary","body":"'gevankelyk' = 'in custody / as a prisoner' (an old adverb from 'gevangen'); 'balling' = 'an exile'. Both belong to the formal language of penal banishment."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voerde","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"voerde","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of voerde ... mede","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"direct object of voerde ... mede","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gevankelyk","lemma":"gevankelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner modifier of voerde ... mede","gloss":"in custody","note":"Gevankelyk is an older spelling and usage of modern gevankelijk, here meaning as a prisoner."},{"surface":"mede","lemma":"mede","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of voerde ... mede","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links voerde and werd gezonden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vandaar","lemma":"vandaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"source modifier of gezonden","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gezonden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of gezonden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the role balling","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"balling","lemma":"balling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of gezonden","gloss":"an exile"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"gezonden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive coordinated clause","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h14-s98","source":"Hy is thans nog te Tjanjor in de Preanger regentschappen.","translation":"He is to this day still at Tjanjor in the Preanger regencies.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s98.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"time modifier of is","gloss":"at present"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"time modifier of is","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tjanjor","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Tjanjor","lemma":"Tjanjor","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Tjanjor"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regentschappen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of regentschappen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Preanger","lemma":"Preanger","morphology":"proper noun used attributively","role":"modifies regentschappen","gloss":"Preanger"},{"surface":"regentschappen","lemma":"regentschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"regencies"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h14-s99","source":"Toen ik in 1846 daar was, heb ik hem een bezoek gebracht.","translation":"When I was there in 1846, I paid him a visit.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen ik in 1846 daar was, heb ik ...","title":"Temporal 'toen' clause + V2 main","body":"'Toen ik ... daar was' = 'When I was there', a subordinate temporal clause (verb-final 'was'). The main clause then inverts: 'heb ik ... gebracht' (verb second after the fronted clause)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 1846","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"location modifier of was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of gebracht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"indirect object of gebracht","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of bezoek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gebracht","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paid"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h14-s100","source":"Weet je nog wat ik te Tjanjor kwam doen, Tine?","translation":"Do you still remember what I came to Tjanjor to do, Tine?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Weet je nog wat ik ... kwam doen","title":"Embedded wh-clause + bare infinitive","body":"'wat ik te Tjanjor kwam doen' = 'what I came to do at Tjanjor'. 'komen' + bare infinitive 'doen' (no 'te') expresses purpose of motion; the cluster sits clause-finally."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of Weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Weet","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of doen and head of the subordinate question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tjanjor","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Tjanjor","lemma":"Tjanjor","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Tjanjor"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate question","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on kwam","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h14-s101","source":"--Neen, Max, dat is me glad ontgaan.","translation":"— No, Max, that has slipped my mind entirely.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dat is me glad ontgaan","title":"Idiom: glad ontgaan","body":"'iets is me ontgaan' = 'something has escaped/slipped me'; 'glad' here intensifies it to 'clean/entirely'. Note 'ontgaan' takes 'zijn' and the dative-like 'me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent response","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ontgaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontgaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, object form, first person singular","role":"indirect object of ontgaan","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"glad","lemma":"glad","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of ontgaan","gloss":"entirely","note":"Glad is used adverbially here in the older sense ‘completely.’"},{"surface":"ontgaan","lemma":"ontgaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"escaped"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h14-s102","source":"--Wie kan ook alles onthouden?","translation":"— Who, after all, can remember everything?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie kan ook alles onthouden?","title":"Interrogative 'wie' + modal","body":"A rhetorical question: 'Wie kan ... onthouden?' = 'Who can remember...?'. The interrogative subject 'wie' is followed by modal 'kan', with 'onthouden' as a bare infinitive at the end. 'ook' = 'after all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of onthouden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds rhetorical emphasis to the question","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of onthouden","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"onthouden","lemma":"onthouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kan","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h14-s103","source":"Ik ben daar getrouwd, heeren!","translation":"I was married there, gentlemen!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben daar getrouwd","title":"Perfect with zijn: trouwen","body":"'ben ... getrouwd' = 'got married', the perfect of 'trouwen' formed with 'zijn' (a change-of-state verb). 'heeren' (gentlemen) shows the doubled-vowel period spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of getrouwd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of getrouwd","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"location modifier of getrouwd","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"getrouwd","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"heeren","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"vocative","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h14-s104","source":"--Maar, vroeg Duclari, daar ge nu toch aan 't vertellen zyt, mag ik vragen of 't waar is dat ge te Padang zoo dikwyls geduelleerd hebt?","translation":"— But, asked Duclari, since you are telling stories now anyway, may I ask whether it is true that you fought duels so often at Padang?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar ge nu toch aan 't vertellen zyt","title":"aan 't + infinitive (progressive)","body":"'aan 't vertellen zyt' = 'are telling / are in the middle of telling', the 'aan het + infinitive' progressive. 'daar' opens a causal clause ('since'), verb-final with 'zyt' at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of 't waar is dat ge ... geduelleerd hebt","title":"Embedded yes/no question, verb-final","body":"'of 't waar is' = 'whether it is true', an indirect yes/no question with verb-final 'is'. Nested inside is the perfect 'geduelleerd hebt' (= 'fought duels'), also verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces Duclari's question","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb parenthetically inserted in the question","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of zyt","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of zyt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"time modifier of vertellen zyt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies vertellen zyt","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the progressive construction aan het vertellen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"part of the progressive construction aan het vertellen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vertellen","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used nominally","role":"lexical verb in the progressive construction","gloss":"telling stories"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second person singular","role":"finite verb of the causal clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of vragen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of mag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of mag","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking 't and waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of waar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of geduelleerd hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of dikwyls","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency modifier of geduelleerd","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"geduelleerd","lemma":"duelleren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"fought duels"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second person singular","role":"auxiliary of geduelleerd","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h14-s105","source":"--Ja, zeer dikwyls, en daartoe was aanleiding.","translation":"— Yes, very often, and there was reason for it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s105.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent affirmative response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of dikwyls","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical frequency modifier of geduelleerd from the question","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the response and the following clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of aanleiding","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"aanleiding","lemma":"aanleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"reason"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h14-s106","source":"Ik heb u reeds gezegd dat de gunst van den Gouverneur op zoodanigen buitenpost de maatstaf is, waarnaar velen hun welwillendheid afmeten.","translation":"I have already told you that on such an outpost the Governor's favor is the yardstick by which many measure their good will.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de maatstaf ... waarnaar velen ... afmeten","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative 'waarnaar'","body":"'de maatstaf ... waarnaar' = 'the yardstick by which'. 'waarnaar' (waar- + naar) relativises a thing as the object of 'naar'; the separable 'afmeten' (to measure by) goes verb-final."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"buitenpost","title":"buitenpost = outpost","body":"A 'buitenpost' (buiten + post) is a remote outlying station, far from the colonial centre — the kind of isolated posting where, the narrator says, the Governor's favour means everything."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object form, second person","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"time modifier of gezegd","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gunst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gunst","lemma":"gunst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the possessor Gouverneur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buitenpost","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zoodanigen","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, attributive inflection, masculine singular, oblique","role":"modifies buitenpost","gloss":"such an"},{"surface":"buitenpost","lemma":"buitenpost","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"outpost"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maatstaf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maatstaf","lemma":"maatstaf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"yardstick"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking gunst and maatstaf","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waarnaar","lemma":"waarnaar","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"standard complement of afmeten, referring to maatstaf","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of afmeten","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessor of welwillendheid","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"welwillendheid","lemma":"welwillendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afmeten","gloss":"good will"},{"surface":"afmeten","lemma":"afmeten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"measure"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h14-s107","source":"De meesten waren dus voor my zeer on-welwillend, en vaak ging dit over in grofheid.","translation":"Most, then, were very ill-disposed toward me, and often this passed over into rudeness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vaak ging dit over in grofheid","title":"Separable 'overgaan' split","body":"'overgaan in' (to pass into) splits: the simple past 'ging' takes second place after the fronted 'vaak', and the prefix 'over' goes to the end ('ging dit over in...')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meesten","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"meesten","lemma":"meest","morphology":"pronoun, superlative, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking meesten and on-welwillend","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, first person singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of on-welwillend","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"on-welwillend","lemma":"onwelwillend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of waren","gloss":"ill-disposed","note":"The hyphenated form corresponds to modern onwelwillend."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency modifier of ging ... over","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of ging ... over","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ging ... over","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ging ... over","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grofheid","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"grofheid","lemma":"grofheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"rudeness"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h14-s108","source":"Ik van myn kant was prikkelbaar.","translation":"I, for my part, was irritable.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik van myn kant was prikkelbaar","title":"Possessive 'myn' + fixed phrase","body":"'van myn kant' = 'for my part', a set phrase with the possessive 'myn' (period spelling of 'mijn'). 'prikkelbaar' = irritable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kant","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessor of kant","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van in the phrase van mijn kant","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Ik and prikkelbaar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"prikkelbaar","lemma":"prikkelbaar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"irritable"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h14-s109","source":"Een niet beantwoorde groet, een schimpscheut op de \"zotterny van iemand die 't wil opnemen tegen den generaal\" een toespeling op myn armoede, op myn hongerlyden, op 't slechte voedsel dat er scheen te liggen in zedelyke onafhankelykheid ... dit alles, begrypt ge, maakte my bitter. Velen, vooral onder de officieren, wisten dat de generaal niet ongaarne zag dat er geduelleerd werd, en vooral met iemand die zoo in ongenade was als ik.","translation":"An unreturned greeting, a sneer at the \"folly of a man who wants to take on the general,\" an allusion to my poverty, to my going hungry, to the poor nourishment that seemed to lie in moral independence ... all this, you understand, made me bitter. Many, especially among the officers, knew that the general was not displeased to see duels fought, and above all with someone so out of favor as I was.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand die 't wil opnemen tegen den generaal","title":"'het opnemen tegen' = to take on","body":"'het opnemen tegen' is an idiom 'to take on / stand up to'. The modal 'wil' sends separable 'opnemen' to the end as an infinitive inside the relative 'die'-clause; 'den generaal' keeps the accusative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wisten dat de generaal niet ongaarne zag dat er geduelleerd werd","title":"Stacked dat-clauses + impersonal passive","body":"Two nested 'dat'-clauses end in 'zag' and then 'geduelleerd werd'. The last is an impersonal worden-passive with 'er' ('that dueling was done / went on') — a passive with no named subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"in ongenade","title":"in ongenade = out of favour","body":"'in ongenade zijn' = 'to be in disgrace / out of favour'. 'ongenade' is the negated 'genade' (mercy/favour) with the privative prefix 'on-'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of groet","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beantwoorde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beantwoorde","lemma":"beantwoorden","morphology":"adjective, inflected past participle","role":"modifies groet","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"groet","lemma":"groet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first item in compound subject of maakte","gloss":"greeting"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schimpscheut","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schimpscheut","lemma":"schimpscheut","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second item in compound subject of maakte","gloss":"sneer"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zotterny","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zotterny","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zotterny","lemma":"zotternij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"folly"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object in het opnemen tegen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying iemand","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"opnemen","lemma":"opnemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"take on"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in opnemen tegen","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine accusative","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toespeling","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"toespeling","lemma":"toespeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"third item in compound subject of maakte","gloss":"allusion"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking armoede","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of armoede","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hongerlijden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of hongerlijden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hongerlyden","lemma":"hongerlijden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"going hungry"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voedsel","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voedsel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slechte","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voedsel","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"voedsel","lemma":"voedsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"nourishment"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb with liggen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on voedsel","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces infinitive liggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of scheen","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onafhankelykheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zedelyke","lemma":"zedelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies onafhankelijkheid","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"onafhankelykheid","lemma":"onafhankelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"independence"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begrijpt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"bitter","lemma":"bitter","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of mij","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"Velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of wisten","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies officieren","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking officieren","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of officieren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"officieren","lemma":"officier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"officers"},{"surface":"wisten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of wisten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates ongaarne","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ongaarne","lemma":"ongaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zag","gloss":"unwillingly"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geduelleerd werd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geduelleerd","lemma":"duelleren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive complement of zag","gloss":"dueled"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geduelleerd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the following elliptical met-phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iemand","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of met","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of in ongenade","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ongenade","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ongenade","lemma":"ongenade","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"disfavor"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of omitted was in comparison","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h14-s110","source":"Misschien wekte men dus myn gevoeligheid met voordacht op. Ook duelleerde ik wel eens voor een ander dien ik voor verongelykt hield.","translation":"So perhaps my sensitivity was roused on purpose. I also dueled now and then on behalf of another whom I held to have been wronged.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Misschien wekte men ... op","title":"Separable 'opwekken' + fronted adverb","body":"Fronting 'Misschien' (perhaps) inverts the verb: 'wekte men ... op', with the separable prefix 'op' at the end. 'men' is the impersonal 'one/they'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een ander dien ik voor verongelykt hield","title":"Accusative relative 'dien'","body":"'dien' is the masculine accusative relative ('whom'), object of 'hield'. 'iemand voor X houden' = 'to hold/consider someone to be X'; 'verongelykt' = wronged."}],"words":[{"surface":"Misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wekte","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"wekte","lemma":"wekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"awakened"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wekte","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wekte","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of gevoeligheid","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"gevoeligheid","lemma":"gevoeligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wekte","gloss":"sensitivity"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voordacht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"voordacht","lemma":"voordacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of wekte ... op","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duelleerde","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"duelleerde","lemma":"duelleren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dueled"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of duelleerde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms adverbial phrase wel eens","gloss":"occasionally"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms adverbial phrase wel eens","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ander","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"other person"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative masculine singular","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement verongelykt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"verongelykt","lemma":"verongelijken","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"object complement of dien","gloss":"wronged","note":"Verongelykt is the nineteenth-century spelling of verongelijkt."},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying ander","gloss":"considered"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h14-s111","source":"Hoe dit zy, het duel was daar in dien tyd aan de orde van den dag, en meer dan eens is 't gebeurd dat ik twee samenkomsten had op een ochtend. O, er is iets zeer aantrekkelyks in het duel, vooral met de sabel, of \"op\" de sabel, zooals ze 't noemen ... ik weet niet waarom.","translation":"However that may be, the duel was in those days the order of the day there, and more than once it happened that I had two meetings in one morning. Oh, there is something very attractive in the duel, especially with the saber, or \"on\" the saber, as they call it ... I do not know why.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe dit zy","title":"Concessive subjunctive 'zy'","body":"'Hoe dit zy' = 'However that may be', a frozen concessive using the present subjunctive 'zy' ('be') of 'zijn'. A purely literary, archaic turn of phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"meer dan eens is 't gebeurd dat ...","title":"Impersonal 'het gebeurt dat'","body":"'is 't gebeurd dat...' = 'it happened that...', an impersonal construction with dummy 't and a 'dat'-clause as the real subject. The fronted 'meer dan eens' forces inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies concessive clause dit zij","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zij","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of concessive formula","gloss":"may be"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of duel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duel","lemma":"duel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"duel"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula with aan de orde van de dag","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine oblique","role":"determiner of tijd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in idiom aan de orde van de dag","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of orde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"orde","lemma":"orde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of was","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"head of phrase meer dan eens","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"links comparative phrase","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of gebeurd","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gebeurd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with gebeurd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gebeurd","lemma":"gebeuren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies samenkomsten","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"samenkomsten","lemma":"samenkomst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"meetings"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ochtend","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ochtend","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ochtend","lemma":"ochtend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op in temporal phrase","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing new sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb with is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aantrekkelyks","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"aantrekkelyks","lemma":"aantrekkelijk","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"attractive"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking duel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of duel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duel","lemma":"duel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"duel"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabel","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sabel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sabel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sabel","lemma":"sabel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"saber"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sabel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sabel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sabel","lemma":"sabel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"saber"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of noemen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of comparative clause","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"interrogative complement of weet","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h14-s112","source":"Ge begrypt echter dat ik nu zoo-iets niet meer doen zou, ook al ware daartoe zooveel aanleiding als in die dagen ... kom eens hier, Max--neen, vang dat beestje niet--kom hier?","translation":"You understand, however, that I would no longer do such a thing now, even were there as much occasion for it as in those days ... come here, Max — no, do not catch that little creature — come here?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s112.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik ... niet meer doen zou","title":"Conditional 'zou' in a dat-clause","body":"'dat ik ... doen zou' = 'that I would do', a 'dat'-clause where the conditional 'zou' sits at the very end behind the infinitive 'doen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al ware daartoe ... aanleiding","title":"Concessive subjunctive 'ware'","body":"'al ware daartoe ... aanleiding' = 'even were there ... occasion for it'. 'ware' is the past subjunctive of 'zijn' (were); 'al' triggers verb-first concessive order; 'daartoe' is the pronominal adverb 'for it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vang dat beestje niet","title":"Imperative + diminutive","body":"'vang ... niet' is a negative imperative (bare stem). 'beestje' is the diminutive of 'beest' (-je suffix), making it 'little creature' — affectionate, and always neuter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begrypt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrypt","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of begrijpt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms negation niet meer","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms concessive conjunction ook al","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"forms concessive conjunction ook al","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of concessive clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of aanleiding","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"quantifies aanleiding","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"aanleiding","lemma":"aanleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with omitted aanleiding","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in in comparison","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of imperative clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softening particle modifying kom","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kom","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressing Max","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"nee","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection correcting preceding command","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"vang","lemma":"vangen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of negative imperative","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beestje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"beestje","lemma":"beest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vang","gloss":"little creature"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vang","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of imperative clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kom","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h14-s113","source":"Hoor eens, je moet nooit kapellen vangen.","translation":"Listen, you must never catch butterflies.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je moet nooit kapellen vangen","title":"Modal + negative 'nooit'","body":"'je moet nooit ... vangen' = 'you must never catch'. The modal 'moet' sends 'vangen' to the end; 'nooit' (never) is the single negative carrying the negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kapellen","title":"kapellen = butterflies","body":"'kapel' is an older/regional word for butterfly (modern standard: 'vlinder', which Multatuli also uses two segments later). Worth glossing for the modern reader."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoor","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of attention-getting imperative","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softening particle modifying hoor","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet vangen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vangen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vangen","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"kapellen","lemma":"kapel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vangen","gloss":"butterflies","note":"Kapel is an archaic Dutch word for a butterfly; modern Dutch normally uses vlinder."},{"surface":"vangen","lemma":"vangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"catch"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h14-s114","source":"Dat arme dier heeft eerst langen tyd als rups op een boom rondgekropen, dat was geen vroolyk leven!","translation":"That poor creature first crept about for a long while as a caterpillar on a tree — that was no merry life!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heeft ... rondgekropen","title":"Perfect of separable 'rondkruipen'","body":"'heeft ... rondgekropen' = 'crept about', the perfect of separable 'rondkruipen' with the prefix folded into the strong participle 'rondgekropen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"langen tyd","title":"Accusative '-en' in a time phrase","body":"'langen tyd' ('a long while') shows the masculine accusative -en on 'lang' in a duration phrase — a frozen case ending typical of 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dier","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of heeft rondgekropen","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of rondgekropen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rondgekropen","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"langen","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, archaic inflected accusative","role":"modifies tijd","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"duration adjunct of rondgekropen","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative phrase als rups","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"rups","lemma":"rups","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of dier","gloss":"caterpillar"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boom","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of rondgekropen","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"rondgekropen","lemma":"rondkruipen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heeft","gloss":"crept around"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dat to leven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"vroolyk","lemma":"vrolijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of dat","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h14-s115","source":"Nu heeft het pas vleugeltjes gekregen, en wil wat rondvliegen in de lucht, en zich vermaken, en 't zoekt voedsel in de bloemen, en doet niemand leed ... kyk, is 't niet veel aardiger het daar zoo te zien rondfladderen?","translation":"Now it has only just gotten its little wings, and wants to fly about a bit in the air, and amuse itself, and it seeks food in the flowers, and harms no one ... look, is it not far prettier to see it flutter about there like that?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nu heeft het pas vleugeltjes gekregen","title":"Diminutive plural 'vleugeltjes'","body":"'vleugeltjes' is the diminutive plural of 'vleugel' (wing): -tje + -s. The diminutive conveys smallness and tenderness — fitting for the newly hatched butterfly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"is 't niet ... het daar zoo te zien rondfladderen","title":"Perception verb + bare infinitive","body":"'het ... te zien rondfladderen' = 'to see it flutter about'. The perception verb 'zien' takes a bare infinitive ('rondfladderen', no extra 'te'), governed overall by the 'te' after the adjective phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekregen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekregen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of heeft gekregen and wil","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekregen","gloss":"only just"},{"surface":"vleugeltjes","lemma":"vleugeltje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive, plural","role":"direct object of gekregen","gloss":"little wings"},{"surface":"gekregen","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with heeft","gloss":"gotten"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates heeft gekregen and wil","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with heeft gekregen","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rondvliegen","gloss":"a bit"},{"surface":"rondvliegen","lemma":"rondvliegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"fly about"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces in de lucht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of lucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates rondvliegen and vermaken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, singular","role":"direct object of vermaken","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"vermaken","lemma":"vermaken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"amuse"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates wil and zoekt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zoekt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"voedsel","lemma":"voedsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zoekt","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces in de bloemen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of bloemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bloemen","lemma":"bloem","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates zoekt and doet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the idiom iemand leed doen","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"indirect object of doet","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"leed","lemma":"leed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doet","gloss":"harm","note":"In the idiom iemand leed doen, literally “do someone harm,” this means “harm someone.”"},{"surface":"kyk","lemma":"kijken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"independent imperative","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject to aardiger","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates aardiger","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies comparative aardiger","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"aardiger","lemma":"aardig","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"prettier"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zien and understood subject of rondfladderen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rondfladderen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rondfladderen","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of extraposed infinitival subject clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"rondfladderen","lemma":"rondfladderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of zien","gloss":"flutter about"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h14-s116","source":"Zoo kwam 't gesprek van de duellen op de vlinders, op de ontferming des rechtvaardigen over zyn vee, op het dieren plagen, op de loi Grammont, op de Nationale Vergadering waarin die wet werd aangenomen, op de republiek, en op wat niet al! Eindelyk stond Havelaar op.","translation":"So the conversation passed from the duels to the butterflies, to the mercy of the righteous man toward his beast, to the tormenting of animals, to the loi Grammont, to the National Assembly in which that law was passed, to the republic, and to what not! At last Havelaar rose.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoo kwam 't gesprek van de duellen op de vlinders","title":"Fronted 'Zoo' + V2","body":"'Zoo kwam 't gesprek...' = 'So the conversation passed...'. The fronted adverb 'Zoo' forces inversion ('kwam 't gesprek'). The series 'van ... op ... op ...' chains the topics with prepositions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de ontferming des rechtvaardigen over zyn vee","title":"Genitive 'des' + adjectival noun","body":"'des rechtvaardigen' = 'of the righteous man', the genitive article 'des' plus a substantivised adjective in -en. A consciously biblical, archaic genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of gesprek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces starting topic de duellen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of duellen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duellen","lemma":"duel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"duels"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces new topic de vlinders","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of vlinders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vlinders","lemma":"vlinder","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"butterflies"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces new topic de ontferming","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of ontferming","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontferming","lemma":"ontferming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"mercy"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive singular","role":"determiner of substantivized rechtvaardigen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"rechtvaardigen","lemma":"rechtvaardig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"possessor modifying ontferming","gloss":"righteous man"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object zyn vee","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of vee","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vee","lemma":"vee","morphology":"noun, neuter, collective singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"livestock"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces new topic het dieren plagen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"nominalizes dieren plagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dieren","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of plagen","gloss":"animals"},{"surface":"plagen","lemma":"plagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"head of nominalized phrase het dieren plagen","gloss":"tormenting"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces new topic de loi Grammont","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of loi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loi","lemma":"loi","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular, French","role":"object of op","gloss":"law","note":"Loi is French for “law.”"},{"surface":"Grammont","lemma":"Grammont","morphology":"proper noun","role":"postmodifier naming loi","gloss":"Grammont"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces new topic de Nationale Vergadering","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Vergadering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Nationale","lemma":"nationaal","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Vergadering","gloss":"National"},{"surface":"Vergadering","lemma":"vergadering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"Assembly"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"introduces relative clause and modifies aangenomen","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of wet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wet","lemma":"wet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive werd aangenomen","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of aangenomen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aangenomen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of relative clause modifying Vergadering","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces new topic de republiek","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of republiek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"republiek","lemma":"republiek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"republic"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates final topic with preceding topics","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces wat niet al","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"head of idiom wat niet al","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom wat niet al","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes idiom wat niet al","gloss":"all","note":"Wat niet al is an idiom meaning “what not” or “all sorts of things.”"},{"surface":"Eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond op","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable stond op","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of stond op","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of stond op, giving the sense rose","gloss":"rose"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h14-s117","source":"Hy verontschuldigde zich by zyn gasten, wyl hy bezigheden had.","translation":"He excused himself to his guests, since he had business to attend to.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy verontschuldigde zich","title":"Reflexive 'zich verontschuldigen'","body":"'zich verontschuldigen' (to excuse oneself / apologise) is reflexive; 'zich' is the third-person reflexive. 'wyl' = 'since/because', a literary subordinator (verb-final 'had')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of verontschuldigde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verontschuldigde","lemma":"verontschuldigen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"excused"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, singular","role":"reflexive object of verontschuldigde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zyn gasten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of gasten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gasten","lemma":"gast","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of by","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"wyl","lemma":"wijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces reason clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bezigheden","lemma":"bezigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of reason clause","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h14-s118","source":"Toen de kontroleur hem den volgenden morgen op zyn kantoor bezocht, wist hy niet dat de nieuwe adsistent-resident den vorigen dag na de gesprekken in de voorgalery, was uitgereden naar Parang-Koedjang--het distrikt der \"verregaande misbruiken\"--en eerst dien ochtend vroeg van daar was teruggekeerd. * * * * *","translation":"When the controller called on him at his office the next morning, he did not know that the new assistant-resident, the previous day after the conversations in the front gallery, had ridden out to Parang-Koedjang — the district of the \"far-reaching abuses\" — and had returned from there only early that morning. * * * * *","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wist hy niet dat ... den vorigen dag ... was uitgereden","title":"Pluperfect of separable 'uitrijden'","body":"'was uitgereden' = 'had ridden out', the zijn-pluperfect of separable 'uitrijden'. The whole sits in a long 'dat'-clause, so all verbs are pressed to the end after the time phrase 'den vorigen dag'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den volgenden morgen","title":"Accusative time phrase","body":"'den volgenden morgen' = 'the next morning': both article and adjective carry the accusative -n used for masculine time expressions, a hallmark of period spelling/case use."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause with bezocht","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bezocht","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of bezocht","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of morgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies morgen","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of bezocht","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces op zyn kantoor","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of kantoor","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"bezocht","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of temporal clause modifying wist","gloss":"called on"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of wist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was uitgereden and was teruggekeerd","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorigen","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of was uitgereden","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces na de gesprekken","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of gesprekken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gesprekken","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of na","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces in de voorgalery","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of voorgalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgalery","lemma":"voorgalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"front gallery"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of uitgereden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"uitgereden","lemma":"uitrijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first coordinated predicate of complement clause","gloss":"ridden out"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of distrikt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distrikt","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive plural","role":"determiner of misbruiken","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"verregaande","lemma":"verregaand","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies misbruiken","gloss":"far-reaching"},{"surface":"misbruiken","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of distrikt","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates was uitgereden and was teruggekeerd","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was teruggekeerd with limiting sense","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of ochtend","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ochtend","lemma":"ochtend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of teruggekeerd","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies teruggekeerd","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"combines with daar to mark source","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"object of van","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of teruggekeerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"teruggekeerd","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"second coordinated predicate of complement clause","gloss":"returned"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h14-s119","source":"Ik verzoek den lezer te gelooven dat Havelaar te wellevend was om aan zyn eigen tafel zooveel te spreken als ik in de laatste hoofdstukken heb opgegeven, en waardoor ik op hem den schyn laad alsof hy zich meester zou hebben gemaakt van 't gesprek, met verwaarloozing der plichten van een gastheer, die voorschryven aan zyn gasten de gelegenheid te laten of te verschaffen \"zich te doen uitkomen.\" Ik heb uit de vele bouwstoffen die voor me liggen, een paar grepen gedaan, en zou nog lang de tafelgesprekken hebben kunnen voortzetten, met minder moeite dan 't afbreken daarvan me gekost heeft.","translation":"I beg the reader to believe that Havelaar was too well-bred to speak as much at his own table as I have set down in the last chapters, whereby I cast upon him the appearance of having monopolized the conversation, neglecting the duties of a host, which prescribe that one give or afford one's guests the opportunity \"to show themselves to advantage.\" Out of the many materials lying before me, I have made a few selections, and could have continued the table talk for a long while yet, with less effort than breaking it off has cost me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"te wellevend was om ... te spreken","title":"te ... om te (too ... to)","body":"'te wellevend ... om ... te spreken' = 'too well-bred to speak'. The pattern 'te + adjective + om te + infinitive' expresses an excessive degree blocking an action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alsof hy zich meester zou hebben gemaakt van 't gesprek","title":"alsof + conditional perfect","body":"'alsof ... zou hebben gemaakt' = 'as if he had made/monopolised', a counterfactual with 'alsof' ('as if') and a conditional perfect, verb-final. 'zich meester maken van' = to take possession of."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzoek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verzoek","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive gelooven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verzoek","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying wellevend","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"wellevend","lemma":"wellevend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"well-bred"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Havelaar to wellevend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tafel","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of tafel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies tafel","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of spreken","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"adverb of quantity","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on wellevend","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opgegeven","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opgegeven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdstukken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdstukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies hoofdstukken","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"hoofdstukken","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"chapters"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgegeven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"opgegeven","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of comparative clause introduced by als","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waardoor","lemma":"waardoor","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces a result clause modifying the preceding statement","gloss":"whereby"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laad","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, object form","role":"object of op","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of schyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schyn","lemma":"schijn","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of laad","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"laad","lemma":"laden","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the waardoor-clause","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gemaakt","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of gemaakt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of gemaakt","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"meester","lemma":"meester","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement in zich meester maken","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of clause introduced by alsof","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gesprek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gesprek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verwaarloozing","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"verwaarloozing","lemma":"verwaarlozing","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"neglecting"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of plichten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plichten","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of verwaarloozing","gloss":"duties"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gastheer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gastheer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gastheer","lemma":"gastheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"host"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of voorschryven; refers to plichten","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"voorschryven","lemma":"voorschrijven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying plichten","gloss":"prescribe"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gasten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of gasten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gasten","lemma":"gast","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"indirect object of laten and verschaffen","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of laten and verschaffen","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of voorschryven","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks coordinated infinitive verschaffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verschaffen","lemma":"verschaffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with laten","gloss":"afford"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"reflexive object of doen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gelegenheid","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"uitkomen","lemma":"uitkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"show to advantage"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bouwstoffen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bouwstoffen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, plural","role":"modifies bouwstoffen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"bouwstoffen","lemma":"bouwstof","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"materials"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on bouwstoffen","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"quantifier noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies grepen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"grepen","lemma":"greep","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"selections"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary heb","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of hebben kunnen voortzetten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voortzetten","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tafelgesprekken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tafelgesprekken","lemma":"tafelgesprek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of voortzetten","gloss":"table conversations"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen voortzetten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of voortzetten","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"voortzetten","lemma":"voortzetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeite","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"modifies moeite","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with minder moeite","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner; contracted form","role":"nominalizes afbreken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afbreken","lemma":"afbreken","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"subject of gekost","gloss":"breaking off"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of afbreken","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of gekost","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gekost","lemma":"kosten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"cost"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekost","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h14-s120","source":"Ik hoop echter dat het meegedeelde voldoende wezen zal om eenigermate de beschryving te rechtvaardigen, die ik van Havelaars inborst en hoedanigheden gegeven heb, en dat de lezer niet geheel zonder belangstelling de lotgevallen zal gadeslaan, die hem en de zynen wachtten te Rangkas-Betoeng.","translation":"I hope, however, that what has been related will suffice to justify in some measure the description I have given of Havelaar's character and qualities, and that the reader will not look on entirely without interest at the fortunes that awaited him and his family at Rangkas-Betoeng.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat het meegedeelde voldoende wezen zal","title":"Future 'zullen' + archaic 'wezen'","body":"'voldoende wezen zal' = 'will be sufficient'. 'zal' is the future auxiliary, sent to the end of the 'dat'-clause; 'wezen' is the literary/archaic infinitive of 'zijn' (to be)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de lotgevallen ... die hem en de zynen wachtten","title":"Possessive substantive 'de zynen'","body":"'de zynen' = 'his (people)', the possessive 'zijn' used substantively for 'his family/his own'. 'die ... wachtten' is a relative clause ('that awaited'), verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoop","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoop","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen zal","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of meegedeelde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meegedeelde","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"adjective, substantivized past participle, neuter singular","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"information given"},{"surface":"voldoende","lemma":"voldoende","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"sufficient"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive rechtvaardigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"eenigermate","lemma":"enigermate","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rechtvaardigen","gloss":"to some extent"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschryving","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschryving","lemma":"beschrijving","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of rechtvaardigen","gloss":"description"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive rechtvaardigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rechtvaardigen","lemma":"rechtvaardigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of voldoende wezen","gloss":"justify"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, feminine singular","role":"direct object of gegeven; refers to beschryving","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gegeven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inborst and hoedanigheden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of inborst and hoedanigheden","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"inborst","lemma":"inborst","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"first object of van","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoedanigheden","lemma":"hoedanigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with inborst","gloss":"qualities"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying beschryving","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second object clause of hoop","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gadeslaan","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gadeslaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zonder belangstelling","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking belangstelling","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"belangstelling","lemma":"belangstelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lotgevallen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lotgevallen","lemma":"lotgeval","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of gadeslaan","gloss":"fortunes"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gadeslaan","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"gadeslaan","lemma":"gadeslaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with zal","gloss":"follow"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of wachtten; refers to lotgevallen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of wachtten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zynen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zynen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, substantivized plural","role":"coordinated direct object with hem","gloss":"his family"},{"surface":"wachtten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying lotgevallen","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h14-s121","source":"De kleine familie leefde stil voort.","translation":"The little family went on living quietly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"leefde stil voort","title":"Separable 'voortleven'","body":"'voortleven' (to live on) splits in the main clause: 'leefde ... voort', with the manner adverb 'stil' (quietly) in the middle field. 'kleine familie' shows the attributive -e."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies familie","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of leefde","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"leefde","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"stil","lemma":"stil","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leefde","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of voortleven with leefde","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h14-s122","source":"Havelaar was dikwyls over-dag uit, en bracht halve nachten op zyn bureau door.","translation":"Havelaar was often out during the day, and spent half his nights at his office.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar was dikwyls over-dag uit","title":"Middle field: Time then Place","body":"The adverbials order Time before Place/state: 'dikwyls over-dag uit' ('often during the day out'). This Time–Manner–Place tendency governs the Dutch middle field."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"bracht halve nachten ... door","title":"Separable 'doorbrengen'","body":"'doorbrengen' (to spend, of time) splits: 'bracht ... door', with the object 'halve nachten' and place phrase 'op zyn bureau' between the verb and the stranded prefix 'door'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was and bracht","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"over-dag","lemma":"overdag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"during the day"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with was","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"halve","lemma":"half","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies nachten","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"nachten","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bureau","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of bureau","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bureau","lemma":"bureau","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of doorbrengen with bracht","gloss":"spent"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h14-s123","source":"De verhouding tusschen hem en den kommandant van 't kleine garnizoen was alleraangenaamst, en ook in den huiselyken omgang met den kontroleur was geen spoor te ontdekken van 't rangverschil dat anders in Indie zoo vaak het verkeer styf en vervelend maakt, terwyl bovendien Havelaars zucht om hulp te verleenen waar hy maar eenigszins kon, dikwyls den Regent te-stade kwam, die dan ook zeer met zyn \"ouderen broeder\" was ingenomen. En ten-slotte bracht de lieftalligheid van mevrouw Havelaar veel toe tot het aangenaam verkeer met de weinige op de plaats aanwezige Europeanen en de Inlandsche Hoofden.","translation":"The relationship between him and the commander of the small garrison was of the most agreeable kind, and in his domestic dealings with the controller, too, there was no trace to be found of that difference in rank which otherwise so often makes social life in the Indies stiff and tedious; while moreover Havelaar's eagerness to lend a hand wherever he in any way could often came to the aid of the Regent, who for his part was very well disposed toward his \"elder brother.\" And finally the graciousness of Mrs. Havelaar contributed much to the pleasant intercourse with the few Europeans present at the post and with the Native Chiefs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De verhouding tusschen hem en den kommandant ... was alleraangenaamst","title":"Superlative with aller-","body":"'alleraangenaamst' = 'of the most agreeable kind', an intensified superlative with the prefix 'aller-' ('most of all'). 'den kommandant' keeps the accusative/dative -n after the preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaars zucht om hulp te verleenen","title":"Genitive -s + om ... te","body":"'Havelaars zucht' uses the -s genitive ('Havelaar's eagerness'); 'om hulp te verleenen' = 'to lend help', an om...te purpose/complement clause depending on 'zucht'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"relationship"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of verhouding","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates hem and kommandant","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kommandant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kommandant","lemma":"commandant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of tusschen","gloss":"commander"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of kommandant","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of garnizoen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies garnizoen","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"garnizoen","lemma":"garnizoen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"garrison"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to alleraangenaamst","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"alleraangenaamst","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective, superlative, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"most agreeable","note":"The intensive superlative aller-aangenaamst means “most agreeable.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the following adverbial phrase","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces adverbial setting of was","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of omgang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huiselyken","lemma":"huiselijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies omgang","gloss":"domestic"},{"surface":"omgang","lemma":"omgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"dealings"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces companion of omgang","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spoor","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"spoor","lemma":"spoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"trace"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker for ontdekken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontdekken","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement expressing availability","gloss":"be found"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of spoor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rangverschil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rangverschil","lemma":"rangverschil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"rank difference"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vaak","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place adjunct of maakt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vaak","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakt","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verkeer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verkeer","lemma":"verkeer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"social life"},{"surface":"styf","lemma":"stijf","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"first object complement of verkeer","gloss":"stiff"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates styf and vervelend","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vervelend","lemma":"vervelend","morphology":"adjective","role":"second object complement of verkeer","gloss":"tedious"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying rangverschil","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"terwyl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subordinate clause of kwam","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying kwam","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of zucht","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"eagerness"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive complement of zucht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verleenen","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker for verleenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verleenen","lemma":"verlenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zucht","gloss":"lend"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative relative adverb modifying kon","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"free-choice particle modifying waar","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kon","gloss":"in any way"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative adverbial clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of kwam te-stade","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"te-stade","lemma":"te stade","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"completes idiom te stade komen","gloss":"to aid","note":"Te stade komen is an older idiom meaning “to come to someone’s aid.”"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of was ingenomen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying was ingenomen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes dan","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of ingenomen","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ingenomen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of broeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ouderen","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies broeder","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"broeder","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die and ingenomen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ingenomen","lemma":"ingenomen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"well disposed","note":"Ingenomen met iemand means “well disposed toward” or “fond of” someone."},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a coordinated sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ten-slotte","lemma":"ten slotte","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying bracht toe","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of bracht toe","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lieftalligheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lieftalligheid","lemma":"lieftalligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bracht toe","gloss":"graciousness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of lieftalligheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"name modifying mevrouw","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial quantity modifier of bracht toe","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable particle","role":"separable particle completing bracht toe","gloss":"contributed"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of bracht toe","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verkeer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aangenaam","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verkeer","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"verkeer","lemma":"verkeer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"intercourse"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces participants in verkeer","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weinige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Europeanen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location modifying aanwezige","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"aanwezige","lemma":"aanwezig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Europeanen","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"Europeanen","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"first object of met","gloss":"Europeans"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Europeanen and Hoofden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Inlandsche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Hoofden","gloss":"Native"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"second object of met","gloss":"Chiefs"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h14-s124","source":"De dienstkorrespondentie met den resident te Serang droeg blyken van wederzydsche welwillendheid, terwyl de bevelen van den resident, met heusheid gegeven, stipt werden opgevolgd.","translation":"The official correspondence with the resident at Serang bore the marks of mutual goodwill, while the resident's orders, given courteously, were carried out to the letter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de bevelen ... met heusheid gegeven, stipt werden opgevolgd","title":"Participle phrase + worden-passive","body":"'met heusheid gegeven' is a reduced participial phrase ('given courteously') modifying 'de bevelen'; the main verb is the worden-passive 'werden opgevolgd' (were obeyed/followed)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"heusheid","title":"heusheid = courtesy","body":"'heusheid' is an older word for politeness/courtesy (from 'heus' = genuine, courteous). It survives now mostly in 'heus' meaning 'really/truly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dienstkorrespondentie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dienstkorrespondentie","lemma":"dienstcorrespondentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of droeg","gloss":"official correspondence"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces correspondent linked to dienstkorrespondentie","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location modifying resident","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"droeg","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"blyken","lemma":"blijk","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"direct object of droeg","gloss":"marks"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of blyken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wederzydsche","lemma":"wederzijds","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies welwillendheid","gloss":"mutual"},{"surface":"welwillendheid","lemma":"welwillendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"goodwill"},{"surface":"terwyl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subordinate passive clause","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevelen","lemma":"bevel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of werden opgevolgd","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of bevelen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner adjunct of gegeven","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"heusheid","lemma":"heusheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"courtesy"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial clause modifying bevelen","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"stipt","lemma":"stipt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werden opgevolgd","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of opgevolgd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"opgevolgd","lemma":"opvolgen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"carried out"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h14-s125","source":"Tine's huishouding was spoedig geregeld.","translation":"Tine's household was soon set in order.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tine's huishouding was spoedig geregeld","title":"Zijn-passive (state)","body":"'was ... geregeld' = 'was set in order', a zijn-passive giving the resulting state rather than the process. 'spoedig' (soon) sits in the middle field."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tine's","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of huishouding","gloss":"Tine's"},{"surface":"huishouding","lemma":"huishouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking huishouding and geregeld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was geregeld","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"geregeld","lemma":"geregeld","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"set in order"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h14-s126","source":"Na lang wachten waren de meubels van Batavia aangekomen, en waren ketimon's in zout gelegd, en als Max aan-tafel iets verhaalde, geschiedde dit in 't vervolg niet meer uit gebrek aan eieren voor de omelet, hoewel toch altyd de levenswys van 't klein gezin duidelyke blyken droeg dat de voorgenomen spaarzaamheid zeer werd in acht genomen.","translation":"After long waiting the furniture had arrived from Batavia, and cucumbers had been laid down in salt, and when Max told some story at table it was henceforth no longer from a want of eggs for the omelette, though even so the way of life of the small family always bore clear signs that the intended thrift was being closely observed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als Max ... iets verhaalde, geschiedde dit ... niet meer uit gebrek aan eieren","title":"als-clause + inverted main + niet","body":"The 'als'-clause ('when Max told something') is verb-final ('verhaalde'); the main clause inverts ('geschiedde dit'). 'niet meer uit gebrek aan' = 'no longer from a lack of' — 'niet' negating the cause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ketimon's in zout gelegd","title":"ketimon = cucumber","body":"'ketimon' is the Malay-derived word for cucumber, here pickled ('in zout gelegd', laid in salt) — a domestic touch of colonial Indies life. Note the un-Dutch '-'s' plural on a loanword."}],"words":[{"surface":"Na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time adjunct","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies wachten","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Na","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of aangekomen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meubels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meubels","lemma":"meubel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of aangekomen","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source adjunct of aangekomen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"aangekomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of perfect clause","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the first two clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gelegd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ketimon's","lemma":"ketimoen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive gelegd","gloss":"cucumbers","note":"Ketimon is a colonial-era spelling for ketimun, the Indonesian word for cucumber."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zout","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zout","lemma":"zout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gelegd","gloss":"salt"},{"surface":"gelegd","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates with the following main clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of verhaalde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of verhaalde","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"aan-tafel","lemma":"aan tafel","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"adverbial modifier of verhaalde","gloss":"at table"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of verhaalde","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"verhaalde","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geschiedde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces idiomatic time adjunct","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vervolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vervolg","lemma":"vervolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedde","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes negation niet meer","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebrek","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"gebrek","lemma":"gebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"lack"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of gebrek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eieren","lemma":"ei","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"eggs"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose complement of eieren","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omelet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omelet","lemma":"omelet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"omelette"},{"surface":"hoewel","lemma":"hoewel","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause of droeg","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive adverb modifying droeg","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies droeg","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of levenswys","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"levenswys","lemma":"levenswijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of droeg","gloss":"way of life"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of levenswys","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gezin","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"gezin","lemma":"gezin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"duidelyke","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies blyken","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"blyken","lemma":"blijk","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"direct object of droeg","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"droeg","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of concessive clause","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause modifying blyken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spaarzaamheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgenomen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"adjective, participial, inflected","role":"modifies spaarzaamheid","gloss":"intended"},{"surface":"spaarzaamheid","lemma":"spaarzaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive genomen","gloss":"thrift"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werd in acht genomen","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of genomen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition, part of idiom","role":"part of idiom in acht nemen","gloss":"in","note":"In acht nemen is an idiom meaning “to observe” or “to heed.”"