{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-15","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 15","translated":"Chapter 15"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-15","lines":158},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-14","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-16","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h15-s1","source":"VYFTIENDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"FIFTEENTH CHAPTER","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"VYFTIENDE HOOFDSTUK","title":"Period spelling: vyftiende","body":"'vyftiende' is the 1860 spelling of vijftiende ('fifteenth'), with y standing in for the ij digraph. Hoofdstuk ('chapter') is a right-headed compound: hoofd ('head/main') + stuk ('piece')."}],"words":[{"surface":"VYFTIENDE","lemma":"vijftiende","morphology":"ordinal adjective, attributive singular","role":"modifies hoofdstuk","gloss":"fifteenth"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"head of the chapter title","gloss":"chapter"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h15-s2","source":"Havelaars voorganger, die wel het goede wilde doch tevens de hooge ongenade van de Regeering eenigszins scheen gevreesd te hebben--de man had veel kinderen, en geen vermogen--had alzoo liever met den resident gesproken over wat hyzelf verregaande misbruiken noemde, dan die ronduit te noemen in een officieel bericht.","translation":"Havelaar's predecessor, who indeed wished to do good yet at the same time seemed to have somewhat feared the high displeasure of the Government--the man had many children and no fortune--had therefore preferred to speak with the resident about what he himself called grave abuses, rather than to name them outright in an official report.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaars voorganger, die wel het goede wilde doch tevens … scheen gevreesd te hebben","title":"Relative clause with modal + perfect infinitive","body":"The relative 'die' (for the de-word voorganger) opens a long verb-final clause. 'wilde' is the imperfect of the modal willen; 'scheen … te hebben gevreesd' stacks schijnen + a te-infinitive in the perfect ('seemed to have feared'). 'doch' is an archaic 'yet/but'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had alzoo liever met den resident gesproken … dan die ronduit te noemen","title":"Comparative liever … dan","body":"'liever … dan' ('rather … than') is the comparative of graag/gaarne used to weigh two options. The first is a perfect ('had … gesproken'), the second a te-infinitive ('te noemen'); 'den resident' again shows the old accusative -n."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive singular","role":"possessive modifier of voorganger","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of the final had gesproken","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, common gender singular","role":"subject of wilde and scheen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes wilde in contrast with doch","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of goede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of wilde","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates wilde and scheen with contrast","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheen gevreesd te hebben","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of ongenade","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hooge","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, attributive singular","role":"modifies ongenade","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"ongenade","lemma":"ongenade","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of gevreesd","gloss":"displeasure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor Regeering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevreesd","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with wilde; governs gevreesd te hebben","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"gevreesd","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of gevreesd te hebben","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks hebben as an infinitive after scheen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, perfect infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gevreesd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of parenthetical had","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of kinderen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates kinderen and vermogen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of vermogen","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"vermogen","lemma":"vermogen","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"second direct object of had","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken in the main clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"alzoo","lemma":"alzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had gesproken","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"graag","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies gesproken and sets up the comparison with dan","gloss":"preferred"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces resident","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with the final had","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the fused relative clause with wat","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"fused relative pronoun","role":"direct object of noemde and object understood after over","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"intensive pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of noemde","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"verregaande","lemma":"verregaand","morphology":"adjective, attributive plural","role":"modifies misbruiken","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"misbruiken","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"predicative complement of wat after noemde","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"noemde","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the fused relative clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with liever","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, accusative plural","role":"direct object of noemen; refers to misbruiken","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ronduit","lemma":"ronduit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noemen","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks noemen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"comparative infinitive after dan","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces bericht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of bericht","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"officieel","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adjective, attributive neuter singular","role":"modifies bericht","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"bericht","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"report"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h15-s3","source":"Hy wist dat een resident niet gaarne een schriftelyk rapport ontvangt, dat in zyn archief blyft liggen en later kan gelden als bewys dat hy tydig was opmerkzaam gemaakt op deze of gene verkeerdheid, terwyl een mondelinge mededeeling hem zonder gevaar de keus laat tusschen 't al of niet gevolg geven aan een klacht.","translation":"He knew that a resident does not gladly receive a written report, one that stays lying in his archive and may later serve as proof that he had been alerted in good time to this or that wrong, whereas a verbal communication leaves him, without danger, the choice between acting or not acting on a complaint.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy wist dat een resident niet gaarne een schriftelyk rapport ontvangt","title":"dat-clause sends the verb to the end","body":"The subordinating conjunction 'dat' pushes the finite verb 'ontvangt' to the clause-final position. 'gaarne' is the literary form of graag ('gladly'); negated by 'niet', it means 'does not gladly receive'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"terwyl een mondelinge mededeeling hem … de keus laat","title":"Contrast clause with terwyl","body":"'terwyl' ('whereas/while') opens a subordinate clause of contrast; its verb 'laat' would close the clause but here, fronted by the long object, still sits clause-finally. The -e on 'mondelinge' is the attributive adjective ending before a de-word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy tydig was opmerkzaam gemaakt","title":"Passive in a subordinate clause","body":"'was … gemaakt' is a passive perfect ('had been made/alerted'): the auxiliary zijn (was) plus the past participle 'gemaakt', with 'opmerkzaam' as the predicate ('alerted, made attentive'). The whole verb cluster sits at the end of the dat-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause with ontvangt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of ontvangt","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb of negation","role":"negates gaarne ontvangt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontvangt","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of rapport","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schriftelyk","lemma":"schriftelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive neuter singular","role":"modifies rapport","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"rapport","lemma":"rapport","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of ontvangt","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"ontvangt","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the content clause","gloss":"receives"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of blyft and kan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces archief","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of archief","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"archief","lemma":"archief","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"archive"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb governing liggen","gloss":"stays"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of blyft","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates blyft and kan","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelden","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gelden","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement bewys","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"bewys","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"predicative complement of gelden","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the appositional clause explaining bewys","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was gemaakt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"tydig","lemma":"tijdig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opmerkzaam gemaakt","gloss":"in good time"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"opmerkzaam","lemma":"opmerkzaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement in opmerkzaam maken","gloss":"aware"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle, passive","role":"main participle with was","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces verkeerdheid as the target of opmerkzaam gemaakt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"first part of deze of gene modifying verkeerdheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates deze and gene","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gene","lemma":"gene","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"coordinated with deze; modifies verkeerdheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"verkeerdheid","lemma":"verkeerdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"terwyl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause with laat","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of mededeeling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mondelinge","lemma":"mondeling","morphology":"adjective, attributive singular","role":"modifies mededeeling","gloss":"verbal"},{"surface":"mededeeling","lemma":"mededeling","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"communication"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative/accusative, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of laat","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces gevaar","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of keus","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keus","lemma":"keus","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"choice"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the contrasting clause","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the alternatives headed by geven","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, contracted","role":"nominalizes the phrase al of niet gevolg geven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb in fixed phrase al of niet","role":"first part of al of niet, expressing affirmation","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the alternatives al and niet","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb of negation","role":"negates gevolg geven in the second alternative","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of geven in the idiom gevolg geven aan","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"head of the nominalized phrase governed by tusschen","gloss":"giving"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces klacht in the idiom gevolg geven aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of klacht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klacht","lemma":"klacht","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"complaint"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h15-s4","source":"Zulke mondelinge mededeelingen hadden gewoonlyk een onderhoud ten-gevolge met den Regent, die natuurlyk alles ontkende en op bewyzen aandrong.","translation":"Such verbal communications usually had as their consequence an interview with the Regent, who naturally denied everything and insisted on proof.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hadden gewoonlyk een onderhoud ten-gevolge","title":"Plural imperfect of hebben","body":"'hadden' is the plural simple past of hebben, agreeing with the plural subject 'mededeelingen'. The fixed phrase 'ten-gevolge hebben' means 'to have as a consequence'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of mededeelingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"mondelinge","lemma":"mondeling","morphology":"adjective, attributive plural","role":"modifies mededeelingen","gloss":"verbal"},{"surface":"mededeelingen","lemma":"mededeling","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"communications"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hadden","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of onderhoud","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onderhoud","lemma":"onderhoud","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"interview"},{"surface":"ten-gevolge","lemma":"ten gevolge","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement expressing the result of hadden","gloss":"as a consequence","note":"The spelling “ten-gevolge” corresponds to modern “ten gevolge,” meaning “as a consequence.”"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Regent","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, common gender singular","role":"subject of ontkende and aandrong","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontkende","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of ontkende","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"ontkende","lemma":"ontkennen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause","gloss":"denied"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ontkende and aandrong","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces bewyzen as complement of aandrong","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"aandrong","lemma":"aandringen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with ontkende","gloss":"insisted"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h15-s5","source":"Dan werden de lieden opgeroepen die de stoutheid hadden gehad zich te beklagen, en kruipende voor de voeten van den Adhipatti, baden zy om verschooning.","translation":"Then the people who had had the audacity to complain were summoned, and, crawling before the feet of the Adhipatti, they begged for pardon.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan werden de lieden opgeroepen die de stoutheid hadden gehad zich te beklagen","title":"worden-passive in the past","body":"'werden … opgeroepen' is the imperfect process passive: werden (past of worden) + past participle, with the separable prefix op- fused into the participle 'opgeroepen' ('were summoned'). 'zich te beklagen' is a reflexive te-infinitive ('to complain')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"kruipende voor de voeten van den Adhipatti","title":"Present participle as adverbial","body":"'kruipende' is the present participle of kruipen ('crawling'), the -end(e) form used here as a vivid adverbial describing how the people begged — a hallmark of the heightened, literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die de stoutheid hadden gehad","title":"Pluperfect: had the audacity","body":"'hadden gehad' is the pluperfect of hebben (imperfect of hebben + participle gehad) — 'had had' the audacity. 'stoutheid' here is the older sense 'boldness, audacity', not 'naughtiness'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werden opgeroepen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person plural","role":"passive auxiliary of opgeroepen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of lieden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of werden opgeroepen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"opgeroepen","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"verb, past participle, passive","role":"main participle with werden","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of hadden gehad","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of stoutheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stoutheid","lemma":"stoutheid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"audacity"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person plural","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the relative clause with hadden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person plural","role":"reflexive object of beklagen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks beklagen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beklagen","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"infinitive complement of stoutheid hadden gehad","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates werden opgeroepen and baden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kruipende","lemma":"kruipen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying zy","gloss":"crawling"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces voeten","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of voeten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voeten","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Adhipatti as possessor of voeten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun/title, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"baden","lemma":"bidden","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person plural","role":"subject of baden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces verschooning as complement of baden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"verschooning","lemma":"verschoning","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"pardon"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h15-s6","source":"\"Neen, die buffel was hun niet afgenomen om-niet, ze geloofden wel dat daarvoor een dubbelen prys zou betaald worden.\" \"Neen, ze waren niet afgeroepen van hun velden om zonder betaling te arbeiden in de Sawahs van den Regent, ze wisten zeer goed dat de Adhipatti hen later ruim zou beloond hebben.\" \"Ze hadden hun aanklacht ingebracht in een oogenblik van ongegronden wrevel ... ze waren waanzinnig geweest, en smeekten dat men hen straffen mocht voor zulke verregaande oneerbiedigheid!\"","translation":"\"No, that buffalo had not been taken from them for nothing; they fully believed that a double price would be paid for it.\" \"No, they had not been called away from their fields to labour without pay in the Regent's Sawahs; they knew very well that the Adhipatti would have rewarded them handsomely afterward.\" \"They had brought their accusation in a moment of unfounded resentment ... they had been out of their minds, and begged that they might be punished for such grave disrespect!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die buffel was hun niet afgenomen om-niet","title":"Passive perfect with separable afnemen","body":"'was … afgenomen' is the perfect passive ('had been taken away'): zijn + participle, the separable prefix af- fused in. The dative 'hun' marks the people it was taken from; 'om-niet' is an idiom meaning 'for nothing, gratis'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat daarvoor een dubbelen prys zou betaald worden","title":"Conditional + future passive","body":"'zou … betaald worden' combines the conditional zou with a worden-passive infinitive ('would be paid'). 'daarvoor' is a pronominal adverb (daar- + voor, 'for it'); 'dubbelen prys' shows the old masculine accusative -n on the adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response introducing first denial","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of afgenomen","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of afgenomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of afgenomen","gloss":"from them"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgenomen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"afgenomen","lemma":"afnemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in main passive clause","gloss":"taken away"},{"surface":"om-niet","lemma":"om niet","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"adverbial modifier of afgenomen","gloss":"for nothing","note":"The fixed phrase om niet means ‘for nothing’ or ‘free of charge’."},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geloofden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"geloofden","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic adverb modifying geloofden","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of betaald","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of betaald","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of prijs","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dubbelen","lemma":"dubbel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies prijs","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive betaald","gloss":"price"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of betaald","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"betaald","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive infinitive clause","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of betaald","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response introducing second denial","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of afgeroepen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of afgeroepen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgeroepen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"afgeroepen","lemma":"afroepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in main passive clause","gloss":"called away"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of velden","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"velden","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of afgeroepen","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive arbeiden","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betaling","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive arbeiden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"arbeiden","lemma":"arbeiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive complement of om","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sawahs","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Sawahs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sawahs","lemma":"sawah","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"rice fields","note":"A sawah is an irrigated rice field in Indonesia."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wisten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"wisten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wisten","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beloond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of beloond","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of beloond","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beloond","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"ruim","lemma":"ruim","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beloond","gloss":"handsomely"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of beloond","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"beloond","lemma":"belonen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in conditional perfect clause","gloss":"rewarded"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of beloond","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ingebracht","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of ingebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of aanklacht","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"aanklacht","lemma":"aanklacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ingebracht","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"ingebracht","lemma":"inbrengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle with auxiliary hadden","gloss":"submitted"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ingebracht","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wrevel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ongegronden","lemma":"ongegrond","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wrevel","gloss":"unfounded"},{"surface":"wrevel","lemma":"wrevel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"resentment"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of waanzinnig","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"waanzinnig","lemma":"waanzinnig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren geweest","gloss":"insane"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"perfect participle of zijn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"smeekten","lemma":"smeken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb coordinated with waren geweest","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of smeekten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of straffen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of straffen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"straffen","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of straffen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oneerbiedigheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oneerbiedigheid","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"verregaande","lemma":"verregaand","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oneerbiedigheid","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"oneerbiedigheid","lemma":"oneerbiedigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"disrespect"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h15-s7","source":"Dan wist de resident wel wat hy over die intrekking der aanklacht te denken had, maar dat intrekken gaf hem niettemin een schoone gelegenheid om den Regent te handhaven in ambt en eer, en hemzelf was de onaangename taak bespaard de Regeering te \"bemoeielyken\" met een ongunstig bericht.","translation":"The resident then knew well enough what to think of that withdrawal of the accusation, but the withdrawal gave him nonetheless a fine opportunity to uphold the Regent in office and honour, while he himself was spared the unpleasant task of \"troubling\" the Government with an unfavourable report.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat hy over die intrekking … te denken had","title":"te + infinitive of obligation","body":"'te denken had' uses hebben + te-infinitive to express what one is to do / has to think ('knew what to think of'). 'der aanklacht' is the old feminine genitive article der ('of the accusation')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een schoone gelegenheid om den Regent te handhaven","title":"om … te purpose clause","body":"'om … te handhaven' is a purpose infinitive ('an opportunity to uphold the Regent'). 'schoone' is the attributive adjective with the period double-o spelling (modern schone), and 'den Regent' keeps the old accusative -n."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"well enough"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of denken","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of denken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking intrekking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of intrekking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"intrekking","lemma":"intrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"withdrawal"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of aanklacht","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"aanklacht","lemma":"aanklacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of intrekking","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive denken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of wist","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"modal construction, past, singular","role":"forms te denken had with infinitive denken","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized intrekken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"intrekken","lemma":"intrekken","morphology":"substantivized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"withdrawal"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with wist","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niettemin","lemma":"niettemin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaf","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gelegenheid","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive handhaven","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of handhaven","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive handhaven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"handhaven","lemma":"handhaven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying gelegenheid","gloss":"uphold"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of in","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hemzelf","lemma":"hemzelf","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular, emphatic","role":"indirect object of bespaard","gloss":"him himself"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bespaard","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of taak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onaangename","lemma":"onaangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies taak","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"taak","lemma":"taak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive bespaard","gloss":"task"},{"surface":"bespaard","lemma":"besparen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spared"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bemoeilijken","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bemoeilijken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bemoeielyken","lemma":"bemoeilijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause specifying taak","gloss":"trouble","note":"Bemoeielyken is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern bemoeilijken."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bericht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bericht","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ongunstig","lemma":"ongunstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bericht","gloss":"unfavourable"},{"surface":"bericht","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"report"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h15-s8","source":"De roekelooze aanklagers werden met rottingslagen gestraft, de Regent had gezegepraald, en de resident keerde naar de hoofdplaats terug, met het aangenaam bewustzyn die zaak alweer zoo goed \"geschipperd\" te hebben.","translation":"The reckless accusers were punished with strokes of the rattan, the Regent had triumphed, and the resident returned to the chief town with the agreeable consciousness of having once again \"managed\" the matter so well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De roekelooze aanklagers werden met rottingslagen gestraft","title":"worden-passive: were punished","body":"'werden … gestraft' is the imperfect process passive of straffen ('were punished'). 'met rottingslagen' names the instrument; rottingslagen is a compound (rotting 'rattan cane' + slagen 'blows')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met het aangenaam bewustzyn die zaak … geschipperd te hebben","title":"Perfect te-infinitive after a noun","body":"'geschipperd te hebben' is a perfect te-infinitive ('of having managed') depending on bewustzyn ('consciousness'). 'geschipperd' (in scare-quotes) is the ironic colonial euphemism schipperen, 'to fudge / wangle a compromise'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanklagers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"roekelooze","lemma":"roekeloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies aanklagers","gloss":"reckless","note":"Roekelooze is an older spelling and inflected form of modern roekeloze."},{"surface":"aanklagers","lemma":"aanklager","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive gestraft","gloss":"accusers"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gestraft","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rottingslagen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rottingslagen","lemma":"rottingslag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gestraft","gloss":"rattan strokes"},{"surface":"gestraft","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in main passive clause","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gezegepraald","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegepraald","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gezegepraald","lemma":"zegepralen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle with auxiliary had","gloss":"triumphed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of keerde","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"keerde","lemma":"keren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with gestraft","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdplaats","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of keerde","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of keerde ... terug","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bewustzyn","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewustzyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aangenaam","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bewustzyn","gloss":"agreeable"},{"surface":"bewustzyn","lemma":"bewustzijn","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"consciousness","note":"Bewustzyn is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern bewustzijn."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geschipperd","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"alweer","lemma":"alweer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschipperd","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschipperd","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"geschipperd","lemma":"schipperen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle with infinitive hebben","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks perfect infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geschipperd","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h15-s9","source":"Maar wat moest nu de adsistent-resident doen, als den volgenden dag weer andere klagers zich by hem aanmeldden?","translation":"But what was the assistant-resident now to do, if on the following day yet other complainants presented themselves to him?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als den volgenden dag weer andere klagers zich by hem aanmeldden","title":"als-clause with reflexive separable verb","body":"'als' ('if') opens a subordinate clause sending the verb to the end: 'zich … aanmeldden' is the reflexive separable verb zich aanmelden ('present themselves'), in the imperfect. 'den volgenden dag' is an accusative-of-time phrase with the old -n endings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of doen","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aanmeldden","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of aanmeldden","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanmeldden","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies klagers","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"klagers","lemma":"klager","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of aanmeldden","gloss":"complainants"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of aanmeldden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of bij","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aanmeldden","lemma":"aanmelden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"presented"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h15-s10","source":"Of--en dit geschiedde dikwyls--als dezelfde klagers terugkeerden en hun intrekking introkken?","translation":"Or--and this happened often--if the very same complainants returned and withdrew their withdrawal?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"hun intrekking introkken","title":"Wordplay: withdrew their withdrawal","body":"A deliberate figura etymologica: intrekking ('withdrawal', a noun) and introkken (imperfect of intrekken, 'withdrew') share the same root. The peasants 'withdrew their withdrawal' — they re-filed the very complaint they had been forced to retract."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit geschiedde dikwyls","title":"Imperfect of geschieden","body":"'geschiedde' is the weak imperfect of geschieden ('to happen, come to pass'), an elevated synonym of gebeuren typical of Multatuli's literary register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links alternative question to preceding sentence","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geschiedde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedde","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terugkeerden","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klagers","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"klagers","lemma":"klager","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of terugkeerden","gloss":"complainants"},{"surface":"terugkeerden","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of intrekking","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"intrekking","lemma":"intrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of introkken","gloss":"withdrawal"},{"surface":"introkken","lemma":"intrekken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with terugkeerden","gloss":"withdrew"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h15-s11","source":"Moest hy weder die zaak op zyn nota schryven, om weder daarover te spreken met den resident, om weder dezelfde komedie te zien spelen, alles op 't gevaar af van in het eind doortegaan voor iemand die--dom en boosaardig dan--telkens beschuldigingen voorbracht welke gedurig moesten worden afgewezen als ongegrond?","translation":"Was he again to set that matter down in his notes, in order again to speak of it with the resident, in order again to watch the same comedy played out, all at the risk of passing in the end for a man who--stupid and malicious, then--kept bringing forward accusations that had repeatedly to be dismissed as groundless?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Moest hy weder die zaak op zyn nota schryven, om weder daarover te spreken","title":"Modal in a rhetorical question + om…te","body":"The modal 'moest' (imperfect of moeten) is fronted for a rhetorical question, with the bare infinitive 'schryven' at the end. The trailing 'om … te spreken' is a purpose clause; 'daarover' is a pronominal adverb (daar- + over, 'about it')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om weder dezelfde komedie te zien spelen","title":"Perception verb + bare infinitive","body":"'te zien spelen' chains the perception verb zien with a second, bare infinitive spelen ('to see the same comedy played out'). Perception verbs like zien and horen take a bare infinitive, not a te-infinitive, for the action perceived."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dezelfde komedie zien spelen","title":"Idiom: watch the same comedy played out","body":"'dezelfde komedie zien spelen' is used figuratively — to watch the same farce or charade unfold — capturing the cynical, scripted ritual of complaint, denial, and forced retraction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of schryven","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of moest schryven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schryven","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schryven","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nota","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of nota","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"nota","lemma":"nota","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of schryven","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moest","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause with spreken","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"daarover","lemma":"daarover","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying schryven","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of spreken","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause with zien","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"adjective","role":"determiner of komedie","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"komedie","lemma":"komedie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"comedy"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause coordinated with spreken","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"spelen","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zien","gloss":"played out"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"summarizes the preceding actions","gloss":"all this"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom op het gevaar af","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of gevaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"risk"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes idiom op het gevaar af","gloss":"at risk"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitival complement doortegaan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eind","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"doortegaan","lemma":"doorgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive with embedded te","role":"complement of van","gloss":"passing","note":"Historical fused spelling of modern door te gaan, here meaning to pass for or be regarded as."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of voor","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of voorbracht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dom","lemma":"dom","morphology":"adjective","role":"parenthetical predicate of die","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"boosaardig","lemma":"boosaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with dom","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical discourse adverb","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorbracht","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"beschuldigingen","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of voorbracht","gloss":"accusations"},{"surface":"voorbracht","lemma":"voorbrengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on iemand","gloss":"brought forward"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of passive afgewezen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgewezen","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of afgewezen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of afgewezen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"afgewezen","lemma":"afwijzen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause on beschuldigingen","gloss":"dismissed"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative complement ongegrond","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ongegrond","lemma":"ongegrond","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of afgewezen","gloss":"groundless"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h15-s12","source":"Wat moest er worden van de zoo noodige vriendschappelyke verhouding tusschen 't voornaamst Inlandsch Hoofd en den eersten europeschen ambtenaar, als deze gedurig scheen gehoor te geven aan valsche aanklachten tegen dat Hoofd?","translation":"What was to become of the so necessary friendly relation between the foremost Native Chief and the first European official, if the latter kept seeming to give a hearing to false accusations against that Chief?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat moest er worden van … de vriendschappelyke verhouding","title":"Idiom worden van + dummy er","body":"'er van worden' is the fixed expression 'to become of' ('what was to become of …'). 'er' here is the existential/placeholder particle that idiom requires, and 'moest worden' is the modal moeten + infinitive worden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with worden","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moest","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhouding","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodige","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"noodige","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies verhouding","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"vriendschappelyke","lemma":"vriendschappelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies verhouding","gloss":"friendly"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coordinated parties","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voornaamst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voornaamst","lemma":"voornaamst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies Hoofd","gloss":"foremost"},{"surface":"Inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies Hoofd","gloss":"Native"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eersten","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"adjective, ordinal, inflected","role":"modifies ambtenaar","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"europeschen","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ambtenaar","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of tusschen","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of scheen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheen","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"gehoor","lemma":"gehoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object in idiom gehoor geven","gloss":"a hearing"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of scheen","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom gehoor geven aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"valsche","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies aanklachten","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"aanklachten","lemma":"aanklacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"accusations"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofd","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"Chief"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h15-s13","source":"En vooral, wat werd er van die arme klagers nadat ze waren weergekeerd in hun dorp, onder de macht van het distrikts- of dorpshoofd dat ze hadden aangeklaagd als uitvoerder van des Regents willekeur? Wat er van die klagers werd?","translation":"And above all, what became of those poor complainants after they had returned to their village, back under the power of the district- or village-chief whom they had accused as the executor of the Regent's arbitrary will? What became of those complainants?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"des Regents willekeur","title":"Genitive des and the -s genitive","body":"'des Regents willekeur' is a doubled old genitive: the masculine/neuter genitive article 'des' plus the genitive -s on Regents ('the Regent's arbitrary will'). Modern Dutch would say 'de willekeur van de Regent'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat werd er van die arme klagers","title":"worden van with er again","body":"'er … van worden' recurs as the haunting refrain ('what became of those poor complainants'). Here 'werd' is the imperfect of worden; 'er' is the obligatory particle that the idiom carries."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of werd","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the question as a whole","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of werd","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with werd","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klagers","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klagers","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies klagers","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"klagers","lemma":"klager","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"complainants"},{"surface":"nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weergekeerd","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of waren weergekeerd","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of weergekeerd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"weergekeerd","lemma":"weerkeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks destination dorp","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of dorp","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of weergekeerd","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking macht","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distrikts-","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distrikts-","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distrikts","lemma":"district","morphology":"compound noun element","role":"first element of coordinated distrikts- of dorpshoofd","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dorpshoofd","lemma":"dorpshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of coordinated compound object of van","gloss":"village chief"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of aangeklaagd","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of hadden aangeklaagd","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of aangeklaagd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aangeklaagd","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause on dorpshoofd","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative complement uitvoerder","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"uitvoerder","lemma":"uitvoerder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of aangeklaagd","gloss":"executor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking willekeur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, archaic","role":"determiner of Regents","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regents","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of willekeur","gloss":"Regent's"},{"surface":"willekeur","lemma":"willekeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"arbitrary will"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of werd","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with werd","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klagers","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klagers","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"klagers","lemma":"klager","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"complainants"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h15-s14","source":"Wie vluchten kon, vluchtte.","translation":"Whoever could flee, fled.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie vluchten kon, vluchtte.","title":"Free relative wie + V2 in the main clause","body":"'Wie' is a free (headless) relative pronoun, 'whoever'; it opens a verb-final subordinate clause ('Wie vluchten kon'), and the main clause that follows keeps the finite verb second — here first after the fronted clause: 'vluchtte' (weak imperfect of vluchten)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free-choice relative pronoun","role":"subject of kon vluchten","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"vluchten","lemma":"vluchten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"flee"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of vluchten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"vluchtte","lemma":"vluchten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fled"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h15-s15","source":"Dáárom zwierven er zooveel Bantammers in de naburige provincien!","translation":"That was why so many men of Bantam roamed about in the neighbouring provinces!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dáárom zwierven er zooveel Bantammers","title":"Fronted daarom forces inversion","body":"Fronting the adverb 'dáárom' ('that is why') triggers verb-second inversion: the verb 'zwierven' precedes the subject. 'er' is the existential particle accompanying the indefinite quantity 'zooveel Bantammers'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dáárom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb, emphatic stress","role":"modifies zwierven","gloss":"that was why"},{"surface":"zwierven","lemma":"zwerven","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"roamed"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with zwierven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies Bantammers","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"Bantammers","lemma":"Bantammer","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zwierven","gloss":"Bantam men"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking provincien","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of provincien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naburige","lemma":"naburig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies provincien","gloss":"neighbouring"},{"surface":"provincien","lemma":"provincie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"provinces"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h15-s16","source":"Dáárom waren er zooveel bewoners van Lebak onder de opstandelingen in de Lampongsche distrikten!","translation":"That was why so many inhabitants of Lebak were among the insurgents in the Lampong districts!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dáárom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb, emphatic stress","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"that was why"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies bewoners","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"bewoners","lemma":"bewoner","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opstandelingen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opstandelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opstandelingen","lemma":"opstandeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of waren","gloss":"insurgents"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distrikten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distrikten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lampongsche","lemma":"Lampongs","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies distrikten","gloss":"Lampong"},{"surface":"distrikten","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"districts"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h15-s17","source":"Dáárom had Havelaar in zyn toespraak aan de Hoofden gevraagd: \"wat is dit, dat er zooveel huizen ledig staan in de dorpen, en waarom verkiezen velen de schaduw der bosschen elders, boven de koelte der wouden van Bantan Kidoel?\"","translation":"That was why Havelaar had asked, in his address to the Chiefs: \"how is it that so many houses stand empty in the villages, and why do so many prefer the shade of the forests elsewhere to the coolness of the woods of Bantan-Kidoel?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er zooveel huizen ledig staan in de dorpen","title":"dat-clause with existential er","body":"'dat' opens a verb-final clause; 'er' is the existential particle introducing the indefinite subject 'zooveel huizen' ('that so many houses stand empty'). 'ledig' is the older form of leeg ('empty')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dáárom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb, emphatic stress","role":"modifies gevraagd","gloss":"that was why"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevraagd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gevraagd","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toespraak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of toespraak","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"toespraak","lemma":"toespraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gevraagd","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit and wat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of staan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with staan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies huizen","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"ledig","lemma":"ledig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of staan","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dorpen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorpen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of staan","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two quoted questions","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkiezen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"verkiezen","lemma":"verkiezen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of second quoted question","gloss":"prefer"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of verkiezen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schaduw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schaduw","lemma":"schaduw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verkiezen","gloss":"shade"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural, archaic","role":"determiner of bosschen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bosschen","lemma":"bos","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive modifier of schaduw","gloss":"forests"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bosschen","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the less-preferred alternative","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koelte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koelte","lemma":"koelte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verkiezen","gloss":"coolness"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural, archaic","role":"determiner of wouden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"wouden","lemma":"woud","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive modifier of koelte","gloss":"woods"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantan Kidoel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantan","lemma":"Bantan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of place name Bantan Kidoel","gloss":"Bantan"},{"surface":"Kidoel","lemma":"Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of place name Bantan Kidoel","gloss":"Kidoel"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h15-s18","source":"Doch niet ieder kon vluchten.","translation":"But not everyone could flee.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch niet ieder kon vluchten.","title":"niet + indefinite pronoun ieder","body":"'niet ieder' negates the indefinite pronoun ieder ('not everyone'). The modal 'kon' (imperfect of kunnen) sends the main verb 'vluchten' to the end as a bare infinitive. 'Doch' is the literary 'but/yet'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vluchten","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ieder","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of kon vluchten","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of vluchten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"vluchten","lemma":"vluchten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"flee"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h15-s19","source":"De man wiens lyk 's morgens de rivier afdreef, nadat hy den vorigen avend, in 't geheim, schoorvoetend, angstig, verzocht had om gehoor by den adsistent-resident ... hy had geen behoefte meer aan vlucht.","translation":"The man whose corpse drifted down the river in the morning, after he had, the previous evening, in secret, hesitant, fearful, asked for a hearing with the assistant-resident ... he had no further need of flight.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De man wiens lyk 's morgens de rivier afdreef","title":"Genitive relative wiens + adverbial 's morgens","body":"'wiens' is the masculine genitive relative pronoun ('whose'), opening a verb-final clause; 'afdreef' is the strong imperfect of afdrijven ('drifted down'). \"'s morgens\" is a frozen genitive adverbial ('in the morning') — the apostrophe stands for the old article des."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy had geen behoefte meer aan vlucht","title":"geen for indefinite negation","body":"'geen behoefte' negates the indefinite noun behoefte ('need') — geen, not niet, negates an indefinite noun phrase. 'geen … meer' together means 'no more / no further' need."