},{"surface":"acht","lemma":"acht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, part of idiom","role":"part of idiom in acht nemen","gloss":"observance"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of passive content clause","gloss":"taken"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h14-s127","source":"Mevrouw Slotering verliet zelden haar huis, en gebruikte slechts eenige malen de thee by de familie Havelaar in de voorgalery.","translation":"Mrs. Slotering rarely left her house, and only a few times took tea with the Havelaar family in the front gallery.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gebruikte slechts eenige malen de thee","title":"'de thee gebruiken' = to take tea","body":"'thee gebruiken' is a polite idiom for 'to take/have tea'. 'slechts eenige malen' = 'only a few times'; 'slechts' is the formal 'only' (cf. 'maar/alleen')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verliet","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"name modifying Mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"verliet","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"zelden","lemma":"zelden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verliet","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verliet","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates verliet and gebruikte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gebruikte","lemma":"gebruiken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with verliet","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenige malen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies malen","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"malen","lemma":"maal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"adverbial frequency phrase modifying gebruikte","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of thee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gebruikte","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces companion adjunct of gebruikte","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"name modifying familie","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location adjunct of gebruikte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorgalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgalery","lemma":"voorgalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"front gallery"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h14-s128","source":"Ze sprak weinig, en bleef altyd een wakend oog houden op ieder die hare of Havelaars woning naderde. Men was echter gewoon geraakt aan wat men haar monomanie begon te noemen, en lette daarop weldra niet meer.","translation":"She spoke little, and kept a watchful eye at all times on everyone who approached her dwelling or Havelaar's. People had grown used, however, to what they had begun to call her monomania, and soon paid it no further heed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bleef altyd een wakend oog houden","title":"Present participle 'wakend' as adjective","body":"'een wakend oog' = 'a watchful eye', with the -end present participle 'wakend' used attributively. 'blijven + infinitive' ('bleef ... houden') expresses continued action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men was ... gewoon geraakt aan wat men ... begon te noemen","title":"'gewoon raken aan' + headless 'wat'","body":"'gewoon raken aan' = 'to grow used to'. The object is a headless relative 'wat men ... begon te noemen' ('what people began to call'), where 'wat' has no antecedent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with sprak","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bleef","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wakend","lemma":"waken","morphology":"present participle, attributive","role":"modifies oog","gloss":"watchful"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of bleef","gloss":"to keep"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement ieder","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of op","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of naderde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of woning","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of woning, coordinated with hare","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of naderde","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"naderde","lemma":"naderen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on ieder","gloss":"approached"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was geraakt and lette","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geraakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geraakt","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"gewoon","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of geraakt","gloss":"accustomed"},{"surface":"geraakt","lemma":"raken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary was","gloss":"grown"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement wat","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of aan; direct object of noemen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of monomanie","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"monomanie","lemma":"monomanie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of wat","gloss":"monomania"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces noemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of begon","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lette","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with was geraakt","gloss":"paid attention"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional complement of lette","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lette","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lette","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"reinforces niet","gloss":"any longer"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h14-s129","source":"Alles scheen kalmte te ademen, want voor Max en Tine was 't vergelykenderwyze een kleinigheid zich te schikken in ontberingen die op een niet aan den grooten weg gelegen binnenpost onvermydelyk zyn.","translation":"Everything seemed to breathe calm, for to Max and Tine it was comparatively a trifle to resign themselves to the privations that are unavoidable at an inland post which does not lie along the great highway.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want voor Max en Tine was 't ... een kleinigheid zich te schikken","title":"Causal 'want' + dummy 't + reflexive te-inf","body":"'want' is a coordinating 'because' (no verb-to-end). Dummy 't anticipates the real subject 'zich te schikken in ontberingen' ('to resign themselves to privations'), a reflexive te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een niet aan den grooten weg gelegen binnenpost","title":"Pre-nominal participle phrase","body":"A whole phrase 'niet aan den grooten weg gelegen' ('not lying along the great highway') is packed before the noun 'binnenpost' as an extended adjectival participle — a very Dutch, German-like construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"kalmte","lemma":"kalmte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ademen","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces ademen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ademen","lemma":"ademen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of scheen","gloss":"breathe"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Max","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of was","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Max","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking kleinigheid to subject het","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"vergelykenderwyze","lemma":"vergelijkenderwijze","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"comparatively"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleinigheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kleinigheid","lemma":"kleinigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"trifle"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of schikken","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces schikken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schikken","lemma":"schikken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject of was een kleinigheid","gloss":"resign"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontberingen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontberingen","lemma":"ontbering","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of schikken","gloss":"privations"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnenpost","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnenpost","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelegen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement den grooten weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"highway"},{"surface":"gelegen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"modifies binnenpost","gloss":"situated"},{"surface":"binnenpost","lemma":"binnenpost","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"inland post"},{"surface":"onvermydelyk","lemma":"onvermijdelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"unavoidable"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking die to onvermijdelijk","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h14-s130","source":"Daar er op de plaats geen brood werd gebakken, at men geen brood.","translation":"Since no bread was baked at the post, they ate no bread.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar er ... geen brood werd gebakken, at men geen brood","title":"Causal 'daar' + impersonal passive + geen","body":"'Daar er ... geen brood werd gebakken' = 'Since no bread was baked', a causal clause with impersonal worden-passive and 'geen' negating the indefinite 'brood'. The main clause inverts: 'at men geen brood'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gebakken","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in the subordinate clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gebakken","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brood","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"brood","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive gebakken","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gebakken","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gebakken","lemma":"bakken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"baked"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"ate"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of at","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brood","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"brood","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of at","gloss":"bread"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h14-s131","source":"Men had het van Serang kunnen laten komen, maar de kosten op dat vervoer waren te hoog.","translation":"It could have been brought in from Serang, but the cost of that transport was too high.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men had het ... kunnen laten komen","title":"Double infinitive 'kunnen laten komen'","body":"'had ... kunnen laten komen' = 'could have had brought', a pluperfect with a triple verb cluster: modal 'kunnen' (infinitive, not participle) + causative 'laten' + 'komen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had kunnen laten komen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of kunnen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of laten komen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the origin Serang","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of laten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kunnen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kosten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kosten","lemma":"kost","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"costs"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the modifier dat vervoer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vervoer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vervoer","lemma":"vervoer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op; modifies kosten","gloss":"transport"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking kosten to hoog","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoog","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"high"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h14-s132","source":"Max wist zoo goed als ieder ander dat er veel middelen te vinden waren om zònder betaling brood naar Rangkas-Betoeng te laten brengen, maar onbetaalde arbeid, die Indische kanker, was hem een gruwel.","translation":"Max knew as well as anyone else that there were plenty of means of having bread carried to Rangkas-Betoeng without payment, but unpaid labor, that Indian cancer, was an abomination to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om zònder betaling brood ... te laten brengen","title":"om ... te + causative laten","body":"'om ... te laten brengen' = 'in order to have brought', a purpose clause with the causative 'laten'. The grave accent on 'zònder' marks an emphatic stress ('without' payment)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase ieder ander","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the comparative phrase","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ieder","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vinden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of middelen","gloss":"plenty of"},{"surface":"middelen","lemma":"middel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces vinden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitive with waren","gloss":"be found"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula with te vinden","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitival purpose clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zònder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betaling","gloss":"without","note":"The grave accent adds emphasis; the modern spelling is zonder."},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"brood","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival purpose clause modifying middelen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of laten","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"onbetaalde","lemma":"onbetaald","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies arbeid","gloss":"unpaid"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of kanker","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Indische","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kanker","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"kanker","lemma":"kanker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to arbeid","gloss":"cancer"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking arbeid to gruwel","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative complement of gruwel","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gruwel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"gruwel","lemma":"gruwel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"abomination"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h14-s133","source":"Zoo was er veel te Lebak, dat wel door gezag te verkrygen was om-niet maar niet te-koop voor billyken prys, en onder zulke gegevens schikten zich Havelaar en zyn Tine gaarne in 't gemis.","translation":"Thus there was much at Lebak that authority could indeed obtain for nothing but that was not to be bought at a fair price, and under such conditions Havelaar and his Tine gladly accommodated themselves to going without.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat wel door gezag te verkrygen was","title":"Passive te-infinitive (modal 'is te')","body":"'te verkrygen was' = 'was to be obtained / obtainable', the 'zijn + te + infinitive' construction expressing possibility/passive. 'om-niet' = 'for nothing'; 'te-koop' = 'for sale'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schikten zich Havelaar en zyn Tine gaarne in 't gemis","title":"Reflexive 'zich schikken in' + 'gaarne'","body":"'zich schikken in' = 'to resign oneself to'; the reflexive 'zich' precedes the subject after the fronted 'onder zulke gegevens'. 'gaarne' is the archaic/literary 'gladly' (modern 'graag')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of was","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was te verkrijgen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkrygen","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"instrumental complement of verkrygen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces verkrijgen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verkrygen","lemma":"verkrijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitive with was","gloss":"be obtained"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of te verkrijgen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om-niet","lemma":"om niet","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies verkrijgen","gloss":"for nothing","note":"Om niet means “free of charge.”"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links contrasting predicates","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te-koop","lemma":"te koop","morphology":"prepositional phrase, predicative","role":"contrasting predicate with te verkrijgen","gloss":"for sale"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the price condition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"billyken","lemma":"billijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies prijs","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"price"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gegevens","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gegevens","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"gegevens","lemma":"gegeven","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"conditions"},{"surface":"schikten","lemma":"schikken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"accommodated"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of schikten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schikten","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Tine","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Havelaar","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schikten","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement gemis","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gemis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gemis","lemma":"gemis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of schikten","gloss":"privation"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h14-s134","source":"Ze hadden wel andere ontberingen beleefd!","translation":"They had known other privations indeed!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze hadden wel andere ontberingen beleefd!","title":"Pluperfect 'hadden beleefd'","body":"'hadden ... beleefd' = 'had known/lived through', a pluperfect. The particle 'wel' adds affirmative emphasis ('indeed'), and the exclamation looks back beyond the present narrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of beleefd","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of beleefd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes beleefd","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ontberingen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ontberingen","lemma":"ontbering","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of beleefd","gloss":"privations"},{"surface":"beleefd","lemma":"beleven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h14-s135","source":"Had niet die arme vrouw maanden doorgebracht aan-boord van een Arabisch vaartuig, zonder andere legerstede dan 't scheepsdek zonder andere beschutting tegen zonnehitte en westmoessonsbuien, dan een tafeltje tusschen welks pooten ze zich moest vastklemmen?","translation":"Had that poor woman not spent months aboard an Arab vessel, with no other bed than the ship's deck, no other shelter against the heat of the sun and the squalls of the west monsoon than a little table between whose legs she had to cling fast?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s135.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Had niet die arme vrouw maanden doorgebracht ...?","title":"Rhetorical question: pluperfect inverted","body":"A rhetorical question opens with the verb: 'Had ... vrouw maanden doorgebracht?' = 'Had the woman not spent months...?'. 'doorgebracht' is the separable participle of 'doorbrengen'; 'niet' adds the rhetorical force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een tafeltje tusschen welks pooten ze zich moest vastklemmen","title":"Formal genitive relative 'welks'","body":"'tusschen welks pooten' = 'between whose legs'; 'welks' is the neuter genitive of the formal relative 'welk' (referring to the het-word 'tafeltje'). 'zich vastklemmen' = to cling fast (reflexive)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doorgebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doorgebracht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vrouw","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doorgebracht","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"maanden","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"duration complement of doorgebracht","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"doorgebracht","lemma":"doorbrengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"aan-boord","lemma":"aan boord","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies doorgebracht","gloss":"aboard","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern aan boord."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vaartuig","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vaartuig","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"Arabisch","lemma":"Arabisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vaartuig","gloss":"Arab"},{"surface":"vaartuig","lemma":"vaartuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"vessel"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking legerstede","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies legerstede","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"legerstede","lemma":"legerstede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison scheepsdek","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of scheepsdek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"scheepsdek","lemma":"scheepsdek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"ship's deck"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschutting","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beschutting","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"beschutting","lemma":"beschutting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"shelter"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zonnehitte","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"zonnehitte","lemma":"zonnehitte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"sun heat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"westmoessonsbuien","lemma":"westmoessonsbui","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with zonnehitte","gloss":"west-monsoon squalls"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison tafeltje","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tafeltje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tafeltje","lemma":"tafeltje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"little table"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement welks pooten","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"welks","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative possessive determiner","role":"possessor of pooten","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"pooten","lemma":"poot","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tusschen","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vastklemmen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vastklemmen","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vastklemmen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"vastklemmen","lemma":"vastklemmen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"cling fast"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h14-s136","source":"Had ze niet op dat schip zich moeten vergenoegen met een klein rantsoen droge ryst en vuil water?","translation":"Had she not been obliged, on that ship, to content herself with a small ration of dry rice and foul water?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Had ze ... zich moeten vergenoegen met ...","title":"Reflexive + modal in a rhetorical pluperfect","body":"'Had ze ... zich moeten vergenoegen' = 'Had she not been obliged to content herself'. 'zich vergenoegen met' is reflexive; the modal 'moeten' appears as an infinitive in the double-infinitive pluperfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vergenoegen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of Had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vergenoegen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schip","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schip","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"schip","lemma":"schip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vergenoegen","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vergenoegen","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of Had governing vergenoegen","gloss":"been obliged"},{"surface":"vergenoegen","lemma":"vergenoegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rantsoen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rantsoen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rantsoen","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"rantsoen","lemma":"rantsoen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vergenoegen","gloss":"ration"},{"surface":"droge","lemma":"droog","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ryst","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of rantsoen","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vuil","lemma":"vuil","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies water","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ryst","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h14-s137","source":"En was ze niet in die en vele andere omstandigheden altyd tevreden geweest, als ze maar mocht samen wezen met haar Max?","translation":"And had she not, in those and many other circumstances, always been content, so long as she might only be together with her Max?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ze maar mocht samen wezen met haar Max","title":"Conditional 'als ... maar' + 'wezen'","body":"'als ze maar mocht samen wezen' = 'so long as she might only be together'. 'als ... maar' = 'as long as / provided that'; 'mocht' is the modal 'might'; 'wezen' is the archaic infinitive of 'zijn'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tevreden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tevreden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking die","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omitted omstandigheden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite numeral","role":"quantifies omstandigheden","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tevreden","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"perfect participle of zijn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen","gloss":"so long as"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"samen","lemma":"samen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of mocht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Max","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Max","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of wezen","gloss":"Max"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h14-s138","source":"Eén omstandigheid echter was er te Lebak, die haar verdriet berokkende: kleine Max kon niet in den tuin spelen omdat daar zooveel slangen waren.","translation":"There was, however, one circumstance at Lebak that caused her grief: little Max could not play in the garden, because there were so many snakes there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Eén omstandigheid ... was er te Lebak, die ...","title":"Existential 'er' + relative","body":"'was er te Lebak' = 'there was at Lebak', with existential 'er' introducing a new entity, then a relative 'die ... berokkende' (that caused). The accented 'Eén' marks the numeral 'one'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat daar zooveel slangen waren","title":"Causal 'omdat' + locative 'daar'","body":"'omdat daar zooveel slangen waren' = 'because there were so many snakes there'. 'omdat' is the workaday causal conjunction (verb-final 'waren'); 'daar' is locative 'there'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eén","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies omstandigheid","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"omstandigheid","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of was","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of berokkende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of berokkende","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"verdriet","lemma":"verdriet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of berokkende","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"berokkende","lemma":"berokkenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying omstandigheid","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of spelen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spelen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tuin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of tuin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of spelen","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"spelen","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kon","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waren","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite numeral","role":"quantifies slangen","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"slangen","lemma":"slang","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"snakes"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h14-s139","source":"Toen ze dit bemerkte en hierover zich by Havelaar beklaagde, loofde deze aan de bedienden een prys uit voor elke slang die ze vangen zouden, doch reeds de eerste dagen betaalde hy zóóveel aan premien dat hy zyn belofte moest intrekken voor 't vervolg, want ook in gewone omstandigheden en dus zonder de voor hem zoo noodzakelyke zuinigheid, zou die betaling spoedig zyn middelen zyn te-boven gegaan.","translation":"When she noticed this and complained of it to Havelaar, he offered the servants a reward for every snake they should catch; but already in the first days he paid out so much in bounties that he had to withdraw his promise for the future, for even under ordinary circumstances, and thus apart from the thrift so necessary for him, that payment would soon have exceeded his means.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"loofde deze ... een prys uit","title":"Separable 'uitloven' + demonstrative subject","body":"'uitloven' (to offer as a reward) splits: 'loofde ... uit'. The subject 'deze' = 'he/the latter' (Havelaar), a demonstrative used pronominally after the fronted temporal clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"elke slang die ze vangen zouden","title":"Relative + clause-final 'zouden'","body":"'elke slang die ze vangen zouden' = 'every snake they should catch'. Inside the relative clause the conditional 'zouden' is pushed to the very end behind 'vangen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou die betaling ... zyn middelen ... te-boven gegaan","title":"Conditional perfect of 'te boven gaan'","body":"'zou ... te-boven gegaan' (with 'zijn') = 'would have exceeded'. 'te boven gaan' = 'to exceed/surpass'; here in a counterfactual conditional perfect, the cluster trailing to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bemerkte","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of bemerkte and beklaagde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bemerkte","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"bemerkte","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on loofde","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hierover","lemma":"hierover","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of beklaagde","gloss":"about it"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of beklaagde","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of by","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"beklaagde","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with bemerkte","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"loofde","lemma":"uitloven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb loofde ... uit","gloss":"praised"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of loofde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedienden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bedienden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bedienden","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"indirect object of loofde ... uit","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of prys","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of loofde","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of loofde ... uit","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slang","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slang","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"slang","lemma":"slang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"snake"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vangen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vangen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"vangen","lemma":"vangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zouden","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause modifying slang","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betaalde","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dagen","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"temporal adverbial of betaalde","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"betaalde","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with loofde","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of betaalde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zóóveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of betaalde","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking premien","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"premien","lemma":"premie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"bounties"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of intrekken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of intrekken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of belofte","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"belofte","lemma":"belofte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of intrekken","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of intrekken","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"intrekken","lemma":"intrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"withdraw"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vervolg","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vervolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vervolg","lemma":"vervolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in gewone omstandigheden","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omstandigheden","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"gewone","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links parallel adverbials","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zonder-clause","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zuinigheid","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zuinigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodzakelyke","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"noodzakelyke","lemma":"noodzakelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zuinigheid","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"zuinigheid","lemma":"zuinigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"thrift"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betaling","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te-boven gegaan","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of middelen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"middelen","lemma":"middel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of te-boven gegaan","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"te-boven","lemma":"te boven","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"particle complement of gegaan","gloss":"exceeded","note":"Te-boven gaan is the older spelling of te boven gaan, meaning to exceed."},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in zou ... zijn te-boven gegaan","gloss":"gone"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"h14-s140","source":"Er werd alzoo vastgesteld dat kleine Max voortaan 't huis niet meer zou verlaten, en dat hy zich, om frissche lucht te scheppen, vergenoegen moest met spelen in de voorgalery.","translation":"It was therefore settled that little Max should henceforth no longer leave the house, and that, to take the fresh air, he must content himself with playing in the front gallery.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er werd ... vastgesteld dat ...","title":"Impersonal worden-passive","body":"'Er werd ... vastgesteld dat...' = 'It was settled that...', an impersonal worden-passive opened by 'er' with a 'dat'-clause as the logical subject. No agent is named."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om frissche lucht te scheppen, vergenoegen moest","title":"om...te purpose + reflexive modal","body":"'om frissche lucht te scheppen' = 'in order to take fresh air' (purpose clause); the main predicate 'zich ... vergenoegen moest met spelen' uses reflexive 'zich' with modal 'moest'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive pronoun","role":"expletive subject of werd vastgesteld","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vastgesteld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"alzoo","lemma":"alzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vastgesteld","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"vastgesteld","lemma":"vaststellen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verlaten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verlaten","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"voortaan","lemma":"voortaan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verlaten","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verlaten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of vastgesteld","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of moest","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vergenoegen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces purpose infinitive scheppen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"frissche","lemma":"fris","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lucht","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of scheppen","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the clause of scheppen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"scheppen","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying vergenoegen","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"vergenoegen","lemma":"vergenoegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of coordinated dat-clause","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spelen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"spelen","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of met","gloss":"playing"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorgalery","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorgalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgalery","lemma":"voorgalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"front gallery"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"h14-s141","source":"In-weerwil van deze voorzorg was Tine toch altyd angstig, en vooral 's avends, daar men weet hoe slangen dikwyls in de huizen kruipen en zich, om warmte te zoeken, in de slaapkamers verbergen.","translation":"In spite of this precaution Tine was nevertheless always anxious, and above all in the evenings, since one knows how snakes often creep into the houses and, to seek warmth, hide themselves in the bedrooms.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s141.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar men weet hoe slangen ... zich ... verbergen","title":"Causal 'daar' + reflexive 'zich verbergen'","body":"'daar men weet hoe...' = 'since one knows how...'. The embedded clause 'hoe slangen ... zich ... verbergen' uses the reflexive 'zich verbergen' (to hide themselves), verbs at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'s avends","title":"Adverbial genitive \"'s avonds\"","body":"\"'s avends\" (period spelling of \"'s avonds\") = 'in the evenings', a frozen adverbial genitive: \"'s\" = 'des' + the genitive -s on 'avond'. Compare 's morgens, 's nachts."}],"words":[{"surface":"In-weerwil","lemma":"in weerwil","morphology":"compound preposition","role":"with van, introduces concessive adjunct","gloss":"in spite"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorzorg","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorzorg","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"voorzorg","lemma":"voorzorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"precaution"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to angstig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of angstig","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies angstig","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies angstig","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"angstig","lemma":"angstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"anxious"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies temporal adjunct 's avends","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"fossilized genitive article","role":"part of temporal expression 's avends","gloss":"in the","note":"’s is a contraction of the old genitive article des in time expressions."},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, archaic adverbial genitive","role":"temporal adverbial modifying was","gloss":"evenings"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weet","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the manner clause of kruipen and verbergen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"slangen","lemma":"slang","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of kruipen","gloss":"snakes"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kruipen and verbergen","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huizen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huizen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of kruipen","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"kruipen","lemma":"kruipen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"clausal complement of weet coordinated with verbergen","gloss":"creep"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of verbergen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces purpose infinitive zoeken","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"warmte","lemma":"warmte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zoeken","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the clause of zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying verbergen","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slaapkamers","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slaapkamers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slaapkamers","lemma":"slaapkamer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of verbergen","gloss":"bedrooms"},{"surface":"verbergen","lemma":"verbergen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated with kruipen","gloss":"hide"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"h14-s142","source":"Slangen en dergelyk ongedierte vindt men wel-is-waar in Indiën overal, maar op de grootere hoofdplaatsen waar de bevolking dichter op elkander woont, komen zy natuurlyk zeldzamer voor dan in meer wilde streken, zooals te Rangkas-Betoeng.","translation":"Snakes and such vermin are, it is true, to be found everywhere in the Indies, but in the larger principal towns, where the population lives more closely together, they naturally occur more seldom than in wilder regions, such as Rangkas-Betoeng.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"komen zy ... zeldzamer voor dan ...","title":"Separable 'voorkomen' + comparative","body":"'voorkomen' (to occur) splits: 'komen ... voor'. 'zeldzamer ... dan' = 'more seldom than', a comparative with 'dan' for 'than'. The fronted phrase causes inversion ('komen zy')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"wel-is-waar","title":"Idiom: weliswaar","body":"'wel-is-waar' (modern 'weliswaar') = 'it is true / admittedly', a concessive fixed phrase that usually pairs with a following 'maar' ('but'), as it does here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Slangen","lemma":"slang","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vindt; antecedent of zy","gloss":"Snakes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Slangen and ongedierte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dergelyk","lemma":"dergelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter singular","role":"modifies ongedierte","gloss":"such","note":"Historical spelling of modern “dergelijk.”"},{"surface":"ongedierte","lemma":"ongedierte","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, collective","role":"coordinated with Slangen; direct object of vindt","gloss":"vermin"},{"surface":"vindt","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"finds"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vindt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"wel-is-waar","lemma":"weliswaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of vindt","gloss":"it is true"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Indiën","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indiën","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"overal","lemma":"overal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vindt","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hoofdplaatsen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of hoofdplaatsen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grootere","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative, attributive plural","role":"modifies hoofdplaatsen","gloss":"larger"},{"surface":"hoofdplaatsen","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"principal towns"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces a relative clause on hoofdplaatsen","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of woont","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"dichter","lemma":"dicht","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies woont","gloss":"more closely"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces elkander","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkander","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"object of op","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"woont","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"finite base of komen ... voor","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person plural","role":"subject of komen; refers to Slangen en ongedierte","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen ... voor","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"zeldzamer","lemma":"zeldzaam","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies komen ... voor","gloss":"more seldom"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of komen ... voor","gloss":"occur"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with streken","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces streken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"wild","morphology":"adjective, attributive plural","role":"modifies streken","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an example","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"h14-s143","source":"Indien echter Havelaar had kunnen besluiten zyn erf van onkruid te doen reinigen tot aan den rand van den ravyn toe, zouden toch wel de slangen zich van-tyd tot-tyd in den tuin vertoond hebben, maar niet in zóó grooten getale als dit nu 't geval was.","translation":"If, however, Havelaar had been able to bring himself to have his grounds cleared of weeds all the way to the edge of the ravine, the snakes would no doubt still have shown themselves in the garden from time to time, but not in such great numbers as was now the case.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s143.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Indien ... Havelaar had kunnen besluiten ..., zouden ... de slangen zich ... vertoond hebben","title":"Full counterfactual conditional","body":"A textbook counterfactual: the 'indien' clause has the pluperfect 'had kunnen besluiten' (double infinitive), and the main clause the conditional perfect 'zouden ... vertoond hebben' with reflexive 'zich vertoonen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn erf van onkruid te doen reinigen","title":"Causative 'doen reinigen'","body":"'te doen reinigen' = 'to have cleared/cleaned'. 'doen' is the causative auxiliary ('have it done'), governing 'reinigen'; 'van onkruid' = 'of weeds'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of the conditional clause","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen besluiten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of besluiten","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"besluiten","lemma":"besluiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kunnen","gloss":"bring himself"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of reinigen","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces onkruid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onkruid","lemma":"onkruid","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, mass","role":"complement of reinigen introduced by van","gloss":"weeds"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen as complement of besluiten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"complement of besluiten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"reinigen","lemma":"reinigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"cleared"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of tot aan ... toe","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces rand within tot aan ... toe","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of rand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rand","lemma":"rand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces ravyn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, oblique","role":"determiner of ravyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ravyn","lemma":"ravijn","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"ravine"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes tot aan ... toe","gloss":"all the way"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person plural","role":"conditional auxiliary of vertoond hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of vertoond hebben","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"expresses confident likelihood","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of slangen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slangen","lemma":"slang","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zouden","gloss":"snakes"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person plural","role":"reflexive direct object of vertoond","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"van-tyd","lemma":"van tijd","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"first part of van-tyd tot-tyd","gloss":"from time"},{"surface":"tot-tyd","lemma":"tot tijd","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"completes van-tyd tot-tyd","gloss":"to time"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces tuin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of tuin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"vertoond","lemma":"vertonen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle in vertoond hebben","gloss":"shown"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of vertoond","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting restriction","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the omitted vertoond hebben","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces getale","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies grooten","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive neuter singular, oblique","role":"modifies getale","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"getale","lemma":"getal","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, archaic dative","role":"object of in","gloss":"numbers","note":"The fossilized phrase “in ... getale” means “in ... numbers.”"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the comparison clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"h14-s144","source":"De natuur dezer dieren doet hun duisternis en schuiling voortrekken boven 't licht van open plaatsen, zoodat, als Havelaars erf zindelyk ware gehouden, de slangen niet dan als 't ware haars ondanks en verdwaald, de ruigte in den ravyn zouden verlaten hebben.","translation":"The nature of these creatures makes them prefer darkness and concealment to the light of open places, so that, had Havelaar's grounds been kept tidy, the snakes would have left the thicket in the ravine only, as it were, in spite of themselves and by going astray.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De natuur dezer dieren","title":"Genitive 'dezer'","body":"'dezer dieren' = 'of these creatures', the genitive plural of the demonstrative 'deze'. A formal inflected demonstrative, standard in 1860 written Dutch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"doet hun duisternis ... voortrekken boven 't licht","title":"Causative 'doen' + bare infinitive","body":"'doet ... voortrekken' = 'makes (them) prefer', the causative 'doen' + bare infinitive 'voortrekken' ('to prefer'). 'boven' here means 'over/above' in a comparison."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als 't ware haars ondanks","title":"Archaic 'als 't ware' + genitive 'haars'","body":"'als 't ware' = 'as it were' (subjunctive 'ware'); 'haars ondanks' = 'in spite of itself', a fossilised genitive ('haars' = of her/its) with 'ondanks'. Both are deliberately archaic."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of natuur","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"natuur","lemma":"natuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of dieren","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"dieren","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of natuur","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, third-person plural","role":"subject of voortrekken under causative doet","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"duisternis","lemma":"duisternis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voortrekken","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links duisternis and schuiling","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schuiling","lemma":"schuiling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of voortrekken","gloss":"concealment"},{"surface":"voortrekken","lemma":"voortrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of causative doet","gloss":"prefer"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the less-preferred alternative","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of licht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of boven","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces plaatsen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"open","lemma":"open","morphology":"adjective, attributive plural","role":"modifies plaatsen","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of erf","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ware gehouden","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"zindelyk","lemma":"zindelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement with gehouden","gloss":"tidy"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the conditional clause","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of slangen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slangen","lemma":"slang","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zouden verlaten","gloss":"snakes"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms the restrictive expression niet dan","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the restrictive expression niet dan","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical als ’t ware","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"verb in the parenthetical als ’t ware","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"haars","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, genitive, third-person plural, archaic","role":"complement of the postposition ondanks","gloss":"themselves","note":"In the archaic phrase “haars ondanks,” this means “in spite of themselves.”"},{"surface":"ondanks","lemma":"ondanks","morphology":"postposition","role":"governs haars","gloss":"in spite of"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links haars ondanks and verdwaald","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verdwaald","lemma":"verdwalen","morphology":"past participle used adverbially","role":"adverbial modifier of verlaten","gloss":"by going astray"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of ruigte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ruigte","lemma":"ruigte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"thicket"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces ravyn","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, oblique","role":"determiner of ravyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ravyn","lemma":"ravijn","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in; modifies ruigte","gloss":"ravine"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person plural","role":"conditional auxiliary of verlaten hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of verlaten hebben","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"h14-s145","source":"Maar 't erf van Havelaar was niet zindelyk, en ik wensch de reden hiervan te ontwikkelen, daar ze een blik te meer doet slaan op de misbruiken die byna alom in de nederlandsch-indische bezittingen heerschen.","translation":"But Havelaar's grounds were not tidy, and I wish to set out the reason for this, since it casts one more glance upon the abuses that prevail almost everywhere in the Dutch East Indian possessions.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik wensch de reden hiervan te ontwikkelen","title":"te-infinitive + pronominal adverb 'hiervan'","body":"'wensch ... te ontwikkelen' = 'wish to set out', 'wensen' governing a te-infinitive. 'hiervan' (hier- + van) = 'of this', a pronominal adverb for the reason."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de misbruiken die byna alom ... heerschen","title":"Relative 'die' + literary 'alom'","body":"'die byna alom ... heerschen' = 'that prevail almost everywhere'. 'alom' is the literary 'everywhere'; 'heerschen' (to reign/prevail) closes the relative clause. Period 'sch' spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this sentence contrastively to the preceding one","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Havelaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van; modifies erf","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third-person singular","role":"links erf to zindelyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zindelyk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zindelyk","lemma":"zindelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"tidy"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clauses headed by was and wensch","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of wensch","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wensch","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of the second main clause","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontwikkelen","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies reden","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks ontwikkelen as complement of wensch","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontwikkelen","lemma":"ontwikkelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wensch","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of doet; refers to reden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of blik","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of slaan","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"forms the postposed expression te meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"completes te meer; modifies blik","gloss":"more","note":"Postposed “te meer” here means “one more” or “an additional.”"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the causal clause","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"slaan","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of causative doet","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces misbruiken","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of misbruiken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misbruiken","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of heerschen; refers to misbruiken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alom","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"alom","lemma":"alom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heerschen","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces bezittingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of bezittingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsch-indische","lemma":"Nederlands-Indisch","morphology":"adjective, attributive plural","role":"modifies bezittingen","gloss":"Dutch East Indian"},{"surface":"bezittingen","lemma":"bezitting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"heerschen","lemma":"heersen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"prevail"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"h14-s146","source":"De woningen der gezagvoerders in de binnenlanden staan op gronden die aan de gemeenten toebehooren, voor-zoover men van gemeente-eigendom spreken kan in een land waar de Regeering zich alles toeëigent.","translation":"The dwellings of the administrators in the interior stand on lands that belong to the communities, in so far as one can speak of communal property in a country where the Government appropriates everything to itself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s146.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De woningen der gezagvoerders","title":"Genitive 'der'","body":"'der gezagvoerders' = 'of the administrators', the genitive plural article 'der'. Multatuli's prose is dense with these inflected genitives ('des/der/den')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een land waar de Regeering zich alles toeëigent","title":"Reflexive 'zich toe-eigenen'","body":"'zich toeëigenen' = 'to appropriate to oneself'. The reflexive 'zich' here functions almost as a benefactive ('appropriate everything for itself'). 'waar' opens the relative ('where'), verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of woningen","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"woningen","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"dwellings"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive plural","role":"determiner of gezagvoerders","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"gezagvoerders","lemma":"gezagvoerder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of woningen","gloss":"administrators"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces binnenlanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of binnenlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnenlanden","lemma":"binnenland","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in; modifies woningen","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces gronden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"gronden","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"lands"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of toebehooren; refers to gronden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces gemeenten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of gemeenten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gemeenten","lemma":"gemeente","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"indirect object of toebehooren","gloss":"communities"},{"surface":"toebehooren","lemma":"toebehoren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"belong"},{"surface":"voor-zoover","lemma":"voor zover","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the limiting clause","gloss":"in so far","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern “voor zover.”"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces gemeente-eigendom","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gemeente-eigendom","lemma":"gemeente-eigendom","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"communal property"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite modal auxiliary of spreken","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces land","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces a relative clause on land","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of toeëigent","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"reflexive indirect object of toeëigent","gloss":"to itself"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of toeëigent","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"toeëigent","lemma":"toe-eigenen","morphology":"reflexive verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"appropriates"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"h14-s147","source":"Genoeg, dat die erven niet toebehooren aan den ambtelyken bewoner zelf.","translation":"Enough to say that these grounds do not belong to the official occupant himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s147.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb, elliptical","role":"main predicate with an omitted verb of saying","gloss":"Enough"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of erven","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"erven","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of toebehooren","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates toebehooren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"toebehooren","lemma":"toebehoren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"verb of the content clause","gloss":"belong"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces bewoner","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of bewoner","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ambtelyken","lemma":"ambtelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive masculine singular, oblique","role":"modifies bewoner","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"bewoner","lemma":"bewoner","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"occupant"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"emphasizes bewoner","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"h14-s148","source":"Deze toch zou, als dit het geval ware, zich wachten een grond te koopen of te huren, waarvan 't onderhoud boven zyn krachten ging.","translation":"For he, were this the case, would beware of buying or renting a ground whose upkeep lay beyond his means.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s148.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als dit het geval ware","title":"Subjunctive 'ware' in a condition","body":"'als dit het geval ware' = 'were this the case', a counterfactual with the past subjunctive 'ware' (instead of indicative 'was'). The literary subjunctive heightens the hypothetical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich wachten een grond te koopen","title":"Reflexive 'zich wachten' + te-inf","body":"'zich wachten te ...' = 'to beware of / take care not to ...'. The reflexive verb is followed by 'te koopen of te huren'. 'waarvan 't onderhoud ... ging' is a relative with pronominal-adverb 'waarvan'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of wachten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes Deze","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wachten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of ware","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of wachten","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"beware"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of koopen and huren","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive koopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zich wachten","gloss":"buy"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates koopen and huren","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive huren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"huren","lemma":"huren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with koopen","gloss":"rent"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"possessive modifier of onderhoud","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of onderhoud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderhoud","lemma":"onderhoud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"upkeep"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ging","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of krachten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"krachten","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of boven","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying grond","gloss":"lay"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"h14-s149","source":"Wanneer nu het erf van de hem aangewezen woning te groot is om behoorlyk te worden onderhouden, zou dit, by den weligen tropischen plantengroei, binnen weinig tyds in een wildernis ontaarden.","translation":"Now when the grounds of the dwelling assigned to him are too large to be properly maintained, this would, given the rank tropical growth of plants, degenerate within a short time into a wilderness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s149.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wanneer nu het erf ... te groot is om ... onderhouden","title":"te groot om ... te (too ... to)","body":"'te groot ... om ... te worden onderhouden' = 'too large to be properly maintained'. The 'te + adj + om te + passive infinitive' pattern; 'wanneer' opens the temporal/conditional clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou dit ... in een wildernis ontaarden","title":"Conditional 'zou' + 'ontaarden in'","body":"'zou ... ontaarden' = 'would degenerate'. The conditional 'zou' + infinitive 'ontaarden' (to degenerate into); 'by den weligen tropischen plantengroei' is a causal-circumstantial aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse modifier of conditional clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of erf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of woning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of aangewezen","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"aangewezen","lemma":"aanwijzen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies woning","gloss":"assigned"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies groot","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking erf and groot","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause of result","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"behoorlyk","lemma":"behoorlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderhouden","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of onderhouden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"onderhouden","lemma":"onderhouden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive infinitive clause","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontaarden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ontaarden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces circumstantial modifier","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of plantengroei","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weligen","lemma":"welig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies plantengroei","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"tropischen","lemma":"tropisch","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies plantengroei","gloss":"tropical"},{"surface":"plantengroei","lemma":"plantengroei","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"plant growth"},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time adjunct","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies tyds","gloss":"a short"},{"surface":"tyds","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"object of binnen","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces result complement of ontaarden","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of wildernis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wildernis","lemma":"wildernis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"wilderness"},{"surface":"ontaarden","lemma":"ontaarden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"degenerate"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"h14-s150","source":"En toch ziet men zelden of nooit zoodanig erf in slechten staat. Ja dikwyls zelfs staat de reiziger verbaasd over 't schoone park dat een residentswoning omringt.","translation":"And yet one seldom or never sees such grounds in poor condition. Indeed, often enough the traveler stands astonished at the handsome park that surrounds a resident's dwelling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ziet men zelden of nooit zoodanig erf in slechten staat","title":"Negative adverbs 'zelden of nooit'","body":"'zelden of nooit' = 'seldom or never', stacked negative adverbs carrying a single negation. The fronted nothing forces no inversion here, but 'men' is the impersonal subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dikwyls ... staat de reiziger verbaasd","title":"Fronted adverb 'dikwyls' + inversion","body":"'dikwyls zelfs staat de reiziger verbaasd' = 'often enough the traveller stands astonished'. The fronted adverbial inverts subject and verb ('staat de reiziger')."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects sentence to preceding context","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ziet","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, singular","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zelden","lemma":"zelden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ziet","gloss":"seldom"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zelden and nooit","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with zelden","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies erf","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ziet","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative state of erf","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"slechten","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces emphatic second sentence","gloss":"Indeed"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes dikwyls","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of reiziger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reiziger","lemma":"reiziger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"traveler"},{"surface":"verbaasd","lemma":"verbazen","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"predicative complement of staat","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of verbaasd","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of park","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies park","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"park","lemma":"park","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"park"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of omringt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of residentswoning","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"residentswoning","lemma":"residentswoning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of omringt","gloss":"resident's dwelling"},{"surface":"omringt","lemma":"omringen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying park","gloss":"surrounds"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"h14-s151","source":"Geen beambte in de binnenlanden heeft inkomen genoeg om den hiertoe noodigen arbeid te doen verrichten tegen behoorlyke betaling, en daar nu toch een deftig aanzien van de woning des gezaghebbers een vereischte is, opdat niet de bevolking die zooveel hecht aan uiterlykheden, in slordigheid grond vinde voor minachting, doet zich de vraag op, hoe dan dit doel bereikt wordt?","translation":"No officer in the interior has income enough to have the labor needed for this performed against proper payment, and since after all a dignified appearance of the administrator's dwelling is a requirement, lest the population, which sets so much store by outward show, find in slovenliness a ground for contempt, the question arises: how, then, is this end attained?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s151.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"opdat niet de bevolking ... grond vinde voor minachting","title":"Purpose 'opdat' + subjunctive 'vinde'","body":"'opdat niet de bevolking ... grond vinde' = 'lest the population find ground...'. 'opdat' opens a purpose clause; 'vinde' is the present subjunctive of 'vinden', a literary marker of purpose/wish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een deftig aanzien van de woning des gezaghebbers","title":"Genitive 'des'","body":"'des gezaghebbers' = 'of the administrator', the masculine genitive article 'des' with genitive -s on the noun. Another of the chapter's frequent inflected genitives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"doet zich de vraag op, hoe ... bereikt wordt?","title":"Separable 'zich opdoen' + embedded question","body":"'doet zich de vraag op' = 'the question arises' (reflexive separable 'zich opdoen'). The embedded question 'hoe ... bereikt wordt' is a worden-passive, verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner, negative","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of beambte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of binnenlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnenlanden","lemma":"binnenland","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first main clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"inkomen","lemma":"inkomen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"quantifier","role":"postmodifies inkomen","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies noodigen","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"noodigen","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies arbeid","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verrichten","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of inkomen genoeg","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"verrichten","lemma":"verrichten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of doen","gloss":"perform"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces condition of verrichten","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"behoorlyke","lemma":"behoorlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies betaling","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects the main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse modifier of causal clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes causal assertion","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of aanzien","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"deftig","lemma":"deftig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies aanzien","gloss":"dignified"},{"surface":"aanzien","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of aanzien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of woning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive, singular","role":"determiner of gezaghebbers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"gezaghebbers","lemma":"gezaghebber","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"possessive modifier of woning","gloss":"administrator"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of vereischte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vereischte","lemma":"vereiste","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"requirement"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking aanzien and vereischte","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"opdat","lemma":"opdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces negative purpose clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates vinde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vinde","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hecht","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies hecht","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"hecht","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying bevolking","gloss":"sets store"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of hecht","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"uiterlykheden","lemma":"uiterlijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"outward show"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source of grond","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"slordigheid","lemma":"slordigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"slovenliness"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vinde","gloss":"a ground"},{"surface":"vinde","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of purpose clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of grond","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"minachting","lemma":"minachting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of doet zich op","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of doet zich op","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doet zich op","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of doet zich op","gloss":"arises"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"manner adjunct of bereikt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse modifier of question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive bereikt wordt","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"bereikt","lemma":"bereiken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive question","gloss":"attained"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bereikt","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"h14-s152","source":"Op de meeste plaatsen hebben de gezaghebbers te beschikken over eenige ketting-gangers, dat zyn: elders veroordeelde misdadigers, een soort van werklieden echter dat in Bantam om meer of min geldige redenen van politieken aard niet aanwezig was.","translation":"In most places the administrators have at their disposal a number of chain-gang men, that is to say: malefactors sentenced elsewhere — a sort of laborer, however, which in Bantam, for reasons of a political nature more or less valid, was not to be had.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hebben ... te beschikken over","title":"hebben te + infinitive (obligation/availability)","body":"'te beschikken over' = 'to have at one's disposal'. 'beschikken over' takes the fixed preposition 'over'; the te-infinitive after 'hebben' here reads as 'have ... to dispose of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place adjunct","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of plaatsen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meeste","lemma":"meest","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies plaatsen","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb governing te beschikken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of gezaghebbers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gezaghebbers","lemma":"gezaghebber","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"administrators"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beschikken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschikken","lemma":"beschikken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hebben","gloss":"have at disposal"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of beschikken","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"quantifier, inflected","role":"modifies ketting-gangers","gloss":"a number of"},{"surface":"ketting-gangers","lemma":"kettingganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"chain-gang men"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, plural reference","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking dat and misdadigers","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veroordeelde","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"veroordeelde","lemma":"veroordelen","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies misdadigers","gloss":"sentenced"},{"surface":"misdadigers","lemma":"misdadiger","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"malefactors"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to misdadigers","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of soort","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"werklieden","lemma":"werkman","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"laborers"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks contrast in relative clause","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place adjunct","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces causal adjunct","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"degree adverb, comparative","role":"first element of meer of min","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates meer and min","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"min","lemma":"min","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"second element of meer of min","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"geldige","lemma":"geldig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies redenen","gloss":"valid"},{"surface":"redenen","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of om","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of redenen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"politieken","lemma":"politiek","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies aard","gloss":"political"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates aanwezig was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aanwezig","lemma":"aanwezig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"available"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of relative clause modifying soort","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"h14-s153","source":"Doch ook op plaatsen waar zich wel zoodanige veroordeelden bevinden, is hun aantal, vooral met het oog op de behoefte aan anderen arbeid, zelden in evenredigheid met het werk dat zou vereischt worden tot het goed onderhouden van een groot erf.","translation":"But even in places where such convicts are indeed to be found, their number, especially considering the need for other labor, is seldom in proportion to the work that would be required for the good upkeep of a large grounds.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het werk dat zou vereischt worden","title":"Relative + conditional passive","body":"'het werk dat zou vereischt worden' = 'the work that would be required'. Inside the relative the conditional 'zou' combines with the worden-passive infinitive 'vereischt worden', verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects sentence contrastively","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses op plaatsen","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place adjunct","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"place adjunct of bevinden","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of bevinden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes bevinden","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies veroordeelden","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"veroordeelden","lemma":"veroordeelde","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of bevinden","gloss":"convicts"},{"surface":"bevinden","lemma":"bevinden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying plaatsen","gloss":"are found"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking aantal and evenredigheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"determiner of aantal","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"aantal","lemma":"aantal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies met het oog op","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"first element of met het oog op","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met in met het oog op","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"final element of met het oog op","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of behoefte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of behoefte","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies arbeid","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"zelden","lemma":"zelden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"seldom"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"evenredigheid","lemma":"evenredigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"proportion"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of evenredigheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive vereischt worden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of vereischt worden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"vereischt","lemma":"vereisen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive relative clause","gloss":"required"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of vereischt","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose of work","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular","role":"nominalizes onderhouden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderhouden","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"onderhouden","lemma":"onderhouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive used nominally","role":"object of tot","gloss":"upkeep"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of onderhouden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies erf","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"grounds"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"h14-s154","source":"Er moeten dus andere middelen gevonden worden, en de oproeping van arbeiders tot het verrichten van heeredienst ligt voor-de-hand.","translation":"Other means must therefore be found, and the summoning of laborers to perform statute-labor lies ready to hand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er moeten ... andere middelen gevonden worden","title":"Modal passive with 'er'","body":"'Er moeten ... gevonden worden' = 'other means must be found', a modal ('moeten') over a worden-passive infinitive, introduced by existential 'er'. The agent is left unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive introducing middelen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevonden","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies middelen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"middelen","lemma":"middel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive gevonden","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main lexical verb of first clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oproeping","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oproeping","lemma":"oproeping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"summoning"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking laborers summoned","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"arbeiders","lemma":"arbeider","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies oproeping","gloss":"laborers"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verrichten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verrichten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verrichten","lemma":"verrichten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"nominalized infinitive governed by tot","gloss":"performing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking object of verrichten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"heeredienst","lemma":"herendienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of verrichten","gloss":"statute-labor","note":"Historical spelling of herendienst, compulsory labor owed to an authority."},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"voor-de-hand","lemma":"voor de hand","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of ligt","gloss":"ready to hand","note":"The idiom voor de hand liggen means to be obvious or readily available."}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"h14-s155","source":"De Regent of de Dhemang die zoodanige oproeping ontvangt, haast zich daaraan te voldoen, want hy weet zeer goed dat het den gezaghebbenden ambtenaar die van dat gezag misbruik maakt, later moeielyk vallen zou een inlandsch Hoofd te bestraffen over een gelyke fout. En alzoo strekt het vergryp van den een tot vrybrief voor den ander.","translation":"The Regent or the Dhemang who receives such a summons hastens to comply with it, for he knows very well that the administrator who abuses that authority would later find it difficult to punish a native Chief for a like offence. And so the transgression of the one becomes a free pass for the other.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s155.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De Regent ... die ... ontvangt, haast zich daaraan te voldoen","title":"Reflexive 'zich haasten' + te-inf","body":"'zich haasten te ...' = 'to hurry to ...'. The reflexive 'zich' and 'daaraan te voldoen' ('to comply with it') follow; 'daaraan' is a pronominal adverb (daar- + aan)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het ... moeielyk vallen zou een inlandsch Hoofd te bestraffen","title":"Impersonal 'het valt moeilijk' + conditional","body":"'het ... moeielyk vallen zou ... te bestraffen' = 'it would be difficult to punish'. 'het valt iemand moeilijk te ...' is an impersonal idiom ('one finds it hard to'), here with conditional 'zou'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of haast","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Dhemang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Dhemang","lemma":"demang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject with Regent","gloss":"Dhemang"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ontvangt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oproeping","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"oproeping","lemma":"oproeping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontvangt","gloss":"summons"},{"surface":"ontvangt","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on Regent","gloss":"receives"},{"surface":"haast","lemma":"haasten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"hastens"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of haast","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of voldoen","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive voldoen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voldoen","lemma":"voldoen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of haast","gloss":"comply"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vallen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, expletive","role":"expletive subject of vallen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gezaghebbenden","lemma":"gezaghebbend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ambtenaar","gloss":"authoritative"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"dative experiencer of vallen","gloss":"administrator"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"nominal part of misbruik maakt","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vallen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of vallen","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of subordinate clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of vallen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Hoofd","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bestraffen","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bestraffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bestraffen","lemma":"bestraffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed infinitival subject of vallen","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fout","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fout","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gelyke","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies fout","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"fout","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bestraffen","gloss":"offence"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of strekt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alzoo","lemma":"alzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies strekt","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"strekt","lemma":"strekken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second sentence","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vergryp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vergryp","lemma":"vergrijp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of strekt","gloss":"transgression"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking possessor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of een","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing result complement","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"vrybrief","lemma":"vrijbrief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"result complement of strekt","gloss":"free pass"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beneficiary","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of voor","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"h14-s156","source":"Het komt my echter voor, dat dusdanige fout van een gezaghebber in sommige gevallen niet al te streng, en vooral niet naar europesche begrippen, moet worden beoordeeld.","translation":"It seems to me, however, that such a fault on an administrator's part ought in some cases not to be judged too severely, and above all not by European standards.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s156.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het komt my echter voor, dat ...","title":"Impersonal 'het komt mij voor'","body":"'Het komt my voor dat...' = 'It seems to me that...', a fixed impersonal idiom with separable 'voorkomen' (here 'to seem') and dummy 'het'. 'echter' = 'however'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"moet worden beoordeeld","title":"Modal + worden-passive","body":"'moet ... beoordeeld worden' = 'ought to be judged', a modal over a worden-passive infinitive. 'naar europesche begrippen' = 'by European standards' ('naar' = according to)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with komt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of separable voorkomt","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer complement of voorkomt","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of komt ... voor","gloss":"seems","note":"Mij voorkomen means “to seem to me.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of komt ... voor","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dusdanige","lemma":"dusdanig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies fout","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"fout","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive beoordeeld","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezaghebber","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezaghebber","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"gezaghebber","lemma":"gezaghebber","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor complement of fout","gloss":"administrator"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevallen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevallen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies streng","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies streng","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"streng","lemma":"streng","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beoordeeld","gloss":"severely"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates naar europesche begrippen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begrippen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies begrippen","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of naar","gloss":"standards"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of beoordeeld","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of beoordeeld","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"beoordeeld","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main lexical verb of content clause","gloss":"judged"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"h14-s157","source":"De bevolking zelf toch zou 't--misschien uit ongewoonte--zeer vreemd vinden als hy altyd en in alle gevallen zich stipt hield aan de bepalingen die 't getal der voor zyn erf bestemde heeredienstplichtigen voorschryven, daar er omstandigheden kunnen voorkomen die by deze bepalingen niet waren voorzien.","translation":"For the population itself would — perhaps out of sheer unfamiliarity — find it very strange if he always and in every case held strictly to the regulations that prescribe the number of statute-laborers allotted for his grounds, since circumstances may arise that these regulations did not foresee.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou 't ... zeer vreemd vinden als hy ... zich ... hield","title":"Conditional 'zou' + counterfactual 'als'","body":"'zou 't ... vreemd vinden als hy ... zich ... hield' = 'would find it strange if he held himself...'. The conditional main clause pairs with a counterfactual 'als' clause; 'zich houden aan' = to abide by (reflexive)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de bepalingen die 't getal ... voorschryven","title":"Relative + separable 'voorschrijven'","body":"'die 't getal ... voorschryven' = 'that prescribe the number...'. 'voorschrijven' (to prescribe) closes the relative clause; 'voor zyn erf bestemde heeredienstplichtigen' packs a participle before its noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vinden","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes bevolking","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vinden","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vinden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vinden","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ongewoonte","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ongewoonte","lemma":"ongewoonte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"unfamiliarity"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreemd","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vinden","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hy","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hield","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevallen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevallen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"adverbial modifier of hield","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of hield","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"stipt","lemma":"stipt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hield","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed preposition of zich houden aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bepalingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bepalingen","lemma":"bepaling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of hield","gloss":"regulations"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voorschryven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of getal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"getal","lemma":"getal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of voorschryven","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of heeredienstplichtigen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose complement of bestemde","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"bestemde","lemma":"bestemmen","morphology":"past participle, inflected","role":"modifies heeredienstplichtigen","gloss":"allotted"},{"surface":"heeredienstplichtigen","lemma":"herendienstplichtige","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of getal","gloss":"statute-laborers"},{"surface":"voorschryven","lemma":"voorschrijven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"prescribe"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive introducing omstandigheden","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of voorkomen","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of voorkomen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of causal clause","gloss":"arise"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive voorzien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bepalingen","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bepalingen","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"bepalingen","lemma":"bepaling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"regulations"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorzien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of voorzien","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"voorzien","lemma":"voorzien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main lexical verb of relative clause","gloss":"foreseen"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"h14-s158","source":"Maar zoodra eenmaal de grens van 't strikt wettige is overschreden, wordt het moeielyk een punt vasttestellen, waarop zoodanige overschryding zou overgaan in misdadige willekeur, en vooral wordt groote omzichtigheid noodig zoodra men weet dat de Hoofden alleen wachten op een slecht voorbeeld, om dat met verregaande uitbreiding natevolgen.","translation":"But once the boundary of the strictly lawful has been overstepped, it becomes difficult to fix a point at which such overstepping would pass into criminal arbitrariness, and above all great circumspection becomes necessary as soon as one knows that the Chiefs are merely waiting for a bad example, in order to follow it with far-reaching extension.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s158.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoodra eenmaal de grens ... is overschreden","title":"Zijn-passive after 'zodra'","body":"'zoodra ... de grens ... is overschreden' = 'as soon as the boundary has been overstepped', a perfect/zijn-passive in a temporal clause opened by 'zoodra'. Verb-final order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wordt het moeielyk een punt vasttestellen","title":"Impersonal 'het wordt moeilijk' + te-inf","body":"'wordt het moeielyk ... vasttestellen' = 'it becomes difficult to fix...'. Dummy 'het' anticipates the te-infinitive 'vast te stellen' (here joined as 'vasttestellen' in period spelling)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the main sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is overschreden","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grens","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive overschreden","gloss":"boundary"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wettige","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wettige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"strikt","lemma":"strikt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wettige","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"wettige","lemma":"wettig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of overschreden","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"overschreden","lemma":"overschrijden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main lexical verb of temporal clause","gloss":"overstepped"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copular verb with moeielyk","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, expletive","role":"expletive subject of wordt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wordt","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of punt","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vasttestellen","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"vasttestellen","lemma":"vaststellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed infinitival subject of wordt","gloss":"to fix","note":"Historical spelling writes vast te stellen as one word."},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of overgaan","gloss":"at which"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies overschryding","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"overschryding","lemma":"overschrijding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of overgaan","gloss":"overstepping"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of overgaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"overgaan","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of relative clause","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking willekeur","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"misdadige","lemma":"misdadig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies willekeur","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"willekeur","lemma":"willekeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of overgaan","gloss":"arbitrariness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wordt","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copular verb with noodig","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies omzichtigheid","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"omzichtigheid","lemma":"omzichtigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt","gloss":"circumspection"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wordt","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wachten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of wachten","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wachten","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorbeeld","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voorbeeld","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"voorbeeld","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"example"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of natevolgen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitbreiding","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"verregaande","lemma":"verregaand","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uitbreiding","gloss":"far-reaching"},{"surface":"uitbreiding","lemma":"uitbreiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"extension"},{"surface":"natevolgen","lemma":"navolgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of purpose clause","gloss":"follow","note":"Historical spelling writes na te volgen as one word."}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"h14-s159","source":"De vertelling over zekeren koning die niet wilde dat men de betaling verzuimde van één korrel zout die hy by zyn eenvoudig maal gebruikt had, toen hy aan 't hoofd zyns legers het land doortrok--omdat, naar hy zeide, dit het begin was van een onrecht dat ten-laatste zyn geheel ryk zou vernietigen--hy moge dan Timoerleng, Noereddien of Djengis-Khan geheeten hebben, zeker is òf die fabel, òf als 't geen fabel is, het voorval zelf, van aziatischen oorsprong. En even als 't aanschouwen van zeedyken aan de mogelykheid van hoog water doet gelooven, mag men aannemen dat er neiging bestaat tot zulke misbruiken in een land waar zulke lessen worden gegeven.","translation":"The tale of a certain king who would not have the payment omitted of a single grain of salt that he had used at his simple meal, when at the head of his army he passed through the land — because, as he said, this was the beginning of an injustice that would in the end ruin his whole kingdom — whether he was called Tamerlane, Nureddin, or Genghis Khan, certain it is that either that fable, or, if it be no fable, the incident itself, is of Asiatic origin. And just as the sight of sea-dikes makes one believe in the possibility of high water, so one may assume that there exists an inclination toward such abuses in a land where such lessons are given.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s159.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die niet wilde dat men de betaling verzuimde","title":"Modal 'wilde' + dat-clause","body":"'die niet wilde dat...' = 'who would not have it that...'. 'willen' here governs a full 'dat'-clause ('that one omit the payment'), whose verb 'verzuimde' goes to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan 't hoofd zyns legers","title":"Genitive 'zyns legers'","body":"'zyns legers' = 'of his army', a doubly inflected genitive: possessive 'zijns' + genitive -s on 'leger'. Deliberately archaic and solemn, fitting the legendary register."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vertelling","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"vertelling","lemma":"vertelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koning","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"zekeren","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies koning","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of over","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on koning","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verzuimde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzuimde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betaling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verzuimde","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"verzuimde","lemma":"verzuimen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of wilde","gloss":"omitted"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking korrel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies korrel","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"korrel","lemma":"korrel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of betaling","gloss":"grain"},{"surface":"zout","lemma":"zout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies korrel","gloss":"salt"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of gebruikt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gebruikt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of maal","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies maal","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"maal","lemma":"maal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"meal"},{"surface":"gebruikt","lemma":"gebruiken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on korrel","gloss":"used"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebruikt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of doortrok","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of doortrok","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"zyns","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of legers","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"legers","lemma":"leger","morphology":"noun, neuter, genitive singular","role":"genitive complement of hoofd","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doortrok","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"doortrok","lemma":"doortrekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on gebruikt","gloss":"passed through"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause of zeide","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begin","lemma":"begin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dit to begin","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onrecht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onrecht","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of begin","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of vernietigen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ten-laatste","lemma":"ten slotte","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vernietigen","gloss":"in the end"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of rijk","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rijk","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vernietigen","gloss":"kingdom"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vernietigen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"vernietigen","lemma":"vernietigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"relative clause on onrecht","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of geheeten hebben","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"moge","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geheeten hebben","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle in concessive clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Timoerleng","lemma":"Timoerleng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicative complement of geheeten","gloss":"Tamerlane"},{"surface":"Noereddien","lemma":"Noereddien","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Timoerleng","gloss":"Nureddin"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Djengis-Khan","lemma":"Djengis-Khan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Timoerleng","gloss":"Genghis Khan"},{"surface":"geheeten","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with hebben","gloss":"been called","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch geheten."},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geheeten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying is","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject to van oorsprong","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"òf","lemma":"of","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"first member of òf ... òf","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fabel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fabel","lemma":"fabel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of is","gloss":"fable"},{"surface":"òf","lemma":"of","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"second member of òf ... òf","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional parenthesis","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fabel","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"fabel","lemma":"fabel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"fable"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to fabel","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorval","lemma":"voorval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of is","gloss":"incident"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes voorval","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorsprong","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"aziatischen","lemma":"Aziatisch","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies oorsprong","gloss":"Asiatic"},{"surface":"oorsprong","lemma":"oorsprong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"origin"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links sentence to preceding context","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of even als comparison","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of even als comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanschouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanschouwen","lemma":"aanschouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular; nominalized infinitive","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zeedyken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zeedyken","lemma":"zeedijk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"sea-dikes"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mogelykheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mogelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mogelykheid","lemma":"mogelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"possibility"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking water","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies water","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"causative verb in comparison","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doet","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of aannemen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aannemen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"aannemen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"assume"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bestaat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential subject neiging","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"neiging","lemma":"neiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bestaat","gloss":"inclination"},{"surface":"bestaat","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of aannemen","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misbruiken","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misbruiken","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"misbruiken","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of tot","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative modifier of gegeven","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lessen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"lessen","lemma":"les","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive gegeven","gloss":"lessons"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on land","gloss":"given"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"h14-s160","source":"Het gering getal lieden nu waarover Havelaar wettig beschikken mocht, konden niet dan slechts een zeer klein gedeelte van zyn erf, in de onmiddellyke nabyheid der woning, van onkruid en kreupelhout vryhouden.","translation":"Now the small number of men over whom Havelaar could lawfully dispose were able to keep free of weeds and brushwood only a very small portion of his grounds, in the immediate vicinity of the dwelling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s160.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarover Havelaar wettig beschikken mocht","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative 'waarover' + modal","body":"'waarover ... beschikken mocht' = 'over whom ... could dispose'. 'waarover' relativises the persons as object of 'beschikken over'; the modal 'mocht' closes the verb-final clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of getal","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"gering","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies getal","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"getal","lemma":"getal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of konden","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"partitive complement of getal","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"waarover","lemma":"waarover","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of beschikken","gloss":"over whom"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of beschikken","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"wettig","lemma":"wettig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beschikken","gloss":"lawfully"},{"surface":"beschikken","lemma":"beschikken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of mocht","gloss":"dispose"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of beschikken","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"konden","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of vryhouden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet dan slechts","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet dan slechts","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses gedeelte","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedeelte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klein","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gedeelte","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"gedeelte","lemma":"gedeelte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vryhouden","gloss":"portion"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking erf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of erf","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nabyheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nabyheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onmiddellyke","lemma":"onmiddellijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies nabyheid","gloss":"immediate"},{"surface":"nabyheid","lemma":"nabijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"vicinity"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of woning","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of nabyheid","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onkruid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onkruid","lemma":"onkruid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"weeds"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kreupelhout","lemma":"kreupelhout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with onkruid","gloss":"brushwood"},{"surface":"vryhouden","lemma":"vrijhouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of konden","gloss":"keep free"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"h14-s161","source":"Het overige was binnen weinig weken een volslagen wildernis.","translation":"The rest was, within a few weeks, an utter wilderness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s161.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het overige was binnen weinig weken een volslagen wildernis","title":"Substantivised adjective 'het overige'","body":"'Het overige' = 'the rest / the remainder', an adjective used as a neuter noun with 'het'. 'binnen weinig weken' = 'within a few weeks' is a time adverbial in the middle field."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overige","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"overige","lemma":"overig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking overige to wildernis","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weken","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weken","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"weken","lemma":"week","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of binnen","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wildernis","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"volslagen","lemma":"volslagen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wildernis","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"wildernis","lemma":"wildernis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"wilderness"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"h14-s162","source":"Havelaar schreef aan den resident over de middelen om hierin te voorzien, hetzy door een geldelyke toelage, hetzy door aan de Regeering voortestellen even als elders kettinggangers in de residentie Bantam te doen arbeiden.","translation":"Havelaar wrote to the resident about the means of providing for this, whether by a money allowance, or by proposing to the Government that, as elsewhere, chain-gang men be set to labor in the residency of Bantam.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s162.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hetzy ... hetzy ...","title":"Correlative 'hetzy ... hetzy'","body":"'hetzy ... hetzy' = 'whether ... or', a literary correlative pair offering alternatives (here a money allowance or a proposal to Government). It uses the subjunctive form 'hetzy' (= het zij)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"door ... voortestellen ... kettinggangers ... te doen arbeiden","title":"Stacked te-infinitives + causative","body":"'voortestellen' (to propose, period joined spelling of 'voor te stellen') governs a further clause ending in causative 'te doen arbeiden' ('to have labour performed'). Nested te-infinitives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking middelen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of middelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"middelen","lemma":"middel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of over","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause of voorzien","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hierin","lemma":"hierin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorzien","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive voorzien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voorzien","lemma":"voorzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying middelen","gloss":"provide"},{"surface":"hetzy","lemma":"hetzij","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"first member of hetzij ... hetzij","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toelage","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toelage","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geldelyke","lemma":"geldelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toelage","gloss":"monetary"},{"surface":"toelage","lemma":"toelage","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of door","gloss":"allowance"},{"surface":"hetzy","lemma":"hetzij","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"second member of hetzij ... hetzij","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces instrumental infinitive phrase","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"voortestellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of door","gloss":"to propose"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of even als comparison","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of even als comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of arbeiden","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"kettinggangers","lemma":"kettingganger","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"chain-gang men"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residentie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"residentie","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"residency"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to residentie","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of voortestellen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"arbeiden","lemma":"arbeiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"labor"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"h14-s163","source":"Hy ontving hierop een weigerend antwoord, met de opmerking dat hy immers 't recht had de personen die door hem by policievonnis waren veroordeeld tot \"arbeid aan den publieken weg\" op zyn erf te-werk te stellen. Dit wist Havelaar wel, of althans 't was hem meer dan voldoende bekend dat zoodanige beschikking over gekondemneerden overal de gewoonste zaak van de wereld was, maar nooit had hy, noch te Rangkas-Betoeng noch te Amboina, noch te Menado, noch te Natal, van dat vermeend recht willen gebruik maken.","translation":"He received to this a refusing answer, with the remark that he surely had the right to set to work on his grounds the persons whom he had sentenced by police verdict to \"labor on the public road.\" This Havelaar well knew, or at any rate it was more than sufficiently known to him that such disposal over the condemned was everywhere the most ordinary thing in the world; but never had he wished, neither at Rangkas-Betoeng nor at Amboina, nor at Menado, nor at Natal, to make use of that supposed right.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s163.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy immers 't recht had ... te-werk te stellen","title":"te-infinitive of separable 'te werk stellen'","body":"'te-werk te stellen' = 'to set to work', a separable expression ('te werk stellen') in a te-infinitive. 'immers' = 'surely/after all', a modal particle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de personen die door hem ... waren veroordeeld","title":"Relative + zijn-pluperfect passive","body":"'die door hem ... waren veroordeeld' = 'whom he had sentenced', a relative clause with a pluperfect passive ('waren veroordeeld') and the agent in 'door hem'. Verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"nooit had hy ... van dat ... recht willen gebruik maken","title":"Fronted 'nooit' + double infinitive","body":"Fronting 'nooit' inverts ('had hy'). 'willen gebruik maken' is a double-infinitive cluster (modal 'willen' stays infinitive in the pluperfect); 'gebruik maken van' = to make use of."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontving","gloss":"in reply"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"weigerend","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"adjective, present participle","role":"modifies antwoord","gloss":"refusing"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opmerking","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opmerking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opmerking","lemma":"opmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ontving","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of personen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of stellen","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive veroordeeld","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"agent of veroordeeld","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking policievonnis","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"policievonnis","lemma":"politievonnis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of veroordeeld","gloss":"police verdict"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of veroordeeld","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"veroordeeld","lemma":"veroordelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on personen","gloss":"sentenced"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbeid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot and complement of veroordeeld","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"publieken","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of arbeid","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking erf","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of erf","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of stellen","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"te-werk","lemma":"te werk","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"part of the expression te-werk stellen","gloss":"to work"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive stellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stellen","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of had","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was bekend","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het and bekend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"experiencer of bekend","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies voldoende","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase meer","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"voldoende","lemma":"voldoende","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekend","gloss":"sufficiently"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of bekend","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beschikking","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"beschikking","lemma":"beschikking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"disposal"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gekondemneerden","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"gekondemneerden","lemma":"gecondemneerde","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"the condemned"},{"surface":"overal","lemma":"overal","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of was","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewoonste","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies zaak","gloss":"most ordinary"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wereld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies zaak","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking beschikking and zaak","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of willen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of willen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces first location in a negative series","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"location modifying gebruik maken","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amboina","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Amboina","lemma":"Amboina","morphology":"proper noun","role":"location modifying gebruik maken","gloss":"Amboina"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Menado","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Menado","lemma":"Menado","morphology":"proper noun","role":"location modifying gebruik maken","gloss":"Menado"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"location modifying gebruik maken","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vermeend","lemma":"vermeend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies recht","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by had","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the expression gebruik maken","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"to make"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"h14-s164","source":"Het stuitte hem, zyn tuin te laten onderhouden als boete voor kleine vergrypen, en meermalen had hy zich afgevraagd hoe de Regeering bepalingen kon laten bestaan, die den ambtenaar in verzoeking kunnen brengen kleine verschoonbare fouten te straffen, niet in evenredigheid met het vergryp, maar met den toestand of de uitgestrektheid van zyn erf?","translation":"It went against him to have his garden maintained as a penalty for petty offences, and more than once he had asked himself how the Government could let stand regulations that may tempt the official to punish small, excusable faults, not in proportion to the offence, but according to the condition or the extent of his grounds.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het stuitte hem, zyn tuin te laten onderhouden","title":"Impersonal 'het stuit hem' + causative laten","body":"'Het stuitte hem ... te laten onderhouden' = 'It went against him to have ... maintained'. Dummy 'het' anticipates the te-infinitive; 'laten onderhouden' is the causative 'have it maintained'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe de Regeering bepalingen kon laten bestaan, die ... kunnen brengen","title":"Modal + causative laten","body":"'kon laten bestaan' = 'could let stand', modal 'kon' + causative 'laten' + 'bestaan'. The trailing relative 'die ... kunnen brengen' = 'that may tempt', modal 'kunnen' verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of stuitte","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"stuitte","lemma":"stuiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went against"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"experiencer of stuitte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of tuin","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal subject anticipated by Het","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"onderhouden","lemma":"onderhouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the function boete","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"boete","lemma":"boete","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of onderhouden","gloss":"a penalty"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vergrypen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vergrypen","gloss":"petty"},{"surface":"vergrypen","lemma":"vergrijp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"offences"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgevraagd","gloss":"more than once"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of afgevraagd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of afgevraagd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of afgevraagd","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"afgevraagd","lemma":"afvragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with stuitte","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the indirect question governed by afgevraagd","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"bepalingen","lemma":"bepaling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"regulations"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"governs laten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kon","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of kunnen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on brengen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"verzoeking","lemma":"verzoeking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"temptation"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"governs brengen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"relative clause on bepalingen","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies fouten","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"verschoonbare","lemma":"verschoonbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies fouten","gloss":"excusable"},{"surface":"fouten","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of straffen","gloss":"faults"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive straffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"straffen","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of in verzoeking brengen","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates in evenredigheid","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking evenredigheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"evenredigheid","lemma":"evenredigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"proportion"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vergryp","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vergryp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vergryp","lemma":"vergrijp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"offence"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toestand","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of toestand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitgestrektheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitgestrektheid","lemma":"uitgestrektheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with toestand","gloss":"extent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking erf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of erf","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"grounds"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"h14-s165","source":"Het denkbeeld alleen dat de gestrafte, ook zelfs hy die rechtvaardig gestraft was, vermeenen zou dat er eigenbelang schuilde onder het geslagen vonnis, deed hem, waar hy straffen moest, altyd de voorkeur geven aan de anders zeer afkeurenswaardige opsluiting.","translation":"The mere thought that the man punished — even he who had been justly punished — would suppose that self-interest lay hidden beneath the sentence handed down, made him, where he had to punish, always prefer the otherwise highly objectionable confinement.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s165.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het denkbeeld alleen dat ... vermeenen zou ... deed hem ... de voorkeur geven","title":"Long subject + causative 'doen'","body":"A heavy subject ('Het denkbeeld alleen dat ... vermeenen zou ...') governs the main verb 'deed hem ... de voorkeur geven' = 'made him prefer'. 'doen' + bare infinitive 'geven' is causative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ook zelfs hy die rechtvaardig gestraft was","title":"Zijn-passive in a relative clause","body":"'hy die rechtvaardig gestraft was' = 'he who had been justly punished', a zijn-passive (resulting state) inside a relative clause with 'die', verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies denkbeeld","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of denkbeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gestrafte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gestrafte","lemma":"gestrafte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou","gloss":"punished man"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hy","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hy","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"apposition to gestrafte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive gestraft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"rechtvaardig","lemma":"rechtvaardig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestraft","gloss":"justly"},{"surface":"gestraft","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gestraft","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vermeenen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"governs vermeenen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of vermeenen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial pronoun","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"eigenbelang","lemma":"eigenbelang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of schuilde","gloss":"self-interest"},{"surface":"schuilde","lemma":"schuilen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the content clause","gloss":"lay hidden"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vonnis","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vonnis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies vonnis","gloss":"handed down"},{"surface":"vonnis","lemma":"vonnis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of schuilde","gloss":"sentence"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moest","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"straffen","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"governs straffen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorkeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorkeur","lemma":"voorkeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"preference"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of deed","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opsluiting","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opsluiting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afkeurenswaardige","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afkeurenswaardige","gloss":"highly"},{"surface":"afkeurenswaardige","lemma":"afkeurenswaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies opsluiting","gloss":"objectionable"},{"surface":"opsluiting","lemma":"opsluiting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"confinement"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"h14-s166","source":"En vandaar kwam het dat kleine Max niet spelen mocht in den tuin, en dat ook Tine van de bloemen niet zooveel genoegen smaakte als ze zich had voorgesteld op den dag van haar aankomst te Rangkas-Betoeng.","translation":"And from this it came that little Max was not allowed to play in the garden, and that Tine, too, took not so much pleasure in the flowers as she had imagined to herself on the day of her arrival at Rangkas-Betoeng.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s166.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En vandaar kwam het dat kleine Max niet spelen mocht","title":"'vandaar kwam het dat' + modal","body":"'vandaar kwam het dat...' = 'and from this it came that...', a cleft-like opener with inversion. In the 'dat'-clause 'niet spelen mocht', the modal 'mocht' (was allowed) goes last after 'spelen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ze zich had voorgesteld","title":"Reflexive 'zich voorstellen' (pluperfect)","body":"'zich voorstellen' = 'to imagine (to oneself)'. Here in the pluperfect 'had voorgesteld' with reflexive 'zich'; the separable 'voorstellen' yields the participle 'voorgesteld'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"vandaar","lemma":"vandaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of kwam","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of spelen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of mocht","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spelen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"spelen","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of mocht","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"governs spelen","gloss":"was allowed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tuin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of tuin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the coordinated clause of smaakte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Tine","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of smaakte","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bloemen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bloemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bloemen","lemma":"bloem","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies smaakte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"modifies genoegen","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of smaakte","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"smaakte","lemma":"smaken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the coordinated dat-clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorgesteld","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voorgesteld","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of voorgesteld","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorgesteld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"voorgesteld","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of comparative clause","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dag","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aankomst","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of aankomst","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"aankomst","lemma":"aankomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of voorgesteld","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"h14-s167","source":"Het spreekt vanzelf dat deze en dergelyke kleine verdrietelykheden geen invloed uitoefenden op de stemming van een gezin dat zooveel bouwstoffen bezat om zich een gelukkig huiselyk leven te verschaffen, en 't was dan ook niet toeteschryven aan zulke kleinigheden, wanneer Havelaar soms met een bewolkt voorhoofd binnentrad, by het terugkeeren van een uitstap, of na 't aanhooren van dezen en genen die verzocht hadden hem te spreken.","translation":"It goes without saying that these and similar small vexations had no influence on the mood of a family that possessed so much material for procuring itself a happy domestic life, and it was therefore not to be ascribed to such trifles when Havelaar sometimes entered with a clouded brow, on returning from an excursion, or after hearing out this person and that who had asked to speak with him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s167.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het spreekt vanzelf dat ...","title":"Idiom 'het spreekt vanzelf'","body":"'Het spreekt vanzelf dat...' = 'It goes without saying that...', an impersonal fixed expression with dummy 'het' and a 'dat'-clause as the real subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t was ... niet toeteschryven aan zulke kleinigheden","title":"Passive te-infinitive 'toe te schrijven'","body":"'niet toeteschryven aan' = 'not to be ascribed to', the construction 'zijn + te + infinitive' giving a passive/possibility sense ('was not to be attributed to'). Period joined spelling 'toeteschryven'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dezen en genen die verzocht hadden hem te spreken","title":"'dezen en genen' + te-infinitive","body":"'dezen en genen' = 'this person and that', paired demonstratives in the old -en form. 'verzocht hadden ... te spreken' = 'had asked to speak', pluperfect + te-infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with spreekt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of spreekt","gloss":"without saying","note":"The idiom het spreekt vanzelf means ‘it goes without saying’."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitoefenden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"first coordinated subject of uitoefenden","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dergelyke","lemma":"dergelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verdrietelykheden","gloss":"similar"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verdrietelykheden","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"verdrietelykheden","lemma":"verdrietelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of second coordinated subject of uitoefenden","gloss":"vexations"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitoefenden","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"uitoefenden","lemma":"uitoefenen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"exerted"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stemming","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stemming","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stemming","lemma":"stemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of uitoefenden","gloss":"mood"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezin","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezin","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gezin","lemma":"gezin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying stemming","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of bezat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of bouwstoffen","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"bouwstoffen","lemma":"bouwstof","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bezat","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"bezat","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on gezin","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive verschaffen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"indirect reflexive object of verschaffen","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gelukkig","lemma":"gelukkig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"huiselyk","lemma":"huiselijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"domestic"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verschaffen","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive verschaffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verschaffen","lemma":"verschaffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on bezat","gloss":"procure"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing toeteschryven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the connective dan ook","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the connective dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toeteschryven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"toeteschryven","lemma":"toeschrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitive with was","gloss":"be ascribed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the cause complement kleinigheden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleinigheden","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"kleinigheden","lemma":"kleinigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of aan with toeteschryven","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of binnentrad","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of binnentrad","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"soms","lemma":"soms","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies binnentrad","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorhoofd","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorhoofd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bewolkt","lemma":"bewolken","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies voorhoofd","gloss":"clouded"},{"surface":"voorhoofd","lemma":"voorhoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of binnentrad","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"binnentrad","lemma":"binnentreden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the wanneer-clause","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time adjunct terugkeeren","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of terugkeeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"terugkeeren","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"returning"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitstap","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitstap","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"uitstap","lemma":"uitstap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van with terugkeeren","gloss":"excursion"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanhooren","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanhooren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanhooren","lemma":"aanhoren","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"complement of na","gloss":"hearing out"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dezen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"first coordinated complement of van","gloss":"this person"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"genen","lemma":"gene","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"second coordinated complement of van","gloss":"that person"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of verzocht hadden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with hadden in relative clause","gloss":"requested"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of verzocht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of spreken","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verzocht","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"h14-s168","source":"We hebben uit zyn toespraak aan de Hoofden gehoord dat hy zyn plicht wilde doen, dat hy onrecht wilde te-keer gaan, en tevens hoop ik dat de lezer uit de gesprekken die ik meedeelde, hem heeft leeren kennen als iemand die wel in-staat was iets uittevinden en tot klaarheid te brengen, dat voor sommige anderen verborgen was of in 't duister lag.","translation":"We have heard from his address to the Chiefs that he meant to do his duty, that he meant to oppose injustice, and at the same time I hope that the reader has, from the conversations I reported, come to know him as someone well able to find a thing out and bring it to light that for some others lay hidden or in the dark.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s168.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"We hebben ... gehoord ... heeft leeren kennen","title":"Present perfect, twice over","body":"Both 'hebben ... gehoord' (we have heard) and 'heeft leeren kennen' (has come to know) are present perfects: a present-tense form of hebben holds the clause together while the participle waits at the end. With the second, 'kennen' is governed by 'leeren', producing a stacked verb cluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy zyn plicht wilde doen","title":"Subordinate clause sends verbs to the end","body":"After 'dat', Dutch is verb-final: the modal 'wilde' and the infinitive 'doen' both line up at the close of the clause. Note also the period spelling 'hy' / 'zyn' for modern 'hij' / 'zijn'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand die wel in-staat was iets uittevinden","title":"Relative die + te-infinitive 'uittevinden'","body":"'die' is the relative pronoun for a de-word ('iemand'), opening a verb-final clause. 'uittevinden' is the separable verb uitvinden with 'te' wedged inside it — written solid in 1860 spelling, where today we write 'uit te vinden'."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toespraak","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of toespraak","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"toespraak","lemma":"toespraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of aan modifying toespraak","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with hebben","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of plicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of first dat-clause","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gaan","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of second coordinated dat-clause","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"te-keer","lemma":"te keer","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"forms the idiom te-keer gaan","gloss":"oppose","note":"The historical idiom iets te keer gaan means ‘to oppose or check something’."},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive base of te-keer gaan, complement of wilde","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoop","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoop","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of hoop","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft leeren kennen","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gesprekken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gesprekken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gesprekken","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of meedeelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meedeelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meedeelde","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on gesprekken","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of leeren","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"replacement infinitive governed by heeft and taking kennen","gloss":"come to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of leeren","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement iemand","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"complement of als describing hem","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in-staat","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"in-staat","lemma":"in staat","morphology":"predicative prepositional phrase","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite copula in relative clause on iemand","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of uittevinden and brengen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"uittevinden","lemma":"uitvinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of in-staat","gloss":"find out","note":"Historical fused spelling of uit te vinden."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klaarheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"klaarheid","lemma":"klaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of brengen","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the coordinated infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with uittevinden","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of verborgen was and lag; antecedent iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anderen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of anderen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"verborgen","lemma":"verbergen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula with verborgen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates verborgen was and lag","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative phrase in 't duister","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of duister","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duister","lemma":"duister","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in with lag","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second finite verb coordinated with was","gloss":"lay"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"h14-s169","source":"Er was dus te veronderstellen dat niet veel van wat er in Lebak omging zyn aandacht ontgaan zou.","translation":"It was therefore to be supposed that not much of what went on in Lebak would escape his notice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s169.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er was dus te veronderstellen","title":"Dummy 'er' + te-infinitive of obligation","body":"'te veronderstellen' here carries a passive-modal sense: 'it was therefore to be supposed'. The little word 'er' fills the subject slot, a hallmark of impersonal Dutch constructions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat niet veel van wat er in Lebak omging ... ontgaan zou","title":"Conditional 'zou' at clause-end","body":"Inside the dat-clause everything postpones to the end: the verb cluster 'ontgaan zou' (would escape) closes it. 'zou' is the conditional/reported-future of zullen — what would happen, not a flat statement of fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive pronoun","role":"expletive subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb with predicative veronderstellen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veronderstellen","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive veronderstellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"veronderstellen","lemma":"veronderstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitive with was","gloss":"be supposed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of veronderstellen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of ontgaan zou","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the partitive relative clause wat er in Lebak omging","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of omging","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omging","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of omging","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"omging","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on wat","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of aandacht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aandacht","lemma":"aandacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object-like complement of ontgaan","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"ontgaan","lemma":"ontgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontgaan","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"h14-s170","source":"Ook zagen we dat hy vele jaren vroeger op die afdeeling gelet had, zoodat hy reeds den eersten dag, toen Verbrugge hem ontmoette in de pendoppo waar myn verhaal aanvangt, toonde in zyn nieuwen werkkring geen vreemdeling te zyn.","translation":"We also saw that he had, many years before, given his attention to that district, so that already on the first day, when Verbrugge met him in the pendopo where my story begins, he showed himself to be no stranger to his new sphere of work.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s170.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoodat hy reeds den eersten dag ... toonde","title":"den eersten dag — frozen accusative","body":"'den eersten dag' shows the old masculine accusative ending -en on the article and adjective, an adverbial time phrase ('on the very first day'). Modern Dutch has dropped the case and writes simply 'de eerste dag'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toonde ... geen vreemdeling te zyn","title":"tonen + te-infinitive","body":"'toonde ... te zyn' = 'showed himself to be'. The verb tonen governs a following infinitive marked with 'te', placed at the very end of the clause after its negated object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zagen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"zagen","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zagen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gelet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelet had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of jaren","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying vroeger","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"time adjunct of gelet had","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the complement afdeeling of gelet","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op with gelet","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"gelet","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with had in object clause","gloss":"given attention"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelet","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of toonde","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of toonde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies den eersten dag","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eersten","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"time adjunct of toonde","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontmoette","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of ontmoette","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ontmoette","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ontmoette","lemma":"ontmoeten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of temporal clause modifying dag","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pendoppo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendopo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in with ontmoette","gloss":"pendopo"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"location adjunct of aanvangt referring to pendoppo","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verhaal","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of aanvangt","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"aanvangt","lemma":"aanvangen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on pendoppo","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"toonde","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of result clause","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werkkring","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of werkkring","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies werkkring","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"werkkring","lemma":"werkkring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in modifying vreemdeling","gloss":"sphere of work"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vreemdeling","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"vreemdeling","lemma":"vreemdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of toonde","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"h14-s171","source":"Hy had door nasporing op de plaatsen zelf, veel bevestigd gevonden van wat hy vroeger vermoedde, en vooral uit het archief was hem gebleken dat de landstreek waarvan het bestuur aan zyn zorg was toevertrouwd, werkelyk in een hoogsttreurigen toestand verkeerde.","translation":"Through inquiry on the spot itself he had found much of what he formerly suspected confirmed, and above all it had become clear to him from the archive that the region whose administration was entrusted to his care was really in a most lamentable condition.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s171.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de landstreek waarvan het bestuur ... was toevertrouwd","title":"Pronominal adverb 'waarvan' as relative","body":"Instead of 'van welke', period and modern Dutch fuse preposition + relative into 'waarvan' (of which / whose). This waar-form replaces a relative pronoun governed by a preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"was hem gebleken","title":"Perfect with zijn: 'was gebleken'","body":"blijken (to become apparent) takes 'zijn', not 'hebben', in the perfect: 'was ... gebleken' = 'it had become clear'. The dative 'hem' marks the person to whom it became clear."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in een hoogsttreurigen toestand","title":"-en adjective ending after 'in een'","body":"'hoogsttreurigen' carries the old masculine -en ending after a preposition + indefinite article, a declension modern Dutch has flattened to 'hoogst treurige'. The superlative-as-intensifier 'hoogst' (most) modifies 'treurig'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nasporing","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"nasporing","lemma":"nasporing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaatsen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaatsen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes plaatsen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"bevestigd","lemma":"bevestigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of gevonden","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vermoedde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of vermoedde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vermoedde","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"vermoedde","lemma":"vermoeden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on wat","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebleken","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking archief","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of archief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"archief","lemma":"archief","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"archive"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebleken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of gebleken","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"gebleken","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated main predicate","gloss":"become clear"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of verkeerde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landstreek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landstreek","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verkeerde","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"possessive modifier of bestuur","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive toevertrouwd","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zorg","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of zorg","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of toevertrouwd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"toevertrouwd","lemma":"toevertrouwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"relative clause on bestuur","gloss":"entrusted"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkeerde","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toestand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toestand","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hoogsttreurigen","lemma":"hoogsttreurig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toestand","gloss":"most lamentable"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"verkeerde","lemma":"verkeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"h14-s172","source":"Uit brieven en aanteekeningen van zyn voorganger bemerkte hy dat deze dezelfde opmerkingen gemaakt had.","translation":"From letters and notes of his predecessor he perceived that the latter had made the same observations.