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of left-dislocated noun phrase resumed by hy","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"wiens","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative possessive pronoun","role":"possessive determiner of lyk","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"lyk","lemma":"lijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of afdreef","gloss":"corpse"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"contracted genitive article","role":"part of adverbial phrase 's morgens","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"morgens","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, genitive singular used adverbially","role":"part of adverbial phrase 's morgens","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rivier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rivier","lemma":"rivier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of afdreef","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"afdreef","lemma":"afdrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying man","gloss":"drifted down"},{"surface":"nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subordinate clause headed by verzocht","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had verzocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of avend","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorigen","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies avend","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of verzocht","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces adverbial phrase in 't geheim","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geheim","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"schoorvoetend","lemma":"schoorvoetend","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzocht","gloss":"hesitantly"},{"surface":"angstig","lemma":"angstig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzocht","gloss":"fearfully"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verzocht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing gehoor","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"gehoor","lemma":"gehoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of verzocht","gloss":"a hearing"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing adsistent-resident","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of by","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of behoefte","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geen behoefte","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing vlucht","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"vlucht","lemma":"vlucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of behoefte","gloss":"flight"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h15-s20","source":"Misschien ware het als menschlievendheid te achten, hem door oogenblikkelyken dood te onttrekken aan nog eenigen tyd levens.","translation":"Perhaps it might even be reckoned an act of mercy to withdraw him, by an instantaneous death, from some further span of life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Misschien ware het als menschlievendheid te achten","title":"Subjunctive ware + impersonal het","body":"'ware' is the past subjunctive of zijn ('might be'), a literary mood-form. 'het' here is the impersonal/dummy subject ('it'), and 'te achten' is a te-infinitive ('to be reckoned')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hem door oogenblikkelyken dood te onttrekken aan nog eenigen tyd levens","title":"te-infinitive with old accusative endings","body":"'te onttrekken' ('to withdraw') governs the construction. 'oogenblikkelyken dood' and 'eenigen tyd' carry the old accusative -n on the adjectives; 'tyd levens' shows a bare genitive ('span of life')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achten","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"copular verb with complement te achten","gloss":"might be"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative complement menschlievendheid","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"menschlievendheid","lemma":"menslievendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of achten","gloss":"mercy","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch menslievendheid."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of achten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"achten","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of ware","gloss":"be reckoned"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of onttrekken","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing dood","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"oogenblikkelyken","lemma":"ogenblikkelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dood","gloss":"instantaneous","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch ogenblikkelijke."},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of door","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of onttrekken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"onttrekken","lemma":"onttrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed infinitival subject of ware","gloss":"withdraw"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing tyd","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenigen tyd","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"levens","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, genitive singular","role":"genitive complement of tyd","gloss":"of life"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h15-s21","source":"Hem bleef de mishandeling gespaard die hem wachtte by terugkeer in zyn dorp, en de rottingslagen die de straffe zyn voor al wie een oogenblik meenen kon geen beest te wezen, geen onbezield stuk hout of steen. De straffe van wie in een aanval van dwaasheid geloofd had dat er Recht in 't land was, en dat de adsistent-resident den wil had, en de macht, om dat Recht te handhaven ...","translation":"He was spared the ill-treatment that awaited him on his return to his village, and the rattan-blows that are the punishment for all who can imagine, even for a moment, that they are not a beast, not some lifeless block of wood or stone. The punishment of one who, in a fit of folly, had believed that there was Justice in the land, and that the assistant-resident had the will, and the power, to uphold that Justice ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hem bleef de mishandeling gespaard die hem wachtte","title":"Indirect-object fronting + passive participle","body":"The dative 'Hem' is fronted for emphasis ('He was spared …'), forcing inversion of 'bleef' (imperfect of blijven). 'gespaard' is a past participle in a blijven-passive of state; the relative 'die' opens a verb-final clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al wie een oogenblik meenen kon geen beest te wezen","title":"Free relative al wie + negated infinitive clause","body":"'al wie' is an emphatic free relative ('all who'). The modal 'kon' takes the bare infinitive 'meenen', which in turn governs 'geen beest te wezen' — geen negating the indefinite noun beest, and 'te wezen' the archaic te-infinitive of zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of bleef gespaard","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary-like verb governing gespaard","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mishandeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mishandeling","lemma":"mishandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bleef gespaard","gloss":"ill-treatment"},{"surface":"gespaard","lemma":"sparen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"predicative participle governed by bleef","gloss":"spared"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of wachtte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying mishandeling","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing terugkeer","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"terugkeer","lemma":"terugkeer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of by","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dorp","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of dorp","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rottingslagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rottingslagen","lemma":"rottingslag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated subject of bleef gespaard","gloss":"rattan blows"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of straffe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"straffe","lemma":"straf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying rottingslagen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"forms al wie","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of voor and subject of kon meenen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial duration complement of meenen","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"meenen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of meenen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beest","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"beest","lemma":"beest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of meenen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"onbezield","lemma":"onbezield","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stuk","gloss":"lifeless"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"block"},{"surface":"hout","lemma":"hout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"material complement of stuk","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"steen","lemma":"steen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with hout","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of straffe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"straffe","lemma":"straf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical noun phrase in apposition to preceding sentence","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of van and subject of had geloofd","gloss":"one who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanval","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanval","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"aanval","lemma":"aanval","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dwaasheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dwaasheid","lemma":"dwaasheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"folly"},{"surface":"geloofd","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geloofd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential marker in clause headed by was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Justice"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing land","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause governed by geloofd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated content clause headed by had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of wil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"wil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of coordinated content clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of had","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitival complement of wil and macht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Recht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of handhaven","gloss":"Justice"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of handhaven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"handhaven","lemma":"handhaven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of infinitival complement of wil and macht","gloss":"uphold"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h15-s22","source":"Was 't, niet inderdaad beter dien man te beletten den volgenden dag by den adsistent-resident terugtekeeren--zooals deze hem 's avends zeggen liet--en zyn klachte te smoren in 't gele water van den Tjioedjoeng, dat hem zachtkens zou afvoeren naar hare monding, gewoon als ze was overbrengster te wezen van die broederlyke groetgeschenken der haaien in 't binnenland aan de haaien in zee?","translation":"Was it not indeed better to prevent that man from returning the next day to the assistant-resident--as the latter had sent word in the evening for him to do--and to smother his complaint in the yellow water of the Tjioedjoeng, which would carry him gently down to its mouth, accustomed as it was to being the bearer of those brotherly tokens of greeting from the sharks of the interior to the sharks of the sea?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dien man te beletten den volgenden dag … terugtekeeren","title":"te-infinitive with joined spelling terugtekeeren","body":"'beletten' ('prevent') governs a te-infinitive. Note the 1860 orthography 'terugtekeeren' — the separable verb terugkeeren written as one word with -te- (modern: terug te keren). 'dien man' and 'den volgenden dag' show the old accusative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zooals deze hem 's avends zeggen liet","title":"Causative laten: sent word","body":"'liet … zeggen' is the causative laten + bare infinitive ('had it said / sent word'). 'deze' is a demonstrative used pronominally ('the latter'); \"'s avends\" is a frozen genitive adverbial ('in the evening')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copular verb with complement beter","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of Was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Was beter","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the whole question","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of Was","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beletten","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of beletten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beletten","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject complement of Was","gloss":"prevent"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of terugtekeeren","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing adsistent-resident","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of by","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"terugtekeeren","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of beletten","gloss":"return","note":"Old spelling written as one word; modern Dutch terug te keren."},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical comparative clause headed by liet","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of liet","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"contracted genitive article","role":"part of adverbial phrase 's avends","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, genitive singular used adverbially","role":"part of adverbial phrase 's avends","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by liet","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of klachte","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"klachte","lemma":"klacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of smoren","gloss":"complaint"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of smoren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"smoren","lemma":"smoren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with beletten","gloss":"smother"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking water","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of water","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gele","lemma":"geel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies water","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of smoren","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing Tjioedjoeng","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of Tjioedjoeng","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Tjioedjoeng","lemma":"Tjioedjoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Tjioedjoeng"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou afvoeren; refers to water","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of afvoeren","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zachtkens","lemma":"zachtkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afvoeren","gloss":"gently","note":"Archaic adverb meaning gently."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of afvoeren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"afvoeren","lemma":"afvoeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"carry away"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking monding","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of monding","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"monding","lemma":"monding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of afvoeren","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"gewoon","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"accustomed"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause headed by was","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copular verb with complement gewoon","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"overbrengster","lemma":"overbrengster","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"bearer"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gewoon","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing groetgeschenken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of groetgeschenken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"broederlyke","lemma":"broederlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies groetgeschenken","gloss":"brotherly","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch broederlijke."},{"surface":"groetgeschenken","lemma":"groetgeschenk","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"greeting gifts"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of haaien","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"haaien","lemma":"haai","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive possessor of groetgeschenken","gloss":"sharks"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnenland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnenland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnenland","lemma":"binnenland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in, modifying haaien","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haaien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of haaien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"haaien","lemma":"haai","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"sharks"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in, modifying haaien","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h15-s23","source":"En Havelaar wist dit alles!","translation":"And Havelaar knew all this!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En Havelaar wist dit alles!","title":"Strong imperfect wist","body":"'wist' is the irregular/strong past of weten ('knew'). 'dit alles' pairs the neuter demonstrative dit ('this') with alles ('everything') as a single object — 'all this'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wist","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h15-s24","source":"Gevoelt de lezer wat er in zyn gemoed omging by 't bedenken dat hy tot recht-doen geroepen, en daarvoor verantwoordelyk was aan een hoogere macht dan de macht van een Regeering die wel dat recht voorschreef in haar wetten, maar niet altyd even gaarne daarvan de toepassing zag?","translation":"Does the reader feel what passed within his soul at the thought that he was called to do justice, and was answerable for it to a higher power than the power of a Government that did indeed prescribe that justice in its laws, but did not always so gladly see it applied?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat er in zyn gemoed omging by 't bedenken","title":"Free relative wat + separable omgaan","body":"'wat' is a free relative ('what') opening a verb-final clause; 'omging' is the imperfect of the separable verb omgaan ('went on, passed'). 'er' is the placeholder particle, and \"'t bedenken\" is a nominalized infinitive ('the thinking, contemplation')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een Regeering die wel dat recht voorschreef … maar niet altyd … de toepassing zag","title":"Coordinating wel … maar","body":"Inside the relative clause, 'wel … maar' coordinates two contrasting predicates ('did indeed prescribe … but did not always …'). 'maar' is a coordinating conjunction and so does NOT send its verb to the end — but here both verbs already sit clause-finally because they are inside the die-relative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gevoelt","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Does feel"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"nominative subject of Gevoelt","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of Gevoelt and subject of omging","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb with omging","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemoed","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of gemoed","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"omging","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedenken","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"contracted determiner of bedenken","gloss":"the","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"bedenken","lemma":"bedenken","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"thought","note":"Here bedenken is a substantivized infinitive meaning “thought” or “consideration.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of bedenken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geroepen and was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recht-doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"recht-doen","lemma":"recht doen","morphology":"substantivized infinitive","role":"object of tot","gloss":"do justice"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"past participle","role":"predicative complement with implied was","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates geroepen and verantwoordelyk","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of verantwoordelyk","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"verantwoordelyk","lemma":"verantwoordelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"answerable"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary and copular verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geroepen and copula of verantwoordelyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking macht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hoogere","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies macht","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative complement","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voorschreef and zag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes voorschreef","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of voorschreef","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"voorschreef","lemma":"voorschrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on Regeering","gloss":"prescribed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wetten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of wetten","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"wetten","lemma":"wet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"laws"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates voorschreef and zag","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zag","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zag","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of gaarne","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zag","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of toepassing","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toepassing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toepassing","lemma":"toepassing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"application"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb coordinated with voorschreef","gloss":"saw"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h15-s25","source":"Gevoelt men hoe hy werd geslingerd door twyfel, niet aan wàt hem te doen stond, maar aan de wyze waarop hy te handelen had?","translation":"Does one feel how he was tossed about by doubt--not about what he was to do, but about the manner in which he had to act?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe hy werd geslingerd door twyfel","title":"worden-passive: was tossed about","body":"'werd geslingerd' is the imperfect process passive of slingeren ('was tossed about'), with the agent introduced by 'door' ('by doubt'). The clause is verb-final, opened by the question-word 'hoe'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan de wyze waarop hy te handelen had","title":"Pronominal relative waarop + te-infinitive of obligation","body":"'waarop' is a pronominal relative adverb (waar- + op, 'in/on which') referring to wyze ('manner'). 'te handelen had' is hebben + te-infinitive expressing obligation ('had to act')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gevoelt","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Does feel"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Gevoelt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the object clause of Gevoelt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geslingerd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geslingerd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geslingerd","lemma":"slingeren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of object clause","gloss":"tossed about"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking twyfel","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"twyfel","lemma":"twijfel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates aan wàt hem te doen stond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wàt","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"wàt","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"object of aan and object of doen","gloss":"what","note":"The accent marks contrastive emphasis: not what, but how."},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of stond","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of stond","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of indirect question headed by wàt","gloss":"was required","note":"Hem te doen stond means “he was required to do.”"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two aan-phrases","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wyze","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative adverb modifying handelen","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of handelen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive handelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"handelen","lemma":"handelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of had","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"modal verb governing handelen","gloss":"had to"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h15-s26","source":"Hy had aangevangen met zachtheid. Hy had tot den Adhipatti gesproken als: \"ouder broeder\" en wie meenen mocht dat ik, ingenomen met den held myner geschiedenis, de wyze waarop hy sprak, tracht te verheffen boven maat, hoore hoe eens na zoodanig onderhoud, de Regent zyn Patteh tot hem zond om voor de welwillendheid zyner woorden dank te zeggen, en hoe nog lang daarna die Patteh, sprekende met den kontroleur Verbrugge--nadat Havelaar had opgehouden adsistent-resident van Lebak te zyn, nadat er dus van hem niets meer te hopen of te vreezen was--hoe die Patteh by de herinnering aan zyn woorden getroffen uitriep: \"nog nooit heeft eenig heer gesproken als hy!\"","translation":"He had begun with gentleness. He had spoken to the Adhipatti as to an \"elder brother\"; and whoever might think that I, taken with the hero of my story, am trying to exalt beyond measure the manner in which he spoke, let him hear how once, after such an interview, the Regent sent his Patteh to him to give thanks for the kindness of his words, and how, long afterward, that Patteh--speaking with the controller Verbrugge, after Havelaar had ceased to be assistant-resident of Lebak, after there was therefore nothing more to hope or to fear from him--how that Patteh, moved at the recollection of his words, exclaimed: \"never yet has any lord spoken as he did!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie meenen mocht dat ik … de wyze … tracht te verheffen, hoore","title":"Free relative + imperative subjunctive hoore","body":"'wie … mocht' is a free relative with the modal mogen ('whoever might think'); the main clause answers with 'hoore' — a 3rd-person imperative/jussive subjunctive ('let him hear'), characteristic of solemn 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ingenomen met den held myner geschiedenis","title":"Genitive myner + participle ingenomen","body":"'ingenomen met' ('taken with, charmed by') is a participial adjective. 'myner geschiedenis' is an old feminine genitive of the possessive ('of my story') — modern Dutch 'van mijn geschiedenis'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aangevangen","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangevangen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aangevangen","lemma":"aanvangen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"begun"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zachtheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aangevangen","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gesproken","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adhipatti","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected","role":"article of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of second sentence","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces quoted form of address","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ouder","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies broeder","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"broeder","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the quoted form of address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links preceding statement to wie-clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of meenen","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"meenen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by mocht","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of meenen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of meenen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of tracht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ingenomen","lemma":"innemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial modifier of ik","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking held","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected","role":"article of held","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"held","lemma":"held","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, archaic genitive","role":"possessor of geschiedenis","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of held","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verheffen","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative adverb modifying sprak","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on wyze","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"tracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of object clause introduced by dat","gloss":"am trying"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verheffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verheffen","lemma":"verheffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of tracht","gloss":"exalt"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maat","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"maat","lemma":"maat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verheffen","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"hoore","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb with wie as understood subject","gloss":"let him hear","note":"Subjunctive used as a third-person imperative."},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces object clause of hoore","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zond","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderhoud","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies onderhoud","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"onderhoud","lemma":"onderhoud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"interview"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zond","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of Patteh","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Patteh","lemma":"patteh","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zond","gloss":"Patteh"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of zond","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zond","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of hoe-clause","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive zeggen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking welwillendheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of welwillendheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"welwillendheid","lemma":"welwillendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zeggen","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, archaic genitive","role":"possessor of woorden","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of welwillendheid","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"dank","lemma":"dank","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"thanks"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying zond","gloss":"give","note":"Dank zeggen is literally “say thanks,” hence “give thanks.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two hoe-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces second object clause of hoore","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang daarna","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies daarna","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitriep","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Patteh","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Patteh","lemma":"patteh","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitriep","gloss":"Patteh"},{"surface":"sprekende","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"present participle","role":"participial modifier of Patteh","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected","role":"article of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to kontroleur","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of opgehouden","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgehouden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"opgehouden","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"ceased"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of opgehouden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second temporal clause","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying was","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of hopen and vreezen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niets","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hopen","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive modifying niets","gloss":"hope for"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vreezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vreezen","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with hopen","gloss":"fear","note":"Historical spelling of vrezen."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeated resumptive introducer of the second hoe-clause","gloss":"how","note":"The repeated hoe resumes the long clause after the parenthesis."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Patteh","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Patteh","lemma":"patteh","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitriep","gloss":"Patteh"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking herinnering","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of herinnering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"herinnering","lemma":"herinnering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"recollection"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woorden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of woorden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"getroffen","lemma":"treffen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial modifier of Patteh","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"uitriep","lemma":"uitroepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the second hoe-clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nooit","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"eenig","lemma":"enig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gesproken","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of quoted exclamation","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with hy","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of implied sprak","gloss":"he","note":"Historical spelling of hij; the verb “spoke” is understood."}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h15-s27","source":"Ja, hy wilde helpen, terechtbrengen, redden, niet verderven!","translation":"Yes, he wished to help, to set right, to save, not to destroy!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy wilde helpen, terechtbrengen, redden, niet verderven","title":"Modal willen with stacked infinitives","body":"The modal 'wilde' (imperfect of willen) governs a chain of bare infinitives ('wished to help, set right, save, not destroy'). 'terechtbrengen' is a separable verb but stays whole here as a non-finite infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection affirming the statement","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"to help"},{"surface":"terechtbrengen","lemma":"terechtbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"to set right"},{"surface":"redden","lemma":"redden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verderven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verderven","lemma":"verderven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"to destroy"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h15-s28","source":"Hy had medelyden met den Regent. Hy, die wist hoe geldgebrek kan drukken, vooral waar het leidt tot vernedering en smaad, zocht naar gronden van verschooning.","translation":"He felt pity for the Regent. He, who knew how the lack of money can press, above all where it leads to humiliation and disgrace, sought for grounds of excuse.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy, die wist hoe geldgebrek kan drukken","title":"Modal kan in an embedded clause","body":"Inside the hoe-clause, the modal 'kan' (kunnen) sends the main verb 'drukken' to the end ('how lack of money can press'). 'geldgebrek' is a compound (geld 'money' + gebrek 'lack')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zocht naar gronden van verschooning","title":"Imperfect zocht + fixed preposition naar","body":"'zocht' is the strong imperfect of zoeken ('sought'); the verb zoeken governs the fixed preposition 'naar' ('to seek for'). 'verschooning' (modern verschoning) means 'excuse, pardon'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"had","note":"Dutch has medelijden met literally means “has pity with.”"},{"surface":"medelyden","lemma":"medelijden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"pity","note":"Historical spelling of medelijden."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected","role":"article of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on Hy","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces object clause of wist","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"geldgebrek","lemma":"geldgebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of drukken","gloss":"lack of money"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of drukken","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"drukken","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of indirect question introduced by hoe","gloss":"press"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waar-clause","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces adverbial clause modifying drukken","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of leidt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"leidt","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"adverbial clause on drukken","gloss":"leads"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vernedering","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vernedering","lemma":"vernedering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"humiliation"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"smaad","lemma":"smaad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of tot","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second sentence","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gronden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"gronden","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of naar","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verschooning","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"verschooning","lemma":"verschoning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of gronden","gloss":"excuse","note":"Historical spelling of verschoning."}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h15-s29","source":"De Regent was oud, en 't Hoofd van een geslacht dat op grooten voet leefde in naburige provincien, waar veel koffi geoogst en dus veel emolument genoten werd.","translation":"The Regent was old, and the head of a family that lived on a grand footing in neighbouring provinces, where much coffee was harvested and therefore much emolument enjoyed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar veel koffi geoogst en … veel emolument genoten werd","title":"Impersonal worden-passive with shared auxiliary","body":"'geoogst … en … genoten werd' is an impersonal process passive: two participles (oogsten 'harvest', genieten 'enjoy/derive') share the single auxiliary 'werd' ('was harvested … and enjoyed'). 'waar' is a relative adverb ('where')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"koffi","title":"Period spelling: koffi","body":"'koffi' is the 1860 spelling of koffie ('coffee'). It is the keyword of the whole novel — the forced cultivation of coffee under the Cultuurstelsel is the wealth being 'enjoyed' here at the population's expense."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to oud","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated subject complement of was","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geslacht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geslacht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geslacht","lemma":"geslacht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of leefde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voet","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies voet","gloss":"grand","note":"In the idiom op grote voet leven: “to live in grand style.”"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of leefde","gloss":"footing"},{"surface":"leefde","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on geslacht","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking provincien","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"naburige","lemma":"naburig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies provincien","gloss":"neighbouring"},{"surface":"provincien","lemma":"provincie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"provinces"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on provincien","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koffi","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, mass","role":"subject of passive geoogst","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"geoogst","lemma":"oogsten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle with werd","gloss":"harvested"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genoten","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of emolument","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"emolument","lemma":"emolument","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, mass","role":"subject of passive genoten","gloss":"emolument"},{"surface":"genoten","lemma":"genieten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle coordinated with geoogst","gloss":"enjoyed"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geoogst and genoten","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h15-s30","source":"Was 't niet grievend voor hem, in levenswys zoo ver te moeten achterstaan by zyn jongere verwanten?","translation":"Was it not galling for him to have to fall so far short, in his way of living, of his younger relatives?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in levenswys zoo ver te moeten achterstaan by zyn jongere verwanten","title":"te + modal moeten + separable achterstaan","body":"'te moeten achterstaan' nests the modal moeten inside a te-infinitive ('to have to fall short'). 'achterstaan by' is a separable verb meaning 'to be inferior to'; 'jongere' is the comparative of jong with the attributive -e."}],"words":[{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to grievend","gloss":"Was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of grievend","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies grievend","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"grievend","lemma":"grievend","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"galling"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking levenswys","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"levenswys","lemma":"levenswijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"way of living"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achterstaan","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive group moeten achterstaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of achterstaan","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"achterstaan","lemma":"achterstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moeten","gloss":"fall short"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verwanten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verwanten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jongere","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies verwanten","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"verwanten","lemma":"verwant","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"relatives"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h15-s31","source":"Bovendien meende de man, door dweepzucht beheerscht, by 't klimmen zyner jaren het heil van zyn ziel voor bezoldigde bedevaarten naar Mekka en voor aalmoezen aan gebedzingende leegloopers te kunnen inkoopen.","translation":"Besides, the man, ruled by fanaticism, believed that, as his years advanced, he could buy the salvation of his soul through hired pilgrimages to Mecca and through alms to prayer-chanting idlers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"by 't klimmen zyner jaren het heil van zyn ziel … te kunnen inkoopen","title":"te kunnen + infinitive with genitive zyner","body":"'te kunnen inkoopen' nests the modal kunnen in a te-infinitive ('to be able to buy'). 'zyner jaren' is an old genitive of the possessive ('of his years'); \"'t klimmen\" is a nominalized infinitive ('the climbing/advancing')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gebedzingende leegloopers","title":"Present participle as attributive adjective","body":"'gebedzingende' is a present participle (gebed-zingend, 'prayer-singing') used attributively before leegloopers, taking the -e ending of an attributive adjective. It is also a compound built from gebed ('prayer') + zingen ('to sing')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meende","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dweepzucht","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"dweepzucht","lemma":"dweepzucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent complement of beheerscht","gloss":"fanaticism"},{"surface":"beheerscht","lemma":"beheersen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of man","gloss":"ruled"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal phrase","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klimmen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klimmen","lemma":"klimmen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, nominalized infinitive","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"advancing"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive form","role":"possessor of jaren","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive dependent of klimmen","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heil","lemma":"heil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of inkoopen","gloss":"salvation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ziel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ziel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedevaarten","gloss":"in exchange for"},{"surface":"bezoldigde","lemma":"bezoldigd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bedevaarten","gloss":"hired"},{"surface":"bedevaarten","lemma":"bedevaart","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"pilgrimages"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mekka","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Mekka","lemma":"Mekka","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"Mecca"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aalmoezen","gloss":"in exchange for"},{"surface":"aalmoezen","lemma":"aalmoes","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"alms"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leegloopers","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gebedzingende","lemma":"gebedzingend","morphology":"adjective, present-participial","role":"modifies leegloopers","gloss":"prayer-chanting"},{"surface":"leegloopers","lemma":"leegloper","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"idlers"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive group kunnen inkoopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of inkoopen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"inkoopen","lemma":"inkopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kunnen","gloss":"buy"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h15-s32","source":"De ambtenaren die Havelaar in Lebak waren voorafgegaan, hadden niet altyd goede voorbeelden gegeven. En eindelyk maakte de uitgebreidheid der Lebaksche familie van den Regent, die geheel ten-zynen laste leefde, hem het terugkeeren tot den goeden weg moeielyk.","translation":"The officials who had preceded Havelaar in Lebak had not always set good examples. And, finally, the sheer extent of the Regent's Lebak family, which lived entirely at his charge, made his return to the right path difficult.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die geheel ten-zynen laste leefde","title":"Case-remnant phrase ten-zynen laste","body":"'ten-zynen laste' is a frozen dative phrase ('at his charge/expense') preserving the old dative -n on both the article (te+den) and the possessive zynen. The relative 'die' opens a verb-final clause with 'leefde' (weak imperfect of leven) at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"maakte de uitgebreidheid … hem het terugkeeren … moeielyk","title":"V2 inversion after a fronted adverbial","body":"The sentence opens with 'En eindelyk', so the finite verb 'maakte' comes second, before its subject 'de uitgebreidheid'. \"'t terugkeeren\" is a nominalized infinitive ('the returning') serving as object."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaren","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"ambtenaren","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren voorafgegaan","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of voorafgegaan","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of voorafgegaan","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of voorafgegaan","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"voorafgegaan","lemma":"voorafgaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on ambtenaren","gloss":"preceded"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegeven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegeven","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voorbeelden","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"voorbeelden","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"examples"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with hadden","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maakte","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakte","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitgebreidheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitgebreidheid","lemma":"uitgebreidheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"extent"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive form","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is an archaic genitive form of de: “of the.”"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies familie","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of uitgebreidheid","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of leefde","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ten-zynen laste","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"ten-zynen","lemma":"te zijnen","morphology":"possessive prepositional phrase","role":"part of ten-zynen laste","gloss":"at his","note":"Ten-zynen laste is historical spelling for te zijnen laste, “at his expense.”"},{"surface":"laste","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, dative form","role":"part of ten-zynen laste","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"leefde","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on familie","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of maakte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of terugkeeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"terugkeeren","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, nominalized infinitive","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking goeden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative form","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goeden","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of terugkeeren","gloss":"difficult"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h15-s33","source":"Zóó zocht Havelaar naar gronden om alle strengheid uittestellen, en nog-eens en nòg-eens te beproeven wat er kon bereikt worden met zachtheid.","translation":"Thus did Havelaar seek for grounds to put off all severity, and to try once more, and yet once more, what could be achieved by gentleness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zóó zocht Havelaar naar gronden om alle strengheid uittestellen","title":"Fronted zóó + om…te with joined spelling","body":"Fronting 'Zóó' ('thus') triggers inversion: verb 'zocht' before subject 'Havelaar'. The purpose clause 'om … uittestellen' shows the 1860 joined spelling of the separable uitstellen ('to put off'), modern uit te stellen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zocht","gloss":"Thus"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gronden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"gronden","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of zocht","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive uittestellen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of strengheid","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"strengheid","lemma":"strengheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uittestellen","gloss":"severity"},{"surface":"uittestellen","lemma":"uitstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of gronden","gloss":"put off"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nog-eens","lemma":"nog eens","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies beproeven","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nòg-eens","lemma":"nog eens","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"coordinated with nog-eens","gloss":"yet once more"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks beproeven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beproeven","lemma":"beproeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with uittestellen","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of passive bereikt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial pronoun","role":"expletive in embedded question","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bereikt","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"bereikt","lemma":"bereiken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle with worden","gloss":"achieved"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of bereikt","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zachtheid","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bereikt","gloss":"gentleness"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h15-s34","source":"En hy ging verder nog dan zachtheid.","translation":"And he went even further than gentleness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En hy ging verder nog dan zachtheid.","title":"Comparative verder … dan","body":"'verder … dan' is the comparative of ver ('further than'), with dan introducing the standard of comparison. 'ging' is the strong imperfect of gaan."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ging","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies verder","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with zachtheid","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"gentleness"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h15-s35","source":"Met een edelmoedigheid die aan de fouten herinnerde waardoor hy zoo arm gemaakt was, schoot hy den Regent gedurig op eigen verantwoordelykheid geld voor, opdat niet behoefte al te sterk zou dringen tot vergryp, en hy vergat als gewoonlyk zich zelf zóó ver dat hy aanbood zich en de zynen tot het strikt noodige te bekrimpen, om den Regent ter-hulpe te komen met het weinige dat hy nog van zyn inkomsten zou kunnen uitsparen.","translation":"With a generosity that called to mind the very faults that had made him so poor, he repeatedly advanced the Regent money on his own responsibility, so that need should not press too hard toward transgression; and, as usual, he forgot himself so far that he offered to stint himself and his own to the strictly necessary, in order to come to the Regent's aid with the little he could yet spare out of his income.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schoot hy den Regent gedurig … geld voor","title":"Separable voorschieten split across the clause","body":"'schoot … voor' is the separable verb voorschieten ('to advance money'): the finite stem 'schoot' (strong imperfect) stands second and the prefix 'voor' is stranded at the clause end — a textbook separable split. 'den Regent' is the dative recipient with the old -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"opdat niet behoefte al te sterk zou dringen tot vergryp","title":"opdat + conditional zou","body":"'opdat' opens a purpose clause sending the verb cluster 'zou … dringen' to the end. 'zou dringen' is the conditional ('should/would press'); 'niet … al te sterk' negates and qualifies ('not too strongly')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy aanbood zich en de zynen … te bekrimpen","title":"Reflexive zich in a te-infinitive","body":"'aanbood' (separable aanbieden, imperfect) governs 'te bekrimpen' ('to stint'); 'zich en de zynen' is the reflexive object plus 'de zynen' ('his own people'). 'te kunnen uitsparen' later nests kunnen in another te-infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking edelmoedigheid","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of edelmoedigheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"edelmoedigheid","lemma":"edelmoedigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"manner adjunct of schoot voor","gloss":"generosity"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of herinnerde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of herinnerde aan","gloss":"to mind"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fouten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fouten","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"faults"},{"surface":"herinnerde","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on edelmoedigheid","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"waardoor","lemma":"waardoor","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on fouten","gloss":"through which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of passive gemaakt was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemaakt","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of gemaakt","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle with was","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"schoot","lemma":"schieten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shot"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of schoot","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of schoot voor","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schoot voor","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verantwoordelykheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verantwoordelykheid","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"verantwoordelykheid","lemma":"verantwoordelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"responsibility"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schoot","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of schoot ... voor","gloss":"advanced"},{"surface":"opdat","lemma":"opdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dringen","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dringen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou dringen","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of al te sterk","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of al te sterk","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dringen","gloss":"strongly"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of dringen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"dringen","lemma":"dringen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on schoot","gloss":"press"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vergryp","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"vergryp","lemma":"vergrijp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"transgression"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of vergat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vergat","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with schoot","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces adverbial gewoonlyk","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vergat","gloss":"usual"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"direct object of vergat","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"intensifies zich","gloss":"self"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vergat","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aanbood","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of aanbood","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aanbood","lemma":"aanbieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of vergat","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"direct object of bekrimpen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zynen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zynen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"substantivized possessive pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of bekrimpen","gloss":"his own","note":"De zynen means “his family or dependants.”"