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s172.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bemerkte hy dat deze dezelfde opmerkingen gemaakt had","title":"Demonstrative 'deze' as 'the latter'","body":"'deze' (this one / the latter) points back to the predecessor just named. In the dat-clause the perfect cluster 'gemaakt had' goes to the end — verb-final order after 'dat'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brieven","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aanteekeningen","lemma":"aantekening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with brieven","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorganger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of voorganger","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"bemerkte","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"perceived"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of bemerkte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gemaakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of gemaakt","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opmerkingen","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"opmerkingen","lemma":"opmerking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"observations"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"h14-s173","source":"De korrespondentie met de Hoofden bevatte verwyt op verwyt, bedreiging op bedreiging, en deden zeer goed begrypen hoe die ambtenaar ten laatste zou gezegd hebben, zich rechtstreeks tot de Regeering te zullen wenden indien niet aan dien stand van zaken een einde werd gemaakt.","translation":"The correspondence with the Chiefs contained reproach upon reproach, threat upon threat, and made it very plainly understood how that official would at last have said that he would apply directly to the Government if an end were not put to that state of affairs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s173.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verwyt op verwyt, bedreiging op bedreiging","title":"Bare-noun 'X op X' intensifier","body":"The pattern noun + 'op' + same noun ('reproach upon reproach') piles a thing on itself for emphasis. The nouns appear without articles — a fixed idiomatic frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou gezegd hebben ... zich ... te zullen wenden","title":"Conditional perfect + reported future infinitive","body":"'zou gezegd hebben' is the conditional perfect (would have said). What he would have said is itself folded into an infinitive construction 'zich ... te zullen wenden' (that he would apply), with reflexive 'zich' and future 'zullen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"indien niet aan dien stand van zaken een einde werd gemaakt","title":"worden-passive: 'werd gemaakt'","body":"'een einde werd gemaakt' is a process passive (worden + participle) in the past: 'an end were put'. 'indien' ('if') is an archaic/formal subordinator, and 'dien' shows the old accusative -n."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of korrespondentie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"korrespondentie","lemma":"correspondentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bevatte","gloss":"correspondence"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"bevatte","lemma":"bevatten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contained"},{"surface":"verwyt","lemma":"verwijt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bevatte","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verwyt","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"verwyt","lemma":"verwijt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"bedreiging","lemma":"bedreiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bevatte","gloss":"threat"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedreiging","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"bedreiging","lemma":"bedreiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"threat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deden","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"predicate with reproaches and threats as subject","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrijpen","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"begrypen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of deden","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces clause of gezegd","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gezegd hebben","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with article","role":"part of ten laatste","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"part of ten laatste","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of hoe-clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of wenden","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"rechtstreeks","lemma":"rechtstreeks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wenden","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces zullen wenden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of wenden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"wenden","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"reported complement of gezegd","gloss":"apply"},{"surface":"indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gemaakt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemaakt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stand","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of stand","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stand","lemma":"stand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of einde","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"einde","lemma":"einde","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive gemaakt","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"put"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"h14-s174","source":"Toen Verbrugge dit aan Havelaar meedeelde, had deze geantwoord dat zyn voorganger daaraan verkeerd zou gedaan hebben, daar de adsistent-resident van Lebak in geen geval den resident van Bantam mocht voorbygaan, en hy had daarby gevoegd dat dit ook door volstrekt niets zoude gewettigd zyn, daar het toch niet te denken was dat die hooge beambte party zou trekken voor afpersing en knevelary.","translation":"When Verbrugge reported this to Havelaar, the latter had answered that his predecessor would have done wrong in that, since the assistant resident of Lebak might in no case pass over the resident of Bantam; and he had added that this would also be justified by absolutely nothing, since it was, after all, not to be thought that such a high officer would take the part of extortion and oppression.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s174.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen Verbrugge dit aan Havelaar meedeelde, had deze geantwoord","title":"Pluperfect after a 'toen' clause","body":"The toen-clause (verb-final 'meedeelde') sets a past moment; the main clause then uses the pluperfect 'had ... geantwoord' for the action already completed before it — the past behind the past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den resident van Bantam mocht voorbygaan","title":"Modal 'mocht' + bare infinitive","body":"'mocht ... voorbygaan' = 'might pass over'. The modal mogen sends its main verb to the end as a bare (te-less) infinitive; 'den resident' again carries the frozen accusative -n."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of meedeelde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of meedeelde","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of meedeelde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"meedeelde","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of toen-clause","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geantwoord","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of geantwoord","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"geantwoord","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gedaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of voorganger","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gedaan","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of verkeerd gedaan","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorbygaan","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voorbijgaan","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geval","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorbijgaan","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorbygaan","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"voorbygaan","lemma":"voorbijgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"pass over"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of gevoegd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevoegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of gevoegd","gloss":"in addition"},{"surface":"gevoegd","lemma":"voegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with geantwoord","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gewettigd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive gewettigd","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewettigd","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking niets","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niets","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of door","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"zoude","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewettigd zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gewettigd","lemma":"wettigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"justified"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gewettigd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of denken","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun","role":"impersonal subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies denken","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies denken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces denken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of was","gloss":"be thought"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of trekken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hooge","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies beambte","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of trekken","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"party","lemma":"partij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of trekken","gloss":"the part"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of trekken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"trekken","lemma":"trekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afpersing","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"afpersing","lemma":"afpersing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"extortion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"knevelary","lemma":"knevelarij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with afpersing","gloss":"oppression"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"h14-s175","source":"Zoodanig partytrekken was dan ook waarlyk niet te veronderstellen in den zin zooals Havelaar 't bedoelde, niet namelyk alsof den resident eenig voordeel of gewin zou ten-deel vallen van die vergrypen. Doch wèl bestond er een oorzaak die hem bewoog niet dan zeer ongaarne op de klachten van Havelaars voorganger recht te doen.","translation":"Such taking of a part was indeed truly not to be supposed in the sense that Havelaar meant it, namely not as though some advantage or gain would fall to the resident's share from those offences. But there did exist a cause that moved him to do justice to the complaints of Havelaar's predecessor only most reluctantly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s175.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet ... alsof den resident eenig voordeel ... zou ten-deel vallen","title":"alsof + verb-final hypothetical","body":"'alsof' ('as if') is a subordinator that pushes the verb to the end and frames an unreal supposition; the cluster 'zou ten-deel vallen' (would fall to one's share) closes it. 'den resident' is here a dative ('to the resident') in old -n form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch wèl bestond er een oorzaak die hem bewoog","title":"Archaic 'doch' + V2 inversion","body":"'Doch' ('but, yet') is a literary/archaic coordinator. The fronted 'Doch wèl' forces verb-second inversion: finite verb 'bestond' precedes the subject 'er een oorzaak'. The stressed 'wèl' affirms against an expectation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet dan zeer ongaarne ... recht te doen","title":"niet dan = 'only'","body":"The construction 'niet dan zeer ongaarne' literally 'not but most unwillingly' is an emphatic way of saying 'only most reluctantly'. 'ongaarne' is the archaic negative of gaarne (gladly)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"demonstrative adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies partijtrekken","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"partytrekken","lemma":"partijtrekken","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"taking sides"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waarlyk","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waarlyk","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veronderstellen","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veronderstellen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces veronderstellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"veronderstellen","lemma":"veronderstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of was","gloss":"be supposed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of zin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zin","lemma":"zin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of bedoelde","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bedoelde","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of bedoelde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"bedoelde","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clause modifying zin","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the alsof-clause","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"namelyk","lemma":"namelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alsof-clause","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of vallen","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of vallen","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"eenig","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, uninflected","role":"determiner of voordeel","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"voordeel","lemma":"voordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of vallen","gloss":"advantage"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gewin","lemma":"gewin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with voordeel","gloss":"gain"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vallen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ten-deel","lemma":"ten deel","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"complement of vallen","gloss":"to the share","note":"Ten-deel vallen is the older spelling of ten deel vallen, ‘fall to someone’s share’."},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of alsof-clause","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vergrypen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vergrypen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"vergrypen","lemma":"vergrijp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"offences"},{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bestond","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"modifies bestond","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"bestond","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with bestond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bestond","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of bewoog","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative singular","role":"direct object of bewoog","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"bewoog","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on oorzaak","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet dan","gloss":"not","note":"Niet dan is a formal idiom meaning ‘only’."},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet dan","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ongaarne","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ongaarne","lemma":"ongaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"reluctantly"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klachten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klachten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klachten","lemma":"klacht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"complaints"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaars","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive singular","role":"possessor of voorganger","gloss":"Havelaar’s"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of bewoog","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"h14-s176","source":"We hebben gezien hoe die voorganger meermalen met den resident over de heerschende misbruiken had gesproken--geaboucheerd, zei Verbrugge--en hoe weinig hem dit gebaat had.","translation":"We have seen how that predecessor had spoken with the resident more than once about the prevailing abuses — had a heart-to-heart, Verbrugge said — and how little this had availed him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s176.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe weinig hem dit gebaat had","title":"Exclamatory 'hoe' clause, verb-final","body":"'hoe weinig ... gebaat had' is an embedded exclamation ('how little this had availed him'), so the perfect cluster 'gebaat had' stands at the end. Dative 'hem' = 'him' as the one (un)helped."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"geaboucheerd","title":"geaboucheerd (s'aboucher)","body":"A jocular Gallicism — Verbrugge's word — from French s'aboucher, 'to confer face to face'. Multatuli flags it as the bureaucrat's pretentious term for what was really a frank heart-to-heart with the resident."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorganger","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gesproken","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"more than once"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gesproken","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misbruiken","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misbruiken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heerschende","lemma":"heersen","morphology":"adjective, inflected present participle","role":"modifies misbruiken","gloss":"prevailing"},{"surface":"misbruiken","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gesproken","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of gezien","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"geaboucheerd","lemma":"aboucheren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"parenthetical restatement of gesproken","gloss":"conferred","note":"Aboucheren is an archaic, French-derived verb meaning to confer face-to-face."},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebaat","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of gebaat","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gebaat","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"gebaat","lemma":"baten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of gezien, coordinated with gesproken","gloss":"availed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebaat","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"h14-s177","source":"Het is dus niet van belang ontbloot, te onderzoeken waarom een zoo hooggeplaatst ambtenaar, die als hoofd van de geheele residentie evenzeer als de adsistent-resident, ja meer nog dan deze, gehouden was te zorgen dat er recht geschiedde, byna altyd reden meende te hebben om den loop van dat recht te stuiten.","translation":"It is therefore not without importance to examine why an officer so highly placed, who as head of the whole residency was just as bound as the assistant resident — indeed, more so than he — to see that justice was done, almost always believed he had reason to arrest the course of that justice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s177.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het is dus niet van belang ontbloot, te onderzoeken","title":"Anticipatory 'het' + delayed te-clause","body":"The dummy subject 'het' stands in for the real subject, the infinitive clause 'te onderzoeken waarom...' that follows. 'niet van belang ontbloot' = 'not devoid of importance', a litotes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gehouden was te zorgen dat er recht geschiedde","title":"Stacked te-clauses","body":"'gehouden ... te zorgen' (bound to see to it) governs a further dat-clause 'dat er recht geschiedde'. Verb-final 'geschiedde' (occurred, archaic geschieden) closes that clause, with 'er' as filler subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"byna altyd reden meende te hebben","title":"menen + te-infinitive","body":"menen te (hebben) = 'to believe one has / to think to have'. The main verb of the long subject clause finally lands here as 'meende te hebben' — the finite verb held back to the end after the relative material."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Het to ontbloot","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontbloot","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontbloot","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking belang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ontbloot","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"ontbloot","lemma":"ontbloten","morphology":"adjective, predicative participle","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"devoid"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks onderzoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"onderzoeken","lemma":"onderzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed infinitive clause explaining Het","gloss":"examine"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces interrogative complement of onderzoeken; modifies meende","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hooggeplaatst","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hooggeplaatst","lemma":"hooggeplaatst","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies ambtenaar","gloss":"highly placed"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gehouden was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the capacity hoofd","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of als","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residentie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheele","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies residentie","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"residentie","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"residency"},{"surface":"evenzeer","lemma":"evenzeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehouden","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with adsistent-resident","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"comparative complement of evenzeer","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker emphasizing the correction","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"comparative degree of gehouden","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies meer","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with deze","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"comparative complement referring to adsistent-resident","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"adjective, predicative participle","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die to gehouden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zorgen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zorgen","lemma":"zorgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gehouden","gloss":"see to it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geschiedde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in the clause of geschiedde","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of geschiedde","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"complement clause of zorgen","gloss":"was done"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies altijd","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meende","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of interrogative complement of onderzoeken","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of meende","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause of stuiten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of loop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loop","lemma":"loop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of stuiten","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks stuiten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stuiten","lemma":"stuiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying reden","gloss":"arrest"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"h14-s178","source":"Reeds te Serang, toen Havelaar daar ten-huize van den resident vertoefde, had hy dezen over de Lebaksche misbruiken gesproken, en hierop ten-antwoord bekomen: \"dat dit alles in meer of mindere mate overal 't geval was.\" Dit nu kon Havelaar niet ontkennen.","translation":"Already at Serang, when Havelaar was staying there at the resident's house, he had spoken to him about the abuses of Lebak, and had received in answer: \"that all this was, in greater or lesser measure, the case everywhere.\" Now this Havelaar could not deny.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s178.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Reeds te Serang ... had hy dezen ... gesproken","title":"Fronted adverbial forces V2; 'te Serang'","body":"Opening with the place/time phrase 'Reeds te Serang...' triggers verb-second: 'had hy' inverts. The archaic locative 'te' (at) plus a place name is the period equivalent of modern 'in Serang'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ten-huize van","title":"ten huize van","body":"A frozen formal phrase, 'at the house of', preserving the old dative ten (te + den) before huize. Compare ten antwoord, ten dele below — fossilized case forms still active in 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Serang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vertoefde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vertoefde","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertoefde","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ten-huize","lemma":"ten huize","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"modifies vertoefde","gloss":"at the house"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"vertoefde","lemma":"vertoeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"was staying"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary shared by gesproken and bekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gesproken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine singular","role":"object of gesproken, referring to the resident","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misbruiken","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misbruiken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies misbruiken","gloss":"Lebak","note":"Lebaksche is the historical spelling of Lebakse."},{"surface":"misbruiken","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of over","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekomen","gloss":"to this"},{"surface":"ten-antwoord","lemma":"ten antwoord","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"modifies bekomen","gloss":"in answer","note":"Ten-antwoord is an archaic spelling of the expression ten antwoord, “in answer.”"},{"surface":"bekomen","lemma":"bekomen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with gesproken","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of bekomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mate","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies mate","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"mindere","lemma":"minder","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies mate, coordinated with meer","gloss":"lesser"},{"surface":"mate","lemma":"mate","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"overal","lemma":"overal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to geval","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"fronted direct object of ontkennen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontkennen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontkennen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ontkennen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontkennen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ontkennen","lemma":"ontkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deny"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"h14-s179","source":"Wie toch zou beweren een land te hebben gezien waar niets verkeerds geschiedt?","translation":"For who would claim to have seen a country where nothing wrong is done?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie toch zou beweren een land te hebben gezien","title":"Indefinite relative 'wie' as 'whoever'","body":"'Wie' without an antecedent means 'whoever / who'. Rhetorically it opens a question; 'zou beweren' is the conditional, and 'te hebben gezien' a perfect infinitive ('to have seen')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar niets verkeerds geschiedt","title":"niets + adjective on -s","body":"After negatives like niets the adjective takes a partitive -s: 'niets verkeerds' = 'nothing wrong'. 'niets' is itself the single negative word permitted in the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of beweren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb reinforcing the rhetorical question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of beweren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"beweren","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"claim"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of beweren","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying land","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geschiedt","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"verkeerds","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adjective, partitive genitive","role":"partitive modifier of niets","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"geschiedt","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on land","gloss":"happens"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"h14-s180","source":"Maar hy meende dat dit geen beweegreden was om misbruiken, waar men die vond, te laten bestaan, vooral niet wanneer men uitdrukkelyk tot het tegengaan daarvan geroepen was, en tevens dat, na al wat hy van Lebak wist, hier geen spraak was van meer of mindere, doch van zeer groote maat, waarop de resident hem onder anderen antwoordde: \"dat het in de afdeeling Tjiringien--ook tot Bantam behoorende--nog erger gesteld was.\"","translation":"But he held that this was no reason to let abuses, where one found them, continue to exist, above all not when one had been expressly called to counter them; and at the same time that, after all he knew of Lebak, there was here no question of greater or lesser, but of very great measure — to which the resident answered him, among other things: \"that in the district of Tjiringien — likewise belonging to Bantam — things were in a still worse state.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s180.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om misbruiken ... te laten bestaan","title":"om ... te (purpose) + causative laten","body":"'om ... te laten bestaan' frames purpose ('in order to let abuses continue'). 'laten' is the causative/permissive auxiliary, taking a bare infinitive 'bestaan' with no te of its own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer men uitdrukkelyk tot het tegengaan daarvan geroepen was","title":"Passive 'geroepen was' + nominalized infinitive","body":"'geroepen was' is a state passive (zijn + participle): 'had been called'. 'het tegengaan daarvan' nominalizes a verb ('the countering of it'), with 'daarvan' a pronominal adverb = 'of it/them'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of meende","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces first complement clause of meende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beweegreden","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"beweegreden","lemma":"beweegreden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to beweegreden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive conjunction","role":"introduces clause of laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"misbruiken","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on misbruiken","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause modifying beweegreden","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"continue to exist"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the preceding proposition","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional-temporal clause of geroepen was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geroepen was","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"uitdrukkelyk","lemma":"uitdrukkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geroepen","gloss":"expressly","note":"Uitdrukkelyk is the historical spelling of uitdrukkelijk."},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegengaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tegengaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tegengaan","lemma":"tegengaan","morphology":"nominalized verb, neuter singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"countering"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal complement of tegengaan","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"predicate of conditional-temporal clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second complement clause of meende","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second complement clause of meende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces adverbial phrase modifying was","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wat","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying wat","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spraak","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second complement clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omitted maat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies omitted maat","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"mindere","lemma":"minder","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies omitted maat, coordinated with meer","gloss":"lesser"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts the two van-phrases","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies maat","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"maat","lemma":"maat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause; complement of antwoordde","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of antwoordde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anderen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause introduced by waarop","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of antwoordde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gesteld was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"Tjiringien","lemma":"Tjiringien","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to afdeeling","gloss":"Tjiringien"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behoorende","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of behoorende","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"behoorende","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying Tjiringien","gloss":"belonging","note":"Behoorende is the historical spelling of behorende."},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erger","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"erger","lemma":"erg","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies gesteld","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"adjective, predicative participle","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"in a state"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to gesteld","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"h14-s181","source":"Wanneer men nu aanneemt, zooals men aannemen kan, dat een resident geen rechtstreeks voordeel heeft van afpersing en van willekeurig beschikken over de bevolking, doet zich de vraag op, wat dan zoovelen beweegt in tegenspraak met eed en plicht zulke misbruiken te laten bestaan, zonder daarvan aan de Regeering kennis te geven?","translation":"When one now assumes, as one may assume, that a resident has no direct advantage from extortion and from arbitrary disposal over the population, the question arises: what then moves so many, in contradiction with oath and duty, to let such abuses continue to exist, without giving knowledge of them to the Government?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"doet zich de vraag op","title":"Reflexive separable verb: zich opdoen","body":"'doet zich ... op' is the separable, reflexive verb zich opdoen (to arise, present itself). The prefix 'op' splits to the end and the reflexive 'zich' sits in the middle field: 'the question arises'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat dan zoovelen beweegt ... te laten bestaan","title":"bewegen ... te-infinitive of result","body":"'beweegt ... te laten bestaan' = 'moves [so many] to let continue'. The object 'zoovelen' (so many people) is what is moved; the te-infinitive names what they are moved to do. 'zonder ... kennis te geven' is a further te-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aanneemt","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aanneemt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanneemt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"aanneemt","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"adverbial clause on doet","gloss":"assumes"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of kan","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aannemen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"aannemen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"assume"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite auxiliary governing aannemen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voordeel","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"rechtstreeks","lemma":"rechtstreeks","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies voordeel","gloss":"direct"},{"surface":"voordeel","lemma":"voordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"advantage"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of aannemen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the source of voordeel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"afpersing","lemma":"afpersing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van, modifying voordeel","gloss":"extortion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nominalized beschikken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"willekeurig","lemma":"willekeurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beschikken","gloss":"arbitrarily"},{"surface":"beschikken","lemma":"beschikken","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"object of van, coordinated with afpersing","gloss":"disposal"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of beschikken","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of doet zich de vraag op","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive pronoun in doet zich de vraag op","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doet zich op","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of doet zich de vraag op","gloss":"arises"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of beweegt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beweegt","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zoovelen","lemma":"zovelen","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of beweegt","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"beweegt","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb in the interrogative complement of vraag","gloss":"moves"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegenspraak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tegenspraak","lemma":"tegenspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"contradiction"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eed","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"eed","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misbruiken","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"misbruiken","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of beweegt","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laten","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of geven","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of kennis geven","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in kennis geven","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zonder","gloss":"give"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"h14-s182","source":"En wie hierover nadenkt, moet het al zeer vreemd vinden dat men zoo koelbloedig 't bestaan van die misbruiken erkent, als ware er spraak van iets dat buiten bereik of bevoegdheid lag.","translation":"And whoever reflects on this must find it very strange indeed that one so coolly acknowledges the existence of those abuses, as if it were a question of something that lay beyond reach or competence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s182.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ware er spraak van iets","title":"Subjunctive 'ware' in 'als ware'","body":"'als ware er...' = 'as if there were...': 'ware' is the old subjunctive of zijn, used in this fixed literary construction for an unreal comparison. Modern Dutch would say 'alsof er ... was'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"moet het al zeer vreemd vinden","title":"Modal 'moet' with anticipatory 'het'","body":"'moet ... vinden' (must find) is the modal moeten + bare infinitive. The 'het' anticipates the dat-clause that follows ('that one acknowledges...'), a dummy object pointing forward."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates this sentence with the preceding one","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"subject of moet vinden and nadenkt","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"hierover","lemma":"hierover","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of nadenkt","gloss":"on this"},{"surface":"nadenkt","lemma":"nadenken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb in the relative clause headed by wie","gloss":"reflects"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal auxiliary governing vinden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"anticipatory direct object of vinden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies zeer vreemd","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreemd","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vinden","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of erkent","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erkent","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies koelbloedig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"koelbloedig","lemma":"koelbloedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erkent","gloss":"coolly"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of erkent","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misbruiken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misbruiken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"misbruiken","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van, modifying bestaan","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"erkent","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb in the clausal object of vinden","gloss":"acknowledges"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"with ware, introduces a hypothetical comparison","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"finite copular verb in als ware er spraak","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in er ware spraak","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ware","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bereik","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"bereik","lemma":"bereik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of buiten","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"bevoegdheid","lemma":"bevoegdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of buiten","gloss":"competence"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on iets","gloss":"lay"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"h14-s183","source":"Ik zal trachten de oorzaken hiervan te ontwikkelen.","translation":"I shall attempt to set out the causes of this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s183.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal trachten ... te ontwikkelen","title":"Future 'zal' framing trachten + te","body":"'zal trachten' is the explicit future (zullen + infinitive). 'trachten' (to attempt, slightly formal) then governs 'te ontwikkelen' at the end — a future wrapped around a te-infinitive clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zal trachten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite future auxiliary governing trachten","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"trachten","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"attempt"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of ontwikkelen","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies oorzaken","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive ontwikkelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontwikkelen","lemma":"ontwikkelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of trachten","gloss":"set out"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"h14-s184","source":"In 't algemeen reeds is het overbrengen van slechte tydingen iets onaangenaams, en 't schynt wel of er van den ongunstigen indruk dien ze veroorzaken, iets blyft kleven op wien de verdrietige taak te-beurt viel zulke tydingen meetedeelen.","translation":"In general the conveying of bad tidings is already something unpleasant, and it seems indeed as if, of the unfavorable impression they cause, something remains clinging to the one to whose lot the dreary task of imparting such tidings has fallen.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s184.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iets blyft kleven op wien de ... taak te-beurt viel","title":"Relative 'wien' (dative who) + te beurt vallen","body":"'wien' is the old dative of wie ('the one to whom'). 'te-beurt viel' is the idiom te beurt vallen, 'to fall to someone's lot'. Together: 'something clings to the one to whose lot the task fell'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t schynt wel of er ... iets blyft kleven","title":"Impersonal 'het schijnt' + 'of'","body":"'t schynt wel of...' uses impersonal het ('it seems indeed as if'). The conjunction 'of' here means 'as if', opening a clause whose verb 'blyft' stands before the separable 'kleven' (to cling)."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking algemeen","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of algemeen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"algemeen","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective, nominalized","role":"object of in in the fixed phrase in het algemeen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking overbrengen to onaangenaams","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overbrengen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overbrengen","lemma":"overbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"subject of is","gloss":"conveying"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tydingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"slechte","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies tydingen","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"tydingen","lemma":"tijding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van, modifying overbrengen","gloss":"tidings"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"determiner of nominalized onaangenaams","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"onaangenaams","lemma":"onaangenaam","morphology":"adjective, nominalized, neuter singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of schijnt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb coordinated with is","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schynt","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of blijft kleven","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in the clause of blijft","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking indruk as a partitive complement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ongunstigen","lemma":"ongunstig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies indruk","gloss":"unfavorable"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular, accusative","role":"direct object of veroorzaken","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of veroorzaken","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"veroorzaken","lemma":"veroorzaken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb in the relative clause modifying indruk","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of blijft","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb governing kleven","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"kleven","lemma":"kleven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of blijft","gloss":"clinging"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wien","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, oblique","role":"object of op and indirect object of viel","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of taak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdrietige","lemma":"verdrietig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies taak","gloss":"dreary"},{"surface":"taak","lemma":"taak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"task"},{"surface":"te-beurt","lemma":"te beurt","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"forms the expression te beurt vallen with viel","gloss":"to one's lot"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb in the relative clause headed by wien","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tydingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"tydingen","lemma":"tijding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of meetedeelen","gloss":"tidings"},{"surface":"meetedeelen","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement specifying taak","gloss":"to impart"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"h14-s185","source":"Wanneer nu dit alleen reeds voor sommigen een reden zou wezen om tegen beter weten aan, het bestaan van iets ongunstigs te ontkennen, hoeveel te meer dan wordt dit het geval wanneer men gevaar loopt, niet alleen zich de ongenade op den hals te halen die nu eenmaal 't lot schynt des overbrengers van slechte berichten, doch tevens als de oorzaak te worden aangezien van den ongunstigen toestand dien men plichtshalve openbaart.","translation":"Now when this alone would already be reason enough for some, against their better knowledge, to deny the existence of something unfavorable, how much the more is this the case when one runs the danger not only of bringing upon one's own neck the disfavor that seems to be, once and for all, the lot of the bearer of bad reports, but also of being regarded as the cause of the unfavorable condition that one, in duty, discloses.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s185.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoeveel te meer dan wordt dit het geval","title":"Correlative 'hoeveel te meer' + V2","body":"The fronted exclamatory phrase 'hoeveel te meer' ('how much the more') triggers verb-second: 'wordt dit'. It is the apodosis answering the preceding 'wanneer'-condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als de oorzaak te worden aangezien","title":"Passive infinitive 'te worden aangezien'","body":"'te worden aangezien' is a passive te-infinitive ('to be regarded as'), built on worden + the participle of the separable verb aanzien. It parallels 'zich ... te halen' earlier in the sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t lot ... des overbrengers van slechte berichten","title":"Genitive 'des overbrengers'","body":"'des overbrengers' is a true genitive — old article 'des' plus the -s ending on a masculine noun — meaning 'of the bearer'. Modern Dutch would rephrase with 'van de overbrenger'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of zou wezen","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dit","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou wezen","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sommigen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"sommigen","lemma":"sommigen","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"some people"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zou wezen","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite conditional auxiliary governing wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copular infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of ontkennen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beter","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative, nominalized","role":"modifies nominalized weten","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"head of the idiom tegen beter weten aan","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes the idiom tegen beter weten aan","gloss":"despite it","note":"Tegen beter weten aan means ‘against one's better knowledge’."},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ontkennen","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ongunstigs","lemma":"ongunstig","morphology":"adjective, partitive inflection","role":"complement of iets","gloss":"unfavorable"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive ontkennen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontkennen","lemma":"ontkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by om","gloss":"deny"},{"surface":"hoeveel","lemma":"hoeveel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"head of the exclamatory degree phrase hoeveel te meer","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree particle","role":"intensifies comparative meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"comparative in hoeveel te meer","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the degree phrase to the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to het geval","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wordt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of wordt","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of loopt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of loopt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object in gevaar lopen","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"loopt","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb in the adverbial clause introduced by wanneer","gloss":"runs"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies halen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet alleen with niet","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, dative","role":"indirect reflexive object of halen","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ongenade","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ongenade","lemma":"ongenade","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of halen","gloss":"disfavor"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hals","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of hals","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive halen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"halen","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gevaar loopt","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of schijnt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"with eenmaal, modifies schijnt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"with nu, modifies schijnt","gloss":"once and for all"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lot","lemma":"lot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of schijnt","gloss":"lot"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb in the relative clause modifying ongenade","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of overbrengers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"overbrengers","lemma":"overbrenger","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of lot","gloss":"bearer"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking berichten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"slechte","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies berichten","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"berichten","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates tevens te worden aangezien with niet alleen ... halen","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies worden aangezien","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the predicative complement oorzaak","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of aangezien","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the passive infinitive worden aangezien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of aangezien","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"aangezien","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive worden aangezien","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toestand as a modifier of oorzaak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of toestand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ongunstigen","lemma":"ongunstig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toestand","gloss":"unfavorable"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular, accusative","role":"direct object of openbaart","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of openbaart","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"plichtshalve","lemma":"plichtshalve","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies openbaart","gloss":"as duty requires"},{"surface":"openbaart","lemma":"openbaren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb in the relative clause modifying toestand","gloss":"discloses"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"h14-s186","source":"De Regeering van Nederlandsch Indie schryft by-voorkeur aan haar meesters in 't moederland dat alles naar wensch gaat.","translation":"The Government of the Dutch Indies writes by preference to its masters in the motherland that everything is going as one would wish.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s186.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schryft by-voorkeur ... dat alles naar wensch gaat","title":"dat-clause with verb-final 'gaat'","body":"The report's content sits in a dat-clause: 'dat alles naar wensch gaat', where the present-tense verb 'gaat' falls to the end. 'naar wensch' ('as one wishes') is a fixed adverbial."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schryft","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in the proper name Regeering van Nederlandsch Indie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies Indie","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van in the government name","gloss":"Indies"},{"surface":"schryft","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"by-voorkeur","lemma":"bij voorkeur","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies schryft","gloss":"by preference"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meesters","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of meesters","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"meesters","lemma":"meester","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"indirect object of schryft, marked by aan","gloss":"masters"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moederland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moederland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moederland","lemma":"moederland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"motherland"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of gaat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wensch","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"wensch","lemma":"wens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb in the content clause governed by schryft","gloss":"goes"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"h14-s187","source":"De residenten melden dit gaarne aan de Regeering.","translation":"The residents gladly report this to the Government.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s187.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residenten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"residenten","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of melden","gloss":"residents"},{"surface":"melden","lemma":"melden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of melden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies melden","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of melden","gloss":"Government"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"h14-s188","source":"De adsistent-residenten, die zelf van hun kontroleurs byna niet dan gunstige berichten ontvangen, zenden ook op hun beurt liefst geen onaangename tydingen aan de residenten.","translation":"The assistant residents, who themselves receive from their controllers hardly any but favorable reports, in their turn likewise send the residents no unpleasant tidings if they can help it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s188.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"byna niet dan gunstige berichten ontvangen","title":"niet dan = 'nothing but'","body":"'byna niet dan gunstige berichten' = 'hardly any but favorable reports'. The frame niet dan ('nothing but') recurs through the chapter as Multatuli's signature understatement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zenden ook op hun beurt liefst geen onaangename tydingen","title":"geen negates the indefinite noun","body":"'geen onaangename tydingen' uses geen (not + a/any) to negate an indefinite plural noun — 'no unpleasant tidings'. 'liefst' (most preferably) softens it to 'if they can help it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-residenten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-residenten","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zenden","gloss":"assistant residents"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of ontvangen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes die","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kontroleurs","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleurs","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"kontroleurs","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of ontvangen","gloss":"controllers","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘controleurs’."},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet dan","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of correlative niet dan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of correlative niet dan","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"gunstige","lemma":"gunstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies berichten","gloss":"favorable"},{"surface":"berichten","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of ontvangen","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"zenden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zenden","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of adverbial phrase op hun beurt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of beurt","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"beurt","lemma":"beurt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"liefst","lemma":"liefst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zenden","gloss":"preferably","note":"Here ‘liefst geen’ means preferably none, rendered ‘if they can help it’ in the translation."},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tydingen","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"onaangename","lemma":"onaangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies tydingen","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"tydingen","lemma":"tijding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zenden","gloss":"tidings","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘tijdingen’."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residenten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residenten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"residenten","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of zenden","gloss":"residents"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"h14-s189","source":"Hieruit wordt in de officieele en schriftelyke behandeling der zaken een gekunsteld optimismus geboren, in tegenspraak niet alleen met de waarheid, maar ook met de eigen meening van die optimisten zelf, zoodra zy dezelfde zaken mondeling behandelen, en--nog vreemder!--dikwyls zelfs in tegenspraak met hun eigen geschreven berichten.","translation":"Out of this there is born, in the official and written handling of affairs, an artificial optimism, in contradiction not only with the truth, but also with the very opinion of those optimists themselves, as soon as they handle the same matters by word of mouth, and — stranger still! — often even in contradiction with their own written reports.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s189.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wordt ... een gekunsteld optimismus geboren","title":"worden-passive: 'wordt geboren'","body":"'wordt ... geboren' is a process passive (worden + participle): 'is born'. The fronted 'Hieruit' ('out of this') forces V2 inversion of 'wordt'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in de ... behandeling der zaken","title":"Genitive 'der zaken'","body":"'der zaken' = 'of the affairs', the feminine/plural genitive article 'der' replacing 'van de'. A case remnant kept routinely in formal 1860 Dutch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoodra zy dezelfde zaken mondeling behandelen","title":"Subordinator 'zoodra' sends verb to end","body":"'zoodra' ('as soon as') opens a verb-final clause: subject 'zy', then objects, then the verb 'behandelen' last. The plural 'zy' (modern zij) is the literary spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hieruit","lemma":"hieruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geboren","gloss":"out of this"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geboren","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking behandeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of behandeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"officieele","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies behandeling","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schriftelyke","lemma":"schriftelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with officieele","gloss":"written","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘schriftelijke’."},{"surface":"behandeling","lemma":"behandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"handling"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"of the","note":"Archaic genitive article: ‘der zaken’ means ‘of the affairs’."},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of behandeling","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of optimismus","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"gekunsteld","lemma":"gekunsteld","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies optimismus","gloss":"artificial"},{"surface":"optimismus","lemma":"optimisme","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive geboren","gloss":"optimism","note":"Nineteenth-century form of modern Dutch ‘optimisme’."},{"surface":"geboren","lemma":"geboren","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"predicative complement of wordt","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegenspraak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tegenspraak","lemma":"tegenspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"contradiction"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alleen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of correlative niet alleen ... maar ook","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waarheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of correlative niet alleen ... maar ook","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of correlative niet alleen ... maar ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meening","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies meening","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking optimisten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of optimisten","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"optimisten","lemma":"optimist","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"optimists"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes optimisten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of behandelen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of behandelen","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"mondeling","lemma":"mondeling","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behandelen","gloss":"orally"},{"surface":"behandelen","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"handle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links further phrase to preceding contradiction","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreemder","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"vreemder","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"parenthetical predicate","gloss":"stranger","note":"Parenthetical ‘nog vreemder!’ means ‘stranger still!’."},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies implicit contradiction","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tegenspraak","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegenspraak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tegenspraak","lemma":"tegenspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"contradiction"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking berichten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of berichten","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies berichten","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"modifies berichten","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"berichten","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"reports"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"h14-s190","source":"Ik zou veel voorbeelden kunnen aanhalen van rapporten die den gunstigen toestand van een residentie ten-hoogste verheffen, doch te-gelyker-tyd, vooral waar de cyfers spreken, zichzelf logenstraffen.","translation":"I could cite many examples of reports that extol to the utmost the favorable condition of a residency, yet at the same time, above all where the figures speak, give themselves the lie.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s190.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zou veel voorbeelden kunnen aanhalen","title":"Conditional 'zou' + double infinitive","body":"'zou ... kunnen aanhalen' stacks the conditional zou over the modal kunnen over the main infinitive aanhalen — 'I could cite'. All three verbs cluster at the end of the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... zichzelf logenstraffen","title":"Reflexive 'zichzelf' with logenstraffen","body":"'zichzelf logenstraffen' = 'give themselves the lie / belie themselves'. 'zich(zelf)' is the third-person reflexive; the emphatic -zelf stresses that the reports contradict their own selves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aanhalen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aanhalen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of voorbeelden","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"voorbeelden","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aanhalen","gloss":"examples"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of aanhalen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"aanhalen","lemma":"aanhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cite"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rapporten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"rapporten","lemma":"rapport","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of voorbeelden","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of verheffen and logenstraffen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of toestand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gunstigen","lemma":"gunstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies toestand","gloss":"favorable"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verheffen","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residentie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"residentie","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"residency"},{"surface":"ten-hoogste","lemma":"ten hoogste","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies verheffen","gloss":"to the utmost"},{"surface":"verheffen","lemma":"verheffen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"extol"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"te-gelyker-tyd","lemma":"tegelijkertijd","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies logenstraffen","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of cyfers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cyfers","lemma":"cijfer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of spreken","gloss":"figures"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of adverbial clause","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"zichzelf","lemma":"zichzelf","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of logenstraffen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"logenstraffen","lemma":"logenstraffen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated with verheffen","gloss":"give the lie"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"h14-s191","source":"Deze voorbeelden zouden, als niet de zaak om de eindelyke gevolgen te ernstig ware, aanleiding geven tot lach en spot, en men staat verbaasd over de naïveteit waarmee vaak in zoodanig geval de grofste onwaarheden worden staande gehouden en aangenomen, al biedt dan ook de schryver zelf weinig zinsneden verder de wapens aan waarmee die onwaarheden te bestryden zyn.","translation":"These examples would, were the matter not too serious on account of its eventual consequences, give occasion for laughter and mockery, and one stands astonished at the naïveté with which, in such a case, the grossest untruths are often maintained and accepted, even though the writer himself, a few sentences further on, offers the very weapons by which those untruths are to be combated.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s191.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als niet de zaak ... te ernstig ware","title":"Subjunctive 'ware' in an unreal condition","body":"'als ... ware' again uses the old subjunctive of zijn for a counterfactual: 'were the matter not too serious'. It pairs with the conditional main verb 'zouden ... geven'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de grofste onwaarheden worden staande gehouden en aangenomen","title":"worden-passive with two participles","body":"A process passive whose subject 'de grofste onwaarheden' undergoes two actions: 'worden staande gehouden en aangenomen' (are maintained and accepted). 'staande houden' is the idiom 'to uphold / maintain'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al biedt ... de schryver zelf ... de wapens aan","title":"Concessive 'al' + V2; separable aanbieden","body":"'al biedt' = 'even though [he] offers'; the concessive 'al' here keeps main-clause V2 order, putting the verb before the subject. The separable prefix 'aan' of aanbieden splits to the clause end ('biedt ... aan')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbeelden","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"voorbeelden","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"examples"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zaak","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates ware","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevolgen","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eindelyke","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gevolgen","gloss":"eventual","note":"Historical spelling; here ‘eindelijke gevolgen’ means eventual consequences."},{"surface":"gevolgen","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of om","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of ernstig","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ernstig","lemma":"ernstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ware","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"aanleiding","lemma":"aanleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lach","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"lach","lemma":"lach","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"spot","lemma":"spot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with lach","gloss":"mockery"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"verbaasd","lemma":"verbazen","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"predicative complement of staat","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking naïveteit","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of naïveteit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naïveteit","lemma":"naïveteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"naivety"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"instrumental complement of gehouden and aangenomen","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehouden","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geval","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geval","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gehouden","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onwaarheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grofste","lemma":"grof","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies onwaarheden","gloss":"grossest"},{"surface":"onwaarheden","lemma":"onwaarheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive verbs","gloss":"untruths"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gehouden and aangenomen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"staande","lemma":"staan","morphology":"adjective","role":"part of fixed verb phrase staande houden","gloss":"standing","note":"In ‘staande houden’, the combination means ‘maintain’ or ‘uphold’."},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of passive relative clause","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aangenomen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with gehouden","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"even though","note":"The construction ‘al ... dan ook’ means ‘even though’."},{"surface":"biedt","lemma":"bieden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of concessive clause; base of biedt ... aan","gloss":"bids"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive construction al ... dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive construction al ... dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schryver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of biedt","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes schryver","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of zinsneden","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"zinsneden","lemma":"zinsnede","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying verder","gloss":"sentences"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies location in discourse","gloss":"further on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wapens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wapens","lemma":"wapen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of biedt","gloss":"weapons"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of biedt ... aan","gloss":"offers","note":"Completes ‘biedt ... aan’ (‘offers’); literally contributes the sense ‘forth’."},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"instrumental complement of bestryden","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of onwaarheden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"onwaarheden","lemma":"onwaarheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of bestryden zyn","gloss":"untruths"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bestryden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bestryden","lemma":"bestrijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zyn","gloss":"combat","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘bestrijden’."},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"modal passive auxiliary of te bestryden","gloss":"are","note":"In ‘te bestrijden zijn’, ‘zijn’ expresses that something is to be combated."}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"h14-s192","source":"Ik zal me tot een enkel voorbeeld bepalen, dat ik met zeer velen zou kunnen vermeerderen.","translation":"I shall confine myself to a single example, which I could multiply with very many.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s192.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal me tot een enkel voorbeeld bepalen","title":"Reflexive zich bepalen tot","body":"'me ... bepalen tot' is the reflexive idiom zich bepalen tot, 'to confine oneself to'. In the first person the reflexive is 'me', not 'zich'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bepalen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bepalen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of bepalen","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorbeeld","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"enkel","lemma":"enkel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voorbeeld","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"voorbeeld","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bepalen","gloss":"example"},{"surface":"bepalen","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confine"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of vermeerderen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vermeerderen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies velen","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"oblique complement of vermeerderen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vermeerderen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of vermeerderen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"vermeerderen","lemma":"vermeerderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"multiply"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"h14-s193","source":"Onder de stukken die voor me liggen, vind ik het jaarverslag van een residentie.","translation":"Among the papers that lie before me, I find the annual report of a residency.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s193.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Onder de stukken die voor me liggen, vind ik","title":"Fronted phrase + V2 'vind ik'","body":"The whole prepositional phrase 'Onder de stukken die voor me liggen' fills the first position, so the finite verb 'vind' comes second and the subject 'ik' third — textbook verb-second inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stukken","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of Onder","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on stukken","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jaarverslag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jaarverslag","lemma":"jaarverslag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"annual report"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residentie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"residentie","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"residency"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"h14-s194","source":"De resident roemt den handel die daar bloeit, en beweert dat in de geheele landstreek de grootste welvaart en bedryvigheid worden waargenomen.","translation":"The resident praises the trade that flourishes there, and asserts that throughout the whole region the greatest prosperity and activity are to be observed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s194.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de grootste welvaart en bedryvigheid worden waargenomen","title":"worden-passive: 'worden waargenomen'","body":"'worden waargenomen' = 'are observed', a process passive with the participle of separable waarnemen. The plural subject ('welvaart en bedryvigheid') takes plural 'worden'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of roemt","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"roemt","lemma":"roemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"praises"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of handel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handel","lemma":"handel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of roemt","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of bloeit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bloeit","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"bloeit","lemma":"bloeien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on handel","gloss":"flourishes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"beweert","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with roemt","gloss":"asserts"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waargenomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landstreek","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landstreek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheele","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies landstreek","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"landstreek","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of welvaart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grootste","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies welvaart","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"welvaart","lemma":"welvaart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"joint subject of passive waargenomen","gloss":"prosperity"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bedryvigheid","lemma":"bedrijvigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"joint subject of passive waargenomen","gloss":"activity","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘bedrijvigheid’."},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of waargenomen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"waargenomen","lemma":"waarnemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of passive subordinate clause","gloss":"observed"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"h14-s195","source":"Een weinig verder evenwel, sprekende over de geringe middelen die hem ten-dienste staan om sluikery te weren, wil hy terstond den onaangenamen indruk wegnemen, die op de Regeering zou worden te-weeg gebracht door de meening dat er dus in die residentie veel Inkomend-Recht wordt ontdoken. \"Neen, zegt hy, dáárvoor behoeft men niet bezorgd te zyn!","translation":"A little further on, however, speaking of the slender means at his disposal for checking smuggling, he wishes at once to remove the unfavorable impression that would be made upon the Government by the notion that, this being so, much Import Duty is being evaded in that residency. \"No,\" he says, \"on that score one need not be concerned!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s195.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die op de Regeering zou worden te-weeg gebracht","title":"Future passive: 'zou worden ... gebracht'","body":"'zou worden te-weeg gebracht' is a conditional passive (zou + worden + participle): 'would be brought about'. 'teweegbrengen' is a separable verb here written split."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"behoeft men niet bezorgd te zyn","title":"behoeven niet + te-infinitive","body":"'behoeft ... niet ... te zyn' = 'one need not be'. The semi-modal behoeven, almost always with a negation, governs a te-infinitive ('te zyn')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of weinig","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"head of adverbial phrase modifying sprekende","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies sprekende","gloss":"further on"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"sprekende","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial participial clause modifying wil","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking middelen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of middelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geringe","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies middelen","gloss":"slender"},{"surface":"middelen","lemma":"middel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of sprekende","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of staan","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ten-dienste","lemma":"ten dienste","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of staan","gloss":"at his disposal"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on middelen","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause with weren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sluikery","lemma":"sluikerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weren","gloss":"smuggling"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive weren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weren","lemma":"weren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of staan","gloss":"check"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wegnemen","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onaangenamen","lemma":"onaangenaam","morphology":"adjective, masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies indruk","gloss":"unfavorable"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wegnemen","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"wegnemen","lemma":"wegnemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"remove"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive gebracht","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gebracht","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of worden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"te-weeg","lemma":"teweeg","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of teweeggebracht","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of relative clause on indruk","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meening","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door and cause of gebracht","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontdoken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in clause of ontdoken","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontdoken","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residentie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"residentie","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ontdoken","gloss":"residency"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies Inkomend-Recht","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"Inkomend-Recht","lemma":"inkomend recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive ontdoken","gloss":"Import Duty"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ontdoken","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ontdoken","lemma":"ontduiken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of content clause on meening","gloss":"evaded"},{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent interjection","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dáárvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of bezorgd","gloss":"on that score"},{"surface":"behoeft","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of behoeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezorgd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bezorgd","lemma":"bezorgd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of behoeft","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"h14-s196","source":"Er wordt in myn residentie weinig of niets ingevoerd ter-sluik, want ... er gaat in deze streken zóó weinig om, dat niemand hier zyn kapitaal in den handel wagen zou.\" Ik heb een dergelyk verslag gelezen dat aanving met de woorden: \"in 't afgeloopen jaar is de rust rustig gebleven.\" Zulke zinsneden getuigen wel van een zeer rustige gerustheid op de inschikkelykheid van de Regeering voor ieder die haar onaangename tydingen spaart, of die, zooals de term luidt: \"haar niet bemoeielykt\" met verdrietige berichten!","translation":"Little or nothing is brought into my residency by stealth, for ... so little business is done in these parts that no one here would risk his capital in trade.\" I have read a similar report that opened with the words: \"in the past year the peace has remained peaceful.\" Such sentences bear witness indeed to a very restful restfulness, relying on the indulgence of the Government toward everyone who spares it unpleasant tidings, or who, as the term runs, \"does not trouble it\" with dreary reports!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s196.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er wordt ... weinig of niets ingevoerd ter-sluik","title":"Impersonal worden-passive with 'er'","body":"'Er wordt ... ingevoerd' is an impersonal passive: 'er' fills the slot, and the real point ('weinig of niets') is what is imported. The agentless construction is typical of bureaucratic prose Multatuli is mocking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat niemand hier zyn kapitaal ... wagen zou","title":"Negative 'niemand' + conditional","body":"'niemand' ('no one') is the clause's single negative word, no double negation allowed. After 'dat' the verb cluster 'wagen zou' (would risk) goes to the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de rust is rustig gebleven","title":"'de rust is rustig gebleven'","body":"Multatuli quotes a real report's tautology — 'the peace has remained peaceful' — to ridicule officialdom. The echoing of rust/rustig (and later rustige gerustheid) is a deliberate stylistic skewering of empty reassurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in passive clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ingevoerd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentie","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of residentie","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"residentie","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ingevoerd","gloss":"residency"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of passive ingevoerd","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"coordinated subject with weinig","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ingevoerd","lemma":"invoeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"imported"},{"surface":"ter-sluik","lemma":"ter sluik","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies ingevoerd","gloss":"by stealth"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive subject of gaat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of streken","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gaat","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of gaat ... om","gloss":"circulates"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause with wagen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wagen","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wagen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kapitaal","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kapitaal","lemma":"kapitaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of wagen","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of handel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handel","lemma":"handel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of wagen","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"risk"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wagen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verslag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dergelyk","lemma":"dergelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verslag","gloss":"similar"},{"surface":"verslag","lemma":"verslag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of aanving","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aanving","lemma":"aanvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on verslag","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woorden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of aanving","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of jaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afgeloopen","lemma":"afgelopen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies jaar","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gebleven","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebleven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gebleven","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"rustig","lemma":"rustig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of gebleven","gloss":"peaceful"},{"surface":"gebleven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"Zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zinsneden","gloss":"Such"},{"surface":"zinsneden","lemma":"zinsnede","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of getuigen","gloss":"sentences"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuigen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bear witness"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies getuigen","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gerustheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gerustheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rustige","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"rustige","lemma":"rustig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gerustheid","gloss":"restful"},{"surface":"gerustheid","lemma":"gerustheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of getuigen","gloss":"restfulness"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inschikkelijkheid","gloss":"relying on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inschikkelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inschikkelykheid","lemma":"inschikkelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op and basis of gerustheid","gloss":"indulgence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessive complement of inschikkelijkheid","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ieder","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of voor","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of spaart","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of spaart","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"onaangename","lemma":"onaangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies tydingen","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"tydingen","lemma":"tijding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of spaart","gloss":"tidings"},{"surface":"spaart","lemma":"sparen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on ieder","gloss":"spares"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of bemoeilijkt and coordinated with die","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause with luidt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of term","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"term","lemma":"term","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of luidt","gloss":"term"},{"surface":"luidt","lemma":"luiden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"runs"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of bemoeilijkt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bemoeielykt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bemoeielykt","lemma":"bemoeilijken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on ieder","gloss":"troubles"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking berichten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"verdrietige","lemma":"verdrietig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies berichten","gloss":"dreary"},{"surface":"berichten","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of bemoeielykt","gloss":"reports"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"h14-s197","source":"Waar de bevolking niet toeneemt, is dit toeteschryven aan onjuistheid der tellingen van vorige jaren.","translation":"Where the population does not increase, this is to be ascribed to the inaccuracy of the censuses of former years.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s197.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waar de bevolking niet toeneemt, is dit toeteschryven aan","title":"Fronted 'Waar'-clause + V2 'is'","body":"The subordinate 'Waar...'-clause (verb-final 'toeneemt') fills first position, so the main clause inverts to 'is dit'. 'toeteschryven' is toeschrijven (to ascribe) with 'te' embedded, 1860-style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces adverbial clause with toeneemt","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of toeneemt","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toeneemt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"toeneemt","lemma":"toenemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of adverbial clause","gloss":"increases"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with infinitive complement toeteschryven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"toeteschryven","lemma":"toeschrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitive complement of is","gloss":"to be ascribed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onjuistheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"onjuistheid","lemma":"onjuistheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"inaccuracy"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of tellingen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"tellingen","lemma":"telling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of onjuistheid","gloss":"censuses"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van modifying tellingen","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"h14-s198","source":"Waar de belastingen niet stygen, maakt men zich daarvan een verdienste: de bedoeling is, door lagen aanslag den landbouw aantemoedigen, die zich juist nu gaat ontwikkelen, en weldra--liefst als de berichtgever zal afgetreden zyn--onbegrypelyke vruchten moet afwerpen.","translation":"Where the taxes do not rise, one makes a merit of it: the intention is, by low assessment, to encourage agriculture, which is just now beginning to develop, and which presently — preferably once the reporter shall have retired — must yield inconceivable fruits.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s198.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"maakt men zich daarvan een verdienste","title":"Reflexive 'zich ... maken' + pronominal 'daarvan'","body":"'zich ... een verdienste maken van' = 'to make a merit of'. The reflexive 'zich' and the pronominal adverb 'daarvan' (of it) both sit in the middle field; fronting 'Waar...' again drives V2 'maakt men'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"liefst als de berichtgever zal afgetreden zyn","title":"Future perfect: 'zal afgetreden zyn'","body":"'zal afgetreden zyn' is a future perfect (zullen + perfect infinitive with zijn): 'will have retired'. The separable aftreden forms its participle 'afgetreden'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces adverbial clause with stijgen","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of belastingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belastingen","lemma":"belasting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of stygen","gloss":"taxes"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stygen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"stygen","lemma":"stijgen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of adverbial clause","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"indirect object of maakt","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of maakt","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verdienste","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verdienste","lemma":"verdienste","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"merit"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bedoeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bedoeling","lemma":"bedoeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with infinitive complement aantemoedigen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanslag","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"lagen","lemma":"laag","morphology":"adjective, masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies aanslag","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"aanslag","lemma":"aanslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"assessment"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of landbouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landbouw","lemma":"landbouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aantemoedigen","gloss":"agriculture"},{"surface":"aantemoedigen","lemma":"aanmoedigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitive complement of is","gloss":"to encourage","note":"Historical solid spelling of modern “aan te moedigen”."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of gaat and moet","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of ontwikkelen","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nu","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontwikkelen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary-like verb governing ontwikkelen","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"ontwikkelen","lemma":"ontwikkelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of gaat","gloss":"to develop"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates gaat ontwikkelen and moet afwerpen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afwerpen","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"liefst","lemma":"liefst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies temporal clause with als","gloss":"preferably"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause with afgetreden zijn","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of berichtgever","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"berichtgever","lemma":"berichtgever","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of afgetreden","gloss":"reporter"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of afgetreden","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"afgetreden","lemma":"aftreden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of afgetreden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"onbegrypelyke","lemma":"onbegrijpelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vruchten","gloss":"inconceivable"},{"surface":"vruchten","lemma":"vrucht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of afwerpen","gloss":"fruits"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of afwerpen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"afwerpen","lemma":"afwerpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb coordinated with gaat ontwikkelen","gloss":"yield"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"h14-s199","source":"Waar onordelykheid heeft plaats gehad die niet verborgen blyven kon, was dit het werk van eenige weinige kwalykgezinden die voor 't vervolg niet meer te vreezen zyn daar er een algemeene tevredenheid heerscht.","translation":"Where disorder has occurred that could not be kept hidden, this was the work of a few ill-disposed persons who are no longer to be feared for the future, since a general contentment prevails.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s199.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waar onordelykheid heeft plaats gehad die niet verborgen blyven kon","title":"plaatshebben + relative 'die'","body":"'heeft plaats gehad' is the perfect of plaatshebben (to take place). The relative 'die' (for the de-word 'onordelykheid') opens a verb-final clause ending in the cluster 'blyven kon'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar er een algemeene tevredenheid heerscht","title":"Causal 'daar' + verb-final","body":"'daar' ('since, because') is a formal/archaic causal subordinator that sends its verb to the end: 'heerscht' (prevails) closes the clause. 'er' is the existential filler."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehad","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"onordelykheid","lemma":"onordelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gehad","gloss":"disorder"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"nominal element of plaats gehad","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the waar-clause","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verborgen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verborgen","lemma":"verbergen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of blijven","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal verb of the relative clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of the main clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kwalykgezinden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of kwalijkgezinden","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kwalijkgezinden","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"kwalykgezinden","lemma":"kwalijkgezind","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"ill-disposed persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vervolg","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vervolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vervolg","lemma":"vervolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet meer","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks vrezen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vreezen","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"passive infinitive complement of zijn","gloss":"be feared"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heerscht","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in the clause of heerst","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tevredenheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"algemeene","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tevredenheid","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"tevredenheid","lemma":"tevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heerscht","gloss":"contentment"},{"surface":"heerscht","lemma":"heersen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the daar-clause","gloss":"prevails"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"h14-s200","source":"Waar gebrek of hongersnood de bevolking heeft gedund, was dit een gevolg van misgewas, van droogte, regen of zoo-iets, nooit van wanbestuur.","translation":"Where want or famine has thinned the population, this was a consequence of crop failure, of drought, rain, or some such thing, never of misgovernment.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s200.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waar gebrek of hongersnood de bevolking heeft gedund, was dit ...","title":"Fronted clause + V2; perfect 'heeft gedund'","body":"Same rhetorical scaffolding: a 'Waar...'-clause with perfect 'heeft gedund' (has thinned) at its end, then the main clause inverting to 'was dit'. The anaphoric 'Waar... was dit...' frames Multatuli's litany of excuses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"nooit van wanbestuur","title":"Negative adverb 'nooit'","body":"'nooit' ('never') is the clause's sole negative, capping the list: failures are blamed on weather, 'never on misgovernment'. The prefix wan- (mis-) makes wanbestuur the chapter's keyword."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of gedund","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"gebrek","lemma":"gebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of gedund","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"hongersnood","lemma":"hongersnood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject with gebrek","gloss":"famine"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gedund","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedund","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gedund","lemma":"dunnen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the waar-clause","gloss":"thinned"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of the main clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misgewas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"misgewas","lemma":"misgewas","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"crop failure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking droogte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"droogte","lemma":"droogte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"drought"},{"surface":"regen","lemma":"regen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with droogte","gloss":"rain"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"coordinated with droogte and regen","gloss":"some such thing"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the elliptical phrase van wanbestuur","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wanbestuur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wanbestuur","lemma":"wanbestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"misgovernment"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"h14-s201","source":"De nota van Havelaars voorganger, waarin deze \"het verloop van volk uit het distrikt Parang-Koedjang toeschreef aan verregaand misbruik\" ligt voor my.","translation":"The memorandum of Havelaar's predecessor, in which he \"ascribed the exodus of people from the district of Parang-Koedjang to far-reaching abuse,\" lies before me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s201.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarin deze ... toeschreef ... ligt voor my","title":"Relative 'waarin' + delayed main verb","body":"'waarin' ('in which') is a pronominal-adverb relative opening a long embedded clause; the main verb of the whole sentence, 'ligt' ('lies'), only arrives after it closes. 'deze' = 'he/the latter'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nota","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"nota","lemma":"nota","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"memorandum"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorganger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of voorganger","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"relative adjunct of toeschreef","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of toeschreef","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verloop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verloop","lemma":"verloop","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of toeschreef","gloss":"exodus"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking volk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distrikt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distrikt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distrikt","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to district","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"toeschreef","lemma":"toeschrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"ascribed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misbruik","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verregaand","lemma":"verregaand","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies misbruik","gloss":"far-reaching"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase voor mij","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"h14-s202","source":"Deze nota was in-officieel, en bevatte punten waarover die ambtenaar met den resident van Bantam te spreken had.","translation":"This memorandum was unofficial, and contained points on which that official had to speak with the resident of Bantam.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nota","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"nota","lemma":"nota","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was and bevatte","gloss":"memorandum"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to in-officieel","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in-officieel","lemma":"inofficieel","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"unofficial"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates was and bevatte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bevatte","lemma":"bevatten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with was","gloss":"contained"},{"surface":"punten","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bevatte","gloss":"points"},{"surface":"waarover","lemma":"waarover","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of spreken","gloss":"about which"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies resident","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks spreken as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of had","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"modal main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"had to"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"h14-s203","source":"Maar vergeefs zocht Havelaar in 't archief naar een blyk dat zyn voorganger diezelfde zaak ruiterlyk by den waren naam had genoemd in een openbare dienstmissive.","translation":"But in vain did Havelaar search the archive for a sign that his predecessor had frankly called that same matter by its true name in an open official dispatch.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s203.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vergeefs zocht Havelaar in 't archief naar een blyk","title":"Fronted 'vergeefs' forces V2","body":"The adverb 'vergeefs' (in vain) opens the clause, so the past-tense verb 'zocht' precedes its subject 'Havelaar' — verb-second order driven by a non-subject first element."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zyn voorganger ... had genoemd in een openbare dienstmissive","title":"Pluperfect 'had genoemd'","body":"Inside the dat-clause, the pluperfect 'had genoemd' (had named) is the past behind Havelaar's searching. 'dienstmissive' is a compound (dienst + missive), an official dispatch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zocht","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"vergeefs","lemma":"vergeefs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zocht","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"searched"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking archief","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of archief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"archief","lemma":"archief","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zocht","gloss":"archive"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking blyk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of blyk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"blyk","lemma":"blijk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zocht","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of blijk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of voorganger","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of genoemd","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"diezelfde","lemma":"diezelfde","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"that same"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of genoemd","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"ruiterlyk","lemma":"ruiterlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genoemd","gloss":"frankly"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking naam","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies naam","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of genoemd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"genoemd","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dienstmissive","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dienstmissive","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"openbare","lemma":"openbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dienstmissive","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"dienstmissive","lemma":"dienstmissive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"official dispatch"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"h14-s204","source":"Kortom, de officieele berichten van de beambten aan het Gouvernement, en dus ook de daarop gegronde rapporten aan de Regeering in 't moederland, zyn voor het grootste en belangrykste gedeelte: onwaar.","translation":"In short, the official reports of the officers to the Governor's office, and thus also the reports founded on them to the Government in the motherland, are, for the greatest and most important part: untrue.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s204.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de daarop gegronde rapporten","title":"Past participle 'gegronde' as adjective","body":"'gegronde' (founded, grounded) is a past participle used attributively before a plural noun, hence the -e ending. 'daarop' (on that) is a pronominal adverb modifying it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kortom","lemma":"kortom","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"In short"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of berichten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"officieele","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies berichten","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"berichten","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beambten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"officers"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouvernement","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates berichten and rapporten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rapporten","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rapporten","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rapporten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gegronde","gloss":"on them"},{"surface":"gegronde","lemma":"gronden","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies rapporten","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"rapporten","lemma":"rapport","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with berichten","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regering","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moederland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moederland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moederland","lemma":"moederland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"motherland"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula of the main clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase voor het ... gedeelte","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedeelte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grootste","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies gedeelte","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"belangrykste","lemma":"belangrijk","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"coordinated with grootste","gloss":"most important"},{"surface":"gedeelte","lemma":"gedeelte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"onwaar","lemma":"onwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"untrue"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"h14-s205","source":"Ik weet dat deze beschuldiging gewichtig is, doch houd die staande, en voel me volkomen in-staat haar met bewyzen te staven.","translation":"I know that this charge is a weighty one, yet I maintain it, and feel myself fully able to support it with proofs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s205.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"houd die staande, en voel me volkomen in-staat haar ... te staven","title":"Separable staande houden + te-infinitive","body":"'houd ... staande' is the separable idiom staande houden (to maintain), prefix split to the end. Then 'in-staat ... te staven' uses an adjective governing a te-infinitive ('able to support it'). The reflexive 'me' belongs to voelen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschuldiging","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"gewichtig","lemma":"gewichtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"weighty"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to gewichtig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates weet and houd contrastively","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with weet","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of houd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"staande","lemma":"staan","morphology":"present participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of houd","gloss":"standing","note":"Staande houden is an idiom meaning “to maintain” or “to uphold.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voel","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with houd","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of voel","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"volkomen","lemma":"volkomen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in staat","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"in-staat","lemma":"in staat","morphology":"adjectival phrase","role":"predicative complement of voel","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of staven","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bewyzen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of met","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks staven as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"staven","lemma":"staven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of in staat","gloss":"support"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"h14-s206","source":"Wie verstoord mocht zyn over dit onbewimpeld uiten myner meening, bedenke hoeveel millioenen schats en hoeveel menschenlevens er zouden gespaard zyn aan Engeland, indien men dáár tydig de oogen der natie voor de ware toedracht der zaken in Britsch-Indie geopend had, en hoe groote dankbaarheid men zou schuldig geweest zyn aan den man die den moed had getoond de Jobsbode te wezen, voor het te laat ware geweest om 't verkeerde te herstellen op minder bloedige wyze dan nu wel noodzakelyk geworden was.","translation":"Whoever may be vexed at this unveiled utterance of my opinion, let him consider how many millions of treasure and how many human lives would have been spared to England, had the eyes of the nation there been opened in time to the true state of affairs in British India, and how great a gratitude would have been owed to the man who had shown the courage to be the bearer of evil tidings, before it was too late to mend what was amiss by a less bloody means than has now indeed become necessary.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s206.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie verstoord mocht zyn ... bedenke","title":"Hortative subjunctive 'bedenke'","body":"'bedenke' is a third-person subjunctive used as a solemn exhortation: 'let him consider'. The whole 'Wie...'-clause is its subject. This archaic mood (verb stem + -e) belongs to elevated literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoeveel millioenen schats","title":"Genitive 'schats'","body":"'schats' is the genitive of schat (treasure): 'millions of treasure'. The bare inflected genitive without an article is a literary fossil; modern Dutch needs 'aan schatten' or 'van schat'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of mocht zyn","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"verstoord","lemma":"verstoord","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"vexed"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verstoord","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to verstoord","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing uiten","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uiten","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"onbewimpeld","lemma":"onbewimpeld","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies uiten","gloss":"unveiled"},{"surface":"uiten","lemma":"uiten","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"utterance"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive singular","role":"possessive modifier of meening","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of uiten","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"bedenke","lemma":"bedenken","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb; subject is Wie","gloss":"let him consider"},{"surface":"hoeveel","lemma":"hoeveel","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies millioenen","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"millioenen","lemma":"miljoen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of gespaard","gloss":"millions"},{"surface":"schats","lemma":"schat","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"genitive complement of millioenen","gloss":"of treasure","note":"Schats is an archaic genitive singular: “of treasure.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoeveel","lemma":"hoeveel","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies menschenlevens","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"menschenlevens","lemma":"mensenleven","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of gespaard","gloss":"human lives"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gespaard","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gespaard","lemma":"sparen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of passive gespaard zyn","gloss":"spared"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gespaard","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Engeland","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Engeland","lemma":"Engeland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gespaard","gloss":"England"},{"surface":"indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geopend had","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geopend","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"tydig","lemma":"tijdig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geopend","gloss":"in time"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of geopend","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive feminine singular","role":"introduces genitive natie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"natie","lemma":"natie","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"possessive modifier of oogen","gloss":"nation"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toedracht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toedracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies toedracht","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"toedracht","lemma":"toedracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of geopend","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"introduces genitive zaken","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, genitive plural","role":"genitive complement of toedracht","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Britsch-Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Britsch-Indie","lemma":"Brits-Indië","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"British India"},{"surface":"geopend","lemma":"openen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of geopend had","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geopend","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dankbaarheid","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"dankbaarheid","lemma":"dankbaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schuldig","gloss":"gratitude"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou zyn","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of schuldig geweest zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"owed"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"perfect participle with zyn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive with geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing man","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative masculine singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of getoond","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, accusative masculine singular","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of getoond","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of getoond","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"getoond","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in relative clause on man","gloss":"shown"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Jobsbode","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Jobsbode","lemma":"jobsbode","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"bearer of evil tidings","note":"A Jobsbode is a bearer of disastrous news, after the messengers in the Book of Job."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of getoond","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laat","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ware","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"copular participle linking het to laat","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitival complement of laat","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of nominalized verkeerde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verkeerde","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of herstellen","gloss":"wrong thing"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive herstellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"herstellen","lemma":"herstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of laat","gloss":"mend"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing wyze","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bloedige","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"bloedige","lemma":"bloedig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wyze","gloss":"bloody"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geworden","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geworden","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"noodzakelyk","lemma":"noodzakelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of geworden","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of was geworden","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"h14-s207","source":"Ik zeide, myn beschuldiging te kunnen staven.","translation":"I said that I could support my charge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s207.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of beschuldiging","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of staven","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive staven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of staven","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"staven","lemma":"staven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of zeide","gloss":"support"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"h14-s208","source":"Waar 't noodig is, zal ik aantoonen dat er vaak hongersnood heerschte in streken die geroemd werden als toonbeelden van welvaart, en dat meermalen een bevolking die als rustig en tevreden wordt opgegeven, op 't punt stond uittebersten in woede.","translation":"Where it is needful, I shall show that famine often prevailed in regions that were praised as models of prosperity, and that more than once a population reported as quiet and content stood on the point of bursting out in fury.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s208.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die geroemd werden ... die ... wordt opgegeven","title":"Passive in two tenses: werden / wordt","body":"'geroemd werden' is past process-passive ('were praised'); 'wordt opgegeven' is present process-passive ('is reported'). Both use worden, the regions and the population as undergoing subjects."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op 't punt stond uittebersten in woede","title":"op het punt staan + te-infinitive","body":"'op 't punt stond ... uittebersten' = 'stood on the point of bursting out'. The idiom op het punt staan governs a te-infinitive; 'uittebersten' is uitbarsten with embedded 'te'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of noodig","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of noodig","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"needful"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to noodig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of aantoonen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aantoonen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aantoonen","lemma":"aantonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zal","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heerschte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in subordinate clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heerschte","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"hongersnood","lemma":"hongersnood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heerschte","gloss":"famine"},{"surface":"heerschte","lemma":"heersen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of aantoonen","gloss":"prevailed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of heerschte","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of werden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geroemd","lemma":"roemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of werden geroemd","gloss":"praised"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geroemd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement toonbeelden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"toonbeelden","lemma":"toonbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of geroemd","gloss":"models"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking welvaart","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"welvaart","lemma":"welvaart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies toonbeelden","gloss":"prosperity"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause with stond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"more than once"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wordt opgegeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"rustig","lemma":"rustig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of opgegeven","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links rustig and tevreden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of opgegeven","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgegeven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"opgegeven","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on bevolking","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in idiom op het punt staan","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of punt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of second clause coordinated under aantoonen","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"uittebersten","lemma":"uitbarsten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of stond","gloss":"bursting out","note":"The modern spelling separates the infinitive marker: uit te barsten."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woede","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"woede","lemma":"woede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of uittebersten","gloss":"fury"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"h14-s209","source":"Het is myn voornemen niet deze bewyzen te leveren in dit boek, schoon ik vertrouw dat men 't niet uit de hand leggen zal zonder te gelooven dat ze bestaan.","translation":"It is not my intention to furnish these proofs in this book, though I trust that no one will lay it from his hand without believing that they exist.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s209.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het is myn voornemen niet deze bewyzen te leveren","title":"Anticipatory 'het' + te-infinitive subject","body":"'Het is myn voornemen niet ... te leveren' — the 'het' anticipates the real subject, the te-clause 'deze bewyzen te leveren'. The negation 'niet' bites the whole intention ('it is not my intention')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schoon ik vertrouw dat men 't niet ... leggen zal","title":"Concessive 'schoon' = 'although'","body":"'schoon' is an archaic/literary concessive ('though, although'), sending its verb to the end of its clause. Modern Dutch uses hoewel or ofschoon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Het to voornemen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of voornemen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates te leveren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewyzen","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"direct object of leveren","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive leveren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leveren","lemma":"leveren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of voornemen","gloss":"furnish"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of leveren","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertrouw","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vertrouw","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of concessive clause","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of leggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leggen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of leggen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leggen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in idiom uit de hand leggen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"leggen","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zal","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of leggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive gelooven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bestaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bestaan","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"clausal complement of gelooven","gloss":"exist"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"h14-s210","source":"Voor 't oogenblik bepaal ik me tot nog een enkel voorbeeld van het belachelyk optimisme waarvan ik gesproken heb, een voorbeeld dat door ieder, hy zy dan al of niet bekend met de zaken van Indie, gemakkelyk zal kunnen begrepen worden.","translation":"For the moment I confine myself to one more single example of the ridiculous optimism of which I have spoken, an example that by everyone — whether or not he be acquainted with the affairs of the Indies — will easily be understood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s210.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy zy dan al of niet bekend met de zaken","title":"Subjunctive 'zy' in concessive 'al of niet'","body":"'hy zy dan al of niet bekend' = 'whether or not he be acquainted': 'zy' is the subjunctive of zijn, in a fixed concessive ('be it ... or not'). A solemn alternative to the plain 'of hij ... is'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gemakkelyk zal kunnen begrepen worden","title":"Future + modal + passive infinitive","body":"A four-verb cluster: 'zal kunnen begrepen worden' = 'will be able to be understood', stacking future zullen, modal kunnen, and the passive infinitive 'begrepen worden'. All pile at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bepaal","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"bepaal","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confine"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bepaal","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of bepaal","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing voorbeeld","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies een enkel voorbeeld","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"enkel","lemma":"enkel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voorbeeld","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"voorbeeld","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"example"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing optimisme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of optimisme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belachelyk","lemma":"belachelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies optimisme","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"optimisme","lemma":"optimisme","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"optimism"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gesproken","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gesproken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on optimisme","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbeeld","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"voorbeeld","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to first voorbeeld","gloss":"example"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of begrepen worden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ieder","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"agent of begrepen","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zy","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"copula linking hy to bekend","gloss":"be","note":"Zy is the older subjunctive of zijn: “be.”"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle in parenthesis","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of al of niet","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links alternatives in al of niet","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negative alternative in al of niet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zy","gloss":"acquainted"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of bekend","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrepen","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of begrepen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of begrepen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"begrepen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of passive begrepen worden","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of begrepen","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"h14-s211","source":"Ieder resident dient maandelyks een opgaaf in van de ryst die in zyn landschap is ingevoerd, of daaruit naar elders verzonden.","translation":"Every resident submits a monthly return of the rice that has been imported into his district, or sent out from it to elsewhere.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s211.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ieder resident dient maandelyks een opgaaf in","title":"Separable verb 'indienen' split","body":"'dient ... in' is the separable verb indienen (to submit). The finite part 'dient' stands second; the prefix 'in' jumps to the clause end after the object 'een opgaaf' and the adverb 'maandelyks'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"Every"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of dient","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"dient","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite component of separable verb dient ... in","gloss":"serves"},{"surface":"maandelyks","lemma":"maandelijks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dient","gloss":"monthly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgaaf","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"opgaaf","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of dient","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"separable particle of dient ... in","gloss":"submits"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of opgaaf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ryst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive ingevoerd and verzonden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landschap","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of landschap","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"landschap","lemma":"landschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ingevoerd","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"ingevoerd","lemma":"invoeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of relative clause on rijst","gloss":"imported"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"daaruit","lemma":"daaruit","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"source complement of verzonden","gloss":"from it"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elders","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"verzonden","lemma":"verzenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with ingevoerd","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"h14-s212","source":"By deze opgave wordt dat vervoer in twee deelen gesplitst, naarmate het zich bepaalt tot Java zelf of zich verder uitstrekt.","translation":"In this return that transport is split into two parts, according as it is confined to Java itself or extends further afield.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s212.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"naarmate het zich bepaalt tot Java zelf of zich verder uitstrekt","title":"naarmate + reflexive verbs","body":"'naarmate' ('according as, in proportion as') is a subordinator sending verbs to the end. Both verbs are reflexive: 'zich bepalen tot' (confine itself to) and 'zich uitstrekken' (extend itself)."}],"words":[{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces adjunct of gesplitst","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgave","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"opgave","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gesplitst","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vervoer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vervoer","lemma":"vervoer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive gesplitst","gloss":"transport"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deelen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies deelen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"deelen","lemma":"deel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"gesplitst","lemma":"splitsen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"split"},{"surface":"naarmate","lemma":"naarmate","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated clauses of manner","gloss":"according as"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bepaalt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of bepaalt","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"bepaalt","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"first verb in adverbial clause on gesplitst","gloss":"confines"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic adverb","role":"emphasizes Java","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of uitstrekt","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies uitstrekt","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"uitstrekt","lemma":"uitstrekken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with bepaalt","gloss":"extends"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"h14-s213","source":"Wanneer men nu let op de hoeveelheid ryst welke volgens die opgaven is overgevoerd uit residentien op Java naar residentien op Java, zal men bevinden dat deze hoeveelheid vele duizende pikols meer bedraagt dan de ryst die, volgens dezelfde opgaven, in residentien op Java uit residentien op Java is ingevoerd.","translation":"When one now attends to the quantity of rice which, according to those returns, has been carried over from residencies on Java to residencies on Java, one will find that this quantity amounts to many thousands of piculs more than the rice which, according to the same returns, has been imported into residencies on Java from residencies on Java.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s213.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de hoeveelheid ryst welke volgens die opgaven is overgevoerd","title":"Formal relative 'welke'","body":"'welke' is the heavier, formal relative pronoun (here for 'hoeveelheid'), favoured in period and bureaucratic prose where modern Dutch would simply use 'die'. The passive 'is overgevoerd' (has been carried over) closes its clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pikols","title":"pikol","body":"A picul (Malay/Javanese pikul) is a traditional unit of weight, roughly 61.7 kg — 'as much as a man can carry'. Multatuli uses it because the rice returns were tallied in piculs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of let","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of let","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies let","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"let","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"adverbial clause on bevinden","gloss":"attends"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoeveelheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoeveelheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoeveelheid","lemma":"hoeveelheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of let","gloss":"quantity"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of hoeveelheid","gloss":"of rice"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive overgevoerd","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"volgens","lemma":"volgens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opgaven","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgaven","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of volgens","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of overgevoerd","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"overgevoerd","lemma":"overvoeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of relative clause on hoeveelheid","gloss":"carried over"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentien","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"residentien","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"residencies"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"residentien","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"residencies"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bevinden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bevinden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"bevinden","lemma":"bevinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bedraagt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoeveelheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"hoeveelheid","lemma":"hoeveelheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bedraagt","gloss":"quantity"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite numeral","role":"quantifies duizende","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"duizende","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"quantifies pikols","gloss":"thousands of"},{"surface":"pikols","lemma":"pikol","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure complement of duizende","gloss":"piculs"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedraagt","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"bedraagt","lemma":"bedragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of bevinden","gloss":"amounts to"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with hoeveelheid","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ryst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"term of comparison after dan","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive ingevoerd","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"volgens","lemma":"volgens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opgaven","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgaven","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of volgens","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentien","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"residentien","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"residencies"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentien","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"residentien","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"residencies"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ingevoerd","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"ingevoerd","lemma":"invoeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of relative clause on rijst","gloss":"imported"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"h14-s214","source":"Ik ga nu met stilzwygen voorby, wat men te denken hebbe van het doorzicht der Regeering die zulke opgaven aanneemt en publiceert, en wil den lezer alleen opmerkzaam maken op de strekking van deze valsheid.","translation":"I now pass over in silence what one is to think of the perspicacity of the Government that accepts and publishes such returns, and will only draw the reader's attention to the bearing of this falsehood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s214.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ga nu met stilzwygen voorby, wat men te denken hebbe","title":"Separable voorbijgaan + subjunctive 'hebbe'","body":"'ga ... voorby' is separable voorbijgaan (to pass over). The embedded 'wat men te denken hebbe' uses the subjunctive 'hebbe' ('what one is to think'), a formal touch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wil den lezer ... opmerkzaam maken op","title":"iemand opmerkzaam maken op","body":"The idiom 'iemand opmerkzaam maken op' = 'to draw someone's attention to'. 'den lezer' keeps the old accusative -n. The modal 'wil' (will, want) governs the bare infinitive 'maken' at clause-end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ga","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite component of separable verb ga ... voorbij","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ga","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stilzwygen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"stilzwygen","lemma":"stilzwijgen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"voorby","lemma":"voorbij","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"separable particle of ga ... voorbij","gloss":"pass over"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of denken","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denken","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the clause of denken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by te and hebbe","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"hebbe","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"governs te denken","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doorzicht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doorzicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doorzicht","lemma":"doorzicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"perspicacity"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of doorzicht","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of aanneemt and publiceert","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgaven","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aanneemt","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"aanneemt","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of relative clause on Regeering","gloss":"accepts"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"publiceert","lemma":"publiceren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with aanneemt","gloss":"publishes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with ga","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"opmerkzaam","lemma":"opmerkzaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of maken","gloss":"attentive"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking strekking","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of strekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"strekking","lemma":"strekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking valsheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of valsheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"valsheid","lemma":"valsheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"falsehood"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"h14-s215","source":"De procentsgewyze belooning aan europesche en inlandsche beambten voor produkten die in Europa moeten verkocht worden, had den rystbouw zoodanig op den achtergrond gesteld, dat er in sommige streken een hongersnood geheerscht heeft, die niet voor de oogen der natie weggegoocheld worden kòn.","translation":"The percentage reward paid to European and native officers for products that must be sold in Europe had so thrust the cultivation of rice into the background that in some regions a famine prevailed which could not be conjured away from the eyes of the nation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s215.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had den rystbouw zoodanig op den achtergrond gesteld, dat ...","title":"Pluperfect + result clause 'zoodat'/'dat'","body":"'had ... gesteld' is the pluperfect ('had thrust'). 'zoodanig ... dat' frames a result clause; inside it the perfect 'geheerscht heeft' goes to the end, and 'worden ... kon' shows a modal over a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die niet ... weggegoocheld worden kòn","title":"Modal over passive: 'worden kòn'","body":"'weggegoocheld worden kòn' = 'could be conjured away', a passive infinitive (worden + participle of weggoochelen) under the modal kon. The grave accent on 'kòn' marks emphatic stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of belooning","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"procentsgewyze","lemma":"procentsgewijs","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies belooning","gloss":"percentage-based"},{"surface":"belooning","lemma":"beloning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gesteld","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beambten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beambten","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with europesche","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"officers"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking produkten","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"produkten","lemma":"product","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"products"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive verkocht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of in","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of verkocht worden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"verkocht","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of relative clause on produkten","gloss":"sold"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of verkocht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesteld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative","role":"determiner of rystbouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rystbouw","lemma":"rijstbouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gesteld","gloss":"rice cultivation"},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesteld","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement of gesteld","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative","role":"determiner of achtergrond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"achtergrond","lemma":"achtergrond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"background"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thrust"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geheerscht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentative marker in the result clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of streken","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of geheerscht","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hongersnood","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hongersnood","lemma":"hongersnood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geheerscht","gloss":"famine"},{"surface":"geheerscht","lemma":"heersen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of result clause introduced by dat","gloss":"prevailed"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geheerscht","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive weggegoocheld","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weggegoocheld","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of natie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"natie","lemma":"natie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies oogen","gloss":"nation"},{"surface":"weggegoocheld","lemma":"weggoochelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of relative clause on hongersnood","gloss":"conjured away"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of weggegoocheld","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"kòn","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weggegoocheld worden","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"h14-s216","source":"Ik heb reeds gezegd dat er toen voorschriften zyn gegeven, de zaken niet weder te laten komen tot zóó ver.","translation":"I have said already that orders were then given not to let matters again come to such a pass.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s216.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er ... voorschriften zyn gegeven, de zaken niet weder te laten komen","title":"Passive 'zyn gegeven' + purpose te-clause","body":"'zyn gegeven' is a state/perfect passive ('were given'). The trailing 'de zaken niet ... te laten komen tot zóó ver' is a te-infinitive of content/purpose, with causative 'laten' governing the bare 'komen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gegeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentative marker in the subordinate clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegeven","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"voorschriften","lemma":"voorschrift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive gegeven","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"clausal complement of gezegd","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause expressing content of voorschriften","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver.","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"far","note":"The phrase “tot zóó ver komen” means to come to such a pass."}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"h14-s217","source":"Tot de vele uitvloeisels van deze voorschriften behoorden ook de door my genoemde opgaven van uit-en ingevoerde ryst, opdat de Regeering voortdurend het oog houden kon op de ebbe en den vloed van dat levensmiddel.","translation":"Among the many offshoots of these orders were also the returns I have mentioned of rice exported and imported, so that the Government might keep its eye continually on the ebb and flow of that foodstuff.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s217.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tot de ... uitvloeisels ... behoorden ook de ... opgaven","title":"Fronted PP + V2; verb agrees with later subject","body":"The prepositional phrase 'Tot de vele uitvloeisels...' opens the sentence, so the verb 'behoorden' inverts before its actual plural subject 'de ... opgaven' — V2 with a heavy fronted element."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"opdat de Regeering ... het oog houden kon","title":"Purpose conjunction 'opdat'","body":"'opdat' ('so that, in order that') opens a verb-final purpose clause: the cluster 'houden kon' lands at the end. It is the heavier, more formal cousin of 'om ... te'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitvloeisels","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitvloeisels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies uitvloeisels","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"uitvloeisels","lemma":"uitvloeisel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of Tot; together with Tot modifies behoorden","gloss":"offshoots"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorschriften","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorschriften","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"voorschriften","lemma":"voorschrift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van; modifies uitvloeisels","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"behoorden","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb; forms behoren tot with Tot","gloss":"belonged"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behoorden","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgaven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"agent of genoemde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"genoemde","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies opgaven","gloss":"mentioned"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of behoorden","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uit-en","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uit-en","lemma":"uitvoeren","morphology":"truncated past participle in coordination","role":"first conjunct with ingevoerde","gloss":"exported and","note":"Uit-en represents uit- en: the first participle is shortened before ingevoerde."},{"surface":"ingevoerde","lemma":"invoeren","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"second conjunct with uit-en; modifies ryst","gloss":"imported"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van; modified by uit-en ingevoerde","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"opdat","lemma":"opdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of houden","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kon houden","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"voortdurend","lemma":"voortdurend","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies houden","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of houden","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ebbe","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ebbe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ebbe","lemma":"ebbe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of op","gloss":"ebb"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ebbe and vloed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine accusative","role":"determiner of vloed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vloed","lemma":"vloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of op, coordinated with ebbe","gloss":"flow"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking levensmiddel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of levensmiddel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"levensmiddel","lemma":"levensmiddel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van; modifies ebbe en vloed","gloss":"foodstuff"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"h14-s218","source":"Uitvoer uit een residentie stelt welvaart voor, Invoer: betrekkelyk gebrek.","translation":"Export from a residency represents prosperity; Import: a relative want.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s218.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Uitvoer ... stelt welvaart voor","title":"Separable verb 'voorstellen'","body":"'stelt ... voor' is the separable verb voorstellen, here 'to represent / stand for'. The prefix 'voor' separates to the end: 'Export represents prosperity'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Uitvoer","lemma":"uitvoer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stelt","gloss":"export"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentie","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residentie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"residentie","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies Uitvoer","gloss":"residency"},{"surface":"stelt","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb voorstellen","gloss":"sets"},{"surface":"welvaart","lemma":"welvaart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of stelt","gloss":"prosperity"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of stelt ... voor","gloss":"represents"},{"surface":"Invoer","lemma":"invoer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of an elliptical parallel clause","gloss":"import"},{"surface":"betrekkelyk","lemma":"betrekkelijk","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies gebrek","gloss":"relative"},{"surface":"gebrek","lemma":"gebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause with Invoer","gloss":"want"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"h14-s219","source":"Wanneer men nu die opgaven onderzoekt en vergelykt, blykt daaruit dat de ryst overal zóó overvloedig is, dat alle residentien tezamen meer ryst uitvoeren dan er in alle residentien tezamen wordt ingevoerd. Ik herhaal dat hier geen spraak is van uitvoer over zee, waarvan de opgaaf afzonderlyk plaats heeft.","translation":"When one now examines and compares those returns, it appears from them that rice is everywhere so abundant that all the residencies together export more rice than is imported into all the residencies together. I repeat that there is here no question of export overseas, the return of which is kept separately.