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noodige","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of noodige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"strikt","lemma":"strikt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodige","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"noodige","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks bekrimpen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bekrimpen","lemma":"bekrimpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of aanbood","gloss":"stint"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive komen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object in ter-hulpe komen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"ter-hulpe","lemma":"te hulp","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"part of ter-hulpe komen","gloss":"to aid","note":"Ter-hulpe is the historical form of te hulp in the idiom te hulp komen, “to come to someone’s aid.”"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive introduced by om","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weinige","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weinige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of uitsparen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of zou kunnen uitsparen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitsparen","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inkomsten","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of inkomsten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"inkomsten","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitsparen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of uitsparen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"uitsparen","lemma":"uitsparen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kunnen in relative clause","gloss":"spare"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h15-s36","source":"Indien 't nog noodig schynen mocht, de zachtmoedigheid te bewyzen waarmee Havelaar zyn moeielyken plicht vervulde, zou dit bewys kunnen gevonden worden in een mondelinge boodschap die hy den kontroleur opdroeg, toen deze eens naar Serang zou vertrekken: \"zeg den resident, dat hy, hoorende van de misbruiken die hier plaats vinden, niet geloove dat ik daaromtrent onverschillig ben. Ik maak daarvan niet terstond officieele melding omdat ik den Regent, met wien ik medelyden heb, wensch te bewaren voor te groote strengheid, daar ik eerst beproeven wil hem door zachtheid tot zyn plicht te brengen.\"","translation":"Should it still seem necessary to give proof of the gentleness with which Havelaar discharged his difficult duty, that proof could be found in a verbal message he charged the controller to deliver, when the latter was once about to leave for Serang: \"tell the resident that, hearing of the abuses that take place here, he must not believe that I am indifferent about them. I make no immediate official report of them, because I wish to keep the Regent, for whom I feel pity, from too great severity, since I want first to try to bring him to his duty through gentleness.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Indien 't nog noodig schynen mocht … zou dit bewys kunnen gevonden worden","title":"Conditional period: indien … zou","body":"'Indien' ('if') opens the condition with the modal 'mocht' at the end; the main clause answers with 'zou … kunnen gevonden worden', stacking conditional zou + modal kunnen + the passive infinitive 'gevonden worden' ('could be found')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schynen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of schijnen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodig","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of schijnen","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"schynen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of mocht","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of schijnen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zachtmoedigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zachtmoedigheid","lemma":"zachtmoedigheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of bewijzen","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive bewijzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of schijnen","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying zachtmoedigheid","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vervulde","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of plicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"moeielyken","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies plicht","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of vervulde","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"vervulde","lemma":"vervullen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying zachtmoedigheid","gloss":"discharged"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of bewijs","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"bewys","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kunnen gevonden worden","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gevonden worden","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb of the passive construction","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase locating the proof in boodschap","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boodschap","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mondelinge","lemma":"mondeling","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies boodschap","gloss":"verbal"},{"surface":"boodschap","lemma":"boodschap","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"message"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opdroeg","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of opdroeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of opdroeg","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"opdroeg","lemma":"opdragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying boodschap","gloss":"entrusted"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vertrekken","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of zou vertrekken","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou vertrekken","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Serang","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vertrekken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"vertrekken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by toen","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of zeg","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geloove","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of geloove","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hoorende","lemma":"horen","morphology":"present participle","role":"supplementary participial clause modifying hij","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misbruiken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misbruiken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misbruiken","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of vinden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vinden","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of plaats ... vinden","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"plaatsvinden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying misbruiken","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geloove","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geloove","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the reported command","gloss":"believe","note":"The subjunctive is an archaic form used here for an indirect command."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of onverschillig","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"daaromtrent","lemma":"daaromtrent","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onverschillig","gloss":"about them"},{"surface":"onverschillig","lemma":"onverschillig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"indifferent"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik and onverschillig","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of maak","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maak","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of melding","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terstond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maak","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"officieele","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies melding","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"melding","lemma":"melding","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of maak","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause of wensch","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wensch","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of bewaren","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the relative phrase met wien","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, historical oblique form","role":"object of met","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"medelyden","lemma":"medelijden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying Regent","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"wensch","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the reason clause","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive bewaren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewaren","lemma":"bewaren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wensch","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of bewaren voor, introducing strengheid","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies strengheid","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"strengheid","lemma":"strengheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"severity"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause of wensch","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beproeven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beproeven","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"beproeven","lemma":"beproeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by daar","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zachtheid","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plicht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of plicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of beproeven","gloss":"bring"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h15-s37","source":"Havelaar bleef dikwyls dagen achtereen uit.","translation":"Havelaar often stayed away for days on end.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar bleef dikwyls dagen achtereen uit.","title":"Separable uitblijven split off","body":"'bleef … uit' is the separable verb uitblijven ('to stay away'): finite 'bleef' (strong imperfect of blijven) in second position, prefix 'uit' stranded at the end. 'dagen achtereen' means 'days on end'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bleef","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bleef uit","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"accusative of duration","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"achtereen","lemma":"achtereen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dagen","gloss":"on end"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of bleef ... uit","gloss":"away"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h15-s38","source":"Als hy te-huis was, vond men hem meestal in de kamer die wy op onzen platten grond vinden voorgesteld door 't zevende vak.","translation":"When he was at home, he was usually to be found in the room which on our ground-plan is represented by the seventh compartment.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als hy te-huis was, vond men hem meestal in de kamer","title":"als-clause then V2 main clause; impersonal men","body":"The fronted 'Als'-clause is verb-final ('was' at the end); the main clause then inverts to 'vond men' (verb second). 'men' is the impersonal pronoun 'one'. The relative 'die … voorgesteld' opens a verb-final clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die wy … vinden voorgesteld door 't zevende vak","title":"Passive participle in a perception construction","body":"'vinden … voorgesteld' pairs vinden with the past participle 'voorgesteld' ('find represented') — a passive sense without a finite worden/zijn. 'door' marks the means ('by the seventh compartment')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te-huis","lemma":"thuis","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative location complement of was","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by Als","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kamer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kamer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vond","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of vinden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grond","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"onzen","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected","role":"possessive determiner of grond","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"platten","lemma":"plat","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies grond","gloss":"flat"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying kamer","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"voorgesteld","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"past participle","role":"object complement of die after vinden","gloss":"represented"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vak","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zevende","lemma":"zevende","morphology":"ordinal adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vak","gloss":"seventh"},{"surface":"vak","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agent of voorgesteld","gloss":"compartment"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h15-s39","source":"Daar zat hy gewoonlyk te schryven, en ontving de personen die om gehoor lieten vragen.","translation":"There he usually sat writing, and received the persons who asked for an audience.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar zat hy gewoonlyk te schryven","title":"Posture verb + te-infinitive (progressive)","body":"'zat … te schryven' is the zitten te + infinitive progressive ('sat writing / was busy writing') — a posture verb plus te-infinitive expresses ongoing action. Fronted 'Daar' forces inversion: 'zat hy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of zat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zat and ontving","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zat","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive schrijven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zat","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zat","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of personen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of lieten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the fixed phrase om gehoor vragen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"gehoor","lemma":"gehoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"an audience"},{"surface":"lieten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying personen","gloss":"had someone"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of lieten","gloss":"ask"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h15-s40","source":"Hy had die plek gekozen omdat hy daar in de nabyheid was van zyn Tine die zich gewoonlyk in de kamer daarnaast ophield.","translation":"He had chosen that spot because it kept him close to his Tine, who usually stayed in the room next door.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat hy daar in de nabyheid was van zyn Tine die zich … ophield","title":"omdat-clause with reflexive zich ophouden","body":"'omdat' ('because') sends 'was' to the end of its clause. The relative 'die' then opens a further verb-final clause containing the reflexive separable verb zich ophouden ('to stay, dwell'): 'zich … ophield'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had gekozen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekozen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"plek","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gekozen","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"gekozen","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chosen"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause of gekozen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nabyheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nabyheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nabyheid","lemma":"nabijheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"proximity"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the reason clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zyn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of Tine","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ophield","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of ophield","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ophield","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kamer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kamer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"daarnaast","lemma":"daarnaast","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ophield","gloss":"next door"},{"surface":"ophield","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying Tine","gloss":"stayed"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h15-s41","source":"Want zóó innig waren zy verbonden dat Max, ook als hy bezig was met eenigen arbeid die aandacht en inspanning vorderde, gedurig behoefte voelde haar te zien of te hooren.","translation":"For so intimately were they bound together that Max, even when busy with some work that demanded attention and effort, continually felt the need to see or to hear her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want zóó innig waren zy verbonden dat Max … behoefte voelde","title":"want (coordinator) + zóó … dat result clause","body":"'Want' ('for') is a coordinating conjunction and keeps verb-second order ('waren zy'). It pairs with a 'zóó … dat' result construction: the dat-clause is verb-final, holding 'voelde' at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gedurig behoefte voelde haar te zien of te hooren","title":"Stacked te-infinitives after voelen","body":"'behoefte voelde … te zien of te hooren' governs two coordinated te-infinitives ('felt the need to see or to hear'). The coordinator 'of' ('or') joins the two infinitives without disturbing the te-construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies innig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"innig","lemma":"innig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verbonden","gloss":"intimately"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking zij and verbonden","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of waren verbonden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"verbonden","lemma":"verbonden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of zóó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the temporal clause introduced by als","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of voelde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bezig","lemma":"bezig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"busy"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hij and bezig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbeid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bezig","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vorderde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aandacht","lemma":"aandacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vorderde","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"inspanning","lemma":"inspanning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with aandacht","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"vorderde","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying arbeid","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voelde","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of voelde","gloss":"the need"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of zien and hooren","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of behoefte","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive hooren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with zien","gloss":"hear"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h15-s42","source":"Het was dikwyls koddig hoe hy op-eenmaal tot haar een woord richtte dat in zyn gedachten over de onderwerpen die hem bezig-hielden opkwam, en hoe snel zy, zonder te weten wat hy behandelde, den zin van zyn meening wist te vatten, die hy haar dan ook gewoonlyk niet toelichtte, als sprak het vanzelf dat zy wel weten zou wat hy bedoelde.","translation":"It was often droll how he would suddenly direct a word to her that arose in his thoughts about the subjects occupying him, and how quickly she, without knowing what he was treating of, grasped the sense of his meaning--which, as a rule, he did not then explain to her either, as though it went without saying that she would surely know what he meant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe snel zy … den zin van zyn meening wist te vatten","title":"wist te + infinitive: managed to grasp","body":"'wist te vatten' is weten + te-infinitive, an idiom meaning 'managed/knew how to grasp'. The clause is verb-final under 'hoe'; 'den zin' carries the old accusative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die hy haar dan ook gewoonlyk niet toelichtte","title":"Separable toelichten in a relative clause + niet","body":"The relative 'die' opens a verb-final clause where the separable verb toelichten ('to explain') stays whole at the end as 'toelichtte' (weak imperfect). 'niet' negates the verb ('did not explain'); 'haar' is the dative ('to her')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als sprak het vanzelf dat zy wel weten zou","title":"Conditional inversion + impersonal het","body":"'als sprak het vanzelf' uses subjunctive-style inversion ('as if it went without saying') with impersonal 'het'. The fixed idiom 'het spreekt vanzelf' means 'it is self-evident'; 'weten zou' is the conditional held to the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"expletive subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to koddig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"koddig","lemma":"koddig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"droll"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the clause of richtte","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of richtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"opeenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies richtte","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, object singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of richtte","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"richtte","lemma":"richten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the first hoe-clause","gloss":"directed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of opkwam; refers to woord","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gedachten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gedachten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderwerpen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of onderwerpen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderwerpen","lemma":"onderwerp","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"subjects"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of bezig-hielden; refers to onderwerpen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object singular","role":"direct object of bezig-hielden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"bezig-hielden","lemma":"bezighouden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative-clause verb modifying onderwerpen","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"opkwam","lemma":"opkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative-clause verb modifying woord","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two hoe-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the clause of wist","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"snel","lemma":"snel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause te weten","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks weten as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of behandelde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of behandelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"behandelde","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the embedded question after weten","gloss":"was treating"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of zin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zin","lemma":"zin","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of vatten","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meening","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of meening","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the second hoe-clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks vatten as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vatten","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wist","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of toelichtte; refers to meening","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of toelichtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, object singular","role":"indirect object of toelichtte","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toelichtte","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds either to the negated toelichtte","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toelichtte","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates toelichtte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"toelichtte","lemma":"toelichten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying meening","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the hypothetical clause of sprak","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the als-clause","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of sprak in spreekt vanzelf","gloss":"without saying","note":"Iets spreekt vanzelf is an idiom meaning that something goes without saying."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of sprak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of zou weten","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"emphasizes zou weten","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of bedoelde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of bedoelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bedoelde","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the embedded question after weten","gloss":"meant"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h15-s43","source":"Dikwyls ook, als hy ontevreden was over eigen arbeid of pas ontvangen verdrietig bericht, sprong hy op en zeide iets onvriendelyks tot haar ... die toch geen schuld had aan zyn ontevredenheid!","translation":"Often, too, when he was discontented with his own work or with some vexing news just received, he would spring up and say something unkind to her ... who yet bore no blame for his discontent!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sprong hy op en zeide iets onvriendelyks tot haar","title":"Separable opspringen + partitive genitive","body":"'sprong … op' is the separable verb opspringen ('to spring up'), the prefix 'op' stranded after the subject. 'iets onvriendelyks' shows the partitive -s on the adjective after iets ('something unkind'). 'zeide' is the literary imperfect of zeggen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprong and zeide","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds too to dikwijls","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ontevreden","lemma":"ontevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"discontented"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hij to ontevreden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbeid and bericht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"possessive adjective","role":"modifies arbeid","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"first object of over","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links arbeid and bericht","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontvangen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies bericht","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"verdrietig","lemma":"verdrietig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bericht","gloss":"vexing"},{"surface":"bericht","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"second object of over","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"sprong","lemma":"springen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first main verb","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of sprong and zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of sprong ... op","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links sprong and zeide","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular, archaic form","role":"second main verb coordinated with sprong","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of direct object of zeide","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"onvriendelyks","lemma":"onvriendelijk","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"unkind"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, object singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of had; refers to haar","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the contrast in the relative clause","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of schuld","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"blame"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontevredenheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ontevredenheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ontevredenheid","lemma":"ontevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"discontent"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h15-s44","source":"Maar dit hoorde zy gaarne omdat het een bewys te meer was hoe Max haar verwarde met zichzelf.","translation":"But this she liked to hear, because it was one more proof of how Max confounded her with himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar dit hoorde zy gaarne omdat het een bewys te meer was","title":"Fronted object dit + omdat-clause","body":"Fronting the demonstrative object 'dit' ('this') triggers inversion: 'hoorde zy'. The 'omdat'-clause ('because') sends its verb 'was' to the very end. 'dit' refers back to Max's harsh words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence contrastively to the preceding one","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of hoorde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of hoorde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoorde","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of bewys","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"bewys","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"forms te meer with meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"comparative adjective used substantivally","role":"modifies bewys in een bewijs te meer","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to bewys","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the content clause modifying bewys","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of verwarde","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, object singular","role":"direct object of verwarde","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"verwarde","lemma":"verwarren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the hoe-clause","gloss":"confounded"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zichzelf","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zichzelf","lemma":"zichzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, object singular","role":"object of met; refers to Max","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h15-s45","source":"En nooit ook was er spraak van berouw over zoodanige schynbare hardheid, of van vergiffenis aan de andere zyde.","translation":"And never, either, was there any talk of remorse for such apparent harshness, or of forgiveness on the other side.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En nooit ook was er spraak van berouw","title":"Negative word nooit fronted","body":"Fronting the negative adverb 'nooit' ('never') forces inversion: 'was er'. Dutch allows only one negative per clause (negative spread), and 'er' is the existential particle in the idiom 'er is spraak van' ('there is talk of')."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding one","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds either to nooit","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in existential construction","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in er was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"notional subject of was","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement berouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"berouw","lemma":"berouw","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of first van","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hardheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hardheid","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"schynbare","lemma":"schijnbaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hardheid","gloss":"apparent"},{"surface":"hardheid","lemma":"hardheid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"harshness"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two van-phrases","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement vergiffenis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vergiffenis","lemma":"vergiffenis","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of second van","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zyde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of zyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zyde","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"zyde","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"side"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h15-s46","source":"Dit zou hun geweest zyn, als hadde iemand vergeving gevraagd aan zichzelf, omdat hy in wrevel zich had geslagen voor zyn eigen hoofd.","translation":"It would have been to them as if someone had begged pardon of himself, because in vexation he had struck his own head.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit zou hun geweest zyn, als hadde iemand vergeving gevraagd","title":"Conditional perfect + subjunctive hadde","body":"'zou … geweest zyn' is the conditional perfect ('it would have been'). The 'als'-clause uses the archaic past subjunctive 'hadde' ('as if someone had begged') — a counterfactual comparison in solemn register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou geweest zyn","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geweest zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun, dative plural","role":"dative experiencer complement of geweest zyn","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"perfect participle governed by zyn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary governed by zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the hypothetical clause of hadde gevraagd","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"hadde","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevraagd","gloss":"had","note":"Hadde is an archaic past-subjunctive form of hebben, used after als in a hypothetical comparison."},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of hadde gevraagd","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"vergeving","lemma":"vergeving","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of gevraagd","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the hypothetical clause","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zichzelf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zichzelf","lemma":"zichzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, object singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had geslagen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of had geslagen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wrevel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"wrevel","lemma":"wrevel","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, object singular","role":"reflexive direct object of had geslagen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geslagen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the omdat-clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hoofd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"emphasizes zyn before hoofd","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h15-s47","source":"Zy kende hem dan ook zoo goed, dat ze juist wist wanneer ze dáár moest zyn om hem een oogenblik verpoozing te verschaffen ... juist, wanneer hy behoefte had aan haren raad, en niet minder juist, wanneer ze hem alleen moest laten.","translation":"She knew him, too, so well that she knew exactly when she had to be there to give him a moment's respite ... exactly when he had need of her counsel, and no less exactly when she had to leave him alone.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zy kende hem … zoo goed, dat ze juist wist wanneer ze dáár moest zyn","title":"Nested subordinate clauses with modal moeten","body":"A 'dat'-clause ('so well that …') contains a further 'wanneer'-clause; inside it the modal 'moest' sends 'zyn' to the end ('when she had to be there'). Each subordinator stacks the verbs rightward — a chain of verb-final clauses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer hy behoefte had aan haren raad","title":"Old dative ending on haren","body":"'haren raad' shows the old masculine dative -n on the possessive haar ('her counsel'), governed by the preposition aan. Modern Dutch writes simply 'haar raad'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of kende","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"kende","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object singular","role":"direct object of kende","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, marking a consequence","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kende","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of wist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the result clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the clause of moest zyn","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of moest zyn","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"locative adverb, emphatic","role":"complement of zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive-clause marker","role":"introduces om ... te verschaffen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object singular","role":"indirect object of verschaffen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"measure noun modifying verpoozing","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"verpoozing","lemma":"verpozing","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of verschaffen","gloss":"respite"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verschaffen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verschaffen","lemma":"verschaffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on zyn","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the following wanneer-clause","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the first parallel wanneer-clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking raad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaically inflected","role":"possessor of raad","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"raad","lemma":"raad","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two parallel wanneer-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates minder","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies juist","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the following wanneer-clause","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the clause of moest laten","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of moest laten","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object singular","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"object complement of hem after laten","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of laten","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"leave"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h15-s48","source":"In die kamer zat Havelaar op zekeren morgen toen de kontroleur by hem binnentrad, met een zoo-even ontvangen brief in de hand.","translation":"In that room Havelaar was sitting one morning when the controller came in to him, with a letter just received in his hand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"In die kamer zat Havelaar … toen de kontroleur by hem binnentrad","title":"toen-clause with separable binnentreden","body":"Fronted 'In die kamer' forces inversion ('zat Havelaar'). The 'toen'-clause ('when') sends its verb to the end: 'binnentrad' (separable binnentreden, here whole as the strong imperfect at clause end). 'die' is the far demonstrative ('that room')."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kamer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of kamer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking morgen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zekeren","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, archaically inflected","role":"modifies morgen","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of binnentrad","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of binnentrad","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"binnentrad","lemma":"binnentreden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the toen-clause","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"accompanying adjunct modifying binnentrad; describes kontroleur","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontvangen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies brief","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h15-s49","source":"--Dat is een moeielyke zaak, m'nheer Havelaar, zeide hy onder 't binnentreden.","translation":"--This is a difficult business, Mr. Havelaar, said he as he entered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zeide hy onder 't binnentreden","title":"Nominalized infinitive after a preposition","body":"\"'t binnentreden\" is the infinitive binnentreden used as a neuter noun ('the entering'), governed by the preposition onder ('while entering'). 'zeide' is the literary imperfect of zeggen, in inversion after the quoted speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dat to zaak","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"moeielyke","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zaak","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative, with Havelaar","gloss":"Mr.","note":"Contraction of mijnheer, ‘Mr.’"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to m’nheer","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnentreden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnentreden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnentreden","lemma":"binnentreden","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"entering"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h15-s50","source":"Zeer moeielyk! Wanneer ik nu zeg dat die brief eenvoudig Havelaars last inhield, om optehelderen waarom er een verandering was gekomen in de pryzen van houtwerken en arbeidsloon, zal de lezer vinden dat de kontroleur Verbrugge al zeer spoedig iets moeielyk vond.","translation":"Very difficult! Now, when I say that this letter simply contained Havelaar's instruction to clarify why a change had come about in the prices of timber-work and labour-wages, the reader will think that the controller Verbrugge found something difficult very readily indeed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wanneer ik nu zeg dat die brief … inhield, … zal de lezer vinden","title":"Long Wanneer-clause then future zal","body":"The fronted 'Wanneer'-clause ('When I say that …') is a heavy verb-final subordinate; the main clause then inverts and uses the future 'zal … vinden' ('the reader will think'). 'inhield' (separable inhouden) closes the embedded dat-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeielyk","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"elliptical predicate","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeg","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the wanneer-clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of inhield","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of inhield","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inhield","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive singular","role":"possessive modifier of last","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of inhield","gloss":"instruction"},{"surface":"inhield","lemma":"inhouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"contained"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating infinitive marker","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive optehelderen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"optehelderen","lemma":"ophelderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of last","gloss":"clarify"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question of gekomen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive locative adverb in the clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verandering","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verandering","lemma":"verandering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gekomen","gloss":"change"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the embedded question","gloss":"come about"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pryzen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pryzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pryzen","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"prices"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking houtwerken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"houtwerken","lemma":"houtwerk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"timber-work"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"arbeidsloon","lemma":"arbeidsloon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with houtwerken as object of van","gloss":"labour-wages"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vinden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vinden","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to kontroleur","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic modifier of zeer spoedig","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spoedig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"readily"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of iets","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"found"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h15-s51","source":"Ik haast me dus hierby te voegen dat veel anderen evenzeer moeielykheid zouden gevonden hebben in 't beantwoorden van die eenvoudige vraag.","translation":"I hasten therefore to add that many others would just as much have found difficulty in answering that simple question.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"veel anderen evenzeer moeielykheid zouden gevonden hebben","title":"Conditional perfect: would have found","body":"'zouden gevonden hebben' is the conditional perfect ('would have found'): conditional zouden + the perfect infinitive 'gevonden hebben'. 'evenzeer' ('just as much') is an adverb of degree in the middle field."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of haast","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"haast","lemma":"haasten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hasten"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of haast","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voegen","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"hierby","lemma":"hierbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of voegen","gloss":"to this"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces voegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voegen","lemma":"voegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of haast","gloss":"add"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gevonden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of anderen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"subject of zouden hebben gevonden","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"evenzeer","lemma":"evenzeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevonden","gloss":"just as much"},{"surface":"moeielykheid","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the dat-clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beantwoorden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner nominalizing beantwoorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beantwoorden","lemma":"beantwoorden","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vraag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eenvoudige","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vraag","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"question"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h15-s52","source":"Voor eenige jaren was er te Rangkas-Betoeng een gevangenis gebouwd.","translation":"Some years before, a prison had been built at Rangkas-Betoeng.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Voor eenige jaren was er te Rangkas-Betoeng een gevangenis gebouwd.","title":"Passive perfect with existential er","body":"'was … gebouwd' is the perfect passive ('had been built'): zijn + past participle. 'er' is the existential particle introducing the indefinite subject 'een gevangenis'; the fronted time phrase 'Voor eenige jaren' ('some years ago') forces inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of was","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gebouwd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in the passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevangenis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevangenis","lemma":"gevangenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gebouwd","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"gebouwd","lemma":"bouwen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the passive clause","gloss":"built"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h15-s53","source":"Nu is 't van algemeene bekendheid dat de beambten in de binnenlanden van Java de kunst verstaan gebouwen opterichten die duizenden waard zyn, zonder meer dan even zooveel honderden daarvoor uittegeven.","translation":"Now it is common knowledge that the officials in the interior of Java understand the art of erecting buildings worth thousands without spending more than just so many hundreds upon them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de kunst verstaan gebouwen opterichten die duizenden waard zyn","title":"te-infinitive (joined oprichten) + relative","body":"'de kunst verstaan … op te richten' means 'to understand the art of erecting'; 'opterichten' is the 1860 joined spelling of the separable oprichten with -te- inserted (modern op te richten). The relative 'die' opens a verb-final clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zonder meer dan even zooveel honderden daarvoor uittegeven","title":"zonder + te-infinitive of exception","body":"'zonder … uittegeven' is zonder + te-infinitive ('without spending') — the joined spelling of separable uitgeven. 'daarvoor' is a pronominal adverb (daar- + voor, 'for them'); 'meer dan' is the comparative 'more than'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to bekendheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bekendheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"algemeene","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bekendheid","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"bekendheid","lemma":"bekendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verstaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of verstaan","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnenlanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnenlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnenlanden","lemma":"binnenland","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"interior regions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kunst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kunst","lemma":"kunst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verstaan","gloss":"art"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"gebouwen","lemma":"gebouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of opterichten","gloss":"buildings"},{"surface":"opterichten","lemma":"oprichten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive modifying kunst","gloss":"to erect","note":"Historical spelling joins op te richten into one word."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"duizenden","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"substantivized numeral, plural","role":"measure complement of waard","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"waard","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the adverbial infinitive uittegeven","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"modifies honderden","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison after meer","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zooveel","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of honderden","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"honderden","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"substantivized numeral, plural","role":"direct object of uittegeven","gloss":"hundreds"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of uittegeven","gloss":"on them"},{"surface":"uittegeven","lemma":"uitgeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial infinitive governed by zonder","gloss":"to spend","note":"Historical spelling joins uit te geven into one word."}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h15-s54","source":"Men verkrygt daardoor den roep van bekwaamheid en yver voor 's lands dienst.","translation":"Thereby one acquires the reputation of competence and zeal for the service of the State.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men verkrygt daardoor den roep van bekwaamheid","title":"Impersonal men + present tense + pronominal adverb","body":"'Men verkrygt' is the impersonal pronoun men with the present tense of verkrijgen ('one acquires'). 'daardoor' is a pronominal adverb (daar- + door, 'thereby'); 'den roep' carries the old accusative -n. \"'s lands dienst\" is a frozen genitive ('the State's service')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verkrygt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"verkrygt","lemma":"verkrijgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"acquires"},{"surface":"daardoor","lemma":"daardoor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkrygt","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of roep","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"roep","lemma":"roep","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verkrygt","gloss":"reputation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bekwaamheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bekwaamheid","lemma":"bekwaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"competence"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"yver","lemma":"ijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with bekwaamheid","gloss":"zeal"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dienst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"genitive article","role":"introduces the genitive phrase ’s lands","gloss":"the","note":"’s Lands is an old genitive meaning ‘of the country’ or ‘of the State.’"},{"surface":"lands","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of dienst","gloss":"country’s"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"service"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h15-s55","source":"Het verschil tusschen de uitgegeven gelden en de waarde van het daarvoor verkregene, wordt aangevuld door onbetaalde levering of onbetaalden arbeid.","translation":"The difference between the moneys spent and the value of what is obtained for them is made up by unpaid delivery of goods or unpaid labour.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wordt aangevuld door onbetaalde levering of onbetaalden arbeid","title":"Present worden-passive with agent door","body":"'wordt aangevuld' is the present process passive of aanvullen ('is made up / supplemented'), the separable prefix aan- fused into the participle. The means is introduced by 'door'; note 'onbetaalden arbeid' with the old masculine accusative -n versus 'onbetaalde levering' (de-word, no -n)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verschil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verschil","lemma":"verschil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wordt aangevuld","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the coordinated terms","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitgegeven","lemma":"uitgeven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"modifies gelden","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"moneys"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarde","lemma":"waarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of tusschen","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking daarvoor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner nominalizing verkregene","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of verkregene","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"verkregene","lemma":"verkrijgen","morphology":"nominalized past participle, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"thing obtained","note":"Het verkregene means “what has been obtained.”"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of aangevuld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aangevuld","lemma":"aanvullen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking levering","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"onbetaalde","lemma":"onbetaald","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies levering","gloss":"unpaid"},{"surface":"levering","lemma":"levering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of door","gloss":"delivery"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"onbetaalden","lemma":"onbetaald","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies arbeid","gloss":"unpaid"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with levering as object of door","gloss":"labour"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h15-s56","source":"Sedert eenige jaren bestaan er voorschriften die dit verbieden.","translation":"For some years now there have existed regulations that forbid this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sedert eenige jaren bestaan er voorschriften die dit verbieden.","title":"Existential er + present plural","body":"'bestaan er voorschriften' uses existential 'er' with the present plural of bestaan ('there exist regulations'). The fronted 'Sedert eenige jaren' ('for some years now') forces inversion; the relative 'die' closes its clause with 'verbieden'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of bestaan","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have existed"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb with bestaan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"voorschriften","lemma":"voorschrift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of bestaan","gloss":"regulations"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verbieden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of verbieden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"verbieden","lemma":"verbieden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"forbid"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h15-s57","source":"Of ze worden nagekomen, is hier de vraag niet. Evenmin of de Regeering zelf wil dat ze nagekomen worden met een stiptheid die bezwarend werken zou op de begrooting van 't bouwdepartement?","translation":"Whether they are observed is not the question here. Just as little is the question whether the Government itself wishes them to be observed with a strictness that would weigh burdensomely on the budget of the building department?