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s219.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"blykt daaruit dat de ryst overal zóó overvloedig is","title":"blijken + 'daaruit' + dat-clause","body":"'blykt daaruit dat...' = 'it appears from it that...'. 'daaruit' is a pronominal adverb (from it), and the dat-clause that follows is verb-final ('is' at the end)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarvan de opgaaf afzonderlyk plaats heeft","title":"Relative 'waarvan' + plaatshebben","body":"'waarvan' (of which) relativizes back to the export. 'plaats heeft' is the verb plaatshebben (to take place); its noun part 'plaats' precedes the verb at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of onderzoekt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of onderzoekt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderzoekt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgaven","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of onderzoekt","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"onderzoekt","lemma":"onderzoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"adverbial clause on blykt","gloss":"examines"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vergelykt","lemma":"vergelijken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with onderzoekt","gloss":"compares"},{"surface":"blykt","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it appears"},{"surface":"daaruit","lemma":"daaruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of blykt","gloss":"from them"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of blykt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ryst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"overal","lemma":"overal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overvloedig","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overvloedig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"overvloedig","lemma":"overvloedig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"abundant"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ryst to overvloedig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitvoeren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residentien","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"residentien","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of uitvoeren","gloss":"residencies"},{"surface":"tezamen","lemma":"tezamen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitvoeren","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying adverb","role":"quantifies ryst in comparison with dan","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitvoeren","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"uitvoeren","lemma":"uitvoeren","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of the result clause","gloss":"export"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ingevoerd","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"provisional subject in passive comparative clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentien","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residentien","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"residentien","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of ingevoerd","gloss":"residencies"},{"surface":"tezamen","lemma":"tezamen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ingevoerd","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ingevoerd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ingevoerd","lemma":"invoeren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive comparative clause","gloss":"imported"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of herhaal","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"herhaal","lemma":"herhalen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of spraak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spraak","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spraak","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun with is in the idiom spraak zijn van","gloss":"question","note":"Geen spraak zijn van means “there is no question of.”"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to spraak","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitvoer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uitvoer","lemma":"uitvoer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van in spraak zijn van","gloss":"export"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over; modifies uitvoer","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"relative complement of opgaaf; refers to uitvoer over zee","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgaaf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opgaaf","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"afzonderlyk","lemma":"afzonderlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies plaats heeft","gloss":"separately"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"nominal particle of separable verb","role":"particle of heeft ... plaats","gloss":"takes place"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb in relative clause; forms plaats heeft","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"h14-s220","source":"De slotsom hiervan is dus de ongerymde stelling: dat er op Java meer ryst is dan er ryst is.","translation":"The upshot of this is therefore the absurd proposition: that there is more rice on Java than there is rice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s220.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er op Java meer ryst is dan er ryst is","title":"Comparative 'meer ... dan' with existential 'er'","body":"The absurd punchline turns on the comparative 'meer ... dan' ('more ... than') and two existential 'er ... is' clauses ('there is ... than there is'). Dutch uses 'dan' for 'than' after a comparative."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slotsom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slotsom","lemma":"slotsom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"upshot"},{"surface":"hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies slotsom","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to stelling","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stelling","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stelling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ongerymde","lemma":"ongerijmd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies stelling","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"stelling","lemma":"stelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"proposition"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause in apposition to stelling","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"provisional subject of existential is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op; modifies the existential clause","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying adverb","role":"quantifies ryst in comparison with dan","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of existential is","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ryst","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"provisional subject of existential is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of existential is","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of comparative existential clause","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"h14-s221","source":"Dàt is toch welvaart!","translation":"That, surely, is prosperity!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s221.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to welvaart","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb expressing insistence","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"welvaart","lemma":"welvaart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"prosperity"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"h14-s222","source":"Ik zeide reeds dat de zucht om nooit andere dan goede berichten aan de Regeering meetedeelen, zou overgaan in 't belachelyke, als niet de gevolgen van dit alles zoo treurig waren.","translation":"I said already that the urge to impart never any but good reports to the Government would pass over into the ridiculous, were not the consequences of all this so sorrowful.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s222.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeide","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of overgaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of overgaan","gloss":"urge"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the infinitival clause headed by meetedeelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meetedeelen","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies berichten in the construction nooit andere dan","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces goede as the exception to andere","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies berichten","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"berichten","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of meetedeelen","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan; indirect object of meetedeelen","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"meetedeelen","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with incorporated te","role":"infinitive complement of zucht","gloss":"to impart"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of overgaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"overgaan","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"pass over"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking belachelyke","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of belachelyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belachelyke","lemma":"belachelijk","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a counterfactual conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates waren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolgen","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"complement of van; modifies gevolgen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies treurig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"treurig","lemma":"treurig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"sorrowful"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking gevolgen to treurig","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"h14-s223","source":"Welke verbetering immers is er te hopen van veel verkeerds, als er een vooraf bepaald voornemen bestaat, in de berichten aan 't bestuur alles omtebuigen en te verdraaien?","translation":"For what improvement of much that is amiss is to be hoped, when there exists a fixed and predetermined intention to bend and twist everything in the reports to the administration?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s223.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verbetering","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"verbetering","lemma":"verbetering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is te hopen","gloss":"improvement"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary in passive-like is te hopen construction","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"expletive in is er te hopen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hopen","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in is te hopen construction","gloss":"be hoped"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verkeerds","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verkeerds","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"verkeerds","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"nominalized adjective, genitive singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"that is amiss","note":"Verkeerds is a nominalized adjective: “what is wrong” or “amiss.”"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bestaat","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"expletive of existential bestaat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voornemen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vooraf","lemma":"vooraf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bepaald","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"bepaald","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies voornemen","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bestaat","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"bestaat","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of conditional clause","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking berichten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of berichten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"berichten","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"adverbial complement of omtebuigen and verdraaien","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestuur","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aan; modifies berichten","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of omtebuigen and verdraaien","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"omtebuigen","lemma":"ombuigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with incorporated te","role":"infinitive in apposition to voornemen","gloss":"to bend","note":"Omtebuigen is the older solid spelling of om te buigen."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates omtebuigen and verdraaien","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks coordinated infinitive verdraaien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verdraaien","lemma":"verdraaien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with omtebuigen","gloss":"twist"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"h14-s224","source":"Wat is er by-voorbeeld te verwachten van een bevolking die, uit den aard zacht en gedwee, sedert jaren, jaren klaagt over onderdrukking, als zy den eenen resident vóór, den anderen nà ziet aftreden met verlof of met pensioen, of wegroepen tot een ander ambt, zonder dat er iets geschied is tot herstel der grieven waaronder ze gebukt gaat!","translation":"What, for example, is to be expected of a population that, gentle and meek by nature, has for years upon years complained of oppression, when it sees one resident before, another after, retire on leave or pension, or be called away to another post, without anything having been done toward redress of the grievances under which it goes bowed!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s224.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat is er ... te verwachten van een bevolking die ...","title":"Existential 'er' + 'te verwachten'","body":"'Wat is er ... te verwachten' = 'what is to be expected'. The 'er' supports the existential/impersonal frame; 'te verwachten' is a modal-passive te-infinitive ('to be expected')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den eenen resident vóór, den anderen nà ziet aftreden","title":"Perception verb zien + bare infinitive","body":"'ziet ... aftreden' = 'sees [them] retire': the perception verb zien takes a bare (te-less) infinitive. 'den eenen ... den anderen' shows paired old accusatives, 'one ... another'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de grieven waaronder ze gebukt gaat","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative 'waaronder'","body":"'waaronder' = 'under which', relativizing 'de grieven'. 'gebukt gaat' ('goes bowed') is the idiom gebukt gaan onder, to labour under a burden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is te verwachten","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of te verwachten","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"dummy adverb with is te verwachten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"by-voorbeeld","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying verwachten","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verwachten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verwachten","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of is","gloss":"be expected"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement bevolking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of klaagt; antecedent of zy","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces idiom uit den aard","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of aard","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"zacht","lemma":"zacht","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative modifier of bevolking","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gedwee","lemma":"gedwee","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative modifier with zacht","gloss":"meek"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces duration jaren, jaren","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"first part of repeated duration phrase","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second part of repeated duration phrase","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"klaagt","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on bevolking","gloss":"complains"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderdrukking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onderdrukking","lemma":"onderdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over","gloss":"oppression"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause headed by ziet","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"it","note":"Older spelling of zij; it refers to bevolking."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenen","lemma":"een","morphology":"cardinal numeral, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"modifier of resident","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ziet and subject of aftreden","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"adverb","role":"contrasts one resident earlier with another later","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of nominalized anderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"second direct object of ziet; resident is understood","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"nà","lemma":"na","morphology":"adverb","role":"contrasts with vóór","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause introduced by als","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"aftreden","lemma":"aftreden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of ziet","gloss":"retire"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verlof","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"verlof","lemma":"verlof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pensioen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"pensioen","lemma":"pensioen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of second met","gloss":"pension"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"wegroepen","lemma":"wegroepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive coordinated with aftreden; residents are its understood object","gloss":"be called away"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination ambt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambt","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ambt","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition used as conjunction","role":"introduces subordinate clause with dat","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geschied","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"dummy adverb with iets geschied is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geschied","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"geschied","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with auxiliary is","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschied","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose herstel","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"herstel","lemma":"herstel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"redress"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural, archaic inflection","role":"genitive determiner of grieven","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"grieven","lemma":"grief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of herstel","gloss":"grievances"},{"surface":"waaronder","lemma":"waaronder","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"complement of gebukt gaat referring to grieven","gloss":"under which"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gebukt","lemma":"bukken","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"predicative complement of gaat","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause introduced by waaronder","gloss":"goes"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"h14-s225","source":"Moet niet de gebogen veer eindelyk terugspringen?","translation":"Must not the bent spring at last fly back?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s225.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Moet niet de gebogen veer eindelyk terugspringen?","title":"Rhetorical 'Moet niet ...?' + separable terugspringen","body":"A modal-fronted rhetorical question: 'Moet niet ... terugspringen?' ('Must not ... fly back?'). 'gebogen' is a past participle used adjectivally ('bent'); terugspringen is separable but stays whole here as the infinitive under the modal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal auxiliary of terugspringen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates moet terugspringen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of veer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebogen","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"modifies veer","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"veer","lemma":"veer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of moet terugspringen","gloss":"spring"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugspringen","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"terugspringen","lemma":"terugspringen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"spring back"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"h14-s226","source":"Moet niet de zoolang onderdrukte ontevredenheid--onderdrukt, opdat men zou kunnen voortgaan ze te loochenen!--eindelyk overslaan in woede, in wanhoop, in razerny?","translation":"Must not the discontent so long suppressed — suppressed, that one might go on denying it! — at last break over into fury, into despair, into frenzy?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s226.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"onderdrukt, opdat men zou kunnen voortgaan ze te loochenen","title":"opdat + conditional + voortgaan te-infinitive","body":"'opdat men zou kunnen voortgaan ... te loochenen' = 'so that one might go on denying it'. The purpose clause stacks zou + kunnen + voortgaan, then a further te-infinitive 'te loochenen' (to deny)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"eindelyk overslaan in woede, in wanhoop, in razerny","title":"Separable overslaan + tricolon","body":"'overslaan in' (to turn into, break over into) is separable; here it stays as the infinitive under 'Moet niet'. The tricolon 'in woede, in wanhoop, in razerny' builds Multatuli's rhetorical crescendo."}],"words":[{"surface":"Moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal auxiliary of overslaan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overslaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontevredenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoolang","lemma":"zo lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying onderdrukte","gloss":"so long"},{"surface":"onderdrukte","lemma":"onderdrukken","morphology":"adjective, past-participial, inflected","role":"modifies ontevredenheid","gloss":"suppressed"},{"surface":"ontevredenheid","lemma":"ontevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of overslaan","gloss":"discontent"},{"surface":"onderdrukt","lemma":"onderdrukken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"parenthetical repetition modifying ontevredenheid","gloss":"suppressed"},{"surface":"opdat","lemma":"opdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause headed by zou kunnen voortgaan","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voortgaan","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal auxiliary in purpose clause","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou and governing voortgaan","gloss":"be able"},{"surface":"voortgaan","lemma":"voortgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"direct object of loochenen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive loochenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"loochenen","lemma":"loochenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of voortgaan","gloss":"deny"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overslaan","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"overslaan","lemma":"overslaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woede","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"woede","lemma":"woede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"result complement of overslaan","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wanhoop","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"wanhoop","lemma":"wanhoop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second result complement of overslaan","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking razerny","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"razerny","lemma":"razernij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"third result complement of overslaan","gloss":"frenzy","note":"Older spelling of razernij."}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"h14-s227","source":"Ligt er niet een Jacquerie op 't eind van dezen weg?","translation":"Does there not lie a Jacquerie at the end of this road?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s227.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"dummy adverb with ligt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ligt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Jacquerie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Jacquerie","lemma":"Jacquerie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"Jacquerie","note":"A Jacquerie is a peasant uprising, named after the French revolt of 1358."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location eind","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces genitive complement weg","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"road"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"h14-s228","source":"En waar zullen dan de beambten zyn, die sedert jaren elkander opvolgden, zonder ooit op 't denkbeeld te zyn gekomen dat er iets hoogers bestaat dan de \"gunst der Regeering?\" Iets hoogers dan de \"tevredenheid van den Gouverneur-generaal?\" Waar zullen zy dan wezen, de flauwe-berichten- schryvers die de oogen van 't Bestuur door hun onwaarheden verblindden?","translation":"And where will the officers then be, who for years succeeded one another without it ever once entering their minds that there exists something higher than the \"favor of the Government?\" Something higher than the \"contentment of the Governor-General?\" Where will they then be, the writers of feeble reports who blinded the eyes of the Administration with their untruths?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s228.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... elkander opvolgden, zonder ooit op 't denkbeeld te zyn gekomen","title":"Reciprocal 'elkander' + zonder ... te","body":"'elkander' is the reciprocal pronoun ('one another'), the literary form of elkaar. 'zonder ... te zyn gekomen' is a negative purpose-like te-clause with a perfect infinitive ('without ever having come to the idea')."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waar","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"locative complement of zijn","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"finite auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying zullen zijn","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zullen zijn","gloss":"officers"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zullen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of opvolgden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"duration complement of sedert","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkander","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"direct object of opvolgden","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"opvolgden","lemma":"opvolgen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on beambten","gloss":"succeeded"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition used as conjunction","role":"introduces infinitival clause te zijn gekomen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekomen","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking denkbeeld","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks perfect infinitive zijn gekomen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in infinitival clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause complementing denkbeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"dummy adverb with bestaat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bestaat","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"hoogers","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular, comparative, archaic inflection","role":"modifier of iets","gloss":"higher","note":"Hoogers is the old spelling and inflection of modern hogers."},{"surface":"bestaat","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of content clause","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with hoogers","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gunst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gunst","lemma":"gunst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of comparative dan","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, archaic inflection","role":"genitive determiner of Regeering","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of gunst","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"Iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of elliptical sentence","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"hoogers","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular, comparative, archaic inflection","role":"modifier of Iets","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with hoogers","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tevredenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tevredenheid","lemma":"tevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of comparative dan","gloss":"contentment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"locative complement of wezen","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of zullen wezen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zullen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schryvers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"flauwe-berichten","lemma":"flauw bericht","morphology":"compound modifier","role":"first part of compound modifying schryvers","gloss":"feeble reports","note":"The line break and hyphenation divide the compound flauwe-berichtenschrijvers."},{"surface":"schryvers","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of appositive phrase identifying zy","gloss":"writers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verblindden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verblindden","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor Bestuur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Administration"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces instrumental complement onwaarheden","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of onwaarheden","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"onwaarheden","lemma":"onwaarheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of door","gloss":"untruths"},{"surface":"verblindden","lemma":"verblinden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on schryvers","gloss":"blinded"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"h14-s229","source":"Zullen dan zy die vroeger den moed misten om een kordaat woord op 't papier te stellen, te-wapen vliegen en de nederlandsche bezittingen behouden voor Nederland?","translation":"Will those who formerly lacked the courage to set down a resolute word on paper then fly to arms and keep the Dutch possessions for the Netherlands?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s229.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zullen dan zy die ... den moed misten ... te-wapen vliegen","title":"Future 'zullen' framing a rhetorical question","body":"'Zullen ... vliegen ... en behouden' is the explicit future opening a rhetorical question, with two infinitives at the end. 'zy' (modern zij) is the literary plural pronoun; the relative 'die' opens an embedded clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"finite auxiliary of vliegen and behouden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Zullen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of zullen vliegen and behouden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of misten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies misten","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of misten","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"misten","lemma":"missen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on zy","gloss":"lacked"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitival complement of moed","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kordaat","lemma":"kordaat","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies woord","gloss":"resolute"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of stellen","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking papier","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of papier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"papier","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of stellen","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive stellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stellen","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in purpose clause introduced by om","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"te-wapen","lemma":"te wapen","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"directional complement of vliegen","gloss":"to arms","note":"Archaic expression te wapen vliegen means to take up arms."},{"surface":"vliegen","lemma":"vliegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zullen","gloss":"fly"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezittingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsche","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic spelling","role":"modifies bezittingen","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"bezittingen","lemma":"bezitting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of behouden","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"behouden","lemma":"behouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive coordinated with vliegen","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"the Netherlands"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"h14-s230","source":"Zullen zy aan Nederland de schatten weergeven die er zullen noodig wezen tot demping van oproer, tot het voorkomen van omwenteling?","translation":"Will they give back to the Netherlands the treasures that will be needed for the quelling of revolt, for the prevention of upheaval?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s230.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de schatten ... die er zullen noodig wezen tot demping van oproer","title":"Relative 'die' + future 'zullen ... wezen'","body":"'die er zullen noodig wezen' = 'that will be needed', with future zullen + the archaic infinitive 'wezen' (= zijn). 'tot demping van oproer' = 'for the quelling of revolt', a nominalized purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of weergeven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of zullen weergeven","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object introduced by aan","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schatten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schatten","lemma":"schat","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of weergeven","gloss":"treasures"},{"surface":"weergeven","lemma":"weergeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zullen","gloss":"give back"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zullen wezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb with nodig wezen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"finite auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zullen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking demping","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"demping","lemma":"demping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"quelling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oproer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oproer","lemma":"oproer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"revolt"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorkomen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorkomen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, verbal","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"prevention"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omwenteling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"omwenteling","lemma":"omwenteling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"upheaval"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"h14-s231","source":"Zullen zy 't leven weergeven aan de duizenden die er vielen door hùn schuld?","translation":"Will they give back life to the thousands who fell there through their fault?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s231.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de duizenden die er vielen door hùn schuld","title":"Stressed possessive 'hùn'","body":"'hùn' carries a grave/stress accent to point the blame: 'through their fault'. 'hun' is the plural possessive; the accent foregrounds the officials' guilt rhetorically."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of weergeven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of zullen weergeven","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of weergeven","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"weergeven","lemma":"weergeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zullen","gloss":"give back"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking duizenden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of duizenden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duizenden","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"nominalized numeral, plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vielen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"modifies vielen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vielen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on duizenden","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schuld","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"hùn","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, emphatic","role":"determiner of schuld","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"fault"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"h14-s232","source":"En die ambtenaren, die kontroleurs en residenten, zyn niet de meest schuldigen.","translation":"And those officials, those controllers and residents, are not the most guilty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s232.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates this sentence with the preceding context","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ambtenaren","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"ambtenaren","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of kontroleurs","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"kontroleurs","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to ambtenaren and coordinated with residenten","gloss":"controllers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates kontroleurs and residenten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"residenten","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with kontroleurs","gloss":"residents"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking ambtenaren to schuldigen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zijn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of schuldigen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meest","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies schuldigen","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"schuldigen","lemma":"schuldige","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"guilty ones"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"h14-s233","source":"Het is de Regeering zelf die, als geslagen met onbegrypelyke blindheid, het indienen van gunstige berichten aanmoedigt, uitlokt en beloont. Vooral is dit het geval, waar spraak is van onderdrukking der bevolking door inlandsche Hoofden.","translation":"It is the Government itself that, as though struck with an inconceivable blindness, encourages, draws forth, and rewards the submitting of favorable reports. This is above all the case where there is question of oppression of the population by native Chiefs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s233.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het is de Regeering zelf die ... aanmoedigt, uitlokt en beloont","title":"Cleft 'Het is ... die'","body":"'Het is de Regeering zelf die...' is a cleft for emphasis ('It is the Government itself that...'), throwing the relative 'die' clause's three verbs to the end. The dummy 'Het' opens the construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als geslagen met onbegrypelyke blindheid","title":"Elliptical 'als geslagen' (= alsof ... geslagen)","body":"'als geslagen' compresses 'als(of) [zij] geslagen [was]' — 'as though struck'. The past participle 'geslagen' (of slaan) stands alone in an elliptical comparison, a literary economy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Het to Regeering","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"predicative complement of is and antecedent of die","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes Regeering","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of aanmoedigt, uitlokt, and beloont","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical comparison geslagen","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"past participle","role":"elliptical predicate modifying die","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement blindheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"onbegrypelyke","lemma":"onbegrijpelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies blindheid","gloss":"inconceivable"},{"surface":"blindheid","lemma":"blindheid","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"blindness"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of indienen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indienen","lemma":"indienen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"direct object of aanmoedigt, uitlokt, and beloont","gloss":"submitting"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces berichten as complement of indienen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gunstige","lemma":"gunstig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies berichten","gloss":"favorable"},{"surface":"berichten","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"aanmoedigt","lemma":"aanmoedigen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"first finite verb governed by die","gloss":"encourages"},{"surface":"uitlokt","lemma":"uitlokken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with aanmoedigt and beloont","gloss":"draws forth"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates uitlokt and beloont","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"beloont","lemma":"belonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with aanmoedigt and uitlokt","gloss":"rewards"},{"surface":"Vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause dit is het geval","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to geval","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces a relative clause modifying geval","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the matter under discussion","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onderdrukking","lemma":"onderdrukking","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"oppression"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"genitive definite article, singular","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"genitive complement of onderdrukking","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent Hoofden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Hoofden","gloss":"native","note":"Historical spelling of inlandse."},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"Chiefs"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"h14-s234","source":"Door velen wordt dit beschermen van de Hoofden toegeschreven aan de onedele berekening dat zy, pracht en praal moetende ten-toon spreiden om op de bevolking den invloed uitteoefenen dien de Regering noodig heeft om háár gezag staande te houden, daartoe een veel hooger bezoldiging zouden moeten genieten dan thans 't geval is, wanneer men hun niet de vryheid liet het ontbrekende aantevullen door onwettige beschikking over de bezittingen en den arbeid van 't volk.","translation":"By many this protection of the Chiefs is ascribed to the ignoble calculation that they, being obliged to display pomp and splendor in order to exert upon the population the influence the Government needs to keep its own authority standing, would for that purpose have to enjoy a far higher remuneration than is now the case, if one did not leave them the liberty of making up the shortfall by unlawful disposal over the possessions and the labor of the people.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s234.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zy, pracht en praal moetende ten-toon spreiden, ... zouden ... moeten genieten","title":"Present participle 'moetende' as adverbial","body":"'moetende ten-toon spreiden' is a present-participial clause ('being obliged to display'), the -end(e) form acting adverbially. The main clause then has the conditional + modal 'zouden ... moeten genieten'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om op de bevolking den invloed uitteoefenen dien de Regering noodig heeft","title":"om ... te + accusative relative 'dien'","body":"'om ... uitteoefenen' is a purpose clause (om ... te + uitoefenen, written solid). 'dien' is the old masculine accusative relative ('which') referring to 'den invloed', both showing the frozen -n."}],"words":[{"surface":"Door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent velen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of toegeschreven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of beschermen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"beschermen","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"subject of wordt toegeschreven","gloss":"protection"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Hoofden as complement of beschermen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"toegeschreven","lemma":"toeschrijven","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle of the passive clause","gloss":"ascribed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces berekening as complement of toegeschreven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of berekening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onedele","lemma":"onedel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies berekening","gloss":"ignoble"},{"surface":"berekening","lemma":"berekening","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"calculation"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of berekening","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of zouden moeten genieten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"pracht","lemma":"pracht","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"first direct object of spreiden","gloss":"pomp"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates pracht and praal","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"praal","lemma":"praal","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"second direct object of spreiden","gloss":"splendor"},{"surface":"moetende","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"present participle","role":"governs spreiden in a participial clause modifying zij","gloss":"being obliged"},{"surface":"ten-toon","lemma":"tentoon","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms tentoonspreiden with spreiden","gloss":"on display","note":"Older hyphenated spelling of tentoon."},{"surface":"spreiden","lemma":"spreiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moetende","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive uitteoefenen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces bevolking as complement of uitteoefenen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"accusative definite article, masculine singular","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of uitteoefenen","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"uitteoefenen","lemma":"uitoefenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement introduced by om","gloss":"to exert"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of noodig heeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Regering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of heeft","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause modifying invloed","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive houden","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"háár","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun, feminine singular, emphatic","role":"possessor of gezag","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"staande","lemma":"staan","morphology":"present participle","role":"predicative complement of houden","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive houden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement introduced by om","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies genieten","gloss":"for that purpose"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of bezoldiging","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies hooger","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"hooger","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies bezoldiging","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"bezoldiging","lemma":"bezoldiging","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"direct object of genieten","gloss":"remuneration"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"conditional auxiliary of moeten genieten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of genieten","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"genieten","lemma":"genieten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"enjoy"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the standard of comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it","note":"Contracted form of het."},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural, dative","role":"indirect object of liet","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates liet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of vrijheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vryheid","lemma":"vrijheid","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"direct object of liet","gloss":"liberty","note":"Historical spelling of vrijheid."},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of ontbrekende","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontbrekende","lemma":"ontbreken","morphology":"nominalized present participle, neuter singular","role":"direct object of aanvullen","gloss":"shortfall"},{"surface":"aantevullen","lemma":"aanvullen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement defining vrijheid","gloss":"to make up","note":"Older solid spelling of aan te vullen."},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means beschikking","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"onwettige","lemma":"onwettig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies beschikking","gloss":"unlawful"},{"surface":"beschikking","lemma":"beschikking","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"disposal"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the objects controlled by beschikking","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of bezittingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bezittingen","lemma":"bezitting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"first object of over","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates bezittingen and arbeid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"accusative definite article, masculine singular","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"second object of over","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces volk as possessive complement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"the","note":"Contracted form of het."},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"h14-s235","source":"Hoe dit zy, de Regeering gaat niet dan noode over tot het toepassen der bepalingen die den Javaan tegen afpersing en roof heeten te beschermen.","translation":"However this may be, the Government proceeds only reluctantly to the applying of the regulations that are supposed to protect the Javanese against extortion and robbery.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s235.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de Regeering gaat niet dan noode over tot","title":"Separable overgaan + 'niet dan noode'","body":"'gaat ... over tot' is separable overgaan tot (to proceed to). 'niet dan noode' ('only reluctantly', lit. 'not but unwillingly') is the same niet dan frame seen throughout the chapter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de bepalingen die den Javaan ... heeten te beschermen","title":"heten + te-infinitive ('are supposed to')","body":"'heeten te beschermen' = 'are said / supposed to protect'. The verb heten ('to be called/reputed') governs a te-infinitive expressing reputed (and, Multatuli implies, false) purpose. 'den Javaan' keeps the accusative -n."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the concessive clause Hoe dit zij","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zij","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"finite verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"may be"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of overgaan","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet dan, meaning only","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the restrictive phrase niet dan","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"noode","lemma":"node","morphology":"adverb, archaic","role":"modifies overgaat","gloss":"reluctantly","note":"Archaic adverb meaning reluctantly."},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"separable particle","role":"forms overgaan tot with gaat","gloss":"proceeds"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces toepassen as complement of overgaat","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of toepassen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toepassen","lemma":"toepassen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"object of tot","gloss":"applying"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"genitive definite article, plural","role":"determiner of bepalingen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bepalingen","lemma":"bepaling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of toepassen","gloss":"regulations"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of heeten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"accusative definite article, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of beschermen","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces what the Javaan is protected against","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"afpersing","lemma":"afpersing","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"first object of tegen","gloss":"extortion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates afpersing and roof","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"roof","lemma":"roof","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"second object of tegen","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"heeten","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"are supposed","note":"Historical spelling of heten; here it means “are said/supposed.”"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive beschermen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschermen","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of heeten","gloss":"protect"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"h14-s236","source":"Meestal weet men in onbeoordeelbare en vaak uit de lucht gegrepen redenen van staatkunde, een oorzaak te vinden om dien Regent of dat Hoofd te sparen, en 't is dan ook in Indie een tot spreekwoord geykte meening dat het Gouvernement liever tien residenten zou ontslaan dan één Regent.","translation":"For the most part one knows how to find, in unverifiable reasons of statecraft often plucked from the air, a cause for sparing this Regent or that Chief, and it is therefore in the Indies an opinion grown proverbial that the Government would sooner dismiss ten residents than one Regent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s236.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"weet men ... een oorzaak te vinden om dien Regent ... te sparen","title":"weten te + om ... te","body":"'weet ... te vinden' = 'knows how to find' (weten te + infinitive expresses ability). It is followed by a purpose clause 'om dien Regent of dat Hoofd te sparen'. 'dien' is the accusative-marked demonstrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"for the most part"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb governing vinden","gloss":"knows how"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces redenen as the setting for finding oorzaak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"onbeoordeelbare","lemma":"onbeoordeelbaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies redenen","gloss":"unverifiable"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates onbeoordeelbare and gegrepen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegrepen","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces lucht in the idiom uit de lucht gegrepen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of lucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"gegrepen","lemma":"grijpen","morphology":"past participle","role":"participial modifier of redenen","gloss":"plucked"},{"surface":"redenen","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces staatkunde as complement of redenen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"staatkunde","lemma":"staatkunde","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"statecraft"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive vinden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of weet","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory infinitive sparen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"first direct object of sparen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Regent and Hoofd","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"second direct object of sparen","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive sparen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sparen","lemma":"sparen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive introduced by om, explaining oorzaak","gloss":"spare"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it","note":"Contracted form of het."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to meening","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with ook to mark the consequence","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with dan to mark the consequence","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Indie as location","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces spreekwoord as the result of eyken","gloss":"into a"},{"surface":"spreekwoord","lemma":"spreekwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"proverb"},{"surface":"geykte","lemma":"ijken","morphology":"past participle, inflected","role":"modifies meening","gloss":"stamped","note":"Historical spelling of geijkte, literally “stamped.”"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of meening","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou ontslaan","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies zou ontslaan","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"tien","lemma":"tien","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies residenten","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"residenten","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"first direct object of ontslaan","gloss":"residents"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of ontslaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ontslaan","lemma":"ontslaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"dismiss"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the second term of comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies Regent and contrasts with tien","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"elliptical second direct object of ontslaan","gloss":"Regent"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"h14-s237","source":"Ook die voorgewende politieke redenen--als ze op iets gevestigd zyn--steunen gewoonlyk op valsche opgaven, daar ieder resident belang heeft by 't verheffen van den invloed zyner Regenten op de bevolking, om daarachter zich te verschuilen als er later eenmaal aanmerking mocht vallen op te groote inschikkelykheid omtrent die hoofden.","translation":"Those pretended political reasons too — if they rest on anything at all — usually rest on false returns, since every resident has an interest in magnifying the influence of his Regents over the population, in order to shelter behind it should remarks later one day be made about too great an indulgence toward those chiefs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s237.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar ieder resident belang heeft by 't verheffen ... om daarachter zich te verschuilen","title":"Causal 'daar' + om ... te + 'daarachter'","body":"'daar' opens a causal clause (verb-final 'heeft'). 'om ... zich te verschuilen' is a reflexive purpose clause, and 'daarachter' ('behind it') a pronominal adverb fronted within it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies redenen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of redenen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"voorgewende","lemma":"voorwenden","morphology":"adjective, inflected past participle","role":"modifies redenen","gloss":"pretended"},{"surface":"politieke","lemma":"politiek","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies redenen","gloss":"political"},{"surface":"redenen","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of steunen","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of gevestigd","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of gevestigd zijn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement iets of gevestigd","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"prepositional complement of gevestigd","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"gevestigd","lemma":"vestigen","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"based"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third person plural","role":"finite copula linking ze to gevestigd","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"steunen","lemma":"steunen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb; predicate of redenen","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies steunen","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement opgaven of steunen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"valsche","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies opgaven","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"prepositional complement of steunen","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of heeft","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"an interest"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb of causal clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces nominalized verheffen as complement of belang","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner nominalizing verheffen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verheffen","lemma":"verheffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"prepositional complement of belang bij","gloss":"magnifying"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object invloed of verheffen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of nominalized verheffen","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine genitive singular, archaic","role":"possessive determiner of Regenten","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"Regenten","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive possessor of invloed","gloss":"Regents"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement bevolking of invloed","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of invloed","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive verschuilen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"daarachter","lemma":"daarachter","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of verschuilen; refers to that influence","gloss":"behind it"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"reflexive object of verschuilen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verschuilen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verschuilen","lemma":"verschuilen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of om","gloss":"shelter"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of vallen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive pronoun","role":"expletive element in clause of vallen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vallen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vallen","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"aanmerking","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of mocht vallen","gloss":"criticism"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of vallen expressing possibility","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb in idiom aanmerking vallen","gloss":"be made","note":"Aanmerking vallen means that criticism or remarks are made."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces target inschikkelijkheid of aanmerking","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies inschikkelykheid","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"inschikkelykheid","lemma":"inschikkelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of aanmerking vallen","gloss":"indulgence"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement hoofden of inschikkelykheid","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"prepositional complement of omtrent","gloss":"chiefs"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"h14-s238","source":"Ik ga nu de afschuwelyke huichelary voorby van de menschlievend- luidende bepalingen--en van de eeden!--die den Javaan tegen willekeur beschermen ... op 't papier, en verzoek den lezer zich te herinneren hoe Havelaar by 't naspreken van die eeden iets te kennen gaf dat denken deed aan minachting. Voor 't oogenblik wil ik alleen wyzen op het moeielyke van den toestand des mans die, geheel ànders dan uit kracht, eener uitgesproken formule, zich gebonden achtte aan zyn plicht.","translation":"I now pass over the abominable hypocrisy of the humane-sounding regulations — and of the oaths! — that protect the Javanese against arbitrary power ... on paper, and I ask the reader to recall how Havelaar, in repeating those oaths, conveyed something that suggested contempt. For the moment I will only point to the difficulty of the position of the man who, quite otherwise than by virtue of a spoken formula, held himself bound to his duty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s238.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verzoek den lezer zich te herinneren","title":"Reflexive 'zich herinneren' in a te-clause","body":"'zich herinneren' (to recall) is a reflexive verb; embedded as a te-infinitive its reflexive stays 'zich' because the subject ('den lezer', accusative -n) is third person. 'verzoek' = 'I ask/request'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het moeielyke van den toestand des mans die ...","title":"Nominalized adjective + genitive 'des mans'","body":"'het moeielyke' nominalizes the adjective ('the difficulty'). 'des mans' is a genitive (article des + -s on man), 'of the man', followed by a relative 'die' clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ga and verzoek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite base of separable ga voorbij","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ga voorbij","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of huichelary","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afschuwelyke","lemma":"afschuwelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies huichelary","gloss":"abominable","note":"Older spelling of afschuwelijke."},{"surface":"huichelary","lemma":"huichelarij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ga voorbij","gloss":"hypocrisy","note":"Older spelling of huichelarij."},{"surface":"voorby","lemma":"voorbij","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ga voorbij; supplies the contextual sense","gloss":"pass over"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement bepalingen of huichelary","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of bepalingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschlievend","lemma":"menslievend","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies luidende","gloss":"humane","note":"Older spelling of menslievend."},{"surface":"luidende","lemma":"luiden","morphology":"adjective, present participle","role":"modifies bepalingen","gloss":"sounding"},{"surface":"bepalingen","lemma":"bepaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"prepositional complement of huichelary van","gloss":"regulations"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates van de eeden with van de bepalingen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated complement eeden of huichelary","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of eeden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eeden","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated complement of huichelary van","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of beschermen; antecedents bepalingen and eeden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beschermen","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement willekeur of beschermen","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"willekeur","lemma":"willekeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of beschermen","gloss":"arbitrary power"},{"surface":"beschermen","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"protect"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces adverbial papier modifying beschermen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of papier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"papier","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional adverbial modifying beschermen","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates verzoek with ga","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite verb coordinated with ga","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verzoek and understood subject of herinneren","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"reflexive object of herinneren","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive herinneren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"herinneren","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verzoek","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces subordinate interrogative clause of gaf","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal circumstance naspreken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner nominalizing naspreken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naspreken","lemma":"naspreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"prepositional adverbial modifying gaf","gloss":"repeating"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object eeden of naspreken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of eeden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"eeden","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of nominalized naspreken","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gaf in te kennen geven","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"part of idiom te kennen geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of idiom te kennen geven","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb in idiom te kennen geven","gloss":"conveyed","note":"Iets te kennen geven means to convey or indicate something."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of deed; antecedent iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of deed","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause; causative auxiliary of denken","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement minachting of denken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"minachting","lemma":"minachting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of denken aan","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal phrase oogenblik","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional temporal adverbial of wil wyzen","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite verb governing wyzen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wyzen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"wyzen","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement moeielyke of wyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner nominalizing moeielyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeielyke","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"prepositional complement of wyzen op","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement toestand of moeielyke","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of toestand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of moeielyke van","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine genitive singular, archaic","role":"determiner of mans","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mans","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of toestand","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"subject of achtte; antecedent mans","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ànders","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"ànders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achtte","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with uit kracht","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement kracht","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of uit","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, feminine genitive singular, archaic","role":"determiner of formule","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"uitgesproken","lemma":"uitspreken","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"modifies formule","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"formule","lemma":"formule","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of kracht","gloss":"formula"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"reflexive object of achtte","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"gebonden","lemma":"binden","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"object complement of zich after achtte","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"achtte","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement plicht of gebonden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of plicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of gebonden aan","gloss":"duty"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"h14-s239","source":"En voor hem was deze moeielykheid grooter nog dan ze voor sommige anderen zou geweest zyn, omdat zyn gemoed zacht was, geheel in tegenspraak met zyn doorzicht dat de lezer nu wel als vry scherp zal hebben leeren kennen.","translation":"And for him this difficulty was greater still than it would have been for some others, because his temper was gentle, wholly at odds with that perspicacity which the reader will by now have come to know as fairly sharp.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s239.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"deze moeielykheid grooter nog dan ze voor sommige anderen zou geweest zyn","title":"Comparative 'grooter ... dan' + conditional perfect","body":"'grooter nog dan' = 'greater still than' — comparative -er + dan. The compared clause uses the conditional perfect 'zou geweest zyn' ('would have been'). 'omdat' then gives the verb-final reason clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links sentence to preceding discourse","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces experiencer hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"prepositional complement of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person singular","role":"links moeielykheid to grooter","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of moeielykheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"moeielykheid","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"difficulty","note":"Older spelling of moeilijkheid."},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies grooter","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause of geweest zyn","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of geweest zyn; refers to moeielykheid","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces experiencer anderen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized anderen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"prepositional complement of voor","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle complement of perfect auxiliary zyn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"perfect auxiliary, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary governed by zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of was","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of gemoed","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"temper"},{"surface":"zacht","lemma":"zacht","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of causal clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies phrase in tegenspraak","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in tegenspraak met","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"tegenspraak","lemma":"tegenspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative phrase modifying gemoed","gloss":"odds"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement doorzicht of tegenspraak","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of doorzicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"doorzicht","lemma":"doorzicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional complement of met","gloss":"perspicacity"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of kennen; antecedent doorzicht","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zal","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zal hebben leeren kennen","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds confident emphasis to zal","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative characterization vry scherp of doorzicht","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies scherp","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"scherp","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement introduced by als","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of hebben leeren kennen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"perfect auxiliary, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of leeren kennen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"aspectual complement of hebben governing kennen","gloss":"come to","note":"Older spelling of leren."},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of leeren and predicate of object dat","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"h14-s240","source":"Hy had dus niet alleen te stryden met vrees voor menschen of met de zorg voor loopbaan en bevordering, noch ook alleen met de plichten die hy als echtgenoot en huisvader te vervullen had: hy moest een vyand overwinnen in zyn eigen hart.","translation":"He had therefore not only to struggle with fear of men or with concern for career and advancement, nor even only with the duties he had to fulfill as husband and father of a household: he had to overcome an enemy in his own heart.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s240.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had ... niet alleen te stryden ... noch ook alleen ...: hy moest een vyand overwinnen","title":"hebben te + infinitive (obligation)","body":"'had ... te stryden' = 'had to struggle' — hebben + te-infinitive expresses obligation/necessity. The correlative 'niet alleen ... noch ook alleen' ('not only ... nor even only') structures the build-up to the climactic 'hy moest een vyand overwinnen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb governing te stryden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had te stryden","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of correlative niet alleen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"second part of correlative niet alleen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive stryden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stryden","lemma":"strijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of had","gloss":"struggle","note":"Older spelling of strijden."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement vrees of stryden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of stryden","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement menschen of vrees","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"prepositional complement of vrees voor","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates met de zorg with met vrees","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated complement zorg of stryden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of zorg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated prepositional complement of stryden","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement loopbaan and bevordering of zorg","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"loopbaan","lemma":"loopbaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated complement of zorg voor","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates bevordering with loopbaan","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bevordering","lemma":"bevordering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement of zorg voor","gloss":"advancement"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"adds second negative coordination with niet alleen","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes coordinated alleen","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses phrase met de plichten","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated complement plichten of stryden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of plichten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plichten","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"prepositional complement of stryden","gloss":"duties"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of vervullen; antecedent plichten","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had te vervullen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces capacity phrase echtgenoot en huisvader","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"echtgenoot","lemma":"echtgenoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first complement of als modifying vervullen","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates huisvader with echtgenoot","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"huisvader","lemma":"huisvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement of als","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vervullen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vervullen","lemma":"vervullen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of had in relative clause","gloss":"fulfill"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb governing te vervullen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of moest overwinnen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of overwinnen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of vyand","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vyand","lemma":"vijand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of overwinnen","gloss":"enemy"},{"surface":"overwinnen","lemma":"overwinnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"overcome"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement hart of overwinnen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of hart","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hart","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional complement of in","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"h14-s241","source":"Hy kon niet zonder lyden leed zien, en 't zou my te ver leiden als ik de voorbeelden wilde aanvoeren hoe hy immer, ook waar hy gekrenkt en beleedigd was, de party van een tegenstander beschermde tegen zichzelf.","translation":"He could not see suffering without suffering himself, and it would carry me too far were I to cite the instances of how he always, even where he had been wronged and insulted, defended an opponent's cause against the opponent himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s241.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t zou my te ver leiden als ik de voorbeelden wilde aanvoeren","title":"Conditional 'zou' + 'als'-clause","body":"'zou my te ver leiden' ('would lead me too far') is the conditional, paired with an 'als'-clause whose modal 'wilde' + infinitive 'aanvoeren' go to the end. Dummy ''t' anticipates the situation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de party van een tegenstander beschermde tegen zichzelf","title":"Reflexive 'zichzelf' as object","body":"'tegen zichzelf' = 'against himself': here 'zichzelf' refers to the opponent, the very person whose cause Havelaar defends against him. The emphatic -zelf sharpens the paradox."