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Of ze worden nagekomen, is hier de vraag niet.","title":"Fronted yes/no clause as subject + worden-passive","body":"An embedded yes/no question ('Of ze worden nagekomen', 'whether they are observed') serves as the subject of the main clause 'is … de vraag niet'. 'worden nagekomen' is a present worden-passive of nakomen ('are observed/complied with')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een stiptheid die bezwarend werken zou op de begrooting","title":"Present participle bezwarend + conditional zou","body":"'bezwarend' is a present participle used adverbially ('burdensomely'); 'werken zou' is the conditional ('would work/weigh'), held to the end of the die-relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nagekomen","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive nagekomen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of nagekomen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"nagekomen","lemma":"nakomen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of the subject clause","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to vraag","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Evenmin","lemma":"evenmin","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical continuation of de vraag niet","gloss":"just as little"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wil","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes Regeering","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the of-clause","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nagekomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive nagekomen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"nagekomen","lemma":"nakomen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the dat-clause","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of nagekomen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stiptheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stiptheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stiptheid","lemma":"stiptheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of nagekomen","gloss":"strictness"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of werken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bezwarend","lemma":"bezwarend","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werken","gloss":"burdensomely"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of the relative clause","gloss":"weigh"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of werken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begrooting","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begrooting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begrooting","lemma":"begroting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"budget"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bouwdepartement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bouwdepartement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bouwdepartement","lemma":"bouwdepartement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"building department"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h15-s58","source":"Het zal hiermede wel gaan zooals met veel andere voorschriften die er zoo menschlievend uitzien op 't papier.","translation":"It will surely go with this as with many other regulations that look so humane on paper.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het zal hiermede wel gaan zooals met veel andere voorschriften die er zoo menschlievend uitzien","title":"Future zal + separable uitzien with er","body":"'zal … gaan' is the future of gaan ('it will go'). 'hiermede' is an archaic pronominal adverb (hier- + mede, 'with this'). In the relative clause, 'er … uitzien' is the separable verb eruitzien ('to look/appear'): 'zoo menschlievend' = 'so humane'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gaan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gaan","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"hiermede","lemma":"hiermee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies gaan","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaan","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with voorschriften","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorschriften","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorschriften","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voorschriften","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"voorschriften","lemma":"voorschrift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"regulations"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of uitzien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal part of eruitzien","gloss":"in appearance"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies menschlievend","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"menschlievend","lemma":"menslievend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of uitzien","gloss":"humane"},{"surface":"uitzien","lemma":"uitzien","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking papier","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of papier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"papier","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of uitzien","gloss":"paper"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h15-s59","source":"Nu moesten er te Rangkas-Betoeng nog veel andere gebouwen worden opgericht, en de ingenieurs die met het ontwerpen van de plannen daartoe belast waren, hadden opgaven gevraagd van de plaatselyke pryzen der arbeidsloonen en materialen.","translation":"Now at Rangkas-Betoeng many other buildings still had to be erected, and the engineers charged with designing the plans for them had asked for statements of the local prices of labour-wages and materials.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"moesten er … nog veel andere gebouwen worden opgericht","title":"Modal + worden-passive infinitive","body":"'moesten … worden opgericht' stacks the modal moeten + the passive infinitive worden + participle ('had to be erected'). Fronted 'Nu' forces inversion ('moesten er'); 'er' is the existential particle for the indefinite 'veel andere gebouwen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de ingenieurs die … belast waren, hadden opgaven gevraagd","title":"Relative clause + main-clause pluperfect","body":"The relative 'die … belast waren' ('charged with') is a verb-final state-passive clause embedded in the subject; the main verb 'hadden gevraagd' is a pluperfect ('had asked'). 'belast met' = 'charged/tasked with'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moesten worden opgericht","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of worden opgericht","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"location of opgericht","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel andere gebouwen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebouwen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies gebouwen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"gebouwen","lemma":"gebouw","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive worden opgericht","gloss":"buildings"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of opgericht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"opgericht","lemma":"oprichten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"erected"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links moesten worden opgericht and hadden gevraagd","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of ingenieurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ingenieurs","lemma":"ingenieur","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of hadden gevraagd","gloss":"engineers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of belast waren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontwerpen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of nominalized ontwerpen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontwerpen","lemma":"ontwerpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"object of met","gloss":"designing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plannen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of plannen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plannen","lemma":"plan","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"plans"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies plannen","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"belast","lemma":"belast","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of waren in relative clause","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copular verb linking die and belast","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of gevraagd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of gevraagd","gloss":"statements"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"asked for"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prijzen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of prijzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaatselyke","lemma":"plaatselijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies prijzen","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"pryzen","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"prices"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive plural","role":"marks genitive complement of prijzen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"arbeidsloonen","lemma":"arbeidsloon","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of prijzen","gloss":"labour-wages"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links arbeidsloonen and materialen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"materialen","lemma":"materiaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with arbeidsloonen","gloss":"materials"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h15-s60","source":"Havelaar had den kontroleur belast met een nauwkeurig onderzoek hieromtrent, en hem aanbevolen de pryzen optegeven naar waarheid, zonder terugzicht op wat vroeger geschiedde.","translation":"Havelaar had charged the controller with a careful inquiry into this, and had recommended to him to state the prices according to the truth, without regard to what had been done in earlier days.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar had den kontroleur belast … en hem aanbevolen de pryzen optegeven","title":"Pluperfect + te-infinitive (joined opgeven)","body":"'had … belast … en … aanbevolen' is a pluperfect with two coordinated participles. 'optegeven' is the 1860 joined spelling of the separable opgeven with -te- (modern op te geven, 'to state'). 'den kontroleur' keeps the old accusative -n."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of had belast and aanbevolen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of belast and aanbevolen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of belast","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"belast","lemma":"belasten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb coordinated with aanbevolen","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderzoek","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nauwkeurig","lemma":"nauwkeurig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies onderzoek","gloss":"careful"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"hieromtrent","lemma":"hieromtrent","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies onderzoek","gloss":"into this"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links belast and aanbevolen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of aanbevolen","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"aanbevolen","lemma":"aanbevelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with belast","gloss":"recommended"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of prijzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pryzen","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of optegeven","gloss":"prices"},{"surface":"optegeven","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of aanbevolen","gloss":"to state"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waarheid","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking terugzicht","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"terugzicht","lemma":"terugzicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"regard","note":"Archaic noun meaning regard or consideration."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wat-clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of geschiedde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedde","gloss":"in earlier days"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause governed by op","gloss":"had happened"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h15-s61","source":"Toen Verbrugge aan dezen last had voldaan, bleek er dat die pryzen niet overeen kwamen met de opgaven van eenige jaren vroeger.","translation":"When Verbrugge had complied with this instruction, it turned out that those prices did not agree with the statements of some years before.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen Verbrugge aan dezen last had voldaan, bleek er dat …","title":"Toen-clause + impersonal blijken with er","body":"The fronted 'Toen'-clause ('When Verbrugge had complied') is verb-final, holding the pluperfect 'had voldaan' at the end. The main clause inverts to 'bleek er dat …' — impersonal blijken ('it turned out that') with placeholder er."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of voldaan","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of had voldaan","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition required by voldaan","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, dative masculine singular","role":"determiner of last","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"instruction"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of voldaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"voldaan","lemma":"voldoen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"complied"},{"surface":"bleek","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive with bleek","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of bleek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of prijzen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"pryzen","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of kwamen overeen","gloss":"prices"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kwamen overeen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"overeen","lemma":"overeen","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of kwamen ... overeen","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite base of kwamen ... overeen","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition required by overeenkomen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of opgaven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of met","gloss":"statements"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of jaren","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgaven temporally","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h15-s62","source":"Van dit verschil nu werd de reden gevraagd, en dit vond Verbrugge zoo moeielyk.","translation":"The reason for this discrepancy was now demanded, and this Verbrugge found so difficult.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Van dit verschil nu werd de reden gevraagd","title":"Fronted PP + worden-passive","body":"Fronting the prepositional phrase 'Van dit verschil' forces inversion: 'werd de reden gevraagd' is an imperfect worden-passive ('the reason … was demanded'). 'dit' is the neuter demonstrative agreeing with the het-word verschil."}],"words":[{"surface":"Van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verschil","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of verschil","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"verschil","lemma":"verschil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying reden","gloss":"discrepancy"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werd gevraagd","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gevraagd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive werd gevraagd","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links werd gevraagd and vond","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies moeielyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of dit after vond","gloss":"difficult"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h15-s63","source":"Havelaar, die zeer goed wist wat er achter deze schynbaar eenvoudige zaak schuilde, antwoordde dat hy zyn denkbeelden over die moeielykheid schriftelyk zou meedeelen, en ik vind onder de voor my liggende stukken een afschrift van den brief die 't gevolg schynt van deze toezegging.","translation":"Havelaar, who knew very well what lay behind this apparently simple matter, answered that he would set down his views on the difficulty in writing; and I find, among the papers lying before me, a copy of the letter that seems to be the result of this undertaking.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"antwoordde dat hy … schriftelyk zou meedeelen","title":"dat-clause with conditional zou","body":"The 'dat'-clause sends 'zou meedeelen' to the end — the conditional/future-in-the-past ('that he would communicate'). 'zyn denkbeelden' is the object; schriftelyk ('in writing') sits in the middle field."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een afschrift van den brief die 't gevolg schynt van deze toezegging","title":"Relative die + old accusative den","body":"'die' is the relative for the de-word brief, opening a relative clause in which the verb 'schynt' ('seems') precedes its PP complement 'van deze toezegging' — so the clause ends with 'toezegging', not 'schynt'. 'den brief' shows the old accusative -n; 'afschrift' is a compound ('copy', af + schrift)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on Havelaar","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of schuilde in embedded question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive with schuilde","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaak","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"schynbaar","lemma":"schijnbaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenvoudige","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"eenvoudige","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zaak","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of achter","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"schuilde","lemma":"schuilen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of embedded question governed by wist","gloss":"lay hidden"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of antwoordde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zou meedeelen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of denkbeelden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of meedeelen","gloss":"views"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeielykheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of moeielykheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"moeielykheid","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"schriftelyk","lemma":"schriftelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meedeelen","gloss":"in writing"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of meedeelen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"meedeelen","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of object clause","gloss":"communicate"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links antwoordde and vind","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stukken","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of stukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"liggende","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial modifier of stukken","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of afschrift","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"afschrift","lemma":"afschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"copy"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of schynt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of die with schynt","gloss":"result"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copular verb linking die and gevolg","gloss":"seems to be"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toezegging","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of toezegging","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"toezegging","lemma":"toezegging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"undertaking"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h15-s64","source":"Wanneer de lezer klagen mocht dat ik hem ophoud met een korrespondentie over de pryzen van houtwerken, waarmee hy schynbaar niet te maken heeft, moet ik hem verzoeken niet onopgemerkt te laten dat hier eigenlyk spraak is van geheel iets anders, van den toestand namelyk der ambtelyke Indische huishouding, en dat de brief dien ik meedeel niet alleen een straal van licht te meer werpt op 't kunstmatig optimismus waarvan ik gesproken heb, maar tevens de moeielykheden schetst, waarmee iemand te kampen had die zooals Havelaar rechtuit en zonder omzien zyn weg wilde gaan.","translation":"Should the reader complain that I detain him with a correspondence about the prices of timber-work, with which he apparently has nothing to do, I must ask him not to let it pass unnoticed that here the question is really of something altogether different--namely, of the condition of the official Indian household--and that the letter I am communicating not only casts one more ray of light on the artificial optimism of which I have spoken, but at the same time sketches the difficulties with which a man had to contend who, like Havelaar, wished to go his way straightforwardly and without looking back.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wanneer de lezer klagen mocht … moet ik hem verzoeken niet onopgemerkt te laten dat …","title":"Conditional Wanneer-clause + te-infinitive object clause","body":"The fronted 'Wanneer … mocht'-clause is a softened conditional ('Should the reader complain'). The main clause governs 'te laten' ('to let'), which in turn takes a 'dat'-clause as its object — clauses nested three deep, all verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarmee hy schynbaar niet te maken heeft","title":"Pronominal relative waarmee","body":"'waarmee' is a pronominal relative adverb (waar- + mee, 'with which') referring back to korrespondentie. 'te maken hebben met' is the idiom 'to have to do with'; 'niet' negates it ('has nothing to do with')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of mocht klagen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of mocht klagen","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"klagen","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical complement of mocht","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal auxiliary of klagen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ophoud","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ophoud","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ophoud","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ophoud","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"detain"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement korrespondentie","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of korrespondentie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"korrespondentie","lemma":"correspondentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"correspondence"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement pryzen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pryzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pryzen","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"prices"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement houtwerken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"houtwerken","lemma":"houtwerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of van modifying pryzen","gloss":"timber works"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"relative complement of te maken heeft, referring to houtwerken","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schynbaar","lemma":"schijnbaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of heeft","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates te maken heeft","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks maken in te maken hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of the idiom te maken hebben met","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal auxiliary of verzoeken","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet verzoeken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verzoeken and understood subject of laten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"verzoeken","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical complement of moet","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates te laten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"onopgemerkt","lemma":"onopgemerkt","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of laten","gloss":"unnoticed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks laten after verzoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verzoeken","gloss":"let pass"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of laten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of sprake is","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of sprake is","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative noun in spraak is van","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite copular verb of sprake is","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of sprake","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of anders","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adjective, postpositive","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"repeats van to specify iets anders","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of toestand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"namelyk","lemma":"namelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"specifies geheel iets anders as de toestand","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic feminine genitive singular","role":"determiner of ambtelyke Indische huishouding","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ambtelyke","lemma":"ambtelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies huishouding","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"Indische","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies huishouding","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"huishouding","lemma":"huishouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the genitive phrase modifying toestand","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two object clauses of laten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second object clause of laten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of werpt and schetst","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of meedeel, referring to brief","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meedeel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meedeel","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"am communicating"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"first element of niet alleen ... maar tevens","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"second element of niet alleen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of straal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"straal","lemma":"straal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of werpt","gloss":"ray"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement licht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van modifying straal","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the comparative expression te meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"part of te meer modifying straal","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"werpt","lemma":"werpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"first finite verb with subject brief","gloss":"casts"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement optimismus","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of optimismus","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kunstmatig","lemma":"kunstmatig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies optimismus","gloss":"artificial"},{"surface":"optimismus","lemma":"optimisme","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"optimism"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gesproken heb, referring to optimismus","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gesproken heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of the relative clause","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second part of niet alleen ... maar tevens","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"links schetst as an additional action","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeielykheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeielykheden","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of schetst","gloss":"difficulties"},{"surface":"schetst","lemma":"schetsen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"second finite verb with subject brief","gloss":"sketches"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of te kampen had, referring to moeielykheden","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of had","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks kampen after had","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kampen","lemma":"kampen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical complement of had","gloss":"contend"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb in te kampen had","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular, nominative","role":"subject of wilde, referring to iemand","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative phrase zooals Havelaar","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of zooals","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"rechtuit","lemma":"rechtuit","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of gaan","gloss":"straightforwardly"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates rechtuit and zonder omzien","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner phrase zonder omzien","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"omzien","lemma":"omzien","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"looking back"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gaan","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal verb of the relative clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical complement of wilde","gloss":"to go"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h15-s65","source":"\"N° 114 Rangkas-Betoeng, 15 Maart 1856.","translation":"\"No. 114 Rangkas-Betoeng, 15 March 1856.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"15 Maart 1856","title":"The dated dispatch","body":"From here the chapter becomes an authentic-style official letter ('N° 114'). The date and number lend documentary weight — Multatuli is presenting what reads as a real archival dispatch from his own time as assistant-resident."}],"words":[{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation symbol","role":"abbreviation introducing document number 114","gloss":"No.","note":"N° abbreviates nummer, “number.”"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"place name in the letter heading","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"Maart","lemma":"maart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"month name in the date","gloss":"March"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h15-s66","source":"Aan den Kontroleur van Lebak.","translation":"To the Controller of Lebak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s66.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the addressee","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of Kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Aan; title of the addressee","gloss":"Controller"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Lebak as the controller’s district","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h15-s67","source":"Toen ik den brief van den Direkteur der Openbare-Werken, van den 16den Februari l.l., N° 271/354 aan u renvoieerde, heb ik u verzocht het daarby gevraagde, na overleg met den Regent, te beantwoorden met in-achtneming van wat ik schreef in myn missive van 5 dezer N° 97.","translation":"When I forwarded to you the letter of the Director of Public Works, of the 16th of February last, No. 271/354, I requested you to answer what was therein asked, after consultation with the Regent, taking into account what I wrote in my missive of the 5th of this month, No. 97.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb ik u verzocht het daarby gevraagde … te beantwoorden","title":"Perfect + te-infinitive with nominalized participle","body":"'heb ik … verzocht … te beantwoorden' is a perfect ('I requested … to answer') governing a te-infinitive. 'het daarby gevraagde' is a nominalized past participle ('what was therein asked') taking the neuter -e of a substantivized adjective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"renvoieerde / missive / l.l.","title":"Bureaucratic loan-vocabulary","body":"The letter is thick with officialese: 'renvoieeren' (from French renvoyer, 'to forward/refer'), 'missive' ('official dispatch'), and 'l.l.' (laatsleden, also lastleden, 'last / most recently past'). This clerkly register is part of Multatuli's satire of the paper-machine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of renvoieerde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of renvoieerde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of renvoieerde","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement Direkteur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of Direkteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Direkteur","lemma":"directeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Director"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of Openbare-Werken","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Openbare-Werken","lemma":"openbaar werk","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"genitive complement identifying the Direkteur","gloss":"Public Works"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the date modifying brief","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine dative singular","role":"determiner in the date expression","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"16de","morphology":"ordinal suffix","role":"forms the ordinal date 16den with the omitted numeral","gloss":"th"},{"surface":"Februari","lemma":"februari","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"month name in the date","gloss":"February"},{"surface":"l.l","lemma":"laatstleden","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"modifies the date as the most recent February","gloss":"last","note":"Abbreviation of laatstleden, “last past.”"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation symbol","role":"abbreviation introducing document number 271/354","gloss":"No.","note":"N° abbreviates nummer, “number.”"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient u","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of aan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"renvoieerde","lemma":"renvoyeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"forwarded"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of verzocht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb verzocht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verzocht and understood subject of beantwoorden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of the main clause","gloss":"requested"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of the nominalized gevraagde","gloss":"what was"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of gevraagde","gloss":"therein"},{"surface":"gevraagde","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"adjective, nominalized past participle","role":"direct object of beantwoorden","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal phrase na overleg","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"overleg","lemma":"overleg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"consultation"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces den Regent","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks beantwoorden after verzocht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beantwoorden","lemma":"beantwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verzocht","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner phrase met in-achtneming","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"in-achtneming","lemma":"inachtneming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"taking into account"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of in-achtneming","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of schreef","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces myn missive","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of missive","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"missive","lemma":"missive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"missive"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the date modifying missive","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, genitive singular","role":"elliptically denotes this month in the date","gloss":"of this month"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation symbol","role":"abbreviation introducing document number 97","gloss":"No.","note":"N° abbreviates nummer, “number.”"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h15-s68","source":"Die missive bevatte eenige algemeene wenken omtrent hetgeen als billyk en rechtvaardig te beschouwen is by 't bepalen der pryzen van materialen, door de bevolking te leveren aan, en op last van, het Bestuur.","translation":"That missive contained some general hints regarding what is to be considered fair and just in fixing the prices of materials, to be delivered by the population to, and by order of, the Administration.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hetgeen als billyk en rechtvaardig te beschouwen is","title":"Relative hetgeen + te-infinitive of necessity","body":"'hetgeen' is a formal/period relative pronoun ('that which, what'), heavier than wat. 'te beschouwen is' is the passive-potential te-infinitive ('is to be considered'). 'billyk' = 'fair, equitable'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"door de bevolking te leveren aan … het Bestuur","title":"te-infinitive expressing obligation (gerundive)","body":"'door de bevolking te leveren' is a gerundive-style te-infinitive ('to be delivered by the population') — door marks the agent. This passive-potential 'te + infinitive' names what must be supplied, a compact official construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of missive","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"missive","lemma":"missive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bevatte","gloss":"missive"},{"surface":"bevatte","lemma":"bevatten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main finite verb","gloss":"contained"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"modifies wenken","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"algemeene","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wenken","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"wenken","lemma":"wenk","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of bevatte","gloss":"hints"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hetgeen as the topic of wenken","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of te beschouwen is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement of beschouwen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"billyk","lemma":"billijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"first predicative complement of beschouwen","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates billyk and rechtvaardig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rechtvaardig","lemma":"rechtvaardig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"second predicative complement of beschouwen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks beschouwen in the passive construction","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschouwen","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical verb in te beschouwen is","gloss":"be considered"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite passive-like auxiliary of te beschouwen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstance by het bepalen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner nominalizing bepalen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bepalen","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of by","gloss":"fixing"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of pryzen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"pryzen","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of bepalen","gloss":"prices"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces materialen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"materialen","lemma":"materiaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van modifying pryzen","gloss":"materials"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent of te leveren","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agentive object of door","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks leveren as a passive infinitival modifier","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leveren","lemma":"leveren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"passive infinitival modifier of materialen","gloss":"be delivered"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the shared object het Bestuur","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates aan and op last van","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase op last van","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op in op last van","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the shared object het Bestuur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"shared complement of aan and van","gloss":"Administration"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h15-s69","source":"By uwe missive van 8 dezer, N° 6, hebt ge daaraan--en naar ik geloof, volgens uw beste weten--voldaan, zoodat ik, vertrouwende op uw lokale kennis en die des Regents, die opgaven, zooals ze door u waren gesteld, den resident heb aangeboden.","translation":"By your missive of the 8th of this month, No. 6, you complied with this--and, as I believe, to the best of your knowledge--so that I, trusting in your local knowledge and that of the Regent, submitted those statements to the resident as they had been drawn up by you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hebt ge daaraan … voldaan","title":"Pronoun ge + perfect + pronominal adverb","body":"'ge' is the literary 2nd-person pronoun of 1860 (alongside gy), here the subject of the perfect 'hebt … voldaan' ('you complied'). 'daaraan' is a pronominal adverb (daar- + aan) governed by voldoen aan ('to comply with')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vertrouwende op uw lokale kennis en die des Regents","title":"Present participle + genitive des Regents","body":"'vertrouwende' is a present participle used adverbially ('trusting'). 'die des Regents' uses the demonstrative 'die' as a noun-substitute ('that of') plus the old genitive 'des Regents' ('the Regent's')."}],"words":[{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking missive","gloss":"By"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal, singular","role":"determiner of missive","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"missive","lemma":"missive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij in a means adjunct modifying voldaan","gloss":"missive"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 8","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, genitive singular","role":"elliptical complement of van","gloss":"this month"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation, singular","role":"apposition to missive","gloss":"No.","note":"Abbreviation “N°” means “number”."},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of voldaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of voldaan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of voldaan","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause geloof","gloss":"as","note":"Here “naar” is the older form in “naar ik geloof”: “as I believe”."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"volgens","lemma":"volgens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beste","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal, singular","role":"determiner of weten","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of volgens","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"voldaan","lemma":"voldoen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by hebt","gloss":"complied"},{"surface":"zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb aangeboden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vertrouwende","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying ik","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kennis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal, singular","role":"determiner of kennis","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"lokale","lemma":"lokaal","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kennis","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"coordinated complement of op; stands for kennis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of Regents","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Regents","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"possessor modifying omitted kennis","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of opgaven","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of aangeboden","gloss":"statements"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause gesteld","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person plural, nominative","role":"subject of waren gesteld","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, oblique","role":"agent of gesteld","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gesteld","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of comparative clause","gloss":"drawn up"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative masculine singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of aangeboden","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of aangeboden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aangeboden","lemma":"aanbieden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"submitted"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h15-s70","source":"Daarop volgde eene missive van dien hoofdambtenaar, van 11 dezer, N° 326, waarby inlichting wordt verzocht omtrent de oorzaak van het verschil tusschen de door my opgegeven pryzen, en die welke in 1853 en 1854 by het opbouwen eener gevangenis besteed werden?","translation":"Thereupon there followed a missive from that chief official, of the 11th of this month, No. 326, in which information is requested regarding the cause of the difference between the prices I had submitted, and those that were spent in 1853 and 1854 on the building of a prison?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daarop volgde eene missive … waarby inlichting wordt verzocht","title":"Fronted Daarop + relative waarby + worden-passive","body":"Fronted 'Daarop' ('thereupon') forces inversion ('volgde eene missive'). 'waarby' is a pronominal relative adverb (waar- + by) introducing a clause whose verb 'wordt verzocht' is a present worden-passive ('information is requested')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"en die welke in 1853 en 1854 … besteed werden","title":"Formal relative die welke + worden-passive","body":"'die welke' is a heavy, formal relative combination ('those which'), with 'welke' the literary relative typical of legal/official prose. 'besteed werden' is the imperfect worden-passive of besteden ('were spent/expended')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volgde","gloss":"Thereupon"},{"surface":"volgde","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"eene","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of missive","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"missive","lemma":"missive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of volgde","gloss":"missive"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdambtenaar","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hoofdambtenaar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hoofdambtenaar","lemma":"hoofdambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"chief official"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 11","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, genitive singular","role":"elliptical complement of van","gloss":"this month"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation, singular","role":"apposition to missive","gloss":"No.","note":"Abbreviation “N°” means “number”."},{"surface":"waarby","lemma":"waarbij","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying missive","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"inlichting","lemma":"inlichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt verzocht","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verzocht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"requested"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorzaak","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of omtrent","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verschil","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verschil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verschil","lemma":"verschil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coordinated prices","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pryzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opgegeven","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, oblique","role":"agent of opgegeven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"opgegeven","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of prijzen","gloss":"submitted"},{"surface":"pryzen","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"first complement of tussen","gloss":"prices"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"second complement of tussen; antecedent of welke","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of werden besteed","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 1853","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opbouwen","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opbouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opbouwen","lemma":"opbouwen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of gevangenis","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"gevangenis","lemma":"gevangenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of opbouwen","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"besteed","lemma":"besteden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of relative clause","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of besteed","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h15-s71","source":"Ik stelde natuurlyk dien brief in uwe handen, en gelastte u mondeling, alsnu uwe opgave te justificeeren, hetgeen u te minder moeielyk moest vallen, daar ge u kondet beroepen op de voorschriften u in myn schryven van den 5en dezer gegeven, en die we mondeling meermalen uitvoerig bespraken.","translation":"I naturally placed that letter in your hands, and instructed you verbally now to justify your statement--something that ought to have been the less difficult for you, since you could rely on the directions given to you in my writing of the 5th of this month, which we had moreover discussed verbally and at length more than once.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gelastte u mondeling … uwe opgave te justificeeren","title":"Imperfect gelasten + te-infinitive","body":"'gelastte' is the weak imperfect of gelasten ('ordered/instructed'), governing 'te justificeeren' ('to justify', a French loan). 'uwe opgave' uses the period possessive uwe ('your')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar ge u kondet beroepen op de voorschriften","title":"daar-causal clause with reflexive zich beroepen","body":"'daar' here is a causal subordinator ('since/because') sending the verb to the end. 'u … beroepen op' is the reflexive verb zich beroepen op ('to rely/appeal to'); 'kondet' is the archaic 2nd-person imperfect of kunnen ('you could')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"stelde","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stelde","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of stelde","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal, singular","role":"determiner of handen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"handen","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of stelde","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gelastte","lemma":"gelasten","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"coordinated with stelde","gloss":"instructed"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of gelastte","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"mondeling","lemma":"mondeling","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelastte","gloss":"verbally"},{"surface":"alsnu","lemma":"alsnu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies justificeeren","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal, singular","role":"determiner of opgave","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"opgave","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of justificeeren","gloss":"statement"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks justificeeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"justificeeren","lemma":"justificeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of gelastte","gloss":"justify"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of moest vallen; refers to justifying the statement","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, dative","role":"experiencer with moeielijk vallen","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies minder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"minder","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies moeielijk","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of vallen","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of vallen","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beroepen","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kondet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, second-person singular","role":"reflexive object of beroepen","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"kondet","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, second-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of beroepen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"beroepen","lemma":"beroepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kondet","gloss":"rely"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorschriften","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorschriften","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorschriften","lemma":"voorschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of op","gloss":"directions"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schryven","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of schrijven","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of ordinal 5en","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"vijfde","morphology":"ordinal adjective, singular","role":"elliptical date expression","gloss":"fifth","note":"The surface is the ordinal ending from “5en”, meaning “fifth”."},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, genitive singular","role":"elliptical complement in date","gloss":"this month"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of voorschriften","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of bespraken; antecedent voorschriften","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person plural, nominative","role":"subject of bespraken","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"mondeling","lemma":"mondeling","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bespraken","gloss":"verbally"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bespraken","gloss":"more than once"},{"surface":"uitvoerig","lemma":"uitvoerig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bespraken","gloss":"at length"},{"surface":"bespraken","lemma":"bespreken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying voorschriften","gloss":"discussed"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h15-s72","source":"Tot hiertoe is alles eenvoudig en geleidelyk.","translation":"Up to this point everything is simple and straightforward.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tot hiertoe is alles eenvoudig en geleidelyk.","title":"Fronted adverbial + indefinite alles","body":"Fronted 'Tot hiertoe' ('up to this point') forces inversion ('is alles'). 'alles' is the indefinite pronoun 'everything', taking a singular verb. 'geleidelyk' = 'gradual, smooth'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms adverbial phrase with hiertoe","gloss":"Up to"},{"surface":"hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"time adjunct modifying is","gloss":"this point"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking alles to predicates","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geleidelyk","lemma":"geleidelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative complement with eenvoudig","gloss":"straightforward"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h15-s73","source":"Maar gisteren kwaamt ge ten-mynen-kantore, met den gerenvoieerden brief des residents in de hand, en begon te spreken over de moeielykheid der afdoening van het daarin voorkomende.","translation":"But yesterday you came to my office, with the resident's forwarded letter in your hand, and began to speak of the difficulty of settling what it contained.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gisteren kwaamt ge ten-mynen-kantore","title":"Archaic 2nd-person verb + dative phrase","body":"'kwaamt ge' is the archaic 2nd-person imperfect of komen with the -t ending for ge ('you came'). 'ten-mynen-kantore' is a frozen old dative phrase ('to my office') preserving -n endings and the dative -e on kantore."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met den gerenvoieerden brief des residents in de hand","title":"Participle as adjective + genitive des residents","body":"'gerenvoieerden' is a past participle used attributively ('the forwarded letter'), with the old accusative -n. 'des residents' is the old genitive ('the resident's'), doubling the genitive marking with both des and -s."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwaamt","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"gisteren","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwaamt","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"kwaamt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kwaamt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ten-mynen-kantore","lemma":"ten mijnen kantore","morphology":"fixed adverbial phrase","role":"directional complement of kwaamt","gloss":"to my office","note":"Archaic fixed phrase literally “at my office”."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative masculine singular","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gerenvoieerden","lemma":"renvoyeren","morphology":"past participial adjective, inflected","role":"modifies brief","gloss":"forwarded","note":"From French renvoyer; here it means returned or forwarded."},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of residents","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"residents","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of brief","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with kwaamt","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of begon","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeielykheid","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeielykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeielykheid","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of afdoening","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"afdoening","lemma":"afdoening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of moeielykheid","gloss":"settlement"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorkomende","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, substantivizing","role":"substantivizes voorkomende","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorkomende","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"voorkomende","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"present participle, substantivized","role":"complement of van; modified by daarin","gloss":"contained"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h15-s74","source":"Ik ontwaarde by u wederom zekeren schroom om sommige zaken by den waren naam te noemen, iets waarop ik u reeds meermalen opmerkzaam maakte, onder anderen onlangs in tegenwoordigheid van den resident, iets wat ik ter bekorting halfheid noem, en waartegen ik u reeds dikwyls vriendschappelyk waarschuwde.","translation":"I perceived in you once again a certain timidity about calling certain things by their true name--something to which I have already more than once drawn your attention, among others lately in the presence of the resident; something which, to be brief, I call half-measures, and against which I have already often warned you in friendly fashion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iets waarop ik u reeds meermalen opmerkzaam maakte","title":"Pronominal relative waarop + separable idiom","body":"'waarop' (waar- + op) is a pronominal relative referring to 'iets' ('something'). 