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of kon and zien","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zien","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kon zien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lyden","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"lyden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"complement of zonder, with Hy as understood subject","gloss":"suffering himself"},{"surface":"leed","lemma":"leed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kon","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou leiden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of leiden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, first person singular","role":"direct object of leiden","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of ver","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of leiden","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"leiden","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"carry"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of voorbeelden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorbeelden","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of aanvoeren","gloss":"instances"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of aanvoeren","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"aanvoeren","lemma":"aanvoeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"cite"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the content clause of voorbeelden","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of beschermde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"immer","lemma":"immer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beschermde","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the waar-clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the concessive circumstance","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gekrenkt","lemma":"krenken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"complement of was","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gekrenkt and beleedigd","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"beleedigd","lemma":"beledigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated complement of was","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekrenkt and beleedigd","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of party","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"party","lemma":"partij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beschermde","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegenstander","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of tegenstander","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"tegenstander","lemma":"tegenstander","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying party","gloss":"opponent"},{"surface":"beschermde","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the hoe-clause","gloss":"defended"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zichzelf","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"zichzelf","lemma":"zichzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"complement of tegen, referring to tegenstander","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"h14-s242","source":"Hy verhaalde aan Duclari en Verbrugge hoe hy in zyn jeugd iets aantrekkelyks had gevonden in het duel met den sabel, 't geen de waarheid was ... doch hy zeide er niet by hoe hy na 't wonden van zyn tegenparty gewoonlyk schreide, en zyn gewezen vyand als een liefdezuster verpleegde tot de genezing toe.","translation":"He told Duclari and Verbrugge how in his youth he had found something appealing in the duel with the sabre — which was the truth — yet he did not add how, after wounding his adversary, he would commonly weep, and tend his former enemy like a sister of charity until the wound had healed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s242.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe hy ... gewoonlyk schreide, en zyn gewezen vyand ... verpleegde","title":"Weak past 'schreide'; participle 'gewezen'","body":"'schreide' is the past of the weak verb schreien (to weep). 'gewezen' (former) is a fossilized past participle used adjectivally. Both belong to the elevated narrative register of the gentleness vignette."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of verhaalde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"verhaalde","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the recipients","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"first complement of aan","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Duclari and Verbrugge","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated complement of aan","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the content clause of verhaalde","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had gevonden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jeugd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of jeugd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"aantrekkelyks","lemma":"aantrekkelijk","morphology":"adjective, substantivized with -s","role":"postmodifies iets","gloss":"appealing"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the hoe-clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking duel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of duel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duel","lemma":"duel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"duel"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sabel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of sabel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sabel","lemma":"sabel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"sabre"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"first part of relative pronoun 't geen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"with 't, subject of was","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking 't geen to waarheid","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the contrasting main clause","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of er ... bij zeggen","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of bij","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zeide ... by","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of er ... bij zeggen","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the content clause of zeide ... by","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of schreide and verpleegde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wonden","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of nominalized wonden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wonden","lemma":"wonden","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"complement of na","gloss":"wounding"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegenparty","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of tegenparty","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tegenparty","lemma":"tegenpartij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"adversary"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schreide","gloss":"commonly"},{"surface":"schreide","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of the hoe-clause","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links schreide and verpleegde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of vyand","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gewezen","lemma":"gewezen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vyand","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"vyand","lemma":"vijand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verpleegde","gloss":"enemy"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison with liefdezuster","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of liefdezuster","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"liefdezuster","lemma":"liefdezuster","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"sister of charity"},{"surface":"verpleegde","lemma":"verplegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with schreide","gloss":"tended"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition, first part of circumposition","role":"with toe, marks the endpoint genezing","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of genezing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"genezing","lemma":"genezing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot ... toe","gloss":"recovery"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"postposition, second part of circumposition","role":"completes tot ... toe","gloss":"all the way"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"h14-s243","source":"Ik zou kunnen verhalen hoe hy te Natal den kettingganger die op hem geschoten had by zich nam, den man vriendelyk toesprak, hem voeden liet en vryheid gaf boven alle anderen, omdat hy meende te ontdekken dat de verbittering van dien veroordeelde 't gevolg was van een, elders geslagen, te streng vonnis. Gewoonlyk werd de zachtheid van zyn gemoed òf ontkend, òf belachelyk gevonden.","translation":"I could relate how at Natal he took into his own keeping the chain-gang convict who had fired at him, spoke to the man kindly, had him fed, and granted him more freedom than all the others, because he believed he could perceive that this condemned man's bitterness was the consequence of too harsh a sentence passed elsewhere. Commonly the gentleness of his nature was either denied or thought ridiculous.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s243.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den kettingganger die op hem geschoten had by zich nam","title":"Pluperfect 'geschoten had' + 'bij zich nemen'","body":"Inside the relative clause, the pluperfect 'geschoten had' (had shot) precedes the main verb 'nam'. 'by zich nam' = 'took into his own keeping', with reflexive 'zich'. 'den kettingganger' keeps the accusative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Gewoonlyk werd de zachtheid ... òf ontkend, òf belachelyk gevonden","title":"worden-passive + correlative 'òf ... òf'","body":"'werd ... ontkend ... gevonden' is a past process-passive. 'òf ... òf' (either ... or, with stress accents) coordinates the two outcomes — denied or ridiculed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zou kunnen verhalen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of kunnen verhalen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of verhalen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"verhalen","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou kunnen","gloss":"relate"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the content clause of verhalen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of nam, toesprak, liet, and gaf","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kettingganger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kettingganger","lemma":"kettingganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"chain-gang convict"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had geschoten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"geschoten","lemma":"schieten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause on kettingganger","gloss":"fired"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschoten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"complement of by","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of the hoe-clause","gloss":"took in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of toesprak","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"vriendelyk","lemma":"vriendelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toesprak","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"toesprak","lemma":"toespreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with nam","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"direct object of voeden in the causative construction with liet","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"voeden","lemma":"voeden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of liet","gloss":"be fed"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with nam","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links liet and gaf","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vryheid","lemma":"vrijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with nam","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with alle anderen","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of anderen","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"complement of boven","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the omdat-clause","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive ontdekken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontdekken","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of meende","gloss":"perceive"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of ontdekken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of verbittering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verbittering","lemma":"verbittering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"bitterness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veroordeelde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of veroordeelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"veroordeelde","lemma":"veroordeeld","morphology":"substantivized adjective, masculine singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"condemned man"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking verbittering to gevolg","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vonnis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of vonnis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geslagen","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of vonnis","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of streng","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"streng","lemma":"streng","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vonnis","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"vonnis","lemma":"vonnis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying gevolg","gloss":"sentence"},{"surface":"Gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werd ontkend and gevonden","gloss":"Commonly"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ontkend and gevonden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of zachtheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive ontkend and gevonden","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemoed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of gemoed","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying zachtheid","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"òf","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"first member of òf ... òf","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ontkend","lemma":"ontkennen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first passive complement of werd","gloss":"denied"},{"surface":"òf","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"second member of òf ... òf","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"belachelyk","lemma":"belachelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of gevonden","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"second passive complement of werd","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"h14-s244","source":"Ontkend door wie zyn hart verwarde met zyn geest. Belachelyk gevonden door wie niet begrypen kon hoe een verstandig mensch zich moeite gaf om een vlieg te redden, die vastgeraakt was in het web eener spin.","translation":"Denied by those who confused his heart with his mind. Thought ridiculous by those who could not grasp how a sensible man would take pains to rescue a fly that had got caught in the web of a spider.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s244.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ontkend door wie zyn hart verwarde met zyn geest","title":"Headless relative 'wie' as 'those who'","body":"'door wie ... verwarde' = 'by those who confused'. 'wie' without an antecedent means 'whoever / those who', and the clause is verb-final ('verwarde' at the end). The whole sentence is a verbless fragment hanging on the prior 'ontkend'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een vlieg ... die vastgeraakt was in het web eener spin","title":"Genitive 'eener spin'","body":"'eener spin' is the genitive of een spin ('of a spider'), with the old feminine genitive article 'eener'. 'vastgeraakt was' is a state passive/perfect with zijn ('had got caught')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ontkend","lemma":"ontkennen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"elliptical passive predicate with zachtheid understood","gloss":"Denied"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent wie","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun, singular","role":"agent of ontkend and subject of verwarde","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of hart","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verwarde","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"verwarde","lemma":"verwarren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on wie","gloss":"confused"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geest","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of geest","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"Belachelyk","lemma":"belachelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of gevonden","gloss":"Ridiculous"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"elliptical passive predicate with zachtheid understood","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent wie","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun, singular","role":"agent of gevonden and subject of kon","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates begrypen kon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"begrypen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kon","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of begrypen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the content clause of begrypen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verstandig","lemma":"verstandig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"reflexive indirect object of gaf","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gaf in zich moeite geven","gloss":"pains"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the hoe-clause","gloss":"would take"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of vlieg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vlieg","lemma":"vlieg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of redden","gloss":"fly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive redden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"redden","lemma":"redden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of gaf","gloss":"rescue"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was vastgeraakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vastgeraakt","lemma":"vastgeraken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause on vlieg","gloss":"got caught"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of vastgeraakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking web","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of web","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"web","lemma":"web","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"web"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of spin in genitive phrase","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"spin","lemma":"spin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of web","gloss":"spider"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"h14-s245","source":"Ontkend weder door ieder--buiten Tine--die hem daarna hoorde schimpen op die \"domme dieren\" en op de \"domme natuur\" die zulke dieren schiep. Maar nog een andere wyze bestond er om hem neertehalen van 't voetstuk waarop zyn omgeving--men mocht hem beminnen of niet--wel gedwongen was hem te plaatsen.","translation":"Denied again by everyone — save Tine — who afterward heard him rail at those \"stupid creatures\" and at the \"stupid nature\" that made such creatures. But there was yet another way to bring him down from the pedestal upon which the people around him — whether they loved him or not — were obliged to set him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s245.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar nog een andere wyze bestond er om hem neertehalen","title":"Existential 'er' + om ... te","body":"'bestond er ... om ... te halen' — 'er' supports the existential 'there existed', and 'om ... neertehalen' (om + neerhalen, written solid) is the purpose clause ('to bring him down'). Fronting 'nog een andere wyze' drives V2."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het voetstuk waarop ... men ... gedwongen was hem te plaatsen","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative 'waarop'","body":"'waarop' ('on which') relativizes 'het voetstuk' (the pedestal). 'gedwongen ... te plaatsen' = 'obliged to set', a participle governing a te-infinitive at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ontkend","lemma":"ontkennen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"elliptical predicate referring to the preceding claim","gloss":"Denied"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ontkend","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent ieder","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of door","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the exception Tine","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of buiten","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of hoorde; refers to Tine","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of hoorde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoorde","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying Tine","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"schimpen","lemma":"schimpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hoorde","gloss":"rail"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces dieren as complement of schimpen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of dieren","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"domme","lemma":"dom","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dieren","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"dieren","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two op phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces natuur as complement of schimpen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of natuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"domme","lemma":"dom","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies natuur","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"natuur","lemma":"natuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of schiep; refers to natuur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of dieren","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"dieren","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of schiep","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"schiep","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying natuur","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies een andere wyze","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wyze","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bestond","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"bestond","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive complement of bestond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive neertehalen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of neertehalen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"neertehalen","lemma":"neerhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"purpose complement of wyze","gloss":"bring down","note":"Historical spelling writes neer te halen as one word."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces voetstuk as source of neertehalen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of voetstuk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voetstuk","lemma":"voetstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"pedestal"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"complement of plaatsen; refers to voetstuk","gloss":"upon which"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of omgeving","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"omgeving","lemma":"omgeving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"people around him"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of mocht beminnen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of beminnen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of beminnen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"beminnen","lemma":"beminnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of mocht","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links beminnen and its negated alternative","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates beminnen in of niet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes gedwongen","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"gedwongen","lemma":"dwingen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"obliged"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by waarop","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of plaatsen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces plaatsen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaatsen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gedwongen","gloss":"set"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"h14-s246","source":"\"Ja, hy is geestig, maar ... er is vluchtigheid in zyn geest.\" Of: \"hy is verstandig, maar ... hy gebruikt zyn verstand niet goed.\" Of: \"ja, hy is goedhartig, maar ... hy koketteert er mee!\"","translation":"\"Yes, he is witty, but ... there is a flightiness in his wit.\" Or: \"he is sensible, but ... he does not use his good sense well.\" Or: \"yes, he is kindhearted, but ... he makes a show of it!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirms the following statement","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hy to geestig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"geestig","lemma":"geestig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"witty"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a qualification","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive complement of is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vluchtigheid","lemma":"vluchtigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of er is","gloss":"flightiness"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces geest","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of geest","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"wit"},{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an alternative formulation","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hy to verstandig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"verstandig","lemma":"verstandig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a qualification","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gebruikt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gebruikt","lemma":"gebruiken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"uses"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verstand","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verstand","lemma":"verstand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gebruikt","gloss":"good sense"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gebruikt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebruikt","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an alternative formulation","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirms the following statement","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hy to goedhartig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"goedhartig","lemma":"goedhartig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"kindhearted"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a qualification","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of koketteert","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"koketteert","lemma":"koketteren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"makes a show"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement forming er ... mee","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes the pronominal phrase er ... mee","gloss":"with"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"h14-s247","source":"Voor zyn geest, voor zyn verstand, trek ik geen party.","translation":"For his wit, for his good sense, I take no one's part.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s247.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces geest in the idiom partij trekken voor","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of geest","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"wit"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces verstand in the idiom partij trekken voor","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verstand","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verstand","lemma":"verstand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"good sense"},{"surface":"trek","lemma":"trekken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb in the idiom partij trekken voor","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of party","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"party","lemma":"partij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of trek","gloss":"part","note":"Old spelling of partij; partij trekken voor means ‘take the part of.’"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"h14-s248","source":"Maar zyn hart?","translation":"But his heart?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s248.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting elliptical question","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hart","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"h14-s249","source":"Arme spartelende vliegjes die hy redde als hy geheel alleen was, wilt gy dat hart verdedigen tegen de beschuldiging van koketterie?","translation":"Poor struggling little flies that he rescued when he was entirely alone, will you defend that heart against the charge of affectation?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s249.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Arme spartelende vliegjes ... wilt gy dat hart verdedigen","title":"Apostrophe with archaic 'gy' + diminutive plural","body":"'vliegjes' is the diminutive plural of vlieg (little flies); the diminutive -je also colours it with tenderness. Multatuli apostrophizes them with the literary 2nd-person 'gy' and its verb 'wilt' — addressing the rescued flies directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vliegjes","gloss":"Poor"},{"surface":"spartelende","lemma":"spartelen","morphology":"present participle, inflected","role":"modifies vliegjes","gloss":"struggling"},{"surface":"vliegjes","lemma":"vlieg","morphology":"noun, diminutive plural","role":"vocative addressee of wilt gy","gloss":"little flies"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of redde; refers to vliegjes","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of redde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"redde","lemma":"redden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying vliegjes","gloss":"rescued"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause hy ... was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alleen","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the adverbial clause introduced by als","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"wilt","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, second-person plural","role":"modal auxiliary of verdedigen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person","role":"subject of wilt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verdedigen","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"verdedigen","lemma":"verdedigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilt","gloss":"defend"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces beschuldiging","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of beschuldiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces koketterie as complement of beschuldiging","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"koketterie","lemma":"koketterie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"affectation"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"h14-s250","source":"Maar ge zyt weggevlogen, en hebt u niet bekommerd om Havelaar, gy die niet weten kondet dat hy eenmaal behoefte hebben zou aan uw getuigenis!","translation":"But you have flown away, and gave no thought to Havelaar, you who could not have known that he would one day have need of your testimony!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s250.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ge zyt weggevlogen, en hebt u niet bekommerd","title":"Archaic 'ge' / 'u' with reflexive zich bekommeren","body":"'ge zyt ... en hebt u niet bekommerd' uses the 1860 literary 2nd-person ge with the perfect 'zyt weggevlogen' (zijn-perfect, motion verb) and reflexive 'u' for zich bekommeren ('to trouble oneself')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gy die niet weten kondet dat hy ... behoefte hebben zou","title":"Archaic 2nd-person past 'kondet'","body":"'kondet' is the old 2nd-person singular past of kunnen, agreeing with 'gy' ('you could not know'). The dat-clause closes with 'behoefte hebben zou', the conditional cluster at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person","role":"subject of zyt and hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person","role":"auxiliary of weggevlogen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"weggevlogen","lemma":"wegvliegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with zyt","gloss":"flown away"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zyt weggevlogen and hebt bekommerd","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person","role":"auxiliary of bekommerd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of bekommerd","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates hebt bekommerd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bekommerd","lemma":"bekommeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with hebt","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Havelaar as complement of bekommerd","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person","role":"vocative in apposition to ge","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of kondet; refers to gy","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates weten kondet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kondet","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"kondet","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, second-person","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying gy","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause hy ... zou","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou hebben","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou hebben","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in behoefte hebben","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the dat clause","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces getuigenis as complement of behoefte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of getuigenis","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"getuigenis","lemma":"getuigenis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"testimony"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"h14-s251","source":"Was 't koketterie van Havelaar, toen hy te Natal een hond--Sappho heette het dier--nasprong in de riviermonding, omdat hy vreesde dat het nog jonge dier niet goed genoeg zwemmen kon om de haaien te ontwyken die daar zoo menigvuldig zyn?","translation":"Was it affectation in Havelaar when at Natal he leapt after a dog — the creature was called Sappho — into the mouth of the river, because he feared the still-young animal could not swim well enough to avoid the sharks that are so plentiful there?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s251.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Was 't koketterie ... toen hy ... een hond ... nasprong","title":"toen-clause with separable 'naspringen'","body":"The 'toen'-clause (verb-final) ends in 'nasprong', the past of separable naspringen (to leap after) — here the prefix and stem stay joined in the verb-final slot. 'het dier' is glossed mid-sentence as the dog's name."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat hy vreesde dat het ... dier niet goed genoeg zwemmen kon","title":"Stacked 'omdat' and 'dat' clauses","body":"'omdat' opens a causal verb-final clause ('because he feared'), which itself embeds a 'dat'-clause ending in the cluster 'zwemmen kon'. Two layers of subordination, both pushing their verbs right."}],"words":[{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking 't to koketterie","gloss":"Was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, nominative, elided","role":"subject of Was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"koketterie","lemma":"koketterie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Was","gloss":"affectation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Havelaar as the person displaying koketterie","gloss":"on the part of"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause hy ... nasprong","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nasprong","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place Natal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Natal","lemma":"Natal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Natal"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of hond","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hond","lemma":"hond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nasprong","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"Sappho","lemma":"Sappho","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicative complement of heette","gloss":"Sappho"},{"surface":"heette","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"was called"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of heette","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"nasprong","lemma":"naspringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"leapt after"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces riviermonding as direction of nasprong","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of riviermonding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"riviermonding","lemma":"riviermonding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"river mouth"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause hy vreesde","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vreesde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vreesde","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the causal clause","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause het dier ... kon","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jonge","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dier","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kon zwemmen","gloss":"animal"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates goed genoeg zwemmen kon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zwemmen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"zwemmen","lemma":"zwemmen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"swim"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the dat clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the result infinitive licensed by genoeg","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of haaien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"haaien","lemma":"haai","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of ontwyken","gloss":"sharks"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces ontwyken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontwyken","lemma":"ontwijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"result infinitive licensed by genoeg","gloss":"avoid"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zyn; refers to haaien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies menigvuldig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"menigvuldig","lemma":"menigvuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"plentiful"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying haaien","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"h14-s252","source":"Ik vind zulk koketteeren met goedhartigheid moeielyker te gelooven dan de goedhartigheid zelf.","translation":"I find such a show of kindheartedness harder to believe in than the kindheartedness itself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s252.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of koketteeren","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"koketteeren","lemma":"koketteren","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"a show"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces goedhartigheid as complement of koketteeren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"goedhartigheid","lemma":"goedhartigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"kindheartedness"},{"surface":"moeielyker","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of vind","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces gelooven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moeielyker","gloss":"believe in"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with goedhartigheid","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of goedhartigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goedhartigheid","lemma":"goedhartigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"term of comparison introduced by dan","gloss":"kindheartedness"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes goedhartigheid","gloss":"itself"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"h14-s253","source":"Ik roep u op, u, de velen die Havelaar gekend hebt--wanneer ge niet verstyfd zyt door winterkou en dood ... als de geredde vliegen, of verdroogd door de hitte daarginds onder de linie!--ik roep u op om getuigenis te geven van zyn hart, gy allen die hem hebt gekend!","translation":"I call upon you, you, the many who have known Havelaar — provided you are not stiffened by winter cold and dead ... like the rescued flies, or dried out by the heat over yonder beneath the equator! — I call upon you to bear witness to his heart, all of you who have known him!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s253.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik roep u op ... gy allen die hem hebt gekend","title":"Separable oproepen + apostrophe to 'gy allen'","body":"'roep ... op' is separable oproepen (to call upon, summon). The apostrophe 'gy allen die hem hebt gekend' addresses everyone who knew Havelaar, with the perfect 'hebt gekend' verb-final after the relative 'die'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer ge niet verstyfd zyt door winterkou en dood","title":"zijn-passive 'verstyfd zyt' + archaic 'ge'","body":"'verstyfd zyt' is a state passive (zijn + participle): 'are stiffened'. The 2nd-person literary 'ge' and the 'wanneer'-clause (verb-final) keep the elevated, apostrophic tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of roep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"roep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of roep","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of roep ... op","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"apposition to u","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of velen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"substantivized quantifier, plural","role":"vocative apposition to u","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of hebt gekend","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of gekend","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"gekend","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on velen","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gekend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"provided that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zijt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zijt verstijfd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verstyfd","lemma":"verstijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of zijt","gloss":"stiffened"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula with verstijfd and dood","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks cause winterkou","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"winterkou","lemma":"winterkou","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"winter cold"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates verstijfd and dood","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijt","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with vliegen","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vliegen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geredde","lemma":"redden","morphology":"participial adjective, plural","role":"modifies vliegen","gloss":"rescued"},{"surface":"vliegen","lemma":"vlieg","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of comparison als","gloss":"flies"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates verstijfd and verdroogd","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"verdroogd","lemma":"verdrogen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"elliptical predicative complement of zijt","gloss":"dried out"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks cause hitte","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hitte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hitte","lemma":"hitte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"heat"},{"surface":"daarginds","lemma":"daarginds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hitte","gloss":"over yonder"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location de linie","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of linie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"linie","lemma":"linie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"equator","note":"Here de linie is the nineteenth-century term for the equator."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of roep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"roep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of resumed clause","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of roep","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of roep ... op","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive geven","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"getuigenis","lemma":"getuigenis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of roep op","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement zyn hart","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, vocative","role":"vocative reinforced by allen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"substantivized quantifier, plural","role":"apposition to gy","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of hebt gekend","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gekend","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gekend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gekend","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on allen","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"h14-s254","source":"Thans vooral roep ik u op met vertrouwen, omdat ge niet meer noodig hebt te zoeken waar de koord moet worden ingehaakt om hem neertehalen van welke luttele hoogte ook.","translation":"Now above all I call upon you with confidence, since you no longer need to search out where the cord must be hooked in to drag him down from whatever trifling height it may be.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s254.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ge niet meer noodig hebt te zoeken waar de koord moet worden ingehaakt","title":"Nested passive in a causal clause","body":"'omdat' opens a verb-final causal clause; embedded in it, 'waar de koord moet worden ingehaakt' is a modal-over-passive ('where the cord must be hooked in') with the separable inhaken. The metaphor recurs from the 'pedestal' image."}],"words":[{"surface":"Thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies roep","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies roep","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"roep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of roep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of roep","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of roep ... op","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner vertrouwen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vertrouwen","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of hebt","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verbal head governing te zoeken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of nodig hebt","gloss":"search out"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces indirect question","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koord","lemma":"koord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of moet worden ingehaakt","gloss":"cord"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of ingehaakt","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of ingehaakt","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ingehaakt","lemma":"inhaken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of indirect question","gloss":"hooked in"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive neertehalen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of neertehalen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"neertehalen","lemma":"neerhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"purpose complement of ingehaakt","gloss":"drag down","note":"Historically printed as one word for modern neer te halen."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source hoogte","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"free-choice determiner","role":"determiner of hoogte in welke ... ook","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"luttele","lemma":"luttel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hoogte","gloss":"trifling"},{"surface":"hoogte","lemma":"hoogte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"free-choice adverb","role":"completes welke ... ook","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"h14-s255","source":"Intusschen, hoe bont het schyne, zal ik hier plaats geven aan eenige regels van zyn hand, die zulke getuigenissen misschien overbodig maken.","translation":"Meanwhile, however incongruous it may seem, I shall give space here to a few lines from his own hand, which perhaps make such testimonies unnecessary.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s255.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe bont het schyne","title":"Concessive subjunctive 'schyne'","body":"'hoe bont het schyne' = 'however incongruous it may seem': 'schyne' is the subjunctive of schijnen in a concessive 'however ... it may be'. The dummy 'het' is impersonal. A markedly literary turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"eenige regels van zyn hand, die ... overbodig maken","title":"Relative 'die' + 'overbodig maken'","body":"'die ... overbodig maken' = 'which make [such testimonies] unnecessary'; the relative 'die' refers to the plural 'regels'. 'van zyn hand' = 'from his own hand', i.e. written by Havelaar himself — introducing the embedded poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Intusschen","lemma":"intussen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zal geven","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"Intusschen is the historical spelling of intussen."},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"bont","lemma":"bont","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of schyne","gloss":"incongruous"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schyne","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"schyne","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of concessive clause","gloss":"may seem","note":"Schijne is an older subjunctive form, here expressing concession."},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of geven","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"space"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with auxiliary zal","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces recipient regels","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of regels","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"regels","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source zyn hand","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of getuigenissen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"getuigenissen","lemma":"getuigenis","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"testimonies"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"overbodig","lemma":"overbodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of getuigenissen","gloss":"unnecessary"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on regels","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"h14-s256","source":"Max was eens verre, verre weg van vrouw en kind.","translation":"Max was once far, far away from wife and child.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s256.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main copular verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"verre","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"verre","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative location complement of was","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces separation from vrouw en kind","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates vrouw and kind","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with vrouw","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"h14-s257","source":"Hy had haar in Indie moeten achterlaten, en bevond zich in Duitschland.","translation":"He had been obliged to leave them behind in the Indies, and found himself in Germany.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s257.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had haar in Indie moeten achterlaten","title":"Pluperfect + modal + separable infinitive","body":"'had ... moeten achterlaten' = 'had been obliged to leave behind'. The modal moeten in a perfect appears as the infinitive (the 'IPP' / infinitivus-pro-participio effect), governing the separable infinitive 'achterlaten'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had and bevond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of moeten achterlaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of achterlaten","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location Indië","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of achterlaten","gloss":"been obliged"},{"surface":"achterlaten","lemma":"achterlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of perfect construction","gloss":"leave behind"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates had achterlaten and bevond","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bevond","lemma":"bevinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with had","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of bevond","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location Duitsland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Duitschland","lemma":"Duitsland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Germany","note":"Duitschland is the historical spelling of Duitsland."}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"h14-s258","source":"Met de vlugheid die ik hem toeken, doch die ik niet in bescherming neem als men ze mocht willen aantasten, maakte hy zich meester van de taal des lands waar hy eenige maanden verkeerd had.","translation":"With the quickness I credit to him — though I do not take it under my protection should anyone wish to attack it — he made himself master of the language of the country where he had spent a few months.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s258.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"maakte hy zich meester van de taal des lands","title":"zich meester maken van + genitive 'des lands'","body":"'zich meester maken van' = 'to make oneself master of', a reflexive idiom. 'des lands' is the neuter genitive ('of the country', article des + -s on land), one more 1860 case remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner vlugheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vlugheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vlugheid","lemma":"vlugheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"quickness"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of toeken","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of toeken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of toeken","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"toeken","lemma":"toekennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on vlugheid","gloss":"credit"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting relative clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates neem","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in bescherming nemen","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"bescherming","lemma":"bescherming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"protection"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on vlugheid","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of mocht willen","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of aantasten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of willen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of aantasten","gloss":"wish to"},{"surface":"aantasten","lemma":"aantasten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"attack"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of maakte","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"meester","lemma":"meester","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of zich","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement taal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of taal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of lands","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"lands","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of taal","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on lands","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verkeerd had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of maanden","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"maanden","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"adverbial duration of verkeerd","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on lands","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verkeerd","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"h14-s259","source":"Ziehier die regels, die te-gelyker-tyd de innigheid schetsen van den band die hem aan de zynen hechtte.","translation":"Here are those lines, which at the same time sketch the intimacy of the bond that attached him to his own.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s259.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den band die hem aan de zynen hechtte","title":"Possessive nominal 'de zynen'","body":"'de zynen' = 'his own (people)', a substantivized possessive (zijn + -en) meaning his family. 'den band' keeps the old accusative -n; the relative 'die ... hechtte' is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ziehier","lemma":"ziehier","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"introduces regels","gloss":"here are"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of regels","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"regels","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"presented noun phrase after Ziehier","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of schetsen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"te-gelyker-tyd","lemma":"tegelijkertijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schetsen","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of innigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"innigheid","lemma":"innigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schetsen","gloss":"intimacy"},{"surface":"schetsen","lemma":"schetsen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on regels","gloss":"sketch"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement band","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of band","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"band","lemma":"band","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"bond"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hechtte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of hechtte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement de zynen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zynen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zynen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"substantivized possessive pronoun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"his own","note":"De zijnen means one's own family or loved ones; zynen is historical spelling."},{"surface":"hechtte","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on band","gloss":"attached"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"h14-s260","source":"--Mein Kind, da schlägt die neunte Stunde, hör!","translation":"— My child, there strikes the ninth hour, hark!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s260.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mein","lemma":"mein","morphology":"possessive determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of Kind","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Kind","lemma":"Kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, vocative","role":"vocative","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schlägt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"schlägt","lemma":"schlagen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"strikes"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, feminine nominative singular","role":"determiner of Stunde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"neunte","lemma":"neunt","morphology":"ordinal adjective, feminine nominative singular","role":"modifies Stunde","gloss":"ninth"},{"surface":"Stunde","lemma":"Stunde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular, nominative","role":"subject of schlägt","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"hör","lemma":"hören","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"independent imperative","gloss":"hark"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"h14-s261","source":"Der Nachtwind säuselt, und die Luft wird kühl, Zu kühl für dich vielleicht: dein Stirnchen glüht! Du hast den ganzen Tag so wild gespielt, Und bist wohl müde, komm, dein Tikar harret.","translation":"The night wind whispers, and the air grows cool, too cool for you perhaps: your little brow is glowing! All day long you have played so wildly, and you must be tired — come, your bed awaits.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s261.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Der","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, masculine nominative singular","role":"determiner of Nachtwind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Nachtwind","lemma":"Nachtwind","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, nominative","role":"subject of säuselt","gloss":"night wind"},{"surface":"säuselt","lemma":"säuseln","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"whispers"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates säuselt and wird","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, feminine nominative singular","role":"determiner of Luft","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Luft","lemma":"Luft","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular, nominative","role":"subject of wird","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"wird","lemma":"werden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copular verb with kühl","gloss":"grows"},{"surface":"kühl","lemma":"kühl","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wird","gloss":"cool"},{"surface":"Zu","lemma":"zu","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies kühl","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"kühl","lemma":"kühl","morphology":"adjective","role":"elliptical predicative complement","gloss":"cool"},{"surface":"für","lemma":"für","morphology":"preposition governing accusative","role":"introduces dich","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dich","lemma":"du","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of für","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vielleicht","lemma":"vielleicht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zu kühl","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"dein","lemma":"dein","morphology":"possessive determiner, neuter nominative singular","role":"determiner of Stirnchen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Stirnchen","lemma":"Stirnchen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, nominative","role":"subject of glüht","gloss":"little brow"},{"surface":"glüht","lemma":"glühen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is glowing"},{"surface":"Du","lemma":"du","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hast gespielt and bist","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hast","lemma":"haben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gespielt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Tag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ganzen","lemma":"ganz","morphology":"adjective, masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies Tag","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"Tag","lemma":"Tag","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, accusative","role":"adverbial duration of gespielt","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies wild","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"wild","lemma":"wild","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"modifies gespielt","gloss":"wildly"},{"surface":"gespielt","lemma":"spielen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary hast","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates hast gespielt and bist","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bist","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with müde","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"wohl","lemma":"wohl","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies bist müde","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"müde","lemma":"müde","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of bist","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"komm","lemma":"kommen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"independent imperative","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"dein","lemma":"dein","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine nominative singular","role":"determiner of Tikar","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Tikar","lemma":"Tikar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, nominative","role":"subject of harret","gloss":"bed","note":"Tikar is a Malay loanword for a woven sleeping mat."},{"surface":"harret","lemma":"harren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"awaits"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"h14-s262","source":"--Ach, Mutter, lass mich noch 'nen Augenblick! Es is so sanft zu ruhen hier... und dort, Da drin auf meiner Matte, schlaf' ich gleich, Und weiss nicht einmal was ich träume!","translation":"— Ah, Mother, let me stay a little longer! It is so soft to rest here ... and over there, on my mat indoors, I fall asleep at once, and do not even know what I am dreaming!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s262.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ach","lemma":"ach","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Mutter","lemma":"Mutter","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, vocative","role":"form of address","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"lass","lemma":"lassen","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular","role":"main verb of command","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"mich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of lass","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lass","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"nen","lemma":"ein","morphology":"indefinite article, masculine accusative singular, colloquial contraction","role":"determiner of Augenblick","gloss":"a","note":"Colloquial contraction of einen after an omitted apostrophe."},{"surface":"Augenblick","lemma":"Augenblick","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"adverbial duration with lass","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"Es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular, colloquial form","role":"copula linking Es to sanft","gloss":"is","note":"Colloquial shortening of ist."},{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sanft","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"sanft","lemma":"sanft","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"zu","lemma":"zu","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks ruhen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ruhen","lemma":"ruhen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive subject of is","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ruhen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links hier and dort","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dort","lemma":"dort","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with hier","gloss":"over there"},{"surface":"Da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schlaf","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"drin","lemma":"drin","morphology":"adverb, colloquial","role":"modifies schlaf","gloss":"indoors"},{"surface":"auf","lemma":"auf","morphology":"preposition, dative","role":"introduces meiner Matte","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"meiner","lemma":"mein","morphology":"possessive determiner, feminine dative singular","role":"determiner of Matte","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Matte","lemma":"Matte","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, dative","role":"object of auf","gloss":"mat"},{"surface":"schlaf","lemma":"schlafen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular, elided","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"fall asleep","note":"The final -e is elided in schlaf'."},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of schlaf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gleich","lemma":"gleich","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schlaf","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links schlaf and weiss","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"weiss","lemma":"wissen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular, historical spelling","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"know","note":"Weiss is the pre-1901 spelling of weiß."},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negative particle","role":"negates weiss","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"einmal","lemma":"einmal","morphology":"adverb","role":"strengthens nicht","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"was","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, neuter singular, accusative","role":"direct object of träume","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of träume","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"träume","lemma":"träumen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"am dreaming"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"h14-s263","source":"Hier Kann ich doch gleich dir sagen was ich träume.","translation":"Here I can tell you right away what I am dreaming.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sagen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Kann","lemma":"können","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite modal governing sagen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of Kann","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"modal particle","role":"emphasizes the possibility","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"gleich","lemma":"gleich","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sagen","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"dir","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of sagen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"sagen","lemma":"sagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by Kann","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"was","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, neuter singular, accusative","role":"direct object of träume","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of träume","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"träume","lemma":"träumen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"am dreaming"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"h14-s264","source":"Und fragen was mein Traum bedeutet... hör, Was war das?","translation":"And ask what my dream means ... hark, what was that?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links fragen to preceding sagen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fragen","lemma":"fragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"second infinitive governed by Kann","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"was","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, neuter singular, accusative","role":"direct object of bedeutet","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"mein","lemma":"mein","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine nominative singular","role":"determiner of Traum","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Traum","lemma":"Traum","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, nominative","role":"subject of bedeutet","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"bedeutet","lemma":"bedeuten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"hör","lemma":"hören","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular, elided","role":"command","gloss":"hark","note":"The final -e is omitted in the informal imperative hör."},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"was","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"predicative complement of war","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"war","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, preterite, third-person singular","role":"copula linking das and Was","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of war","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"h14-s265","source":"--'s War ein Klapper der da fiel. --Thut das dem Klapper weh?","translation":"— It was a coconut that fell. — Does that hurt the coconut?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s265.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"'s","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, nominative, contracted","role":"subject of War","gloss":"it","note":"Contraction of es in 's War."},{"surface":"War","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, preterite, third-person singular","role":"copula linking 's and Klapper","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"indefinite article, masculine nominative singular","role":"determiner of Klapper","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Klapper","lemma":"Klapper","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, nominative","role":"predicative complement of War","gloss":"coconut","note":"In colonial German here, Klapper means a coconut."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine nominative singular","role":"subject of fiel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fiel","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"fiel","lemma":"fallen","morphology":"verb, preterite, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"Thut","lemma":"tun","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular, historical spelling","role":"finite verb in question","gloss":"does","note":"Thut is an older spelling of tut."},{"surface":"das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of Thut","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of Klapper","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Klapper","lemma":"Klapper","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, dative","role":"indirect object of Thut","gloss":"coconut"},{"surface":"weh","lemma":"weh","morphology":"adverbial complement","role":"completes weh thun","gloss":"hurt"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"h14-s266","source":"--Ich glaube nicht. Man sagt, die Frucht, der Stein, hat kein Gefühl.","translation":"— I think not. They say the fruit, the nut, has no feeling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of glaube","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"glaube","lemma":"glauben","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negative particle","role":"negates implied proposition","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Man","lemma":"man","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sagt","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"sagt","lemma":"sagen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"definite article, feminine nominative singular","role":"determiner of Frucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Frucht","lemma":"Frucht","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, nominative","role":"subject of hat","gloss":"fruit"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, masculine nominative singular","role":"determiner of Stein","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Stein","lemma":"Stein","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, nominative","role":"apposition to Frucht","gloss":"nut"},{"surface":"hat","lemma":"haben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of reported clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"kein","lemma":"kein","morphology":"negative determiner, neuter accusative singular","role":"determiner of Gefühl","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Gefühl","lemma":"Gefühl","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, accusative","role":"direct object of hat","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"h14-s267","source":"--Doch eine Blume, fühlt die auch nicht?","translation":"— But a flower, does it not feel either?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s267.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts with prior statement","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"eine","lemma":"ein","morphology":"indefinite article, feminine nominative singular","role":"determiner of Blume","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Blume","lemma":"Blume","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, nominative","role":"left-dislocated topic","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"fühlt","lemma":"fühlen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of question","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, feminine singular, nominative","role":"subject of fühlt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"auch","lemma":"auch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nicht","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negative particle","role":"negates fühlt","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"h14-s268","source":"--Nein, Man sagt, sie fühle nicht. --Warum denn, Mutter, Als gestern ich die Pukul ampat brach Hast du gesagt: es thut der Blume weh?","translation":"— No, they say it does not feel. — Then why, Mother, when yesterday I broke the pukul ampat, did you say: it hurts the flower?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s268.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nein","lemma":"nein","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Man","lemma":"man","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sagt","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"sagt","lemma":"sagen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"personal pronoun, feminine singular, nominative","role":"subject of fühle","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"fühle","lemma":"fühlen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive I, third-person singular","role":"verb of indirect speech","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negative particle","role":"negates fühle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Warum","lemma":"warum","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"questions gesagt","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"denn","lemma":"denn","morphology":"modal particle","role":"adds questioning emphasis","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Mutter","lemma":"Mutter","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, vocative","role":"form of address","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"gestern","lemma":"gestern","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brach","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of brach","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"definite article, feminine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Pukul ampat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Pukul","lemma":"Pukul","morphology":"foreign noun, feminine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of brach","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"ampat","lemma":"empat","morphology":"foreign numeral, historical spelling","role":"part of compound Pukul ampat","gloss":"four","note":"Malay pukul ampat names the four-o'clock flower."},{"surface":"brach","lemma":"brechen","morphology":"verb, preterite, first-person singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"Hast","lemma":"haben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gesagt","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of Hast","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gesagt","lemma":"sagen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"part of perfect hast gesagt","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of thut","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"thut","lemma":"tun","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular, historical spelling","role":"verb of quoted clause","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, feminine dative singular","role":"determiner of Blume","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Blume","lemma":"Blume","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, dative","role":"dative experiencer of thut weh","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"weh","lemma":"weh","morphology":"adverbial complement","role":"completes thut weh","gloss":"hurt"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"h14-s269","source":"--Mein Kind, die Pukul ampat war so schön Du zogst die zarten Blättchen roh entzwei, Das that mir für die arme Blume leid. Wenn gleich die Blume selbst es nicht gefühlt, Ich fühlt' es für die Blume, weil sie schön war.","translation":"— My child, the pukul ampat was so lovely; you tore the tender little petals roughly in two, and that grieved me for the poor flower. Even though the flower itself felt nothing, I felt it for the flower, because it was lovely.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s269.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mein","lemma":"mein","morphology":"possessive determiner, neuter vocative singular","role":"determiner of Kind","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Kind","lemma":"Kind","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, vocative","role":"form of address","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"definite article, feminine nominative singular","role":"determiner of Pukul ampat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Pukul","lemma":"Pukul","morphology":"foreign noun, feminine singular, nominative","role":"subject of war","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"ampat","lemma":"empat","morphology":"foreign numeral, historical spelling","role":"part of compound Pukul ampat","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"war","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, preterite, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Pukul ampat and schön","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schön","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"schön","lemma":"schön","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of war","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"Du","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zogst","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zogst","lemma":"ziehen","morphology":"verb, preterite, second-person singular","role":"finite base of zogst entzwei","gloss":"pulled"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"definite article, neuter accusative plural","role":"determiner of Blättchen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zarten","lemma":"zart","morphology":"adjective, neuter accusative plural","role":"modifies Blättchen","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"Blättchen","lemma":"Blättchen","morphology":"noun, neuter plural, accusative","role":"direct object of zogst","gloss":"little petals"},{"surface":"roh","lemma":"roh","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zogst","gloss":"roughly"},{"surface":"entzwei","lemma":"entzwei","morphology":"resultative adverb","role":"completes zogst ... entzwei","gloss":"in two"},{"surface":"Das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of that","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"that","lemma":"tun","morphology":"verb, preterite, third-person singular, historical spelling","role":"finite base of that ... leid","gloss":"did","note":"That is the older spelling of tat."},{"surface":"mir","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, dative","role":"dative experiencer of that leid","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"für","lemma":"für","morphology":"preposition, accusative","role":"introduces die arme Blume","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"definite article, feminine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Blume","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, feminine accusative singular","role":"modifies Blume","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"Blume","lemma":"Blume","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, accusative","role":"object of für","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"leid","lemma":"leid","morphology":"adverbial complement","role":"completes that ... leid","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"Wenn","lemma":"wenngleich","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, split spelling","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"even","note":"Wenn gleich is the older split spelling of wenngleich."