'opmerkzaam maken op' is the fixed idiom 'to draw someone's attention to'; here 'maakte' is the imperfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waartegen ik u reeds dikwyls vriendschappelyk waarschuwde","title":"Pronominal relative waartegen","body":"'waartegen' (waar- + tegen, 'against which') is another pronominal relative adverb. The whole sentence stacks several such waar-relatives, a hallmark of dense official prose; 'waarschuwde' is the weak imperfect of waarschuwen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontwaarde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ontwaarde","lemma":"ontwaren","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"perceived"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, oblique","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wederom","lemma":"wederom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontwaarde","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"zekeren","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"indefinite adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schroom","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"schroom","lemma":"schroom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontwaarde","gloss":"timidity"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause noemen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking naam","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative masculine singular","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies naam","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks noemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of om","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"apposition explaining schroom","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of opmerkzaam maakte","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of opmerkzaam maakte","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakte","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakte","gloss":"more than once"},{"surface":"opmerkzaam","lemma":"opmerkzaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of maakte","gloss":"attentive"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anderen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"onlangs","lemma":"onlangs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakte","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegenwoordigheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tegenwoordigheid","lemma":"tegenwoordigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"presence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative masculine singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"second apposition explaining schroom","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of noem","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with article","role":"introduces purpose phrase bekorting","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"bekorting","lemma":"bekorting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of ter","gloss":"brevity"},{"surface":"halfheid","lemma":"halfheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of noem","gloss":"half-measures"},{"surface":"noem","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waartegen","lemma":"waartegen","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of waarschuwde","gloss":"against which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of waarschuwde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of waarschuwde","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waarschuwde","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waarschuwde","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"vriendschappelyk","lemma":"vriendschappelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waarschuwde","gloss":"in friendly fashion"},{"surface":"waarschuwde","lemma":"waarschuwen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"relative clause coordinated with noem","gloss":"warned"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h15-s75","source":"Halfheid leidt tot niets.","translation":"Half-measures lead to nothing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Halfheid leidt tot niets.","title":"Negative word niets","body":"'niets' is the negative indefinite pronoun 'nothing' — one negative per clause (no double negation in standard Dutch). 'leidt tot' uses the fixed preposition tot ('leads to'). The aphorism opens a chain of clipped maxims."}],"words":[{"surface":"Halfheid","lemma":"halfheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of leidt","gloss":"Half-measures"},{"surface":"leidt","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leads"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking niets","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h15-s76","source":"Half-goed is niet goed.","translation":"Half-good is not good.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Half-goed","lemma":"halfgoed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Half-good"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Half-goed to goed","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h15-s77","source":"Half-waar is on-waar.","translation":"Half-true is untrue.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s77.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Half-waar","lemma":"halfwaar","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Half-true"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Half-waar to on-waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"on-waar","lemma":"onwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"untrue"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h15-s78","source":"Voor vol traktement, voor vollen rang, na een duidelyken volledigen eed, doe men zyn vollen plicht.","translation":"For a full salary, for a full rank, after a clear and complete oath, let a man do his full duty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"doe men zyn vollen plicht","title":"Jussive subjunctive: let one do","body":"'doe men' is a 3rd-person imperative/jussive subjunctive ('let one do') — the bare subjunctive used for solemn exhortation. 'vollen plicht' carries the old masculine accusative -n ('full duty')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking traktement","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"vol","lemma":"vol","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies traktement","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"traktement","lemma":"traktement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Voor","gloss":"salary"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rang","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"vollen","lemma":"vol","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies rang","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eed","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of eed","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"duidelyken","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies eed","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"volledigen","lemma":"volledig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies eed","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"eed","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of plicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vollen","lemma":"vol","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies plicht","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"duty"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h15-s79","source":"Is er soms moed noodig dien te volvoeren, men bezitte dien.","translation":"If courage is sometimes needed to carry it out, let him possess that courage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is er soms moed noodig … men bezitte dien","title":"Conditional inversion + jussive bezitte","body":"'Is er … noodig' is a conditional expressed by verb-first inversion ('If courage is sometimes needed'). The answer 'men bezitte dien' is a jussive subjunctive ('let one possess it'); 'dien' is the old accusative form of die ('it', referring to moed)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking moed and noodig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"soms","lemma":"soms","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Is","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of volvoeren, referring to plicht","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks volvoeren as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"volvoeren","lemma":"volvoeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of noodig","gloss":"carry out"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bezitte","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"bezitte","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"possess"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of bezitte, referring to moed","gloss":"that courage"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h15-s80","source":"Ik voor my zou den moed niet hebben dien moed te missen.","translation":"As for myself, I should not have the courage to lack that courage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik voor my zou den moed niet hebben dien moed te missen.","title":"Conditional zou + te-infinitive paradox","body":"'zou … niet hebben … te missen' is a conditional ('I should not have the courage to lack that courage') — a paradox built on repetition. 'den moed' shows the old accusative -n; 'voor my' is an emphatic 'as for me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zou hebben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase voor my","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first-person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates hebben","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of missen","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks missen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"missen","lemma":"missen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement modifying moed","gloss":"lack"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h15-s81","source":"Want, afgescheiden van de ontevredenheid met zichzelf die een gevolg is van plichtverzuim of lauwheid, baart het zoeken naar gemakkelyker omwegen, de zucht om altyd en overal botsing te ontgaan, de begeerte om te \"schipperen\" meer zorg, en inderdaad meer gevaar, dan men op den rechten weg ontmoeten zal.","translation":"For, apart from the discontent with oneself that is the consequence of dereliction of duty or of lukewarmness, the seeking of easier roundabout ways, the craving always and everywhere to avoid friction, the desire to \"manage\" things, brings more anxiety, and indeed more danger, than a man will meet on the straight road.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"baart het zoeken naar gemakkelyker omwegen … meer zorg","title":"V2 with a heavy nominalized subject","body":"Fronted 'Want, afgescheiden van …' pushes the finite verb 'baart' ('produces/begets') into second position before its long subject (three coordinated nominalized phrases). 'het zoeken' is a nominalized infinitive ('the seeking')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de zucht om altyd … botsing te ontgaan, de begeerte om te \"schipperen\"","title":"om … te purpose after a noun","body":"'de zucht om … te ontgaan' and 'de begeerte om te schipperen' use 'om … te' to specify the content of a noun ('the craving to avoid …', 'the desire to manage'). 'schipperen' is again the ironic colonial euphemism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"afgescheiden","lemma":"afgescheiden","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"head of the parenthetical phrase afgescheiden van","gloss":"apart"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontevredenheid","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of ontevredenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontevredenheid","lemma":"ontevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"discontent"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zichzelf","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zichzelf","lemma":"zichzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is; antecedent ontevredenheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking die and gevolg","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plichtverzuim and lauwheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plichtverzuim","lemma":"plichtverzuim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"dereliction of duty"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates plichtverzuim and lauwheid","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"lauwheid","lemma":"lauwheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"lukewarmness"},{"surface":"baart","lemma":"baren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brings"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner nominalizing zoeken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"first element of the compound subject of baart","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omwegen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"gemakkelyker","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies omwegen","gloss":"easier"},{"surface":"omwegen","lemma":"omweg","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of naar","gloss":"roundabout ways"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of zucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second element of the compound subject of baart","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitival complement of zucht","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontgaan","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates altyd and overal","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"overal","lemma":"overal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontgaan","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"botsing","lemma":"botsing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontgaan","gloss":"friction"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks ontgaan as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontgaan","lemma":"ontgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zucht","gloss":"avoid"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of begeerte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begeerte","lemma":"begeerte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"third element of the compound subject of baart","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitival complement of begeerte","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks schipperen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schipperen","lemma":"schipperen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of begeerte","gloss":"manage things","note":"Here schipperen means to compromise or maneuver pragmatically rather than literally to captain a boat."},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, comparative","role":"modifies zorg","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of baart","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zorg and gevaar","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes meer gevaar","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, comparative","role":"modifies gevaar","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of baart","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zal ontmoeten","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rechten","lemma":"recht","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"ontmoeten","lemma":"ontmoeten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"future auxiliary of ontmoeten","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h15-s82","source":"Gedurende den loop eener zeer belangryke zaak, die thans by 't Gouvernement in overweging is, en waarin gy eigenlyk ambtshalve behoorde betrokken te zyn, heb ik u stilzwygend als het ware neutraal gelaten, en slechts lachend van-tyd tot-tyd daarop gezinspeeld.","translation":"In the course of a very important matter, now under consideration by the Government, and in which you really ought, by virtue of your office, to have been involved, I have left you, as it were, silently neutral, and have merely alluded to it now and then with a smile.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarin gy eigenlyk ambtshalve behoorde betrokken te zyn","title":"Pronominal relative waarin + te-infinitive","body":"'waarin' (waar- + in, 'in which') is a pronominal relative. 'behoorde … te zyn' is behoren + te-infinitive ('ought to be'); 'betrokken' is a past participle ('involved'). 'gy' is the literary 2nd-person pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb ik u stilzwygend … neutraal gelaten","title":"Perfect of laten + predicate","body":"'heb … gelaten' is the perfect of laten ('I have left'), with 'neutraal' as a predicate complement ('left you neutral'). 'stilzwygend' ('silently') is a present participle used adverbially."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gedurende","lemma":"gedurende","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loop","gloss":"During"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of loop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loop","lemma":"loop","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Gedurende","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of zaak in a genitive phrase modifying loop","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies belangryke","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"belangryke","lemma":"belangrijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zaak","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of loop","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is; antecedent zaak","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouvernement","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the predicative phrase in overweging","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"overweging","lemma":"overweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"consideration"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula with predicative phrase in overweging","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two relative clauses on zaak","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of betrokken; antecedent zaak","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of behoorde","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behoorde","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ambtshalve","lemma":"ambtshalve","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betrokken te zyn","gloss":"by virtue of office"},{"surface":"behoorde","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, second-person singular","role":"modal verb governing betrokken te zyn","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"betrokken","lemma":"betrokken","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"involved"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zyn as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking gy and betrokken","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gelaten and gezinspeeld","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gelaten and heb gezinspeeld","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of gelaten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"stilzwygend","lemma":"stilzwijgend","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelaten","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase als het ware","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ware in als het ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical phrase als het ware","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"neutraal","lemma":"neutraal","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of u after gelaten","gloss":"neutral"},{"surface":"gelaten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heb","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates gelaten and gezinspeeld","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezinspeeld","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"lachend","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"present participle used adverbially","role":"modifies gezinspeeld","gloss":"with a smile"},{"surface":"van-tyd","lemma":"van tijd","morphology":"adverbial phrase, first part","role":"first part of van-tyd tot-tyd","gloss":"from time"},{"surface":"tot-tyd","lemma":"tot tijd","morphology":"adverbial phrase, second part","role":"second part of van-tyd tot-tyd, modifying gezinspeeld","gloss":"to time"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional object of gezinspeeld","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"gezinspeeld","lemma":"zinspelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated main participle governed by heb","gloss":"alluded"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h15-s83","source":"Toen, by-voorbeeld, onlangs uw rapport over de oorzaken van gebrek en hongersnood onder de bevolking by my was ingekomen, en ik daarop schreef: \"dit alles moge de waarheid zyn, het is niet al de waarheid, noch de voornaamste waarheid. De hoofdoorzaak zit dieper\" stemde gy dit volmondig toe, en ik maakte geen gebruik van myn recht, te eischen dat ge dan ook die hoofdwaarheid noemen zoudt.","translation":"When, for instance, your report on the causes of want and famine among the population had lately come in to me, and I wrote upon it: \"all this may be the truth, it is not all the truth, nor the chief truth. The main cause lies deeper\"--you assented to this unreservedly, and I made no use of my right to demand that you should then also name that chief truth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen … uw rapport … by my was ingekomen, en ik daarop schreef … stemde gy dit volmondig toe","title":"Long Toen-clause + separable toestemmen","body":"A heavy fronted 'Toen'-clause ('When … your report had come in') precedes the main clause, which inverts to 'stemde gy … toe' — the separable verb toestemmen ('to assent'), prefix 'toe' stranded. 'was ingekomen' is a pluperfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik maakte geen gebruik van myn recht, te eischen dat ge … noemen zoudt","title":"geen gebruik maken + nested conditional","body":"'geen gebruik maken van' is the idiom 'to make no use of' (geen negating the indefinite gebruik). The trailing 'te eischen dat ge … zoudt' nests a te-infinitive over a dat-clause with the conditional 'zoudt' ('that you would name')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause ending with schreef","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"by-voorbeeld","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb in the temporal clause","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"onlangs","lemma":"onlangs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was ingekomen","gloss":"lately"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second-person singular","role":"possessor of rapport","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"rapport","lemma":"rapport","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was ingekomen","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorzaken","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of oorzaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebrek and hongersnood","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gebrek","lemma":"gebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates gebrek and hongersnood","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hongersnood","lemma":"hongersnood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"famine"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"object of by","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of ingekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ingekomen","lemma":"inkomen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the first temporal clause","gloss":"come in"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses of ingekomen and schreef","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of schreef","gloss":"upon it"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"second verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of moge zyn","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"moge","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copular infinitive governed by moge","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking het and waarheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"modifies de waarheid","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two negated predicative complements","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voornaamste","lemma":"voornaam","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies waarheid","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated predicative complement of is","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of hoofdoorzaak","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"hoofdoorzaak","lemma":"hoofdoorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zit","gloss":"main cause"},{"surface":"zit","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"dieper","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies zit","gloss":"deeper"},{"surface":"stemde","lemma":"stemmen","morphology":"verb, past, second-person singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb toestemmen","gloss":"voted"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of stemde toe","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of stemde ... toe","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"volmondig","lemma":"volmondig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stemde toe","gloss":"unreservedly"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of stemde ... toe","gloss":"assented"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates stemde and maakte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of gebruik","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"possessor of recht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks eischen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"eischen","lemma":"eisen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement modifying recht","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of eischen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zoudt noemen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noemen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noemen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of hoofdwaarheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hoofdwaarheid","lemma":"hoofdwaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"chief truth"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zoudt","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"zoudt","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second-person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of noemen","gloss":"should"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h15-s84","source":"Ik had tot myn inschikkelykheid vele redenen, en onder anderen deze, dat ik 't onbillyk vond op-eenmaal iets van U te vorderen, wat vele anderen in uw plaats evenmin zouden presteeren, U te dwingen zoo op-eenmaal de routine van achterhoudendheid en menschenvrees vaarwel te zeggen, die niet zoozeer uw schuld is als wel die der leiding welke u te beurt viel.","translation":"I had many reasons for my forbearance, and among others this: that I thought it unfair to require of you all at once something that many others in your place would equally fail to perform--to force you to bid farewell, all at once, to the routine of reticence and fear of men, which is not so much your own fault as it is that of the training that fell to your lot.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik 't onbillyk vond op-eenmaal iets van U te vorderen","title":"vinden + predicate + te-infinitive","body":"'ik vond 't onbillyk … te vorderen' is the 'vinden + object + adjective' frame ('I thought it unfair') governing a te-infinitive ('to require'). The dummy ''t' anticipates the te-clause; 'op-eenmaal' = 'all at once'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die niet zoozeer uw schuld is als wel die der leiding welke u te beurt viel","title":"Correlative niet zoozeer … als wel + formal relative","body":"'niet zoozeer … als wel' is a correlative ('not so much … as rather'). 'die der leiding' = 'that of the training' (genitive der); 'welke … viel' uses the formal relative welke and the idiom 'te beurt vallen' ('to fall to one's lot')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inschikkelykheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of inschikkelykheid","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"inschikkelykheid","lemma":"inschikkelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"forbearance"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, inflected","role":"modifies redenen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"redenen","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anderen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"apposition to redenen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"anticipatory object of vond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"onbillyk","lemma":"onbillijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of het","gloss":"unfair","note":"Older spelling of modern Dutch “onbillijk.”"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"op eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vorderen","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vorderen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking U","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"U","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of van","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks vorderen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vorderen","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal object of vond","gloss":"require"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of presteeren","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, inflected","role":"modifies anderen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"subject of zouden presteeren","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of plaats","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"evenmin","lemma":"evenmin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies presteeren","gloss":"equally not"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of presteeren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"presteeren","lemma":"presteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zouden","gloss":"perform","note":"Older spelling of modern Dutch “presteren.”"},{"surface":"U","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of dwingen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks dwingen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dwingen","lemma":"dwingen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"apposition to vorderen","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies op-eenmaal","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"op eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vaarwel zeggen","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of routine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"routine","lemma":"routine","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vaarwel zeggen","gloss":"routine"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking achterhoudendheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"achterhoudendheid","lemma":"achterhoudendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"reticence"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"menschenvrees","lemma":"mensenvrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with achterhoudendheid","gloss":"fear of men","note":"Older spelling of modern Dutch “mensenvrees.”"},{"surface":"vaarwel","lemma":"vaarwel","morphology":"interjection used substantivally","role":"forms vaarwel zeggen","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dwingen","gloss":"bid"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet zoozeer ... als wel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoozeer","lemma":"zozeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet zoozeer ... als wel","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of schuld","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of die","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of the relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces second term of comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes second term of comparison","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"elliptical head meaning schuld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of leiding","gloss":"of the","note":"Archaic genitive article: “of the.”"},{"surface":"leiding","lemma":"leiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of die","gloss":"training"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of viel","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of te beurt vallen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beurt","lemma":"beurt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of te beurt vallen","gloss":"lot"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on leiding","gloss":"fell","note":"“Iemand te beurt vallen” means to fall to someone’s lot."}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h15-s85","source":"Ik wilde eindelyk eerst u een voorbeeld geven hoeveel eenvoudiger en gemakkelyker het is, zyn plicht geheel te doen dan half.\"","translation":"I wished, finally, first to give you an example of how much simpler and easier it is to do one's duty wholly than by halves.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wilde eindelyk eerst u een voorbeeld geven hoeveel eenvoudiger … het is","title":"Modal willen + comparative in embedded clause","body":"The modal 'wilde' sends 'geven' to the end ('I wished … to give'). The embedded clause uses comparatives 'eenvoudiger en gemakkelyker' ('simpler and easier'); 'zyn plicht geheel te doen dan half' contrasts doing one's duty wholly versus by halves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbeeld","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"voorbeeld","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"example"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"hoeveel","lemma":"hoeveel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies eenvoudiger and gemakkelyker","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"eenvoudiger","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"simpler"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gemakkelyker","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"coordinated with eenvoudiger","gloss":"easier","note":"Older spelling of modern Dutch “gemakkelijker.”"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"dummy pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to adjectives","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of plicht","gloss":"one's","note":"Older spelling of modern Dutch “zijn”; used generically here."},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed subject of is","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with geheel","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"half","lemma":"half","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptically modifies doen","gloss":"by halves"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h15-s86","source":"Thans echter, nu ik de eer heb u weder zooveel dagen langer onder myn bevelen te zien, en nadat ik u herhaaldelyk in de gelegenheid stelde, principes te leeren kennen die--tenzy ik dwaal--ten-laatste zullen zegevieren wenschte ik dat ge die aannaamt, dat gy u de niet ontbrekende, maar in onbruik geraakte kracht eigen maakte die er noodig schynt om altyd naar uw beste weten ronduit te zeggen wat er te zeggen valt, en dat ge dus geheel-en-al varen liet dien onmannelyken schroom om flink voor een zaak uittekomen.","translation":"Now, however, that I have the honour of seeing you under my command for so many days longer, and after I have repeatedly given you the opportunity to learn principles which--unless I am mistaken--will in the end prevail, I could wish that you would adopt them; that you would make your own the strength--not lacking, but fallen into disuse--which seems needed always to say outright, to the best of your knowledge, what there is to be said, and that you would thus wholly forsake that unmanly timidity about coming forward boldly for a cause.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wenschte ik dat ge die aannaamt, dat gy u … kracht eigen maakte","title":"Archaic 2nd-person past subjunctives","body":"'aannaamt' and 'maakte(t)' are 2nd-person forms with ge/gy in past-subjunctive sense ('that you would adopt … make your own'). 'zich eigen maken' is the reflexive idiom 'to make one's own'; 'aannemen' is separable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de niet ontbrekende, maar in onbruik geraakte kracht","title":"Coordinated participial modifiers maar","body":"Two participial phrases modify kracht: 'niet ontbrekende' (present participle, 'not lacking') and 'in onbruik geraakte' (past participle, 'fallen into disuse'), joined by the coordinator 'maar' ('but'). Both take attributive -e."}],"words":[{"surface":"Thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wenschte","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wenschte","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal-causal clause of heb","gloss":"now that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of nu-clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies dagen","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying langer","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevelen","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of bevelen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"bevelen","lemma":"bevel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"command"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of heb de eer","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of stelde","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object in gelegenheid stelde","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"herhaaldelyk","lemma":"herhaaldelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stelde","gloss":"repeatedly","note":"Older spelling of modern Dutch “herhaaldelijk.”"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelegenheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"stelde","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of nadat-clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"principes","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of leren kennen","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks leeren kennen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of leren kennen","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of gelegenheid stelde","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zullen zegevieren","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"tenzy","lemma":"tenzij","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical exception","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dwaal","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dwaal","lemma":"dwalen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of tenzij-clause","gloss":"am mistaken"},{"surface":"ten-laatste","lemma":"ten laatste","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zegevieren","gloss":"in the end"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of zegevieren","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zegevieren","lemma":"zegevieren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zullen","gloss":"prevail"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wenschte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aannaamt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aannaamt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of aannaamt","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"aannaamt","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of first dat-clause","gloss":"adopted","note":"The past tense expresses the wished-for action."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maakte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of eigen maakte","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontbrekende","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ontbrekende","lemma":"ontbreken","morphology":"present participle, inflected","role":"modifies kracht","gloss":"lacking"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onbruik","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"onbruik","lemma":"onbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of geraakte","gloss":"disuse"},{"surface":"geraakte","lemma":"raken","morphology":"past participle, inflected","role":"modifies kracht","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of eigen maakte","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement in eigen maken","gloss":"your own","note":"“Zich iets eigen maken” means to make something one’s own."},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of second dat-clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of schynt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"part of er noodig schynt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate complement of schynt","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose/complement clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beste","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of weten","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"ronduit","lemma":"ronduit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement introduced by om","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of valt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"expletive in er te zeggen valt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of valt","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of free relative clause","gloss":"can be","note":"“Er valt iets te zeggen” means that something can be said."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces third wished-for clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies varen","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"geheel-en-al","lemma":"geheel en al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies varen liet","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"varen","lemma":"varen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of liet","gloss":"go","note":"“Iets varen laten” means to abandon or forsake it."},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of third dat-clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of schroom","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"onmannelyken","lemma":"onmannelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schroom","gloss":"unmanly","note":"Older spelling and inflection of modern Dutch “onmannelijk.”"},{"surface":"schroom","lemma":"schroom","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of varen liet","gloss":"timidity"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitive complement of schroom","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"flink","lemma":"flink","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uittekomen","gloss":"boldly"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaak","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"uittekomen","lemma":"uitkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement introduced by om","gloss":"coming forward","note":"Historical spelling of “uit te komen,” here meaning to come forward for something."}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h15-s87","source":"Ik verwacht dus nu een eenvoudige maar volledige opgave van wat u voorkomt de oorzaak te wezen van 't prysverschil tusschen nu en 1853 of 1854.","translation":"I therefore now expect a simple but complete statement of what seems to you to be the cause of the price difference between now and 1853 or 1854.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een eenvoudige … opgave van wat u voorkomt de oorzaak te wezen","title":"Free relative wat + voorkomen + te-infinitive","body":"'wat u voorkomt … te wezen' combines the free relative wat with the impersonal voorkomen ('to seem to one') and 'te wezen' (archaic te-infinitive of zijn): 'what seems to you to be the cause'. 'u' is the dative experiencer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verwacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verwacht","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwacht","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwacht","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgave","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eenvoudige","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies opgave","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"volledige","lemma":"volledig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with eenvoudige","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"opgave","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verwacht","gloss":"statement"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces content complement of opgave","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of voorkomt","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"voorkomt","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical verb governing wezen","gloss":"seems","note":"Here “u voorkomen” means “seem to you.”"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of wat","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of voorkomt","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prysverschil","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of prysverschil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prysverschil","lemma":"prijsverschil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"price difference","note":"Older spelling of modern Dutch “prijsverschil.”"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coordinated time points","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb used substantivally","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links nu with the year phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the alternative years 1853 and 1854","gloss":"or"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h15-s88","source":"Ik hoop ernstig dat gy geen enkele zinsnede van dezen brief zult opnemen, als geschreven met de bedoeling om u te krenken.","translation":"I earnestly hope that you will not take a single sentence of this letter as written with the intention of offending you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat gy geen enkele zinsnede … zult opnemen, als geschreven met de bedoeling om u te krenken","title":"Future zult + geen + om…te","body":"The 'dat'-clause holds the future 'zult opnemen' ('will take') at the end; 'geen enkele zinsnede' is emphatic negation ('not a single sentence'). The trailing 'om … te krenken' is a purpose clause ('in order to offend you'); 'gy' is the literary pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoop","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"ernstig","lemma":"ernstig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoop","gloss":"earnestly"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opnemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zult opnemen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zinsnede","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"enkele","lemma":"enkel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zinsnede","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"zinsnede","lemma":"zinsnede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opnemen","gloss":"sentence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opnemen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"opnemen","lemma":"opnemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of hoop","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement geschreven","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"past participle","role":"predicative complement of opnemen","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedoeling","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bedoeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bedoeling","lemma":"bedoeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of krenken","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks krenken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"krenken","lemma":"krenken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of bedoeling","gloss":"offend"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h15-s89","source":"Ik vertrouw dat ge my genoeg hebt leeren kennen om te weten dat ik niet meer of minder zeg dan ik meen, en bovendien geef ik u nog ten-overvloede de verzekering dat myn opmerkingen eigenlyk minder U betreffen, dan de school waarin ge tot Indisch ambtenaar gevormd zyt.","translation":"I trust that you have come to know me well enough to understand that I say neither more nor less than I mean; and besides, I give you yet, to abundance, the assurance that my remarks really concern you less than the school in which you were formed into an Indian official.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ge my genoeg hebt leeren kennen om te weten","title":"Subordinate clause + om … te purpose","body":"The conjunction dat opens a subordinate clause and drives the finite hebt to the end of its clause; om … te weten then frames the purpose ('in order to know'), closing with te + infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ge … gevormd zyt","title":"Passive with archaic zijn","body":"gevormd zyt is a passive ('you were formed'), here built on a present-tense form of zijn (zyt = modern zijt/bent) plus the past participle — the resulting-state passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"myn opmerkingen","title":"Period spelling: y for ij","body":"Throughout the 1860 text ij is printed as y: myn (mijn), zyt (zijt), eigenlyk (eigenlijk). Read y as a long 'ay' wherever it stands for ij."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertrouw","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vertrouw","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hebt leeren kennen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt leeren kennen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebt leeren kennen","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of leeren kennen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"aspectual complement of hebt","gloss":"come to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of leeren","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of weten","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks weten as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"degree complement licensed by genoeg","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"first element of niet meer of minder dan","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"direct-object quantifier with minder","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates meer and minder","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with meer","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of weten","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of meen","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the comparative clause introduced by dan","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates geef with vertrouw","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geef","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with vertrouw","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of geef","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geef","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ten-overvloede","lemma":"ten overvloede","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"modifies geef","gloss":"for good measure","note":"The idiom ten overvloede means that something is added unnecessarily or for completeness."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of verzekering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verzekering","lemma":"verzekering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geef","gloss":"assurance"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of verzekering","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of opmerkingen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"opmerkingen","lemma":"opmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of betreffen","gloss":"remarks"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betreffen","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies betreffen","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"U","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of betreffen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"betreffen","lemma":"betreffen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the content clause of verzekering","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the second term of the comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of school","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"school","lemma":"school","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of the comparison with U","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of gevormd zyt referring to school","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive gevormd zyt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the result complement ambtenaar","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Indisch","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ambtenaar","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"result complement of gevormd","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"gevormd","lemma":"vormen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive relative clause","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gevormd","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h15-s90","source":"Deze circonstance atténuante zou echter vervallen wanneer ge, langer met my omgaande en 't Gouvernement onder myn leiding dienende, voortgingt den slender te volgen waartegen ik my verzet.","translation":"This extenuating circumstance would, however, lapse if you, longer associated with me and serving the Government under my direction, were to go on following the slack course against which I set myself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou echter vervallen wanneer ge … voortgingt","title":"Conditional zou + a wanneer-clause","body":"zou … vervallen ('would lapse') is the conditional; wanneer ('if/when') opens the subordinate condition and pushes its verb voortgingt to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"langer met my omgaande en … dienende","title":"Present participles as adverbial clauses","body":"omgaande and dienende are present participles (the -end(e) form) used to name accompanying actions: 'associating longer with me and serving the Government.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waartegen ik my verzet","title":"Pronominal adverb + reflexive verb","body":"waartegen fuses a relative 'which' with the preposition tegen ('against which'); zich verzetten ('to resist, set oneself against') takes the reflexive my (modern me)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"circonstance atténuante","title":"French in the original","body":"Multatuli drops untranslated French — 'extenuating circumstance' — a flourish of the educated 19th-century narrator that the text leaves in French."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of circonstance","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"circonstance","lemma":"circonstance","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular, French","role":"subject of zou vervallen","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"atténuante","lemma":"atténuant","morphology":"adjective, feminine singular, French","role":"modifies circonstance","gloss":"extenuating","note":"Circonstance atténuante is a French expression meaning an extenuating circumstance."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of vervallen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou vervallen","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"vervallen","lemma":"vervallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"lapse"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of voortgingt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of omgaande, dienende, and voortgingt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies omgaande","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement my of omgaande","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of met","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"omgaande","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying ge","gloss":"associating"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates omgaande and dienende","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of dienende","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the adjunct myn leiding","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of leiding","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"leiding","lemma":"leiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"dienende","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying ge","gloss":"serving"},{"surface":"voortgingt","lemma":"voortgaan","morphology":"verb, past, second-person singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"went on","note":"Voortgingt is an older second-person singular past form of voortgaan."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine accusative","role":"determiner of slender","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slender","lemma":"slenter","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of volgen","gloss":"slack course"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks volgen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"volgen","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of voortgingt","gloss":"follow"},{"surface":"waartegen","lemma":"waartegen","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of verzet referring to slender","gloss":"against which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of verzet","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"verzet","lemma":"verzetten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on slender","gloss":"oppose"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h15-s91","source":"Ge hebt opgemerkt dat ik my van het \"Uweledelgestrenge\" heb ontslagen: 't verveelde my.","translation":"You have noticed that I have dispensed with the \"Your-most-noble-and-stern\": it wearied me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik my van het \"Uweledelgestrenge\" heb ontslagen","title":"Reflexive verb in the perfect","body":"zich ontslaan van ('to rid oneself of') uses reflexive my; the perfect heb … ontslagen wraps around the clause with the participle last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt opgemerkt","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgemerkt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"opgemerkt","lemma":"opmerken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heb ontslagen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb ontslagen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of ontslagen","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of ontslagen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Uweledelgestrenge","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Uweledelgestrenge","lemma":"uweledelgestrenge","morphology":"nominalized form of address, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Your Noble Sternness","note":"Uweledelgestrenge was an elaborate formal title for a high-ranking official."},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontslagen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ontslagen","lemma":"ontslaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"dispensed"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, elided","role":"subject of verveelde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"verveelde","lemma":"vervelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"wearied"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verveelde","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h15-s92","source":"Doe het ook, en laat onze \"weledelheid\" en waar 't noodig is onze \"gestrengheid\" elders en vooral ànders blyken, dan uit die vervelende, zinstorende titulatuur. De Adsistent-resident van Lebak","translation":"Do so too, and let our \"nobility\" and, where need be, our \"sternness\" show themselves elsewhere, and above all differently, than in that wearisome, sense-disrupting form of address. The Assistant-resident of Lebak","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doe het ook","title":"Imperative","body":"Doe is the bare-stem imperative ('Do it too'), a direct command to the reader/correspondent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"laat … blyken","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"laat … blyken means 'let … show/appear'; laten as a causative auxiliary governs a bare infinitive (blyken) with no te."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the first imperative","gloss":"Do"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Doe","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Doe","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates laat with Doe","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the second imperative","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of weledelheid","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"weledelheid","lemma":"weledelheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blyken and object of laat","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates weledelheid and gestrengheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause 't noodig is","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, elided","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking 't and noodig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of gestrengheid","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"gestrengheid","lemma":"gestrengheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blyken and object of laat, coordinated with weledelheid","gloss":"sternness"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyken","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ànders with elders","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ànders","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"ànders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"modifies blyken","gloss":"differently"},{"surface":"blyken","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of laat","gloss":"show themselves"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the second term of the comparison with ànders","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means of blyken","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of titulatuur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vervelende","lemma":"vervelend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies titulatuur","gloss":"wearisome"},{"surface":"zinstorende","lemma":"zinstorend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies titulatuur","gloss":"sense-disrupting"},{"surface":"titulatuur","lemma":"titulatuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"form of address"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Adsistent-resident","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title in the signature, in apposition to MAX HAVELAAR","gloss":"Assistant-resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Lebak as the jurisdiction","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van modifying Adsistent-resident","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h15-s93","source":"MAX HAVELAAR.\"","translation":"MAX HAVELAAR.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"MAX","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"first name in the signature","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"HAVELAAR","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"surname completing the signature","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h15-s94","source":"Het antwoord op dezen brief bezwaarde sommigen van Havelaars voorgangers, en bewees dat hy niet zoo onrecht had, toen hy de \"slechte voorbeelden van vroegeren tyd\" mede opnam onder de redenen die pleiten konden ter verschooning van den Regent.","translation":"The answer to this letter weighed upon some of Havelaar's predecessors, and proved that he was not so far in the wrong when he included the \"bad examples of earlier times\" among the reasons that could be pleaded in extenuation of the Regent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bewees dat hy niet zoo onrecht had, toen hy … opnam","title":"Stacked subordinate clauses (verb-final)","body":"dat and toen each open a subordinate clause sending the verb to the end (had; opnam). toen ('when', past) introduces a single completed past event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die pleiten konden ter verschooning van den Regent","title":"Case remnant den","body":"den Regent shows the old masculine accusative/dative ending -en, a frozen case form ('declension remnant') still alive in 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bezwaarde and bewees","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces brief as complement of antwoord","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of op modifying antwoord","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"bezwaarde","lemma":"bezwaren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first main verb with antwoord as subject","gloss":"weighed upon"},{"surface":"sommigen","lemma":"sommige","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of bezwaarde","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces voorgangers as the group containing sommigen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of voorgangers","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"voorgangers","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van modifying sommigen","gloss":"predecessors"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates bewees with bezwaarde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bewees","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second main verb with antwoord as subject","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of bewees","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates had","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier in niet zoo onrecht","gloss":"so far"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had in the idiom onrecht hebben","gloss":"in the wrong","note":"Onrecht hebben is an older idiom meaning to be wrong."},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of opnam","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opnam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of voorbeelden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slechte","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies voorbeelden","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"voorbeelden","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of opnam","gloss":"examples"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces vroegeren tyd as complement of voorbeelden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vroegeren","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, inflected","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van modifying voorbeelden","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"mede","lemma":"mede","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opnam","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"opnam","lemma":"opnemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by toen","gloss":"included"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces redenen as complement of opnam","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of redenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"redenen","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of konden pleiten, referring to redenen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pleiten","lemma":"pleiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by konden","gloss":"plead"},{"surface":"konden","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of the relative clause on redenen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and determiner","role":"introduces verschooning as purpose of pleiten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verschooning","lemma":"verschoning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of ter","gloss":"extenuation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Regent as complement of verschooning","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine accusative","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van modifying verschooning","gloss":"Regent"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h15-s95","source":"Ik ben in 't meedeelen van dezen brief den tyd vooruitgeloopen, om reeds nu te doen in 't oog vallen, hoe weinig hulp Havelaar van den kontroleur te verwachten had, zoodra geheel andere, meer belangryke, zaken zouden moeten genoemd worden by den rechten naam, wanneer reeds deze ambtenaar die zonder twyfel een braaf mensch was, zóó moest worden toegesproken om de waarheid te zeggen waar het slechts de opgaven der pryzen van hout, steen, kalk en arbeidsloon gold. Men beseft alzoo dat hy niet alleen te stryden had met de macht der personen die voordeel genoten van misdryf, maar tevens met de beschroomdheid dergenen die--hoezeer dat misdryf evenzeer afkeurende als hy--zich niet geroepen of geschikt achtten daartegen met den vereischten moed optetreden.","translation":"In communicating this letter I have run ahead of the time, in order to make it strike the eye even now how little help Havelaar had to expect from the controller as soon as matters altogether different, and more important, would have to be called by their true name--when already this official, who without doubt was an honest man, had to be addressed in such a way merely to tell the truth, where it was only a question of the statements of the prices of timber, stone, lime, and labour-wages. One perceives, then, that he had to struggle not only with the power of the persons who profited by the misdeed, but at the same time with the timidity of those who--however much they disapproved of that misdeed as he did--did not consider themselves called or fitted to come forward against it with the requisite courage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den tyd vooruitgeloopen","title":"Separable verb in the perfect","body":"vooruitloopen ('to run ahead') is separable; in the perfect the prefix re-joins the participle as vooruitgeloopen (the ge- slots inside: vooruit-ge-loopen)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zaken zouden moeten genoemd worden by den rechten naam","title":"Worden-passive with deferred infinitive","body":"zouden moeten genoemd worden is a passive ('would have to be called') built with worden; the modal chain pushes worden and the participle to the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de beschroomdheid dergenen die …","title":"Genitive of the demonstrative: dergenen","body":"dergenen ('of those') is the inflected genitive plural of degene — a heavy, formal case form ('the timidity of those who…') typical of period prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vooruitgeloopen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meedeelen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meedeelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meedeelen","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as verbal noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"communicating","note":"Historical spelling of modern 'meedelen'."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular, oblique","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of meedeelen","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vooruitgeloopen","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"vooruitgeloopen","lemma":"vooruitlopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with ben","gloss":"run ahead"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in 't oog vallen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of idiom in 't oog vallen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom in 't oog vallen","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"stand out"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hulp","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verwachten","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of verwachten","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kontroleur","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verwachten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verwachten","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of had","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verwachten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of genoemd","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies andere","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies belangryke","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"belangryke","lemma":"belangrijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive genoemd","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of genoemd","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of genoemd","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"genoemd","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of subordinate passive clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of genoemd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking naam","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rechten","lemma":"recht","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies naam","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of by","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of toegesproken","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moest","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive toegesproken","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking twyfel","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"twyfel","lemma":"twijfel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"braaf","lemma":"braaf","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun with was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to mensch","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toegesproken","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of toegesproken","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of toegesproken","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"toegesproken","lemma":"toespreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of subordinate passive clause","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces clause of gold","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"dummy subject of gold","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgaven","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgaven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gold","gloss":"statements"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of pryzen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"pryzen","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of opgaven","gloss":"prices"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hout","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hout","lemma":"hout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"timber"},{"surface":"steen","lemma":"steen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with hout","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"kalk","lemma":"kalk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with hout","gloss":"lime"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"arbeidsloon","lemma":"arbeidsloon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with hout","gloss":"labour wages"},{"surface":"gold","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beseft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"beseft","lemma":"beseffen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"perceives"},{"surface":"alzoo","lemma":"alzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beseft","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alleen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stryden","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive stryden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stryden","lemma":"strijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of had","gloss":"struggle"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of stryden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking macht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of personen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of macht","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of genoten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"voordeel","lemma":"voordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of genoten","gloss":"advantage"},{"surface":"genoten","lemma":"genieten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on personen","gloss":"enjoyed"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misdryf","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"misdryf","lemma":"misdrijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"misdeed"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschroomdheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschroomdheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschroomdheid","lemma":"beschroomdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"timidity"},{"surface":"dergenen","lemma":"degene","morphology":"pronoun, genitive plural","role":"genitive complement of beschroomdheid","gloss":"of those"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of achtten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hoezeer","lemma":"hoezeer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of afkeurende","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of misdryf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"misdryf","lemma":"misdrijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of afkeurende","gloss":"misdeed"},{"surface":"evenzeer","lemma":"evenzeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afkeurende","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"afkeurende","lemma":"afkeuren","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"concessive participial clause on die","gloss":"disapproving"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hy","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of understood afkeurde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of achtten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geroepen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"predicate complement of achtten","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"geschikt","lemma":"geschikt","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of achtten","gloss":"fitted"},{"surface":"achtten","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on dergenen","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"daartegen","lemma":"daartegen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies optetreden","gloss":"against it"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moed","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vereischten","lemma":"vereist","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies moed","gloss":"requisite"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of optetreden","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"optetreden","lemma":"optreden","morphology":"verb, infinitive with fused te","role":"infinitive complement of achtten","gloss":"come forward","note":"Historical fused spelling of modern 'op te treden'."}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h15-s96","source":"Misschien ook zal men na 't lezen van dien brief, eenigszins terugkomen van de minachting voor de slaafsche onderworpenheid van den Javaan die in tegenwoordigheid van zyn Hoofd de ingebrachte beschuldiging, hoe gegrond ook, lafhartig terugtrekt.","translation":"Perhaps, too, after reading that letter, one will somewhat reconsider one's contempt for the slavish submissiveness of the Javanese, who, in the presence of his Chief, cravenly retracts the accusation he has brought, however well-founded it may be.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zal men … eenigszins terugkomen van de minachting","title":"Future with zullen + inversion","body":"zal … terugkomen is the future with zullen; because the adverbial Misschien ook opens the sentence, the subject men follows the finite verb (verb-second)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de Javaan die … lafhartig terugtrekt","title":"Relative die for a de-word","body":"die ('who') relates back to de Javaan, a common-gender (de-) noun; the relative clause is verb-final (terugtrekt closes it)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugkomen","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugkomen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of terugkomen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of terugkomen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lezen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verbal noun lezen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as verbal noun","role":"complement of na","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular, oblique","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugkomen","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"terugkomen","lemma":"terugkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reconsider"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking minachting","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of minachting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minachting","lemma":"minachting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderworpenheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderworpenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slaafsche","lemma":"slaafs","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies onderworpenheid","gloss":"slavish"},{"surface":"onderworpenheid","lemma":"onderworpenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"submissiveness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Javaan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of terugtrekt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegenwoordigheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tegenwoordigheid","lemma":"tegenwoordigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"presence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschuldiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ingebrachte","lemma":"inbrengen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies beschuldiging","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of terugtrekt","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegrond","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"gegrond","lemma":"gegrond","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate in concessive phrase","gloss":"well-founded"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegrond","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"lafhartig","lemma":"lafhartig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugtrekt","gloss":"cravenly"},{"surface":"terugtrekt","lemma":"terugtrekken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"retracts"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h15-s97","source":"Want, als men bedenkt dat er zooveel oorzaak was tot vreeze, zelfs voor den europeschen beambte, die dan toch geacht kon worden iets minder bloottestaan aan wraak, wat wachtte dan den armen landbewoner, die in een dorp ver van de hoofdplaats geheel-en-al in de macht zyner aangeklaagde onderdrukkers verviel?","translation":"For, when one considers that there was so much cause for fear, even for the European official, who might after all be supposed somewhat less exposed to revenge, what then awaited the poor country-dweller, who, in a village far from the chief town, fell wholly into the power of the very oppressors he had accused?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als men bedenkt dat er zooveel oorzaak was tot vreeze","title":"Existential er","body":"er here is the existential particle ('there was so much cause'); it fills the subject slot before the indefinite oorzaak."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in de macht zyner aangeklaagde onderdrukkers","title":"Genitive possessive zyner","body":"zyner is the old inflected genitive of zijn ('his') agreeing with a plural noun: 'into the power of his accused oppressors' — a period genitive modern Dutch replaces with van."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tot vreeze","title":"Old dative -e: vreeze","body":"vreeze is vrees ('fear') with an archaic final -e, a frozen dative ending after the preposition tot, common in solemn 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects sentence to preceding reasoning","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bedenkt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bedenkt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"bedenkt","lemma":"bedenken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"adverbial clause on wachtte","gloss":"considers"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vreeze","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"vreeze","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voor phrase","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beambte","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"europeschen","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies beambte","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive geacht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geacht","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geacht","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"geacht","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of relative passive clause","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geacht","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geacht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies minder","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"minder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bloottestaan","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"bloottestaan","lemma":"blootstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive with fused te","role":"infinitive complement of geacht","gloss":"exposed","note":"Historical fused spelling here represents modern 'bloot te staan'."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wraak","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wraak","lemma":"wraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"revenge"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of interrogative clause","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wachtte","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of landbewoner","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armen","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies landbewoner","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"landbewoner","lemma":"landbewoner","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wachtte","gloss":"country dweller"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verviel","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dorp","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorp","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of distance phrase","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdplaats","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ver","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"geheel-en-al","lemma":"geheel en al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verviel","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking macht","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of onderdrukkers","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"aangeklaagde","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies onderdrukkers","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"onderdrukkers","lemma":"onderdrukker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of macht","gloss":"oppressors"},{"surface":"verviel","lemma":"vervallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"fell"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h15-s98","source":"Is 't wonder dat die arme menschen, verschrikt over de gevolgen van hun stoutheid, die gevolgen zochten te ontwyken of te verzachten door deemoedige onderwerping?","translation":"Is it any wonder that those poor people, terrified at the consequences of their audacity, sought to escape or to soften those consequences by humble submission?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is 't wonder dat …","title":"Impersonal het in a rhetorical question","body":"'t (= het) is the dummy/impersonal subject ('Is it any wonder that…'); it points at nothing concrete and is fronted for the yes/no question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zochten te ontwyken of te verzachten","title":"te + infinitive complements","body":"zoeken ('to seek/try') governs a te-infinitive; here two coordinated ones (te ontwyken … of te verzachten) hang from the single zochten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wonder to its subject","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wonder","lemma":"wonder","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of wonder","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zochten","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"verschrikt","lemma":"verschrikken","morphology":"past participle used as adjective","role":"supplementary modifier of menschen","gloss":"terrified"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of verschrikt","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolgen","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of verschrikt","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor/cause stoutheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of stoutheid","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"stoutheid","lemma":"stoutheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van, modifying gevolgen","gloss":"audacity"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of gevolgen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"gevolgen","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of ontwyken and verzachten","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"zochten","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive ontwyken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontwyken","lemma":"ontwijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zochten","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates ontwyken and verzachten","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive verzachten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzachten","lemma":"verzachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive complement of zochten","gloss":"soften"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means onderwerping","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"deemoedige","lemma":"deemoedig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies onderwerping","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"onderwerping","lemma":"onderwerping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door; means of escaping or softening","gloss":"submission"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h15-s99","source":"En 't was niet alleen de kontroleur Verbrugge, die zyn plicht deed met een schuwheid als voegen zou aan plichtverzuim.","translation":"And it was not only the controller Verbrugge who did his duty with a shyness that would have befitted dereliction of duty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een schuwheid als voegen zou aan plichtverzuim","title":"Conditional zou with archaic als","body":"voegen zou is conditional ('would befit'); als here is the literary 'as (would)' rather than 'if', a register touch of 1860 prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"plichtverzuim","title":"Compound: dereliction of duty","body":"plicht ('duty') + verzuim ('neglect') = 'dereliction of duty' — Dutch glues nouns into one right-headed compound."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates this sentence with the preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to kontroleur","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alleen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kontroleur","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to kontroleur","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying kontroleur","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner phrase schuwheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schuwheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schuwheid","lemma":"schuwheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met; manner of deed","gloss":"shyness"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a comparative relative clause modifying schuwheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voegen","lemma":"voegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou in the comparative clause","gloss":"befit","note":"Voegen aan means “to suit” or “to befit” here."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of voegen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of voegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"plichtverzuim","lemma":"plichtverzuim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan; complement of voegen","gloss":"dereliction of duty"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h15-s100","source":"Ook de Djaksa, 't Inlandsch Hoofd dat by den Landraad het ambt van publieke aanklager vervult, trad liefst 's avends, ongezien en zonder gevolg, in Havelaars woning.","translation":"The Djaksa too, the Native Chief who at the Landraad fills the office of public prosecutor, preferred to come of an evening, unseen and without retinue, into Havelaar's dwelling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"trad liefst 's avends … in Havelaars woning","title":"Separable intreden, split apart","body":"From intreden ('to step in'): in stays put while the finite trad ('stepped') goes second, the separable prefix in landing at the clause end — 'stepped in … into the dwelling.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"'s avends","title":"Frozen genitive 's avends","body":"'s avends ('of an evening') is a fossilised genitive (des avonds), spelled here with period -end-; it means 'in the evenings, habitually.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses Djaksa","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Djaksa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Djaksa","lemma":"djaksa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of trad","gloss":"Djaksa"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Hoofd","gloss":"Native"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to Djaksa","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of vervult","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the institutional setting Landraad","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of Landraad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Landraad","lemma":"landraad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"Landraad"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vervult","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanklager","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"publieke","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies aanklager","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"aanklager","lemma":"aanklager","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van, modifying ambt","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"vervult","lemma":"vervullen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying Hoofd","gloss":"fills"},{"surface":"trad","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"liefst","lemma":"liefst","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of trad","gloss":"preferred to"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"contracted determiner, genitive singular","role":"forms the time expression 's avends","gloss":"of an","note":"'s is a contraction of the old genitive article des."},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, archaic genitive","role":"head of the adverbial time phrase 's avends","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"ongezien","lemma":"ongezien","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"supplementary manner modifier of trad","gloss":"unseen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the accompanying-circumstance phrase gevolg","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of zonder; accompanying retinue","gloss":"retinue"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination woning","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of woning","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; destination of trad","gloss":"dwelling"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h15-s101","source":"Hy, die diefstal moest tegengaan, dien 't was opgedragen den sluipenden dief te betrappen, hy sloop, als ware hyzelf de dief die betrapping vreesde, met zachten tred het huis aan de achterzyde in, na zich eerst te hebben overtuigd dat geen gezelschap daar was, dat later hem zou kunnen verraden als schuldig aan plichtsbetrachting.","translation":"He, whose task was to suppress theft, who was charged with catching the prowling thief, he stole in, as though he himself were the thief who feared being caught, with soft tread, into the house by the back, after first satisfying himself that no company was there that might later betray him as guilty of doing his duty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dien 't was opgedragen … te betrappen","title":"Case remnant in the relative dien","body":"dien is the old accusative/dative of the relative ('to whom it was charged'); the period uses inflected relatives where modern Dutch keeps die."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ware hyzelf de dief","title":"Archaic subjunctive ware","body":"ware is the old subjunctive of zijn ('as though he himself were'); als ware … is a fixed literary 'as if' construction with inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"na zich eerst te hebben overtuigd","title":"Reflexive in a na … te perfect infinitive","body":"zich overtuigen ('to satisfy oneself') is reflexive; na + te hebben + participle gives 'after having first satisfied himself.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"left-dislocated antecedent of hy","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"diefstal","lemma":"diefstal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of tegengaan","gloss":"theft"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of tegengaan","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"tegengaan","lemma":"tegengaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moest in the relative clause","gloss":"suppress"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine, singular, dative","role":"indirect object of opgedragen","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"impersonal subject of was opgedragen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgedragen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"opgedragen","lemma":"opdragen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"passive participle governing dien and betrappen","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of dief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sluipenden","lemma":"sluipend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dief","gloss":"prowling"},{"surface":"dief","lemma":"dief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of betrappen","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive betrappen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"betrappen","lemma":"betrappen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of opgedragen","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sloop","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sloop","lemma":"sluipen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crept"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual clause ware","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"copula linking hyzelf to dief","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"emphatic personal pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dief","lemma":"dief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ware","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of vreesde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"betrapping","lemma":"betrapping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vreesde","gloss":"being caught"},{"surface":"vreesde","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying dief","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner phrase tred","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zachten","lemma":"zacht","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tred","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"tred","lemma":"tred","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met; manner of sloop","gloss":"tread"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of the directional postposition in","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location achterzyde","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of achterzyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"achterzyde","lemma":"achterzijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan; location of entry","gloss":"back","note":"Achterzyde is the old spelling of modern achterzijde."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"directional postposition","role":"governs huis and modifies sloop","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the anterior infinitive clause overtuigd","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of overtuigd","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overtuigd","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the perfect infinitive hebben overtuigd","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of overtuigd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"overtuigd","lemma":"overtuigen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle in the infinitive clause governed by na","gloss":"satisfied"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of overtuigd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezelschap","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"gezelschap","lemma":"gezelschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zou kunnen verraden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verraden","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verraden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of kunnen verraden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of verraden","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"verraden","lemma":"verraden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying gezelschap","gloss":"betray"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the predicative complement schuldig","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of verraden","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of schuldig","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plichtsbetrachting","lemma":"plichtsbetrachting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan; complement of schuldig","gloss":"doing his duty"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h15-s102","source":"Was 't wonder dat Havelaars ziel bedroefd was, en dat Tine meer dan ooit noodig had zyn kamer binnentetreden om hem optebeuren, als ze zag hoe hy daar zat met de hand onder 't hoofd?","translation":"Was it any wonder that Havelaar's soul was grieved, and that Tine, more than ever, needed to enter his room to lift his spirits, when she saw how he sat there with his head propped on his hand?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Was 't wonder dat … en dat …","title":"Impersonal het heading the question","body":"'t (het) is again the dummy subject of the rhetorical 'Was it any wonder that…', followed by two dat-clauses both verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"noodig had zyn kamer binnentetreden om hem optebeuren","title":"Joined infinitives binnen-te-treden / op-te-beuren","body":"1860 spelling glues the separable prefix, te, and the infinitive into one written word (binnentetreden = binnen te treden; optebeuren = op te beuren)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking wonder to its subject","gloss":"Was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wonder","lemma":"wonder","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of Was","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first content clause of wonder","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of ziel","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to bedroefd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two dat-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second content clause of wonder","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the phrase meer dan ooit","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison ooit","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"part of the verbal expression nodig hebben","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in the expression nodig had","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kamer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of binnentetreden","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"binnentetreden","lemma":"binnentreden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of nodig had","gloss":"to enter","note":"Binnentetreden represents modern binnen te treden."},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive optebeuren","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of optebeuren","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"optebeuren","lemma":"opbeuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying binnentreden","gloss":"cheer up","note":"Optebeuren represents modern op te beuren."},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause zag","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause introduced by als","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zat","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of zat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of zag","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the posture phrase headed by hand","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hoofd, locating the hand","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h15-s103","source":"En toch was voor hem 't grootst bezwaar niet gelegen in de schroomvalligheid van wie hem ter-zyde stonden, noch in de medeplichtige lafhartigheid van wie zyn hulp hadden ingeroepen.","translation":"And yet, for him the greatest difficulty did not lie in the fearfulness of those who stood at his side, nor in the complicit cowardice of those who had called for his help.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in de schroomvalligheid van wie hem ter-zyde stonden","title":"Headless relative wie","body":"wie here means 'those who' without an antecedent ('the fearfulness of those who stood at his side') — the relative used for persons with no head noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"noch in de medeplichtige lafhartigheid","title":"Correlative negation noch … noch","body":"noch ('nor') chains two negated alternatives ('neither … nor'); Dutch keeps a single negative force across the correlative pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates this sentence with the preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking bezwaar to gelegen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of voor; perspective holder","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezwaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grootst","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, superlative, archaic uninflected form","role":"modifies bezwaar","gloss":"greatest","note":"Grootst is uninflected here where modern Dutch normally has grootste."},{"surface":"bezwaar","lemma":"bezwaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gelegen","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelegen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gelegen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"situated"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schroomvalligheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schroomvalligheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schroomvalligheid","lemma":"schroomvalligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gelegen","gloss":"fearfulness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the people characterized by schroomvalligheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of stonden","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of ter-zyde stonden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ter-zyde","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms the expression terzijde staan with stonden","gloss":"at the side"},{"surface":"stonden","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying wie","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two in-phrases","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lafhartigheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lafhartigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"medeplichtige","lemma":"medeplichtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lafhartigheid","gloss":"complicit"},{"surface":"lafhartigheid","lemma":"lafhartigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of the coordinated preposition in","gloss":"cowardice"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the people characterized by lafhartigheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hadden ingeroepen","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hulp","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ingeroepen","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of ingeroepen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ingeroepen","lemma":"inroepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle of the relative clause modifying wie","gloss":"called for"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h15-s104","source":"Neen, geheel alleen des-noods zou hy recht doen, met of zonder hulp van anderen dan, ja, tegen allen, al ware 't ook tegen henzelf die behoefte hadden aan dat recht!","translation":"No, if need be he would do justice entirely alone, with or without the help of others then--yes, against all, even were it against the very ones who had need of that justice!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"geheel alleen des-noods zou hy recht doen","title":"Conditional zou with fronted adverbials","body":"Fronting geheel alleen des-noods triggers verb-second: the conditional zou stands before the subject hy ('would he do justice'); the infinitive doen closes the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al ware 't ook tegen henzelf","title":"Concessive al + subjunctive ware","body":"al … ware ('even were it') is a concessive with the archaic subjunctive of zijn — 'even if it were against the very ones…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"des-noods","title":"Frozen genitive: des-noods","body":"des noods ('if need be') is a set phrase preserving the old genitive des of nood ('need') — still current in modern Dutch as desnoods."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alleen","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"des-noods","lemma":"desnoods","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying doen","gloss":"if need be","note":"Des-noods is the older hyphenated spelling of desnoods."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"first preposition in the coordination met of zonder","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates met and zonder","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"second preposition in the coordination met of zonder","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder; understood also with met","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor/source anderen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb marking the next stronger alternative","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse correction or intensifier","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces allen as the target of opposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause ware","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"copula with subject het and complement tegen henzelf","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the phrase tegen henzelf","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking henzelf","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"henzelf","lemma":"henzelf","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in the expression behoefte hebben aan","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying henzelf","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of behoefte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan; complement of behoefte","gloss":"justice"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h15-s105","source":"Want hy wist hoe hy invloed had op het Volk, en hoe--als eenmaal de arme onderdrukten, opgeroepen om luide en voor 't gerecht te herhalen wat ze hem 's avends en 's nachts hadden toegefluisterd in eenzaamheid --hy wist hoe hy de macht had op hun gemoederen te werken, en hoe de kracht zyner woorden sterker zyn zou dan de angst voor wraak van Distriktshoofd of Regent.","translation":"For he knew what influence he had over the People, and how--once the poor oppressed, summoned to repeat aloud and before the court what they had whispered to him of an evening and a night, in solitude--he knew how he had the power to work upon their minds, and how the force of his words would be stronger than the dread of revenge from a District-chief or Regent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe de kracht zyner woorden sterker zyn zou dan de angst","title":"Comparative with dan","body":"sterker … dan ('stronger than') is the comparative; the conditional zyn zou ('would be') sits clause-final after the subordinating hoe."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"opgeroepen om luide … te herhalen wat ze … hadden toegefluisterd","title":"Passive participle + om … te + pluperfect","body":"opgeroepen is a passive participle ('summoned'); om … te herhalen gives purpose, and hadden toegefluisterd is the pluperfect ('had whispered') of the separable toefluisteren."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"'s avends en 's nachts","title":"Fossilised genitives of time","body":"'s avends and 's nachts ('of an evening', 'of a night') are frozen genitive time-phrases meaning habitually after dark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wist","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of wist","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Volk","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Volk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"People"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the interrupted manner clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional phrase","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the interrupted condition","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderdrukten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies onderdrukten","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"onderdrukten","lemma":"onderdrukt","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"head of the interrupted conditional phrase","gloss":"oppressed people"},{"surface":"opgeroepen","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"past participle","role":"participial modifier of onderdrukten","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive herhalen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"luide","lemma":"luid","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies herhalen","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gerecht","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gerecht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gerecht","lemma":"gerecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive herhalen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"herhalen","lemma":"herhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of opgeroepen","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of herhalen and toegefluisterd","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person plural","role":"subject of toegefluisterd","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of toegefluisterd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"fossilized genitive article","role":"part of adverbial phrase ’s avonds","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, fossilized genitive","role":"part of adverbial phrase ’s avonds","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"fossilized genitive article","role":"part of adverbial phrase ’s nachts","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"nachts","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, fossilized genitive","role":"part of adverbial phrase ’s nachts","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of toegefluisterd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"toegefluisterd","lemma":"toefluisteren","morphology":"past participle","role":"past participle governed by hadden","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eenzaamheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"eenzaamheid","lemma":"eenzaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"solitude"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of second wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"resumes the main verb after the interruption","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of wist","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemoederen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of gemoederen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"gemoederen","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"minds"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive werken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of macht","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clausal complement of wist","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou zijn","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural","role":"possessive determiner of woorden","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"dependent of zyner","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"sterker","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary governing zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparative complement","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of angst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"angst","lemma":"angst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of comparative complement of sterker","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wraak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wraak","lemma":"wraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"revenge"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Distriktshoofd","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Distriktshoofd","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"District Chief"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Distriktshoofd and Regent","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"Regent"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h15-s106","source":"De vrees dat zyn beschermelingen zouden afvallen van hun eigen zaak weerhield hem dus niet.","translation":"The fear that his protégés would fall away from their own cause did not, then, hold him back.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De vrees dat zyn beschermelingen zouden afvallen … weerhield hem dus niet","title":"Heavy subject clause + main verb second","body":"The whole bracketed dat-clause is the subject; the main finite weerhield ('held back') stands in the V2 slot, with niet negating the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"beschermelingen","title":"protégés","body":"beschermeling ('protégé, one under protection') from beschermen ('to protect') — the villagers Havelaar shields."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrees","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of weerhield","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of afvallen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessive determiner of beschermelingen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"beschermelingen","lemma":"beschermeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of afvallen","gloss":"protégés"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of afvallen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"afvallen","lemma":"afvallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zouden","gloss":"fall away"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaak","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of zaak","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaak","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"weerhield","lemma":"weerhouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of weerhield","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weerhield","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weerhield","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h15-s107","source":"Maar 't kostte hem zooveel dien ouden Adhipatti aanteklagen: dàt was de reden van zyn tweestryd! Want ook aan den anderen kant mocht hy niet toegeven in dezen weerzin, daar de geheele bevolking, afgescheiden nog haar goed recht, evenzeer aanspraak had op medelyden.","translation":"But it cost him so much to accuse that old Adhipatti: that was the reason for his inner conflict! For, on the other hand too, he could not give way to this reluctance, since the whole population, quite apart from its good right, had an equal claim to compassion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t kostte hem zooveel dien ouden Adhipatti aanteklagen","title":"Joined te-infinitive aanteklagen","body":"aanteklagen = aan te klagen ('to accuse'), the separable aanklagen with te glued in 1860 style; dien ouden shows the accusative case remnant -en."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar de geheele bevolking … aanspraak had op medelyden","title":"Causal daar (verb-final)","body":"daar here is the archaic/literary subordinator 'since/because', sending its verb had to the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kostte","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kostte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kostte","lemma":"kosten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cost"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of kostte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kostte","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ouden","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, accusative","role":"modifies Adhipatti","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"noun used as title, masculine singular","role":"direct object of aanteklagen","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"aanteklagen","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed subject infinitive of kostte","gloss":"to accuse","note":"Historical closed spelling of 'aan te klagen'."