},{"surface":"gleich","lemma":"wenngleich","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, second element","role":"completes Wenn gleich","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"definite article, feminine nominative singular","role":"determiner of Blume","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Blume","lemma":"Blume","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, nominative","role":"subject of gefühlt","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"selbst","lemma":"selbst","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"emphasizes Blume","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, accusative","role":"direct object of gefühlt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negative particle","role":"negates gefühlt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gefühlt","lemma":"fühlen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"Ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of fühlt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"fühlt","lemma":"fühlen","morphology":"verb, preterite, first-person singular, elided","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, accusative","role":"direct object of fühlt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"für","lemma":"für","morphology":"preposition, accusative","role":"introduces die Blume","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"definite article, feminine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Blume","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Blume","lemma":"Blume","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, accusative","role":"object of für","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"weil","lemma":"weil","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"personal pronoun, feminine singular, nominative","role":"subject of war","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"schön","lemma":"schön","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of war","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"war","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, preterite, third-person singular","role":"copula linking sie and schön","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"h14-s270","source":"--Doch, Mutter, bist du auch schön?","translation":"— But, Mother, are you lovely too?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s270.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Mutter","lemma":"Mutter","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, vocative","role":"form of address","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"bist","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"copula linking du and schön","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of bist","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"auch","lemma":"auch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schön","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"schön","lemma":"schön","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of bist","gloss":"lovely"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"h14-s271","source":"--Nein, mein Kind, Ich glaube nicht.","translation":"— No, my child, I think not.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nein","lemma":"nein","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"mein","lemma":"mein","morphology":"possessive determiner, neuter vocative singular","role":"determiner of Kind","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Kind","lemma":"Kind","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, vocative","role":"form of address","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"Ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of glaube","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"glaube","lemma":"glauben","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negative particle","role":"negates implied proposition","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"h14-s272","source":"--Allein du hast Gefühl?","translation":"— But you have feeling?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s272.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Allein","lemma":"allein","morphology":"conjunction, archaic","role":"introduces contrasting question","gloss":"but","note":"Allein is used in the older sense “but.”"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of hast","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hast","lemma":"haben","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of question","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Gefühl","lemma":"Gefühl","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, accusative","role":"direct object of hast","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"h14-s273","source":"--Ja, Menschen haben's... doch nicht allen gleich.","translation":"— Yes, people have it ... though not all alike.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s273.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Menschen","lemma":"Mensch","morphology":"noun, masculine plural, nominative","role":"subject of haben's","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"haben's","lemma":"haben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural, contracted object","role":"main verb with contracted es","gloss":"have it","note":"Haben's contracts haben es."},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces qualification","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negative particle","role":"negates allen gleich","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"alle","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, dative plural","role":"dative complement of gleich","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"gleich","lemma":"gleich","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"describes the degree of feeling","gloss":"alike"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"h14-s274","source":"--Und kann dir etwas weh thun? Thut dir's weh, Wenn dir im Schooss so schwer mein Köpfchen ruht?","translation":"— And can anything hurt you? Does it hurt you when my little head rests so heavily in your lap?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s274.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links question to preceding speech","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kann","lemma":"können","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite modal governing thun","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"dir","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, dative","role":"dative experiencer of weh thun","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"etwas","lemma":"etwas","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of kann","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"weh","lemma":"weh","morphology":"adverbial complement","role":"completes weh thun","gloss":"hurt"},{"surface":"thun","lemma":"tun","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitive governed by kann","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"Thut","lemma":"tun","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular, historical spelling","role":"main verb of question","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"dir's","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, dative, contracted subject","role":"dative experiencer plus contracted es","gloss":"it to you","note":"Dir's contracts dir es."},{"surface":"weh","lemma":"weh","morphology":"adverbial complement","role":"completes Thut ... weh","gloss":"hurt"},{"surface":"Wenn","lemma":"wenn","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"dir","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, dative","role":"possessive dative with im Schooss","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"im","lemma":"in dem","morphology":"preposition and article contraction, dative","role":"introduces Schooss","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"Schooss","lemma":"Schoß","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, dative, historical spelling","role":"object of im","gloss":"lap","note":"Schooss is the pre-1901 spelling of Schoß."},{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schwer","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"schwer","lemma":"schwer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ruht","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"mein","lemma":"mein","morphology":"possessive determiner, neuter nominative singular","role":"determiner of Köpfchen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Köpfchen","lemma":"Köpfchen","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of ruht","gloss":"little head"},{"surface":"ruht","lemma":"ruhen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"rests"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"h14-s275","source":"--Nein, das thut mir nicht weh!","translation":"— No, that does not hurt me!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s275.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nein","lemma":"nein","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of thut","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"thut","lemma":"tun","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular, historical spelling","role":"finite verb of clause","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"mir","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, dative","role":"dative experiencer of thut weh","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negative particle","role":"negates thut weh","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weh","lemma":"weh","morphology":"adverbial complement","role":"completes thut ... weh","gloss":"hurt"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"h14-s276","source":"--Und, Mutter, ich... Hab' ich Gefühl?","translation":"— And, Mother, do I ... do I have feeling?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s276.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"continues the dialogue","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Mutter","lemma":"Mutter","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, vocative","role":"form of address","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"hesitant topic before question","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Hab","lemma":"haben","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular, elided","role":"main verb of question","gloss":"do have","note":"The final -e is elided in Hab'."},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of Hab","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Gefühl","lemma":"Gefühl","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, accusative","role":"direct object of Hab","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"h14-s277","source":"--Gewis! Erinn're dich Wie du, gestrauchelt einst, an einem Stein Dein Händchen hast verwundet, und geweint.","translation":"— Surely! Remember how you, having once stumbled against a stone, wounded your little hand, and wept.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s277.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Gewis","lemma":"gewiss","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"surely","note":"Gewis is an older spelling of gewiss."},{"surface":"Erinn're","lemma":"erinnern","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular, elided","role":"main verb of command","gloss":"remember","note":"Erinn're is a poetic contraction of erinnere."},{"surface":"dich","lemma":"du","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, second-person singular, accusative","role":"reflexive object of Erinn're","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces remembered clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of hast","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gestrauchelt","lemma":"straucheln","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial clause modifying du","gloss":"having stumbled"},{"surface":"einst","lemma":"einst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestrauchelt","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"an","lemma":"an","morphology":"preposition, dative","role":"introduces einem Stein","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"einem","lemma":"ein","morphology":"indefinite article, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of Stein","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Stein","lemma":"Stein","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, dative","role":"object of an","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"Dein","lemma":"dein","morphology":"possessive determiner, neuter accusative singular","role":"determiner of Händchen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Händchen","lemma":"Händchen","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, accusative","role":"direct object of verwundet","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"hast","lemma":"haben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of verwundet and geweint","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"verwundet","lemma":"verwunden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first participle governed by hast","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links verwundet and geweint","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geweint","lemma":"weinen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"second participle governed by hast","gloss":"wept"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"h14-s278","source":"Auch weintest du, als Saudien dir erzählte Dass auf den Hügeln dort, ein Schäflein tief In eine Schlucht hinunter fiel, und starb. Da hast du lang geweint... das war Gefühl.","translation":"You wept too when Saudien told you that up on the hills yonder a little lamb fell deep down into a ravine, and died. You wept a long while then ... that was feeling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s278.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Auch","lemma":"auch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weintest","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"weintest","lemma":"weinen","morphology":"verb, past, second-person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of weintest","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Saudien","lemma":"Saudien","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of erzählte","gloss":"Saudien"},{"surface":"dir","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, second-person singular","role":"indirect object of erzählte","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"erzählte","lemma":"erzählen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"Dass","lemma":"dass","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"auf","lemma":"auf","morphology":"preposition with dative","role":"marks location on Hügeln","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, dative plural","role":"determiner of Hügeln","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hügeln","lemma":"Hügel","morphology":"noun, masculine, dative plural","role":"object of auf","gloss":"hills"},{"surface":"dort","lemma":"dort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fiel","gloss":"yonder"},{"surface":"ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"indefinite article, nominative neuter singular","role":"determiner of Schäflein","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Schäflein","lemma":"Schäflein","morphology":"noun, neuter, nominative singular, diminutive","role":"subject of fiel and starb","gloss":"little lamb"},{"surface":"tief","lemma":"tief","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hinunter fiel","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition with accusative","role":"marks direction into Schlucht","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"eine","lemma":"ein","morphology":"indefinite article, accusative feminine singular","role":"determiner of Schlucht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Schlucht","lemma":"Schlucht","morphology":"noun, feminine, accusative singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"ravine"},{"surface":"hinunter","lemma":"hinunter","morphology":"directional adverb","role":"modifies fiel","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"fiel","lemma":"fallen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of content clause","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates fiel and starb","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"starb","lemma":"sterben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with fiel","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"Da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hast geweint","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"hast","lemma":"haben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of geweint","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of hast geweint","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweint","gloss":"a long while"},{"surface":"geweint","lemma":"weinen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with hast","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of war","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"war","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking das and Gefühl","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Gefühl","lemma":"Gefühl","morphology":"noun, neuter, nominative singular","role":"predicative complement of war","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"h14-s279","source":"--Doch, Mutter, ist Gefühl denn Schmerz? --Ja, oft!","translation":"— But, Mother, is feeling then pain? — Yes, often!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s279.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle introducing objection","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Mutter","lemma":"Mutter","morphology":"noun, feminine, vocative singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"ist","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Gefühl and Schmerz","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Gefühl","lemma":"Gefühl","morphology":"noun, neuter, nominative singular","role":"subject of ist","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"denn","lemma":"denn","morphology":"modal particle","role":"marks questioning inference","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Schmerz","lemma":"Schmerz","morphology":"noun, masculine, nominative singular","role":"predicative complement of ist","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"response particle","role":"affirmative answer","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"oft","lemma":"oft","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical modifier of ist Schmerz","gloss":"often"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"h14-s280","source":"Doch... immer nicht, bisweilen nicht! Du weisst, Wenn's Schwesterlein dir in die Haare greift, Und krähend dir 's Gesichtchen nahe drückt, Dann lachst du freudig, das ist auch Gefühl.","translation":"But ... not always, sometimes not! You know, when your little sister grabs you by the hair, and crowing presses her little face close to yours, then you laugh for joy — that is feeling too.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s280.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle correcting prior answer","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"immer","lemma":"immer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modified by nicht","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation particle","role":"negates immer","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bisweilen","lemma":"bisweilen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical ist Schmerz","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation particle","role":"negates elliptical ist Schmerz","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Du","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of weisst","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weisst","lemma":"wissen","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"know","note":"Historical spelling of modern weißt."},{"surface":"Wenn's","lemma":"wenn","morphology":"subordinating conjunction plus definite article das","role":"introduces temporal clause; article determines Schwesterlein","gloss":"when the"},{"surface":"Schwesterlein","lemma":"Schwesterlein","morphology":"noun, neuter, nominative singular, diminutive","role":"subject of greift and drückt","gloss":"little sister"},{"surface":"dir","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, second-person singular","role":"possessor affected by greift","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition with accusative","role":"marks target of greift","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, accusative plural","role":"determiner of Haare","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Haare","lemma":"Haar","morphology":"noun, neuter, accusative plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"greift","lemma":"greifen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"grabs"},{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates greift and drückt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"krähend","lemma":"krähen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial modifier of drückt","gloss":"crowing"},{"surface":"dir","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, second-person singular","role":"dative complement of nahe","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"das","morphology":"definite article, accusative neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of Gesichtchen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gesichtchen","lemma":"Gesichtchen","morphology":"noun, neuter, accusative singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of drückt","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"nahe","lemma":"nahe","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"result complement of drückt","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"drückt","lemma":"drücken","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated verb of temporal clause","gloss":"presses"},{"surface":"Dann","lemma":"dann","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks result clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"lachst","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of lachst","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"freudig","lemma":"freudig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lachst","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of ist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ist","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking das and Gefühl","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"auch","lemma":"auch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Gefühl","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Gefühl","lemma":"Gefühl","morphology":"noun, neuter, nominative singular","role":"predicative complement of ist","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"h14-s281","source":"--Und dann mein Schwesterlein... es weint so oft, Ist das vor Schmerz? Hat sie denn auch Gefühl?","translation":"— And then my little sister ... she cries so often, is that from pain? Has she feeling too, then?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s281.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"continues the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dann","lemma":"dann","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse modifier","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"mein","lemma":"mein","morphology":"possessive determiner, nominative neuter singular","role":"determiner of Schwesterlein","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Schwesterlein","lemma":"Schwesterlein","morphology":"noun, neuter, nominative singular, diminutive","role":"left-dislocated topic resumed by es","gloss":"little sister"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of weint","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"weint","lemma":"weinen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"intensifies oft","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"oft","lemma":"oft","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weint","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"Ist","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula in question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of ist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vor","lemma":"vor","morphology":"preposition with dative","role":"marks cause of crying","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Schmerz","lemma":"Schmerz","morphology":"noun, masculine, dative singular","role":"object of vor","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"Hat","lemma":"haben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of question","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative feminine singular","role":"subject of Hat","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"denn","lemma":"denn","morphology":"modal particle","role":"marks follow-up question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"auch","lemma":"auch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Hat","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Gefühl","lemma":"Gefühl","morphology":"noun, neuter, accusative singular","role":"direct object of Hat","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"h14-s282","source":"--Vielleicht, mein Kind, wir wissen's aber nicht, Weil sie, so klein, es noch nicht sagen kann.","translation":"— Perhaps, my child, but we do not know it, because she, so small, cannot yet say so.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s282.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vielleicht","lemma":"vielleicht","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical answer modifier","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"mein","lemma":"mein","morphology":"possessive determiner, vocative neuter singular","role":"determiner of Kind","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Kind","lemma":"Kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, vocative singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"wir","lemma":"wir","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person plural","role":"subject of wissen's","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"wissen's","lemma":"wissen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person plural plus pronoun es","role":"main verb with contracted direct object","gloss":"know it","note":"Contraction of wissen es."},{"surface":"aber","lemma":"aber","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links qualification to Vielleicht","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation particle","role":"negates wissen's","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Weil","lemma":"weil","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative feminine singular","role":"subject of sagen kann","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"intensifies klein","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"parenthetical description of sie","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative neuter singular","role":"direct object of sagen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"adverb","role":"with nicht, modifies sagen kann","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation particle","role":"negates sagen kann","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sagen","lemma":"sagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kann","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"kann","lemma":"können","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of causal clause","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"h14-s283","source":"--Doch, Mutter... höre, was war das?","translation":"— But, Mother ... hark, what was that?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s283.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Mutter","lemma":"Mutter","morphology":"noun, feminine, vocative singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"höre","lemma":"hören","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular","role":"imperative parenthetical","gloss":"hark"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"was","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"predicative complement of war","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"war","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking das and was","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of war","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"h14-s284","source":"--Ein Hirsch Der sich verspätet im Gebüsch, und jetzt Mit Eile heimwärts kehrt, und Ruhe sucht Bei andren Hirschen die ihm lieb sind.","translation":"— A stag that lingered too long in the thicket, and now hurries homeward, and seeks rest among other stags that are dear to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s284.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"indefinite article, nominative masculine singular","role":"determiner of Hirsch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Hirsch","lemma":"Hirsch","morphology":"noun, masculine, nominative singular","role":"elliptical answer; antecedent of Der","gloss":"stag"},{"surface":"Der","lemma":"der","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative masculine singular","role":"subject of verspätet, kehrt, and sucht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative, third-person singular","role":"reflexive object of verspätet","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"verspätet","lemma":"verspäten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"lingers too long"},{"surface":"im","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition with dative plus definite article","role":"marks location in Gebüsch","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"Gebüsch","lemma":"Gebüsch","morphology":"noun, neuter, dative singular","role":"object of im","gloss":"thicket"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates verspätet and kehrt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"jetzt","lemma":"jetzt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kehrt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition with dative","role":"introduces manner phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Eile","lemma":"Eile","morphology":"noun, feminine, dative singular","role":"object of Mit","gloss":"haste"},{"surface":"heimwärts","lemma":"heimwärts","morphology":"directional adverb","role":"modifies kehrt","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"kehrt","lemma":"kehren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated verb of relative clause","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kehrt and sucht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ruhe","lemma":"Ruhe","morphology":"noun, feminine, accusative singular","role":"direct object of sucht","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"sucht","lemma":"suchen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated verb of relative clause","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"Bei","lemma":"bei","morphology":"preposition with dative","role":"marks company where rest is sought","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"andren","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, dative masculine plural","role":"modifies Hirschen","gloss":"other","note":"Poetic contraction of anderen."},{"surface":"Hirschen","lemma":"Hirsch","morphology":"noun, masculine, dative plural","role":"object of Bei","gloss":"stags"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative masculine plural","role":"subject of sind","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ihm","lemma":"er","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative masculine singular","role":"dative complement of lieb","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"lieb","lemma":"lieb","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of sind","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"sind","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"copula linking die and lieb","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"h14-s285","source":"--Mutter, Hat solch ein Hirsch ein Schwesterlein wie ich? Und eine Mutter auch?","translation":"— Mother, has such a stag a little sister like me? And a mother too?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s285.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mutter","lemma":"Mutter","morphology":"noun, feminine, vocative singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"Hat","lemma":"haben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of question","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"solch","lemma":"solch","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, nominative masculine singular","role":"determiner of Hirsch","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"indefinite article, nominative masculine singular","role":"determiner of Hirsch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Hirsch","lemma":"Hirsch","morphology":"noun, masculine, nominative singular","role":"subject of Hat","gloss":"stag"},{"surface":"ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"indefinite article, accusative neuter singular","role":"determiner of Schwesterlein","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Schwesterlein","lemma":"Schwesterlein","morphology":"noun, neuter, accusative singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of Hat","gloss":"little sister"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with ich","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"elliptical subject in comparison","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated elliptical question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eine","lemma":"ein","morphology":"indefinite article, accusative feminine singular","role":"determiner of Mutter","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Mutter","lemma":"Mutter","morphology":"noun, feminine, accusative singular","role":"second direct object of elliptical Hat","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"auch","lemma":"auch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical Hat","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"h14-s286","source":"--Ich weiss nicht, Kind.","translation":"— I do not know, child.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of weiss","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weiss","lemma":"wissen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation particle","role":"negates weiss","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Kind","lemma":"Kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, vocative singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"h14-s287","source":"--Das würde traurig sein, wenn's nicht so wäre!","translation":"— That would be sad, if it were not so!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s287.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of würde sein","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"würde","lemma":"werden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, subjunctive II, third-person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of sein","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"traurig","lemma":"traurig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of sein","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"sein","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of würde","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"wenn's","lemma":"wenn","morphology":"subordinating conjunction plus pronoun es","role":"introduces conditional clause; es is subject of wäre","gloss":"if it","note":"Contraction of wenn es."},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation particle","role":"negates wäre","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of wäre","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"wäre","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, subjunctive II, third-person singular","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"h14-s288","source":"Doch, Mutter, seh'... was schimmert dort im Strauch? Seh' wie es hüpft und tanzt... ist das ein Funk?","translation":"But, Mother, look ... what is shimmering there in the bush? Look how it hops and dances ... is that a spark?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s288.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Mutter","lemma":"Mutter","morphology":"noun, feminine, vocative singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"seh","lemma":"sehen","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular, elided","role":"imperative main verb","gloss":"look","note":"Elided form of the imperative sehe."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"was","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of schimmert","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"schimmert","lemma":"schimmern","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of question","gloss":"is shimmering"},{"surface":"dort","lemma":"dort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schimmert","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"im","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition with dative plus definite article","role":"marks location in Strauch","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"Strauch","lemma":"Strauch","morphology":"noun, masculine, dative singular","role":"object of im","gloss":"bush"},{"surface":"Seh","lemma":"sehen","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular, elided","role":"imperative main verb","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces manner clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of hüpft and tanzt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hüpft","lemma":"hüpfen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of manner clause","gloss":"hops"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates hüpft and tanzt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tanzt","lemma":"tanzen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with hüpft","gloss":"dances"},{"surface":"ist","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula in question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of ist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"indefinite article, nominative masculine singular","role":"determiner of Funk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Funk","lemma":"Funke","morphology":"noun, masculine, nominative singular, poetic form","role":"predicative complement of ist","gloss":"spark","note":"Poetic shortened form of Funke."}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"h14-s289","source":"--'s Ist eine Feuerfliege.","translation":"— It is a firefly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s289.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"'s","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative neuter singular, contracted","role":"subject of Ist","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Ist","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking 's and Feuerfliege","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"eine","lemma":"ein","morphology":"indefinite article, nominative feminine singular","role":"determiner of Feuerfliege","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Feuerfliege","lemma":"Feuerfliege","morphology":"noun, feminine, nominative singular","role":"predicative complement of Ist","gloss":"firefly"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"h14-s290","source":"--Darf ich 's fangen?","translation":"— May I catch it?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s290.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Darf","lemma":"dürfen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of question","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of Darf fangen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative neuter singular, contracted","role":"direct object of fangen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"fangen","lemma":"fangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of Darf","gloss":"catch"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"h14-s291","source":"--Du darfst es, doch das Flieglein ist so zart, Du wirst gewiss es weh thun, und sobald Du 's mit den Fingern all zu roh berührst, Ist 's Thierchen krank, und stirbt, und glänzt nicht mehr.","translation":"— You may, but the little fly is so delicate, you will surely hurt it, and as soon as you touch it with your fingers all too roughly, the little creature falls ill, and dies, and shines no more.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s291.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Du","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of darfst","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"darfst","lemma":"dürfen","morphology":"modal verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb with omitted fangen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative neuter singular","role":"direct object of omitted fangen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, nominative neuter singular","role":"determiner of Flieglein","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Flieglein","lemma":"Flieglein","morphology":"noun, neuter, nominative singular, diminutive","role":"subject of ist","gloss":"little fly"},{"surface":"ist","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Flieglein and zart","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"intensifies zart","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zart","lemma":"zart","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ist","gloss":"delicate"},{"surface":"Du","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of wirst thun","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wirst","lemma":"werden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"future auxiliary of thun","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"gewiss","lemma":"gewiss","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wirst thun","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative neuter singular","role":"indirect object of weh thun","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"weh","lemma":"weh","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms weh thun with thun","gloss":"hurt"},{"surface":"thun","lemma":"tun","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitive complement of wirst; forms weh thun","gloss":"do","note":"Historical spelling of tun; weh tun means “to hurt.”"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result construction","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sobald","lemma":"sobald","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal condition","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"Du","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of berührst","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative neuter singular, contracted","role":"direct object of berührst","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition with dative","role":"introduces instrument phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, dative plural","role":"determiner of Fingern","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Fingern","lemma":"Finger","morphology":"noun, masculine, dative plural","role":"object of mit","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"all","lemma":"all","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies zu roh","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"zu","lemma":"zu","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"intensifies roh","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"roh","lemma":"roh","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies berührst","gloss":"roughly"},{"surface":"berührst","lemma":"berühren","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"touch"},{"surface":"Ist","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula in result clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"das","morphology":"definite article, nominative neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of Thierchen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Thierchen","lemma":"Tierchen","morphology":"noun, neuter, nominative singular, diminutive, historical spelling","role":"subject of Ist, stirbt, and glänzt","gloss":"little creature","note":"Historical spelling of Tierchen."},{"surface":"krank","lemma":"krank","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of Ist","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Ist and stirbt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stirbt","lemma":"sterben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with Ist","gloss":"dies"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates stirbt and glänzt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"glänzt","lemma":"glänzen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with stirbt","gloss":"shines"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation particle","role":"with mehr, negates glänzt","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"mehr","lemma":"mehr","morphology":"adverb","role":"with nicht, modifies glänzt","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"h14-s292","source":"--Das wäre Schade! Nein, ich fang' es nicht!","translation":"— That would be a pity! No, I shall not catch it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s292.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of wäre","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wäre","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, subjunctive II, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Das to Schade","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"Schade","lemma":"schade","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate adjective after wäre","gloss":"a pity"},{"surface":"Nein","lemma":"nein","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative first-person singular","role":"subject of fang","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"fang","lemma":"fangen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular, elided ending","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"shall catch"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative neuter singular","role":"direct object of fang","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation adverb","role":"negates fang","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"h14-s293","source":"Seh', da verschwand es... nein, es kommt hierher...","translation":"Look, there it vanished ... no, it is coming this way ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s293.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Seh","lemma":"sehen","morphology":"verb, imperative singular, elided ending","role":"imperative introducing the observation","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of verschwand","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"verschwand","lemma":"verschwinden","morphology":"verb, preterite, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of verschwand","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nein","lemma":"nein","morphology":"interjection","role":"corrects the preceding observation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of kommt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kommt","lemma":"kommen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is coming"},{"surface":"hierher","lemma":"hierher","morphology":"directional adverb","role":"directional complement of kommt","gloss":"this way"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"h14-s294","source":"Ich fang' es doch nicht! Wieder fliegt es fort, Und freut sich dass ich's nicht gefangen habe!","translation":"I shall not catch it after all! Again it flies away, and is glad that I have not caught it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s294.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative first-person singular","role":"subject of fang","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"fang","lemma":"fangen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular, elided ending","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"shall catch"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative neuter singular","role":"direct object of fang","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"modal particle","role":"adds a corrective sense to the negation","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation adverb","role":"negates fang","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Wieder","lemma":"wieder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fliegt","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"fliegt","lemma":"fliegen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"flies"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of fliegt and freut","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"fort","lemma":"fort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of fliegt ... fort","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates freut with fliegt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"freut","lemma":"freuen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with fliegt","gloss":"is glad"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative third-person singular","role":"reflexive object of freut","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"dass","lemma":"dass","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of freut sich","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ich's","lemma":"ich es","morphology":"pronoun contraction, nominative first-person singular plus accusative neuter singular","role":"subject and direct object of gefangen habe","gloss":"I it"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation adverb","role":"negates gefangen habe","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gefangen","lemma":"fangen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle forming the perfect with habe","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"habe","lemma":"haben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gefangen","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"h14-s295","source":"Da fliegt es... hoch! Hoch, oben... was ist das, Sind das auch Feuerflieglein dort?","translation":"There it flies ... high! High, up above ... what is that, are those also little fireflies up there?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s295.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of fliegt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"fliegt","lemma":"fliegen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"flies"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of fliegt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hoch","lemma":"hoch","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of fliegt","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"Hoch","lemma":"hoch","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeated directional exclamation","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"oben","lemma":"oben","morphology":"adverb","role":"clarifies the location expressed by hoch","gloss":"up above"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"was","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"predicate pronoun after ist","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ist","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking das to was","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of ist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Sind","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"copula of the question","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative, number-neutral","role":"subject of Sind","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"auch","lemma":"auch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the identification as Feuerflieglein","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Feuerflieglein","lemma":"Feuerflieglein","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"predicate noun after Sind","gloss":"little fireflies"},{"surface":"dort","lemma":"dort","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of Sind","gloss":"up there"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"h14-s296","source":"--Das sind Die Sterne.","translation":"— Those are the stars.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s296.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative, number-neutral","role":"subject of sind","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"sind","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"copula linking Das to Sterne","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, nominative plural","role":"determiner of Sterne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sterne","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun after sind","gloss":"stars"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"h14-s297","source":"--Ein, und zehn, und tausend!","translation":"— One, and ten, and a thousand!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s297.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ein","lemma":"eins","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"first item in the enumeration","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zehn with Ein","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zehn","lemma":"zehn","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"second item in the enumeration","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates tausend with the preceding numerals","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tausend","lemma":"tausend","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"final item in the enumeration","gloss":"a thousand"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"h14-s298","source":"Wieviel sind denn wohl da?","translation":"How many are there, then?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s298.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wieviel","lemma":"wie viel","morphology":"interrogative quantifier","role":"interrogative subject of sind","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"sind","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"denn","lemma":"denn","morphology":"modal particle","role":"marks the question as arising from the conversation","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"wohl","lemma":"wohl","morphology":"modal particle","role":"expresses wondering or approximation","gloss":"I wonder"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of sind","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"h14-s299","source":"--Ich weiss es nicht Der Sterne Zahl hat Niemand noch gezählt.","translation":"— I do not know; the number of the stars no one has yet counted.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s299.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative first-person singular","role":"subject of weiss","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weiss","lemma":"wissen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative neuter singular","role":"direct object of weiss","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation adverb","role":"negates weiss","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Der","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, genitive plural","role":"determiner of Sterne","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Sterne","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive plural","role":"genitive modifier of Zahl","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"Zahl","lemma":"Zahl","morphology":"noun, feminine, accusative singular","role":"direct object of gezählt","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"hat","lemma":"haben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gezählt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"Niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of hat gezählt","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hat gezählt","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"gezählt","lemma":"zählen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle forming the perfect with hat","gloss":"counted"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"h14-s300","source":"--Sag', Mutter, zählt auch Er die Sterne nicht?","translation":"— Tell me, Mother, does He not count the stars either?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s300.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sag","lemma":"sagen","morphology":"verb, imperative singular, elided ending","role":"imperative requesting an answer","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"Mutter","lemma":"Mutter","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative addressed by Sag","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"zählt","lemma":"zählen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"does count"},{"surface":"auch","lemma":"auch","morphology":"adverb","role":"with nicht, means not either","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative masculine singular","role":"subject of zählt","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, accusative plural","role":"determiner of Sterne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sterne","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"noun, masculine, accusative plural","role":"direct object of zählt","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation adverb","role":"negates zählt","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"h14-s301","source":"--Nein, liebes Kind, auch Er nicht.","translation":"— No, dear child, not even He.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s301.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nein","lemma":"nein","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"liebes","lemma":"lieb","morphology":"adjective, vocative neuter singular, strong inflection","role":"modifies Kind","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Kind","lemma":"Kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"vocative addressed by the speaker","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"auch","lemma":"auch","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"with nicht, emphasizes Er as also excluded","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative masculine singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation adverb","role":"negates the omitted zählt die Sterne","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"h14-s302","source":"--Is das weit, Dort oben wo die Sterne sind?","translation":"— Is it far, up there where the stars are?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s302.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular, colloquial elision","role":"copula linking das to weit","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"weit","lemma":"weit","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate adjective after Is","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"Dort","lemma":"dort","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative supplement to das","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"oben","lemma":"oben","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Dort","gloss":"up above"},{"surface":"wo","lemma":"wo","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying Dort oben","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, nominative plural","role":"determiner of Sterne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sterne","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"noun, masculine, nominative plural","role":"subject of sind","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"sind","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"h14-s303","source":"--Sehr weit!","translation":"— Very far!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s303.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sehr","lemma":"sehr","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies weit","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"weit","lemma":"weit","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicate answering the question","gloss":"far"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"h14-s304","source":"--Doch haben diese Sterne auch Gefühl?","translation":"— But do these stars have feeling too?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s304.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating adverb","role":"introduces a contrasting question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"haben","lemma":"haben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do have"},{"surface":"diese","lemma":"dieser","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, nominative plural","role":"determiner of Sterne","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"Sterne","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"noun, masculine, nominative plural","role":"subject of haben","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"auch","lemma":"auch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies haben","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Gefühl","lemma":"Gefühl","morphology":"noun, neuter, accusative singular","role":"direct object of haben","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"h14-s305","source":"Und würden sie, wenn ich sie mit der Hand Berührte, gleich erkranken, und den Glanz Verlieren, wie das Flieglein?--Seh', noch schwebt es!","translation":"And would they, if I touched them with my hand, fall ill at once, and lose their glow, like the little fly? — Look, it is still hovering!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s305.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects the question to the preceding one","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"würden","lemma":"werden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, subjunctive II, third-person plural","role":"auxiliary of erkranken and Verlieren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative third-person plural","role":"subject of würden erkranken and Verlieren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"wenn","lemma":"wenn","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative first-person singular","role":"subject of Berührte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative third-person plural","role":"direct object of Berührte","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition governing dative","role":"introduces the instrumental phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, dative feminine singular","role":"determiner of Hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hand","lemma":"Hand","morphology":"noun, feminine, dative singular","role":"object of mit","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"Berührte","lemma":"berühren","morphology":"verb, subjunctive II, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"gleich","lemma":"gleich","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erkranken","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"erkranken","lemma":"erkranken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by würden","gloss":"fall ill"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Verlieren with erkranken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, accusative masculine singular","role":"determiner of Glanz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Glanz","lemma":"Glanz","morphology":"noun, masculine, accusative singular","role":"direct object of Verlieren","gloss":"glow"},{"surface":"Verlieren","lemma":"verlieren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive coordinated with erkranken and governed by würden","gloss":"lose"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces a comparison with the preceding events","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, nominative neuter singular","role":"determiner of Flieglein","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Flieglein","lemma":"Flieglein","morphology":"noun, neuter, nominative singular","role":"subject of the elliptical comparison","gloss":"little fly"},{"surface":"Seh","lemma":"sehen","morphology":"verb, imperative singular, elided ending","role":"imperative introducing the observation","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schwebt","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"schwebt","lemma":"schweben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is hovering"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of schwebt","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"h14-s306","source":"Sag, würd' es auch den Sternen weh thun?","translation":"Tell me, would it hurt the stars too?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s306.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sag","lemma":"sagen","morphology":"verb, imperative singular, elided ending","role":"imperative requesting an answer","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"würd","lemma":"werden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, subjunctive II, third-person singular, elided ending","role":"auxiliary of weh thun","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of würd weh thun","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"auch","lemma":"auch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weh thun","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, dative plural","role":"determiner of Sternen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sternen","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"noun, masculine, dative plural","role":"dative object of weh thun","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"weh","lemma":"weh","morphology":"adverb in fixed verb phrase","role":"forms weh thun with thun","gloss":"hurt"},{"surface":"thun","lemma":"tun","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitive governed by würd in weh thun","gloss":"do","note":"Historical spelling of modern German tun; weh tun means ‘to hurt’."}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"h14-s307","source":"--Nein, Weh thut's den Sternen nicht!","translation":"— No, it does not hurt the stars!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s307.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nein","lemma":"nein","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Weh","lemma":"weh","morphology":"adverb in fixed verb phrase","role":"forms Weh thut with thut's","gloss":"hurt"},{"surface":"thut's","lemma":"tun es","morphology":"verb-pronoun contraction, present third-person singular plus nominative neuter singular, historical spelling","role":"main verb and subject of the clause","gloss":"does it","note":"Historical thut’s corresponds to modern tut es; weh tun means ‘to hurt’."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, dative plural","role":"determiner of Sternen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sternen","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"noun, masculine, dative plural","role":"dative object of Weh thut's","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation adverb","role":"negates Weh thut's","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"h14-s308","source":"Doch 's ist zu weit Für deine kleine Hand: du reichst so hoch nicht. --Kann Er die Sterne fangen mit der Hand?","translation":"But it is too far for your little hand: you cannot reach so high. — Can He catch the stars with His hand?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s308.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating adverb","role":"introduces a contrasting explanation","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative neuter singular, contracted","role":"subject of ist","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ist","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking 's to weit","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zu","lemma":"zu","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies weit","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"weit","lemma":"weit","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate adjective after ist","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"Für","lemma":"für","morphology":"preposition governing accusative","role":"introduces the complement of weit","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"deine","lemma":"dein","morphology":"possessive determiner, accusative feminine singular","role":"determiner of Hand","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, accusative feminine singular, mixed inflection","role":"modifies Hand","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Hand","lemma":"Hand","morphology":"noun, feminine, accusative singular","role":"object of Für","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative second-person singular","role":"subject of reichst","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"reichst","lemma":"reichen","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies hoch","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hoch","lemma":"hoch","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of reichst","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation adverb","role":"negates reichst","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Kann","lemma":"können","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of fangen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative masculine singular","role":"subject of Kann fangen","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, accusative plural","role":"determiner of Sterne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sterne","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"noun, masculine, accusative plural","role":"direct object of fangen","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"fangen","lemma":"fangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by Kann","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition governing dative","role":"introduces the instrumental phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, dative feminine singular","role":"determiner of Hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hand","lemma":"Hand","morphology":"noun, feminine, dative singular","role":"object of mit","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"h14-s309","source":"--Auch Er nicht: das kann Niemand!","translation":"— Not even He: no one can!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s309.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Auch","lemma":"auch","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"with nicht, emphasizes Er as also excluded","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative masculine singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation adverb","role":"negates the omitted kann die Sterne fangen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, accusative neuter singular","role":"direct object of kann","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kann","lemma":"können","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb with an omitted infinitive","gloss":"can do"},{"surface":"Niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of kann","gloss":"no one"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"h14-s310","source":"--Das ist Schade!","translation":"— That is a pity!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s310.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Das","lemma":"das","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of ist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ist","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Das to Schade","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Schade","lemma":"schade","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate adjective after ist","gloss":"a pity"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"h14-s311","source":"Ich gäb so gern dir einen!","translation":"I would so gladly give you one!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s311.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative first-person singular","role":"subject of gäb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gäb","lemma":"geben","morphology":"verb, subjunctive II, first-person singular, elided ending","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies gern","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gern","lemma":"gern","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gäb","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"dir","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative second-person singular","role":"indirect object of gäb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"einen","lemma":"einer","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, accusative masculine singular","role":"direct object of gäb, standing for einen Stern","gloss":"one"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"h14-s312","source":"Wenn ich gross bin, Dann will ich so dich lieben das ich's kann. Das Kind schlief ein.","translation":"When I am grown, then I will love you so that I can do it. The child fell asleep.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s312.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wenn","lemma":"wenn","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative first-person singular","role":"subject of bin","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gross","lemma":"groß","morphology":"adjective, predicative, historical spelling","role":"predicate adjective after bin","gloss":"grown","note":"Historical spelling of modern German groß."},{"surface":"bin","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking ich to gross","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"Dann","lemma":"dann","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the consequence of the wenn-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"will","lemma":"wollen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of lieben","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative first-person singular","role":"subject of will lieben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies lieben and anticipates the result clause","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"dich","lemma":"du","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative second-person singular","role":"direct object of lieben","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"lieben","lemma":"lieben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by will","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"dass","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, historical spelling","role":"introduces the result clause correlated with so","gloss":"that","note":"Here das is the older spelling of the conjunction dass."},{"surface":"ich's","lemma":"ich es","morphology":"pronoun contraction, nominative first-person singular plus accusative neuter singular","role":"subject and direct object of kann","gloss":"I it"},{"surface":"kann","lemma":"können","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb with ich as subject and es as object","gloss":"can do"},{"surface":"Das","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, nominative neuter singular","role":"determiner of Kind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kind","lemma":"Kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, nominative singular","role":"subject of schlief ein","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"schlief","lemma":"schlafen","morphology":"verb, preterite, third-person singular","role":"finite base of schlief ... ein","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"ein","lemma":"einschlafen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of schlief ... ein","gloss":"fell asleep"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"h14-s313","source":"Ihm träumte von Gefühl, Von Sternen die es fasste mit der Hand....","translation":"It dreamed of feeling, of stars that it grasped with its hand ....","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s313.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ihm","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative neuter singular","role":"dative experiencer of träumte","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"träumte","lemma":"träumen","morphology":"verb, preterite, third-person singular","role":"impersonal main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"von","lemma":"von","morphology":"preposition governing dative","role":"introduces the complement of träumte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Gefühl","lemma":"Gefühl","morphology":"noun, neuter, dative singular","role":"object of von","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"Von","lemma":"von","morphology":"preposition governing dative","role":"introduces a second complement of träumte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sternen","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"noun, masculine, dative plural","role":"object of Von and antecedent of die","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative plural","role":"direct object of fasste, referring to Sternen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of fasste","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"fasste","lemma":"fassen","morphology":"verb, preterite, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition governing dative","role":"introduces the instrumental phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, dative feminine singular","role":"determiner of Hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hand","lemma":"Hand","morphology":"noun, feminine, dative singular","role":"object of mit","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"h14-s314","source":"Die Mutter schlief nog lange nicht!","translation":"The mother did not sleep for a long while yet!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s314.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"der","morphology":"definite article, nominative feminine singular","role":"determiner of Mutter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Mutter","lemma":"Mutter","morphology":"noun, feminine, nominative singular","role":"subject of schlief","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"schlief","lemma":"schlafen","morphology":"verb, preterite, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"noch","morphology":"adverb, nonstandard spelling","role":"with lange nicht, means not for a long while yet","gloss":"yet","note":"Nog is a Dutch-influenced spelling here of German noch."},{"surface":"lange","lemma":"lange","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schlief within lange nicht","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"negation adverb","role":"negates schlief","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"h14-s315","source":"Doch träumte Auch sie, und dacht' an den der fern war...","translation":"Yet she too dreamed, and thought of the one who was far away ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s315.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the sentence adversatively to the prior discourse","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"träumte","lemma":"träumen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb; predicate of sie","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"Auch","lemma":"auch","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses sie","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of träumte and dacht'","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates träumte and dacht'","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with träumte","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"an","lemma":"an","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object den of dachte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, accusative, masculine singular","role":"object of an; antecedent of der","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, masculine singular","role":"subject of war","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"fern","lemma":"fern","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of war","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"war","lemma":"sein","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"h14-s316","source":"Ja, op 't gevaar af van bont te schynen, heb ik aan die regels hier plaats gegeven.","translation":"Yes, at the risk of seeming incongruous, I have given those lines a place here.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s316.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"op 't gevaar af van bont te schynen","title":"te + infinitive after a fixed phrase","body":"The set expression 'op gevaar af van … te' ('at the risk of …') governs a te-infinitive: 'te schynen' (period spelling of schijnen, 'to seem'). The risk is named by the infinitive clause that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb ik aan die regels hier plaats gegeven","title":"Present perfect with the participle at the end","body":"'heb … gegeven' is the present perfect of geven: the auxiliary hebben is conjugated in second position and the past participle 'gegeven' is held to the very end of the clause. Note too the inversion 'heb ik' — the verb stays second even though the sentence opens with an adverbial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker affirming the statement","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"begins the fixed phrase op het gevaar af","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of gevaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"risk"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"postposition","role":"completes the fixed phrase op het gevaar af","gloss":"toward","note":"The fixed phrase “op het gevaar af” means “at the risk.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause modifying gevaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bont","lemma":"bont","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement with schijnen","gloss":"incongruous"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks schijnen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schynen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of van","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of heb gegeven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks die regels as recipient of plaats","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of regels","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"regels","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegeven","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"a place"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with heb","gloss":"given"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"h14-s317","source":"Ik wensch geen gelegenheid te verzuimen om den man te doen kennen die de hoofdrol vervult in myn verhaal, opdat hy den lezer eenig belang inboezeme wanneer later donkere wolken zich samentrekken over zyn hoofd.","translation":"I wish to let slip no opportunity to make known the man who plays the leading part in my story, so that he may inspire the reader with some interest when, later, dark clouds gather over his head.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h14-s317.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om den man te doen kennen","title":"om … te (purpose) with causative doen","body":"'om … te kennen' frames a purpose clause ('in order to make known'), and inside it 'doen kennen' is a causative: doen + bare infinitive means 'to cause to know / make known' — an older, more literary equivalent of laten kennen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den man … die de hoofdrol vervult","title":"Relative die + case-remnant den","body":"'die' is the relative pronoun for a de-word (man), opening a verb-final relative clause ('die … vervult'). 'den man' shows the frozen accusative -n ending (den) still alive in 1860 prose where modern Dutch writes simply 'de man'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"opdat hy den lezer eenig belang inboezeme","title":"opdat + subjunctive of purpose","body":"'opdat' ('so that') opens a subordinate purpose clause whose verb goes to the end. 'inboezeme' is an archaic present subjunctive ('that he may inspire'); 'hy' is the period spelling of hij."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer later donkere wolken zich samentrekken over zyn hoofd","title":"Reflexive zich with a separable verb","body":"'zich samentrekken' is a reflexive verb ('to gather, draw together'): zich is the 3rd-person reflexive, and the separable prefix samen- would split off in a main clause but here, inside the wanneer-clause, the whole verb stands at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of wensch","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wensch","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of verzuimen","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verzuimen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzuimen","lemma":"verzuimen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wensch","gloss":"let slip"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause with doen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"introduces kennen as its causative complement","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, common gender singular","role":"subject of vervult","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of hoofdrol","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdrol","lemma":"hoofdrol","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of vervult","gloss":"leading part"},{"surface":"vervult","lemma":"vervullen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying man","gloss":"plays"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces verhaal","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of verhaal","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"opdat","lemma":"opdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause with inboezeme","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of inboezeme","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"indirect object of inboezeme","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"eenig","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of belang","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of inboezeme","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"inboezeme","lemma":"inboezemen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"may inspire"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause with samentrekken","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies samentrekken","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"donkere","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective, attributive plural","role":"modifies wolken","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"wolken","lemma":"wolk","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"subject of samentrekken","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person plural","role":"reflexive object of samentrekken","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"samentrekken","lemma":"samentrekken","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"gather"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hoofd","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of hoofd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"head"}]}]}