},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dàt and reden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zyn","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessive determiner of tweestryd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tweestryd","lemma":"tweestrijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"inner conflict"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of toegeven","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aan den anderen kant","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kant","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of kant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kant","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of toegeven","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary governing toegeven","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of toegeven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toegeven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"toegeven","lemma":"toegeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by mocht","gloss":"give way"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weerzin","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of weerzin","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"weerzin","lemma":"weerzin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of toegeven","gloss":"reluctance"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of had","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheele","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"afgescheiden","lemma":"afscheiden","morphology":"past participle used adverbially","role":"introduces parenthetical phrase modifying had","gloss":"apart from","note":"'Afgescheiden van' means 'apart from' here; the preposition 'van' is omitted."},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgescheiden","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessive determiner of recht","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies recht","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object understood with afgescheiden","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"evenzeer","lemma":"evenzeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"aanspraak","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"claim"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking medelyden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"medelyden","lemma":"medelijden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"compassion"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h15-s108","source":"Vrees voor eigen leed had geen deel in zyn twyfel.","translation":"Fear for his own hurt had no part in his doubt.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vrees voor eigen leed had geen deel in zyn twyfel","title":"geen negating an indefinite noun","body":"geen deel ('no part') uses geen, the negator required before an indefinite noun, where niet would be wrong."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Fear"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies leed","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"leed","lemma":"leed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"hurt"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deel","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"deel","lemma":"deel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking twijfel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessive determiner of twyfel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"twyfel","lemma":"twijfel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"doubt"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h15-s109","source":"Want al wist hy hoe ongaarne in 't algemeen de Regeering een Regent ziet aanklagen, en hoeveel gemakkelyker 't sommigen valt den europeschen beambte broodeloos te maken dan een Inlandsch Hoofd te straffen, hy had een byzondere reden om te gelooven dat er juist op dit oogenblik by de beoordeeling van zulke zaak andere grondstellingen dan de gewone zouden voorheerschen.","translation":"For though he knew how unwillingly the Government in general sees a Regent accused, and how much easier it is for some to ruin the European official than to punish a Native Chief, he had a particular reason to believe that just at this moment, in the judging of such a matter, principles other than the usual ones would prevail.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want al wist hy hoe ongaarne … de Regeering een Regent ziet aanklagen","title":"Concessive al + perception verb with bare infinitive","body":"al wist hy is concessive ('though he knew'); ziet … aanklagen is a perception verb (zien) governing a bare infinitive — no te."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoeveel gemakkelyker 't sommigen valt … te maken","title":"Comparative gemakkelyker + impersonal het","body":"gemakkelyker ('easier') is comparative; 't valt sommigen … ('it is easy for some') uses impersonal het with a te-infinitive (te maken)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"broodeloos te maken","title":"Idiom: to ruin (lit. 'breadless')","body":"iemand broodeloos maken means to strip someone of their livelihood, literally 'to make breadless' — to destroy a career."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wist","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"with wist, marks the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ongaarne","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ongaarne","lemma":"ongaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ziet","gloss":"unwillingly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking algemeen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of algemeen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"algemeen","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanklagen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the object clause governed by wist","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"aanklagen","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of ziet","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoeveel","lemma":"hoeveel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies gemakkelyker","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"gemakkelyker","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement with valt","gloss":"easier"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"formal subject of valt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sommigen","lemma":"sommige","morphology":"substantivized indefinite pronoun, plural, dative","role":"indirect object of valt","gloss":"some people"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the coordinated object clause governed by wist","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"europeschen","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, accusative","role":"modifies beambte","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"broodeloos","lemma":"brodeloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of maken","gloss":"without livelihood"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of valt","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with maken","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Inlandsch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Hoofd","gloss":"Native"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of straffen","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive straffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"straffen","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive parallel to maken","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of main-clause had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"byzondere","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies reden","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the infinitival modifier of reden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive gelooven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival modifier of reden","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of gelooven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in the clause of voorheerschen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies op dit oogenblik","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beoordeeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beoordeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beoordeeling","lemma":"beoordeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies grondstellingen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"grondstellingen","lemma":"grondstelling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zouden voorheerschen","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with de gewone","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewone","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewone","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"head of comparative phrase","gloss":"usual ones"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of voorheerschen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"voorheerschen","lemma":"voorheersen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zouden","gloss":"prevail"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h15-s110","source":"Het is waar dat hy, ook zonder deze meening, evenzeer zyn plicht zou gedaan hebben, te liever zelfs als hy 't gevaar voor zich en de zynen grooter had geacht dan ooit.","translation":"It is true that he, even without this belief, would equally have done his duty--all the more gladly, even, if he had reckoned the danger to himself and his own greater than ever.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"evenzeer zyn plicht zou gedaan hebben","title":"Conditional perfect (zou + perfect infinitive)","body":"zou gedaan hebben is the conditional perfect ('would have done') — zou plus a perfect infinitive, expressing an unreal past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"te liever … als hy 't gevaar … grooter had geacht","title":"Comparative liever / grooter","body":"liever ('more gladly', comparative of graag) and grooter ('greater') stack comparatives; als here is the period 'if', opening an unreal condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of is","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Het to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of is waar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of zou gedaan hebben","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zonder deze mening","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meening","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"belief"},{"surface":"evenzeer","lemma":"evenzeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou gedaan hebben","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of plicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gedaan hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree marker with liever","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies zou gedaan hebben","gloss":"more gladly"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes te liever","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of had geacht","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of had geacht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of gevaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geacht","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich en de zynen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, third-person singular","role":"first object of voor","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links zich and de zynen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"nominalizes zynen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zynen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, nominalized, plural","role":"second object of voor","gloss":"his own","note":"The substantivized possessive ‘de zijnen’ means his family or dependants."},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"object complement of gevaar with geacht","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geacht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geacht","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with grooter","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of comparative dan","gloss":"ever"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h15-s111","source":"We zeiden reeds dat moeielykheid hem aantrok, en hoe hy dorstte naar opoffering. Doch hy meende dat de aanlokkelykheid van een zelfoffer hier niet bestond, en vreesde--als hy in 't eind zou moeten overgaan tot ernstigen stryd tegen 't onrecht--zich te moeten spenen van 't ridderlyk genoegen dien stryd te hebben aangevangen als de zwakste.","translation":"We have already said that difficulty attracted him, and how he thirsted for self-sacrifice. Yet he thought that the allure of a self-offering did not exist here, and feared--if in the end he should have to pass to a serious struggle against the wrong--that he would have to deny himself the chivalrous pleasure of having begun that struggle as the weaker party.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat moeielykheid hem aantrok, en hoe hy dorstte naar opoffering","title":"Imperfect of strong vs weak verbs","body":"aantrok is the strong past of aantrekken (vowel change e→o), while dorstte is the weak past of dorsten (dental -te) — both narrative imperfects."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vreesde … zich te moeten spenen van 't ridderlyk genoegen","title":"Reflexive zich + modal in a te-infinitive","body":"zich spenen van ('to deny oneself') is reflexive; te moeten spenen embeds the modal moeten inside a te-infinitive governed by vreesde."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Doch","title":"Archaic doch","body":"doch ('yet, but') is a solemn, literary coordinator, more elevated than maar; it marks the heightened register of Multatuli's reflective passages."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first-person plural","role":"subject of zeiden","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"zeiden","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeiden","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aantrok","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"moeielykheid","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aantrok","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of aantrok","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aantrok","lemma":"aantrekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first clausal complement of zeiden","gloss":"attracted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two complements of zeiden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the manner clause of dorstte","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of dorstte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dorstte","lemma":"dorsten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second clausal complement of zeiden","gloss":"thirsted"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opoffering","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"opoffering","lemma":"opoffering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"self-sacrifice"},{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting main clause","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of meende and vreesde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first coordinated main verb","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of meende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanlokkelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanlokkelykheid","lemma":"aanlokkelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bestond","gloss":"allure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zelfoffer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of zelfoffer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zelfoffer","lemma":"zelfoffer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"self-offering"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestond","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates bestond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bestond","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the complement clause","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links meende and vreesde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vreesde","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second coordinated main verb","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of zou moeten overgaan","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of zou moeten overgaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eind","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of overgaan","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of overgaan","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"overgaan","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stryd","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ernstigen","lemma":"ernstig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies stryd","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"stryd","lemma":"strijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"struggle"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onrecht","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of onrecht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, third-person singular","role":"reflexive object of spenen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive moeten spenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of spenen","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"spenen","lemma":"spenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of vreesde","gloss":"deny"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition required by zich spenen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of genoegen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ridderlyk","lemma":"ridderlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies genoegen","gloss":"chivalrous"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of stryd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stryd","lemma":"strijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aangevangen","gloss":"struggle"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the perfect infinitive hebben aangevangen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of aangevangen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aangevangen","lemma":"aanvangen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"infinitival complement specifying genoegen","gloss":"begun"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the capacity in which he began the struggle","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"nominalizes zwakste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwakste","lemma":"zwak","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominalized","role":"predicative complement of the understood subject","gloss":"weakest party"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h15-s112","source":"Ja, dit vreesde hy.","translation":"Yes, this he feared.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence-level affirmation","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, neuter singular","role":"fronted direct object of vreesde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"vreesde","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of vreesde","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h15-s113","source":"Hy meende dat er aan 't hoofd van de Regeering een Gouverneur-generaal stond die zyn bondgenoot wezen zou, en 't was een eigenaardigheid te meer in zyn karakter, dat deze meening hem van strenge maatregelen terughield, langer juist dan iets anders hem zou weerhouden hebben, omdat het hem stuitte het Onrecht aantegrypen op een oogenblik dat hy 't Recht voor sterker hield dan gewoonlyk.","translation":"He thought that at the head of the Government stood a Governor-General who would be his ally, and it was one more peculiarity of his character that this belief held him back from stern measures longer, indeed, than anything else would have held him back, because it galled him to take Wrong by the throat at a moment when he held Right to be stronger than usual.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een Gouverneur-generaal stond die zyn bondgenoot wezen zou","title":"Relative die + archaic infinitive wezen","body":"die relates to the de-word Gouverneur-generaal; wezen is the older infinitive of zijn ('to be'), here with conditional zou."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat het hem stuitte het Onrecht aantegrypen","title":"Causal omdat (verb-final) + joined infinitive","body":"omdat sends its verb stuitte to the end; aantegrypen = aan te grijpen, the separable verb with te glued together in 1860 spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of meende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb, existential","role":"existential marker with stond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the complement clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wezen zou","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of bondgenoot","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bondgenoot","lemma":"bondgenoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of wezen","gloss":"ally"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copular infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular, contracted","role":"expletive subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking 't to eigenaardigheid","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of eigenaardigheid","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"eigenaardigheid","lemma":"eigenaardigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"peculiarity"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree marker with meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies eigenaardigheid","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking karakter","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of karakter","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"karakter","lemma":"karakter","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause specifying eigenaardigheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of terughield","gloss":"belief"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of terughield","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maatregelen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"strenge","lemma":"streng","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies maatregelen","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"maatregelen","lemma":"maatregel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"measures"},{"surface":"terughield","lemma":"terughouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies terughield","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the comparison","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with langer","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of zou weerhouden hebben","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"postmodifies iets","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of weerhouden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weerhouden hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"weerhouden","lemma":"weerhouden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of weerhouden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of stuitte","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of stuitte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular, object form","role":"experiencer object of stuitte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"stuitte","lemma":"stuiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"galled"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Onrecht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, personified","role":"direct object of aantegrypen","gloss":"Wrong"},{"surface":"aantegrypen","lemma":"aangrijpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"extraposed infinitival subject of stuitte","gloss":"to seize","note":"Historical spelling writes modern ‘aan te grijpen’ as one word."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative time clause modifying oogenblik","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of Recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, personified","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"Right"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"predicative marker introducing sterker in houden ... voor","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"sterker","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"object complement of Recht with hield ... voor","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb governing Recht and sterker","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with sterker","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of comparative dan","gloss":"usual"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h15-s114","source":"Ik zeide immers reeds in de proeve der beschryving van zyn inborst, dat hy naïf was by al zyn scherpte?","translation":"Did I not say already, in the attempt at a description of his nature, that he was naïve for all his shrewdness?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zeide immers reeds … dat hy naïf was","title":"Weak imperfect zeide","body":"zeide is the literary (archaic) weak past of zeggen ('said'), preferred over modern zei in solemn prose; immers ('after all') flags shared knowledge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first-person singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal particle appealing to shared knowledge","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeide","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking proeve","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of proeve","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"proeve","lemma":"proeve","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"attempt"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine singular","role":"genitive determiner of beschryving","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"beschryving","lemma":"beschrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of proeve","gloss":"description"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inborst","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of inborst","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"inborst","lemma":"inborst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of zeide","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third-person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"naïf","lemma":"naïef","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"naïve"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to naïf","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the concessive phrase by al zyn scherpte","gloss":"for all"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"quantifies zyn scherpte in the concessive phrase","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of scherpte","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"scherpte","lemma":"scherpte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"shrewdness"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h15-s115","source":"Laat ons trachten optehelderen hoe Havelaar tot die meening gekomen was.","translation":"Let us try to clarify how Havelaar had come to that belief.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Laat ons trachten optehelderen","title":"Hortative laten + joined te-infinitive","body":"Laat ons … ('Let us…') is the first-person hortative; trachten governs optehelderen = op te helderen ('to clarify'), separable verb glued in period spelling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe Havelaar tot die meening gekomen was","title":"Pluperfect with zijn","body":"gekomen was is the pluperfect of komen ('had come'); komen is a motion verb taking zijn, and the verb cluster sits at the end of the indirect question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular, imperative","role":"main verb of the hortative construction","gloss":"Let"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first-person plural, object form","role":"object of Laat and understood subject of trachten","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"trachten","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of Laat","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"optehelderen","lemma":"ophelderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of trachten","gloss":"to clarify"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question governed by optehelderen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of gekomen was","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meening","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"belief"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h15-s116","source":"* * * * * Zeer weinig europesche lezers kunnen zich een juist denkbeeld vormen van de hoogte waarop een Gouverneur-generaal staan moet als mensch, om niet beneden de hoogte zyner bediening te blyven, en 't gelde dan ook niet als een te streng oordeel wanneer ik de meening aankleef dat zeer weinigen, geenen misschien, aan zóó zwaren eisch hebben kunnen beantwoorden.","translation":"* * * * * Very few European readers can form a just notion of the height at which a Governor-General must stand as a man, in order not to remain below the height of his office; and let it therefore not pass for too severe a judgment when I hold to the opinion that very few, perhaps none, have been able to answer to so heavy a demand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de hoogte waarop een Gouverneur-generaal staan moet als mensch","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative waarop","body":"waarop ('on which / at which') replaces 'op + die', the standard way to relativise a preposition + thing — 'the height at which he must stand.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om niet beneden de hoogte zyner bediening te blyven","title":"Negated om … te purpose","body":"om … te blyven frames the purpose ('in order not to remain below'); niet negates within it, and zyner is the period genitive of zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezers","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies lezers","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"lezers","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of vormen","gloss":"readers"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of vormen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive indirect object of vormen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies denkbeeld","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vormen","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"vormen","lemma":"vormen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoogte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoogte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogte","lemma":"hoogte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of staan","gloss":"at which"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"Gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of staan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement mensch","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of staan","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive blyven","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates blyven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beneden","lemma":"beneden","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing hoogte","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoogte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogte","lemma":"hoogte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of beneden","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor of bediening","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"bediening","lemma":"bediening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor complement of hoogte","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive blyven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive governed by om","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of gelde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gelde","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"may count","note":"The literary subjunctive gelde expresses a wish or injunction: “let it count.”"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial consequence marker with ook","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms dan ook with dan","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gelde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement oordeel","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oordeel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of streng","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"streng","lemma":"streng","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oordeel","gloss":"severe"},{"surface":"oordeel","lemma":"oordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of gelde","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subordinate clause aankleef","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aankleef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aankleef","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"aankleef","lemma":"aankleven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of wanneer-clause","gloss":"hold to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of meening","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinigen","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"weinigen","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben kunnen beantwoorden","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"geenen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"apposition to weinigen","gloss":"none","note":"Archaic inflected form of geen used substantivally: “none.”"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geenen","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing eisch","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of zwaren","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zwaren","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies eisch","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"eisch","lemma":"eis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen beantwoorden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal infinitive governing beantwoorden","gloss":"been able to"},{"surface":"beantwoorden","lemma":"beantwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"answer"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h15-s117","source":"Om nu niet al de hoedanigheden van hoofd en hart te noemen die daartoe noodig zyn, vestige men slechts 't oog op de duizelingwekkende hoogte waarop zoo eensklaps de man wordt geplaatst, die--gisteren nog eenvoudig burger--heden macht heeft over millioenen onderdanen.","translation":"Now, not to name all the qualities of head and heart that are needed for it, let one merely fix one's eye on the dizzying height to which, all at once, the man is raised who--yesterday still a simple citizen--has today power over millions of subjects.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de man wordt geplaatst, die … heden macht heeft","title":"Worden-passive (process)","body":"wordt geplaatst is the process passive with worden ('is placed/raised'): the man undergoes the elevation. The relative die then opens a verb-final clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vestige men slechts 't oog","title":"Subjunctive/hortative vestige","body":"vestige men ('let one fix') is the archaic third-person subjunctive used as a polite hortative — a register flourish for general maxims."}],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive noemen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noemen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates noemen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoedanigheden","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoedanigheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoedanigheden","lemma":"hoedanigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"qualities"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated complements hoofd and hart","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van, coordinated with hoofd","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive noemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by om","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of noodig","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking die to noodig","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"vestige","lemma":"vestigen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let fix","note":"The subjunctive vestige gives an exhortation: “let one fix.”"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vestige","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vestige","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vestige","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing hoogte","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoogte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duizelingwekkende","lemma":"duizelingwekkend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies hoogte","gloss":"dizzying"},{"surface":"hoogte","lemma":"hoogte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of geplaatst","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of eensklaps","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"eensklaps","lemma":"eensklaps","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geplaatst","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt geplaatst","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geplaatst","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"geplaatst","lemma":"plaatsen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause on hoogte","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gisteren","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of the parenthetical predication","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies predicative burger","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies burger","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"burger","lemma":"burger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"parenthetical predicative complement of die","gloss":"citizen"},{"surface":"heden","lemma":"heden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on man","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking millioenen","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"millioenen","lemma":"miljoen","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifier of onderdanen","gloss":"millions"},{"surface":"onderdanen","lemma":"onderdaan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"subjects"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h15-s118","source":"Hy die voor weinig tyds nog verscholen was onder zyn omgeving, zonder daarboven uittesteken in rang of gezag, voelt zich op-eenmaal, onverwachts meestal, opgeheven boven een menigte, oneindig grooter dan de kleine kring die hem vroeger toch geheel voor 't oog verborg, en ik geloof dat ik niet ten- onrechte de hoogte duizelingwekkend noemde, die inderdaad herinnert aan de duizeling van iemand die onverwachts een afgrond voor zich ziet, of aan de blindheid die ons treft wanneer we met snelheid worden overgebracht van diepe duisternis in scherp licht. Tegen zulke overgangen zyn de zenuwen van gezicht of hersenen niet bestand, ook al waren zy overigens van buitengewone sterkte.","translation":"He who, but a short time ago, was hidden among his surroundings, without rising above them in rank or authority, feels himself all at once--unexpectedly, for the most part--lifted above a multitude infinitely greater than the small circle that formerly concealed him entirely from view; and I believe I did not unjustly call the height dizzying, which indeed recalls the giddiness of one who unexpectedly sees a precipice before him, or the blindness that strikes us when we are swiftly carried from deep darkness into sharp light. Against such transitions the nerves of sight or brain are not proof, even were they otherwise of extraordinary strength.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voelt zich op-eenmaal … opgeheven boven een menigte","title":"Reflexive voelen zich + resultant participle","body":"zich voelen ('to feel oneself') is reflexive; opgeheven ('lifted') is a past participle used predicatively after it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de kleine kring die hem vroeger toch geheel voor 't oog verborg","title":"Strong imperfect verborg","body":"verborg is the strong past of verbergen ('concealed', e→o vowel change); the relative die opens a verb-final clause closing on that verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de blindheid die ons treft wanneer we … worden overgebracht","title":"Worden-passive inside a wanneer-clause","body":"worden overgebracht ('are carried over') is the process passive; wanneer ('when') subordinates and the verb cluster moves to the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of voelt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of temporal phrase voor weinig tyds","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tyds","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"tyds","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, genitive singular","role":"object in temporal phrase voor weinig tyds","gloss":"time","note":"Tijds is an old genitive used in the phrase voor weinig tijds, “a short time ago.”"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verscholen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"verscholen","lemma":"verscholen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die to verscholen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omgeving","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, singular","role":"possessor of omgeving","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"omgeving","lemma":"omgeving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verscholen","gloss":"surroundings"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitive uittesteken","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"daarboven","lemma":"daarboven","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of uittesteken","gloss":"above them"},{"surface":"uittesteken","lemma":"uitsteken","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zonder","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rang","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in, coordinated with rang","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"voelt","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive pronoun of voelt","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"op eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgeheven","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"onverwachts","lemma":"onverwachts","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of opgeheven","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of onverwachts","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"opgeheven","lemma":"opheffen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"predicative complement of voelt","gloss":"lifted"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menigte","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menigte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"menigte","lemma":"menigte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of boven","gloss":"multitude"},{"surface":"oneindig","lemma":"oneindig","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of grooter","gloss":"infinitely"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies menigte","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with kring","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kring","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kring","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"kring","lemma":"kring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"comparative complement of grooter","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of verborg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verborg","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verborg","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse modifier of verborg","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verborg","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom voor het oog verbergen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"verborg","lemma":"verbergen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on kring","gloss":"concealed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates voelt and geloof","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with voelt","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates ten onrechte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with article","role":"part of idiom ten onrechte","gloss":"to the","note":"Ten is the fossilized contraction of te + den in ten onrechte, “wrongly/unjustly.”"},{"surface":"onrechte","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, dative singular","role":"object in idiom ten onrechte","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoogte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogte","lemma":"hoogte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of noemde","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"duizelingwekkend","lemma":"duizelingwekkend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of hoogte","gloss":"dizzying"},{"surface":"noemde","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of geloof","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of herinnert","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies herinnert","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"herinnert","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on hoogte","gloss":"recalls"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing duizeling and blindheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of duizeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duizeling","lemma":"duizeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"giddiness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor complement of duizeling","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"onverwachts","lemma":"onverwachts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ziet","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afgrond","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"afgrond","lemma":"afgrond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ziet","gloss":"precipice"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing zich","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"object of voor","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on iemand","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates aan de duizeling and aan de blindheid","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking blindheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of blindheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blindheid","lemma":"blindheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"blindness"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of treft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of treft","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"treft","lemma":"treffen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on blindheid","gloss":"strikes"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of worden overgebracht","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking snelheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"snelheid","lemma":"snelheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of overgebracht","gloss":"speed"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of overgebracht","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"overgebracht","lemma":"overbrengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing duisternis","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"diepe","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies duisternis","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"duisternis","lemma":"duisternis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing licht","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"scherp","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies licht","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"Tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overgangen","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overgangen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"overgangen","lemma":"overgang","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"transitions"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking zenuwen to bestand","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zenuwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zenuwen","lemma":"zenuw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"nerves"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezicht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gezicht","lemma":"gezicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"hersenen","lemma":"hersenen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van, coordinated with gezicht","gloss":"brain"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestand","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bestand","lemma":"bestand","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms concessive conjunction ook al","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"forms concessive conjunction ook al","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, plural","role":"copula linking zy to van sterkte","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"overigens","lemma":"overigens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative quality sterkte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"buitengewone","lemma":"buitengewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies sterkte","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"sterkte","lemma":"sterkte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"strength"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h15-s119","source":"Indien alzoo reeds in zichzelf de benoeming tot Gouverneur-generaal veelal de oorzaken van bederf meedraagt, ook van denzulken die uitstekend was in verstand en gemoed, wat is er dan te verwachten van personen die reeds vóór die benoeming leden aan veel gebreken?","translation":"If, then, the appointment to Governor-General already carries within itself, in many cases, the causes of corruption--even for such a man as was outstanding in mind and heart--what is then to be expected of persons who already, before that appointment, suffered from many shortcomings?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ook van denzulken die uitstekend was","title":"Case remnant denzulken","body":"denzulken ('such a one', dative/accusative) keeps the old -en inflection of zulk — a heavy, formal period form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat is er dan te verwachten van personen die … leden aan veel gebreken","title":"Er + te-infinitive of expectation; strong imperfect leden","body":"er te verwachten ('to be expected') uses er with a passive-flavoured te-infinitive; leden is the strong past of lijden ('suffered')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of meedraagt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"alzoo","lemma":"alzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the whole conditional clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meedraagt","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zichzelf","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"zichzelf","lemma":"zichzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of benoeming","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"benoeming","lemma":"benoeming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of meedraagt","gloss":"appointment"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the appointed office Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot; complement of benoeming","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"veelal","lemma":"veelal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meedraagt","gloss":"in many cases"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of meedraagt","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bederf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bederf","lemma":"bederf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies oorzaken","gloss":"corruption"},{"surface":"meedraagt","lemma":"meedragen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"carries with it"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses van denzulken","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking denzulken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"denzulken","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, dative singular, substantivized","role":"object of van","gloss":"such a man","note":"Archaic inflected substantivized form meaning ‘such a person’."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"uitstekend","lemma":"uitstekend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"outstanding"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking die to uitstekend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verstand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verstand","lemma":"verstand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of uitstekend","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with verstand","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of is te verwachten","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of te verwachten","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"expletive in wat is er te verwachten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwachten","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verwachten as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verwachten","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verbal complement of is","gloss":"be expected"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of verwachten","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of leden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leden","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking benoeming","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of benoeming","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"benoeming","lemma":"benoeming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"appointment"},{"surface":"leden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on personen","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebreken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebreken","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"gebreken","lemma":"gebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of aan; complement of leden","gloss":"shortcomings"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h15-s120","source":"En al stellen we voor een oogenblik dat de Koning altyd goed is voorgelicht, als hy zyn hoogen naam teekent onder de akte waarin hy zegt overtuigd te wezen van de \"goede trouw, den yver en de bekwaamheden\" des benoemden Stedehouders, al nemen wy aan dat de nieuwe Onderkoning yverig, trouw en bekwaam is, dan nog blyft het de vraag of die yver, en vooral of die bekwaamheid, by hem bestaat in eene maat, hoog genoeg verheven boven middelmatigheid, om aan de eischen van zyn roeping te voldoen. Want de vraag kan niet zyn of de man die te 's Gravenhage voor 't eerst als Gouverneur-generaal het kabinet des Konings verlaat, op dàt oogenblik de bekwaamheid bezit die noodig zal wezen voor zyn nieuw ambt ... dit is onmogelyk!","translation":"And even granting for a moment that the King is always well advised when he sets his high name beneath the deed in which he declares himself convinced of the \"good faith, the zeal, and the abilities\" of the appointed Stadtholder--even granting that the new Viceroy is zealous, faithful, and able--it still remains a question whether that zeal, and above all whether that ability, exist in him in a measure raised high enough above mediocrity to answer to the demands of his calling. For the question cannot be whether the man who, at The Hague, leaves the King's cabinet for the first time as Governor-General, possesses at that moment the ability that will be needed for his new office ... that is impossible!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al stellen we voor een oogenblik dat …, al nemen wy aan dat …","title":"Concessive al + present (granting)","body":"al stellen we … / al nemen wy aan ('even granting that…') is the concessive al with verb-first inversion; aannemen is separable (aan splits to the end)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de bekwaamheden des benoemden Stedehouders","title":"Genitive des","body":"des … Stedehouders is the old masculine genitive singular ('of the appointed Stadtholder'), the inflected possessive modern Dutch turns into van de."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"overtuigd te wezen van de goede trouw","title":"Resultant participle + archaic te wezen","body":"overtuigd ('convinced') is a past participle in a state reading; te wezen is the older infinitive of zijn after the te-construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the preceding argument","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of stellen","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"stellen","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person plural","role":"verb of the first concessive clause","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person plural","role":"subject of stellen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorgelicht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive voorgelicht","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgelicht","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgelicht","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of voorgelicht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"voorgelicht","lemma":"voorlichten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive verb in the complement of stellen","gloss":"advised"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of teekent","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of teekent","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies naam","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of teekent","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"teekent","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking akte","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of akte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"akte","lemma":"akte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of zegt referring to akte","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on akte","gloss":"declares"},{"surface":"overtuigd","lemma":"overtuigen","morphology":"verb, past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks wezen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zegt; copula with overtuigd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of trouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies trouw","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of van","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular, archaic","role":"determiner of yver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"yver","lemma":"ijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second coordinated object of van","gloss":"zeal"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bekwaamheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bekwaamheden","lemma":"bekwaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"third coordinated object of van","gloss":"abilities"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, archaic","role":"determiner of Stedehouders","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"benoemden","lemma":"benoemen","morphology":"adjective, past-participial, genitive singular","role":"modifies Stedehouders","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"Stedehouders","lemma":"stadhouder","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"genitive dependent of trouw, yver and bekwaamheden","gloss":"Stadtholder"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second concessive clause of nemen aan","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person plural","role":"finite base of separable nemen aan","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person plural","role":"subject of nemen aan","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of nemen aan; carries the sense assume","gloss":"as granted"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of nemen aan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Onderkoning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Onderkoning","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"Onderkoning","lemma":"onderkoning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Viceroy"},{"surface":"yverig","lemma":"ijverig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"first predicative complement of is","gloss":"zealous"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"second predicative complement of is","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bekwaam","lemma":"bekwaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"third predicative complement of is","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Onderkoning to the coordinated adjectives","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyft","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyft","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence; copula with vraag","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of blyft","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of blyft","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bestaat","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of yver","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"yver","lemma":"ijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of an understood bestaat","gloss":"zeal"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the second coordinated indirect question","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the coordinated indirect question of bestaat","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bekwaamheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bekwaamheid","lemma":"bekwaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bestaat","gloss":"ability"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, third-person singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"bestaat","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the indirect question modifying vraag","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"eene","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected, archaic","role":"determiner of maat","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"maat","lemma":"maat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verheven","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verheven","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"verheven","lemma":"verheffen","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"postpositive modifier of maat","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking middelmatigheid","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"middelmatigheid","lemma":"middelmatigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verheven","gloss":"mediocrity"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose-result infinitive voldoen","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eischen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eischen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eischen","lemma":"eis","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan; complement of voldoen","gloss":"demands"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roeping","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of roeping","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"roeping","lemma":"roeping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies eischen","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks voldoen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voldoen","lemma":"voldoen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the purpose-result clause introduced by om","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kan zyn","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan; copula with the of-clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question of bezit","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bezit","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verlaat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location 's Gravenhage","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"fossilized genitive article in a place name","role":"first element of the place name 's Gravenhage","gloss":"the","note":"The fossilized article is part of the place name 's-Gravenhage, modern Den Haag."},{"surface":"Gravenhage","lemma":"'s-Gravenhage","morphology":"proper noun","role":"place-name complement of te","gloss":"Hague"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of the adverbial phrase voor 't eerst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner in voor 't eerst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, substantivized","role":"object of voor in the phrase voor 't eerst","gloss":"first time"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the role Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of als referring to man","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kabinet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kabinet","lemma":"kabinet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verlaat","gloss":"cabinet"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, archaic","role":"determiner of Konings","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Konings","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of kabinet","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"verlaat","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on man","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, emphatic","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op; adverbial of bezit","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bekwaamheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bekwaamheid","lemma":"bekwaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezit","gloss":"ability"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the indirect question introduced by of","gloss":"possesses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zal wezen; refers to bekwaamheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zal; copula with noodig","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambt","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of ambt","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"nieuw","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ambt","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor; complement of noodig","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking to onmogelyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"onmogelyk","lemma":"onmogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h15-s121","source":"Met de betuiging van vertrouwen op zyn bekwaamheid kan slechts de meening bedoeld zyn dat hy in een geheel nieuwen werkkring, op een gegeven oogenblik, by ingeving als 't ware, weten zal wat hy te 's Gravenhage niet kan geleerd hebben. Met andere woorden: dat hy een genie is, een genie dat op eenmaal kennen moet en kunnen, wat het kende noch kon.","translation":"By the declaration of confidence in his ability, only this can be meant: that within an entirely new sphere of work, at a given moment, by inspiration as it were, he will know what he cannot have learned at The Hague. In other words: that he is a genius, a genius who must all at once know and be able to do what he neither knew nor could.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kan slechts de meening bedoeld zyn dat …","title":"Modal kan + passive (state)","body":"kan … bedoeld zyn ('can only be meant') stacks the modal kunnen over a zijn-passive; the participle bedoeld sits with the infinitive at the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat het kende noch kon","title":"Strong vs irregular imperfect + noch","body":"kende (weak past of kennen, 'knew') and kon (irregular past of kunnen, 'could') are coordinated by noch ('nor') — one negative force across the pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betuiging","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of betuiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"betuiging","lemma":"betuiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of prepositional phrase","gloss":"declaration"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertrouwen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vertrouwen","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bekwaamheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of bekwaamheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bekwaamheid","lemma":"bekwaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"ability"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of bedoeld zijn","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses de meening","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bedoeld zijn","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"bedoeld","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"past participle","role":"verbal part of passive bedoeld zijn","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of bedoeld","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause explaining meening","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werkkring","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of werkkring","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nieuwen","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies werkkring","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"werkkring","lemma":"werkkring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"sphere of work"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies oogenblik","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ingeving","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ingeving","lemma":"ingeving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"inspiration"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical als 't ware","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"verb of parenthetical als 't ware","gloss":"were","note":"Als 't ware is the fixed expression ‘as it were’."},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"future auxiliary of weten","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of geleerd","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of geleerd hebben","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of place name 's Gravenhage","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"contracted genitive determiner","role":"part of place name 's Gravenhage","gloss":"the","note":"The fixed place name 's Gravenhage is modern 's-Gravenhage, ‘The Hague’."},{"surface":"Gravenhage","lemma":"Gravenhage","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of place name 's Gravenhage","gloss":"Hague"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kan geleerd hebben","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geleerd hebben","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"geleerd","lemma":"leren","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geleerd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woorden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies woorden","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of met","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of genie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"genie","lemma":"genie","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"genius"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking hy and genie","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of genie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"genie","lemma":"genie","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to preceding genie","gloss":"genius"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of adverbial phrase op eenmaal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of adverbial phrase op eenmaal","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moet","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of kennen and kunnen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kennen and kunnen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with kennen","gloss":"be able"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun with fused antecedent","role":"direct object of kende and of an omitted infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of kende and kon","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kende","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"first verb coordinated by noch","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kende and kon with negation","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with kende","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h15-s122","source":"Zulke genien zyn zeldzaam, zelfs onder personen die in gunste staan by koningen. Daar ik van genien spreek, gevoelt men dat ik wil over slaan wat er zou te zeggen vallen van zoo menigen Landvoogd.","translation":"Such geniuses are rare, even among persons who stand in favour with kings. Since I speak of geniuses, one feels that I mean to pass over what might be said of so many a Governor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gevoelt men dat ik wil over slaan wat er zou te zeggen vallen","title":"Separable overslaan + er te-infinitive","body":"over slaan = overslaan ('to skip', separable, split here in print); er … te zeggen vallen ('there would be to say') combines er with a te-infinitive of vallen."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"genien","title":"Period plural: genien","body":"genien is the 1860 plural of genie ('geniuses'), formed with -n; modern Dutch writes genieën."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of genien","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"genien","lemma":"genie","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"geniuses"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"copula linking genien and zeldzaam","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"zeldzaam","lemma":"zeldzaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"rare"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses onder personen","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in gunste staan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gunste","lemma":"gunst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom in gunste staan","gloss":"favour"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koningen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"koningen","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"complement of by","gloss":"kings"},{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of spreek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"genien","lemma":"genie","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"geniuses"},{"surface":"spreek","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"gevoelt","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevoelt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of gevoelt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of overslaan","gloss":"mean to"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of over ... slaan","gloss":"pass over"},{"surface":"slaan","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"base of separable verb over ... slaan","gloss":"strike"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun with fused antecedent","role":"subject of te zeggen vallen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"expletive in er zou te zeggen vallen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of vallen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zeggen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement in te zeggen vallen","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"be possible","note":"Te zeggen vallen means ‘to be available or possible to say’."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Landvoogd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies menigen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"menigen","lemma":"menig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected singular","role":"determiner of Landvoogd","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"Landvoogd","lemma":"landvoogd","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Governor"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h15-s123","source":"Ook zou 't me stuiten in myn boek bladzyden intevoegen die 't ernstig doel van dit werk zouden blootstellen aan de verdenking van jacht op schandaal. Ik ga dus nu de byzonderheden die bepaalde personen zouden raken voorby maar als algemeene ziektegeschiedenis van de Gouverneurs-generaal, meen ik te mogen opgeven: eerste stadium.","translation":"It would also offend me to insert pages into my book that would expose the earnest aim of this work to the suspicion of chasing after scandal. I therefore now pass by the particulars that would touch certain persons, but as a general clinical history of the Governors-General, I believe I may set down: first stage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou 't me stuiten … bladzyden intevoegen die … zouden blootstellen","title":"Conditional zou + joined infinitive intevoegen","body":"intevoegen = in te voegen ('to insert', separable invoegen glued with te); the subject is the heavy infinitive phrase, with conditional zou … stuiten."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ga dus nu … voorby","title":"Separable voorbijgaan, prefix at the end","body":"From voorbijgaan ('to pass by'): the finite ga goes second while the separable voorby lands at the clause end — 'I now pass by…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ziektegeschiedenis","title":"Compound: clinical history","body":"ziekte ('illness') + geschiedenis ('history') = 'clinical/case history' — the satirical conceit framing the Governor-General as a medical patient."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou stuiten","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of stuiten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of stuiten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, unstressed object","role":"object of stuiten","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"stuiten","lemma":"stuiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"offend"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"bladzyden","lemma":"bladzijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of intevoegen","gloss":"pages"},{"surface":"intevoegen","lemma":"invoegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with inserted te","role":"subject infinitive complement of stuiten","gloss":"to insert","note":"This historical spelling writes modern in te voegen as one word."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zouden blootstellen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ernstig","lemma":"ernstig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies doel","gloss":"earnest"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of blootstellen","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person plural","role":"conditional auxiliary of blootstellen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"blootstellen","lemma":"blootstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"expose"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdenking","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of verdenking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdenking","lemma":"verdenking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jacht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"jacht","lemma":"jacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"chasing"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schandaal","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"schandaal","lemma":"schandaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"scandal"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ga","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite base of ga ... voorby","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks consequence","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ga voorby","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of byzonderheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"byzonderheden","lemma":"bijzonderheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of ga voorby","gloss":"particulars"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zouden raken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bepaalde","lemma":"bepaald","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies personen","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of raken","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person plural","role":"conditional auxiliary of raken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"raken","lemma":"raken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"touch"},{"surface":"voorby","lemma":"voorbij","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ga ... voorby","gloss":"pass by"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"contrasts the following clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative capacity of ziektegeschiedenis","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"algemeene","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies ziektegeschiedenis","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"ziektegeschiedenis","lemma":"ziektegeschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative description of what is opgeven","gloss":"clinical history"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouverneurs-generaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Gouverneurs-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneurs-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Governors-General"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks mogen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mogen","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of opgeven","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"opgeven","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of mogen","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies stadium","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"stadium","lemma":"stadium","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of opgeven","gloss":"stage"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h15-s124","source":"Duizeling. Wierook-dronkenschap.","translation":"Giddiness. Intoxication on incense.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Wierook-dronkenschap","title":"Compound: intoxication on incense","body":"wierook ('incense') + dronkenschap ('drunkenness') = drunk on flattery; the new Governor-General is giddy with the adulation of office."}],"words":[{"surface":"Duizeling","lemma":"duizeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"giddiness"},{"surface":"Wierook-dronkenschap","lemma":"wierookdronkenschap","morphology":"compound noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"incense intoxication"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h15-s125","source":"Eigenwaan. Onmatig zelfvertrouwen.","translation":"Conceit. Immoderate self-confidence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s125.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Eigenwaan","lemma":"eigenwaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"conceit"},{"surface":"Onmatig","lemma":"onmatig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies zelfvertrouwen","gloss":"immoderate"},{"surface":"zelfvertrouwen","lemma":"zelfvertrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"self-confidence"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h15-s126","source":"Minachting van anderen, vooral van \"oudgasten.\" Tweede stadium. Afmatting.","translation":"Contempt for others, above all for \"old hands.\" Second stage. Exhaustion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"oudgasten","title":"oudgasten — old hands","body":"An oudgast ('old guest') was a seasoned colonial veteran of the Indies; the fresh Governor-General disdains exactly those who know the ground."}],"words":[{"surface":"Minachting","lemma":"minachting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anderen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses van oudgasten","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oudgasten","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"oudgasten","lemma":"oudgast","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"old hands","note":"An oudgast is an experienced long-term resident of the Dutch East Indies."},{"surface":"Tweede","lemma":"tweede","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies stadium","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"stadium","lemma":"stadium","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"stage"},{"surface":"Afmatting","lemma":"afmatting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"exhaustion"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h15-s127","source":"Vrees. Moedeloosheid.","translation":"Fear. Despondency.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s127.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"Moedeloosheid","lemma":"moedeloosheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"despondency"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h15-s128","source":"Neiging tot slaap en rust. Bovenmatig vertrouwen op den Raad van Indie.","translation":"An inclination to sleep and rest. Excessive reliance on the Council of the Indies.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s128.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Neiging","lemma":"neiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"inclination"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slaap and rust","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"slaap","lemma":"slaap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first complement of tot","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates slaap and rust","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with slaap","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"Bovenmatig","lemma":"bovenmatig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies vertrouwen","gloss":"excessive"},{"surface":"vertrouwen","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"reliance"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Raad","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of Raad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Raad","lemma":"raad","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"Council"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"the Indies"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h15-s129","source":"Afhankelykheid van de Algemeene Sekretarie. Heimwee naar een hollandsche buitenplaats.","translation":"Dependence on the General Secretariat. Homesickness for a Dutch country estate.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"buitenplaats","title":"buitenplaats — country estate","body":"A buitenplaats is a country house/estate; homesickness for one signals the ailing Governor-General's longing to retire safely home to the Netherlands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Afhankelykheid","lemma":"afhankelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"dependence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sekretarie","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Sekretarie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Algemeene","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies Sekretarie","gloss":"General"},{"surface":"Sekretarie","lemma":"secretarie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Secretariat"},{"surface":"Heimwee","lemma":"heimwee","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"homesickness"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buitenplaats","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of buitenplaats","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hollandsche","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies buitenplaats","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"buitenplaats","lemma":"buitenplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"country estate"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h15-s130","source":"Tusschen deze beide stadien in, en als overgang--misschien zelfs als oorzaak van dien overgang--liggen dyssenterische buikaandoeningen. Ik vertrouw dat velen in Indie me dankbaar zullen wezen voor deze diagnose.","translation":"Between these two stages, and as the transition--perhaps even as the cause of that transition--lie dysenteric afflictions of the bowels. I trust that many in the Indies will be grateful to me for this diagnosis.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"liggen dyssenterische buikaandoeningen","title":"Verb-second with a fronted adverbial","body":"The long opening adverbial Tusschen deze beide stadien … forces inversion: the finite liggen precedes its subject buikaandoeningen ('lie … afflictions')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat velen in Indie me dankbaar zullen wezen","title":"Future zullen + archaic wezen","body":"zullen wezen is the future ('will be'); wezen is the older infinitive of zijn, both pushed to the clause end after dat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of circumposition Tusschen ... in","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of stadien","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"modifies stadien","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"stadien","lemma":"stadium","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of Tusschen ... in","gloss":"stages"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"postposition","role":"second part of circumposition Tusschen ... in","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates locative and als phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks overgang as a role","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"overgang","lemma":"overgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of als","gloss":"transition"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies als oorzaak","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses als oorzaak","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks oorzaak as a role","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of als","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overgang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of overgang","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"overgang","lemma":"overgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"transition"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"dyssenterische","lemma":"dysenterisch","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies buikaandoeningen","gloss":"dysenteric"},{"surface":"buikaandoeningen","lemma":"buikaandoening","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"bowel afflictions"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vertrouw","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vertrouw","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of vertrouw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"substantivized quantifier, plural","role":"subject of zullen wezen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, unstressed object","role":"indirect object of dankbaar","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dankbaar","lemma":"dankbaar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person plural","role":"future auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic surface form","role":"copula governed by zullen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diagnose","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common singular","role":"determiner of diagnose","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"diagnose","lemma":"diagnose","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"diagnosis"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h15-s131","source":"Ze is nuttig toetepassen, want men kan voor zeker houden dat de zieke, die door overspanning in de eerste periode stikken zou aan een mug, later--na de buikziekte!--zonder bezwaar kemels zal verdragen. Of, om duidelyker te spreken, dat een beambte die \"geschenken aanneemt, niet met het doel zich te verryken\"--by-voorbeeld een bos pisang ter-waarde van eenige duiten--met smaad en schande zal worden weggejaagd in de eerste periode der ziekte, maar dat iemand die 't geduld heeft het laatste tydperk aftewachten, zeer gerust en zonder eenige vrees voor straf, zich zal kunnen meester maken van den tuin waar de pisang groeide, met de tuinen die daarnaast liggen er by ... van de huizen die in den omtrek staan ... van wat er in die huizen is ... en van nog een-en-ander meer, ad libitum.","translation":"It is useful to apply, for one may hold it for certain that the patient who, through overstrain in the first period, would choke on a gnat, will later--after the intestinal sickness!--swallow camels without difficulty. Or, to speak more plainly, that an official who \"accepts gifts, not with the aim of enriching himself\"--for instance a bunch of bananas worth a few farthings--will be chased away in disgrace and shame during the first period of the disease, but that someone who has the patience to await the final phase will be able, quite at ease and without the least fear of punishment, to make himself master of the garden where the bananas grew, with the gardens lying next to it thrown in ... of the houses standing round about ... of whatever is inside those houses ... and of yet a thing or two besides, ad libitum.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze is nuttig toetepassen","title":"Adjective + te-infinitive (passive sense)","body":"nuttig … toetepassen (= toe te passen) means 'useful to apply / worth applying'; an adjective governing a te-infinitive with a passive flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich zal kunnen meester maken van den tuin","title":"Reflexive + future modal cluster","body":"zich meester maken van ('to make oneself master of') is reflexive; zal kunnen … maken stacks the future zullen over the modal kunnen, all clause-final."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pisang / duiten","title":"pisang and duiten","body":"pisang is the Malay/Indies word for banana; a duit was a tiny copper coin (a 'farthing'). The contrast dramatises punishing pettiness while excusing plunder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to nuttig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nuttig","lemma":"nuttig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"useful"},{"surface":"toetepassen","lemma":"toepassen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of nuttig","gloss":"to apply"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of houden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase voor zeker houden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"part of the fixed phrase voor zeker houden","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verdragen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zieke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zieke","lemma":"ziek","morphology":"nominalized adjective, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zal verdragen","gloss":"patient"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zou stikken","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overspanning","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"overspanning","lemma":"overspanning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"causal complement of stikken","gloss":"overstrain"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking periode","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of periode","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies periode","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"periode","lemma":"periode","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal complement of stikken","gloss":"period"},{"surface":"stikken","lemma":"stikken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"choke"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of stikken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mug","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mug","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mug","lemma":"mug","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of stikken","gloss":"gnat"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies verdragen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buikziekte","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buikziekte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buikziekte","lemma":"buikziekte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of na","gloss":"intestinal sickness"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bezwaar","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"bezwaar","lemma":"bezwaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of verdragen","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"kemels","lemma":"kemel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verdragen","gloss":"camels","note":"Kemel is an older form of modern kameel, “camel.”"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verdragen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"verdragen","lemma":"verdragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of houden","gloss":"tolerate"},{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a reformulation","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive spreken","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"duidelyker","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"more plainly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive introduced by om","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weggejaagd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zal worden weggejaagd","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of aanneemt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geschenken","lemma":"geschenk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aanneemt","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"aanneemt","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on beambte","gloss":"accepts"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates met het doel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of aanneemt","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of verrijken","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verrijken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verryken","lemma":"verrijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of doel","gloss":"enrich"},{"surface":"by-voorbeeld","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces an example","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bos","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bos","lemma":"bos","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of noun phrase een bos pisang","gloss":"bunch"},{"surface":"pisang","lemma":"pisang","morphology":"noun used collectively, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bos","gloss":"bananas"},{"surface":"ter-waarde","lemma":"ter waarde","morphology":"fixed prepositional phrase","role":"modifies bos pisang","gloss":"worth","note":"Ter waarde van means “worth” or “to the value of.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking duiten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"indefinite adjective","role":"modifies duiten","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"duiten","lemma":"duit","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"farthings"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking smaad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"smaad","lemma":"smaad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of weggejaagd","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schande","lemma":"schande","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with smaad","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of weggejaagd","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of weggejaagd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"weggejaagd","lemma":"weggejagen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle in passive clause","gloss":"chased away"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking periode","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of periode","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies periode","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"periode","lemma":"periode","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of weggejaagd","gloss":"period"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive feminine singular","role":"introduces genitive modifier ziekte","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is an old genitive form meaning “of the.”"},{"surface":"ziekte","lemma":"ziekte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of periode","gloss":"disease"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the coordinated clause of zal kunnen maken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zal kunnen maken","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geduld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geduld","lemma":"geduld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"patience"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on iemand","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tydperk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies tydperk","gloss":"final"},{"surface":"tydperk","lemma":"tijdperk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of afwachten","gloss":"phase"},{"surface":"aftewachten","lemma":"afwachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of geduld","gloss":"to await"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gerust","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"gerust","lemma":"gerust","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zal kunnen maken","gloss":"at ease"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates gerust and zonder vrees","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrees","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite adjective","role":"modifies vrees","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zonder","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking straf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"straf","lemma":"straf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of maken","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"be able"},{"surface":"meester","lemma":"meester","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of maken","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal kunnen","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tuin","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of tuin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of groeide","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pisang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pisang","lemma":"pisang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of groeide","gloss":"bananas"},{"surface":"groeide","lemma":"groeien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on tuin","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tuinen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tuinen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuinen","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"gardens"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"daarnaast","lemma":"daarnaast","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liggen","gloss":"next to it"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on tuinen","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of separable expression er ... bij","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"particle completing er ... bij","gloss":"thrown in","note":"Er ... bij means that the neighboring gardens are included as well."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces further object of meester maken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huizen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of omtrek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omtrek","lemma":"omtrek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"vicinity"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on huizen","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces further object of meester maken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb in the free relative clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking die huizen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huizen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of free relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces further object of meester maken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies een-en-ander","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"een-en-ander","lemma":"een en ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"a thing or two"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies een-en-ander","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ad","lemma":"ad","morphology":"Latin preposition","role":"part of Latin phrase ad libitum","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"libitum","lemma":"libitum","morphology":"Latin noun, accusative singular","role":"object of ad","gloss":"will","note":"Latin ad libitum means “at will” or “as much as desired.”"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h15-s132","source":"Ieder doe met deze pathologisch-wysgeerige opmerking zyn voordeel, en houde myn raad geheim, ter voorkoming van te groote mededinging.","translation":"Let each man make his profit from this pathological-philosophical observation, and keep my counsel secret, to forestall too great a competition.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ieder doe … zyn voordeel, en houde myn raad geheim","title":"Third-person hortative subjunctive","body":"doe and houde are archaic subjunctives ('let each man make… and keep…'), the solemn imperative-by-subjunctive used for general exhortations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"each man"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb expressing an exhortation","gloss":"let make"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opmerking","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opmerking","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"pathologisch-wysgeerige","lemma":"pathologisch-wijsgerig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies opmerking","gloss":"pathological-philosophical"},{"surface":"opmerking","lemma":"opmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of doe","gloss":"observation"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of voordeel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voordeel","lemma":"voordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"profit"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"houde","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"coordinated exhortative verb with doe","gloss":"let keep"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of raad","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"raad","lemma":"raad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of houde","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of raad","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and determiner","role":"part of purpose phrase ter voorkoming van","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"voorkoming","lemma":"voorkoming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ter","gloss":"prevention"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes phrase ter voorkoming van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mededinging","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"mededinging","lemma":"mededinging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"competition"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h15-s133","source":"Vervloekt, dat verontwaardiging en droefheid zoo vaak zich moeten kleeden in 't lappenpak van de satire!","translation":"Accursed, that indignation and grief must so often dress themselves in the motley rags of satire!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat verontwaardiging en droefheid zoo vaak zich moeten kleeden","title":"Reflexive zich kleeden + modal","body":"zich kleeden ('to dress oneself') is reflexive; the modal moeten pushes the infinitive kleeden to the clause end after dat."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"lappenpak van de satire","title":"Idiom: the motley of satire","body":"lappenpak ('patchwork suit') evokes a harlequin/jester's motley; Multatuli laments that indignation must dress as comedy to be heard."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vervloekt","lemma":"vervloeken","morphology":"verb, past participle used as exclamation","role":"evaluative predicate governing dat-clause","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kleeden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"verontwaardiging","lemma":"verontwaardiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"compound subject of moeten kleeden","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"droefheid","lemma":"droefheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject with verontwaardiging","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of vaak","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeten kleeden","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of kleeden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of kleeden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"kleeden","lemma":"kleden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moeten","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lappenpak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lappenpak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lappenpak","lemma":"lappenpak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"motley rags"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking satire","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of satire","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"satire","lemma":"satire","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"satire"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h15-s134","source":"Vervloekt, dat een traan, om begrepen te worden, moet verzeld gaan van gegryns!","translation":"Accursed, that a tear, in order to be understood, must go accompanied by a grin!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat een traan, om begrepen te worden, moet verzeld gaan van gegryns","title":"om … te + worden-passive","body":"om begrepen te worden ('in order to be understood') is a purpose clause with a worden-passive infinitive; gegryns is the period spelling of grijnzen, 'a grin/grimace'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vervloekt","lemma":"vervloeken","morphology":"verb, past participle used as exclamation","role":"evaluative predicate governing dat-clause","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verzeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of traan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"traan","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of moet gaan","gloss":"tear"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive worden","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"begrepen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main passive participle governed by worden","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of begrepen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gaan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"verzeld","lemma":"vergezellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of gaan","gloss":"accompanied","note":"Verzeld is an older shortened form of vergezeld."},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gegryns","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"gegryns","lemma":"gegrijns","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"a grin"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h15-s135","source":"Of is 't de schuld myner onbedrevenheid, dat ik geen woorden vind om de diepte te peilen van de wonde die er kankert aan ons staatsbestuur, zonder myn styl te zoeken by Figaro of Polichinel?","translation":"Or is it the fault of my own want of skill, that I find no words to sound the depth of the wound festering in our governance, without seeking my style from Figaro or Punchinello?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s135.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de wonde die er kankert aan ons staatsbestuur","title":"Relative die + locative er","body":"die relates to de wonde ('the wound'); er here adds a vague locative/existential nuance ('that festers there in our governance')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an alternative question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to schuld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schuld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of onbedrevenheid","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"onbedrevenheid","lemma":"onbedrevenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of schuld","gloss":"lack of skill"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vind","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive peilen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of diepte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diepte","lemma":"diepte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of peilen","gloss":"depth"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive peilen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"peilen","lemma":"peilen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement modifying woorden","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wonde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wonde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wonde","lemma":"wond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of kankert","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying kankert","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kankert","lemma":"kankeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on wonde","gloss":"festers"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking staatsbestuur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of staatsbestuur","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"staatsbestuur","lemma":"staatsbestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"governance"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces negative attendant infinitive zoeken","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of stijl","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zoeken","gloss":"style"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zonder","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Figaro and Polichinel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Figaro","lemma":"Figaro","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"Figaro"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Polichinel","lemma":"Polichinel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Figaro","gloss":"Punchinello"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h15-s136","source":"Styl ... ja!","translation":"Style ... yes!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s136.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"topic of elliptical exclamation","gloss":"style"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h15-s137","source":"Daar liggen stukken voor my, waarin styl is Styl die aantoonde dat er een mensch in de buurt was, een mensch wien het de moeite waard geweest ware, de hand te reiken!","translation":"There lie papers before me in which there is style. Style that showed there was a man in the neighbourhood, a man to whom it would have been worth the trouble to reach out a hand!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een mensch wien het de moeite waard geweest ware, de hand te reiken","title":"Dative relative wien + subjunctive ware","body":"wien is the old dative of the relative ('to whom'); geweest ware is the pluperfect subjunctive of zijn ('would have been worth'), pure 1860 register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liggen","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of is; refers to stukken","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"style"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of sentence fragment","gloss":"Style"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of aantoonde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aantoonde","lemma":"aantonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on Styl","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause of was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buurt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buurt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buurt","lemma":"buurt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"neighbourhood"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"antecedent of wien","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of te reiken","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of waard","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of waard","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"waard","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of geweest ware","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle of zijn with ware","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of reiken","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive reiken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"reiken","lemma":"reiken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement explaining what was worth the trouble","gloss":"reach"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h15-s138","source":"En wat heeft die styl den armen Havelaar gebaat?","translation":"And what good did that style do poor Havelaar?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"wat heeft die styl … gebaat","title":"Idiom: wat baat het?","body":"baten means 'to avail, do good'; wat heeft het gebaat? ('what good did it do?') is a recurring lament, hammered as a refrain through this passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gebaat","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial measure of gebaat","gloss":"what good"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebaat","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of styl","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gebaat","gloss":"style"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Havelaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armen","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Havelaar","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of gebaat","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"gebaat","lemma":"baten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h15-s139","source":"Hy vertaalde zyn tranen niet in gegryns, hy spotte niet, hy zocht niet te treffen door bontheid van kleur of door de grappen van den uitroeper voor de kermistent ... wat heeft het hem gebaat?","translation":"He did not translate his tears into a grin, he did not mock, he did not seek to strike by gaudiness of colour or by the jests of the barker outside the fairground tent ... what good did it do him?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy vertaalde … niet, hy spotte niet, hy zocht niet te treffen","title":"niet negating finite verbs","body":"Three parallel clauses each place niet after the finite verb to negate the action — the standard slot for niet with a transitive/intransitive verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertaalde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"vertaalde","lemma":"vertalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"translated"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"determiner","role":"possessor of tranen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tranen","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vertaalde","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertaalde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gegryns","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"gegryns","lemma":"gegrijns","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vertaalde","gloss":"a grin"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of spotte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"spotte","lemma":"spotten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with vertaalde","gloss":"mocked"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spotte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with vertaalde","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zocht te treffen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive treffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"treffen","lemma":"treffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zocht","gloss":"strike"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bontheid","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"bontheid","lemma":"bontheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"gaudiness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kleur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kleur","lemma":"kleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; specifies bontheid","gloss":"colour"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grappen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grappen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grappen","lemma":"grap","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door; coordinated with bontheid","gloss":"jests"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitroeper","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitroeper","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitroeper","lemma":"uitroeper","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; possessor of grappen","gloss":"barker"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kermistent","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kermistent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kermistent","lemma":"kermistent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor; locates uitroeper","gloss":"fairground tent"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial measure of gebaat","gloss":"what good"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebaat","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gebaat","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gebaat","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gebaat","lemma":"baten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"h15-s140","source":"Kon ik schryven zooals hy, ik zou ànders schryven dan hy.","translation":"Could I write as he did, I would write otherwise than he.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Kon ik schryven zooals hy, ik zou ànders schryven","title":"Conditional by inversion (no als)","body":"Verb-first Kon ik … ('Could I…') is an unreal condition without als; the main clause answers with conditional zou … schryven ('I would write')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of schryven in conditional clause","gloss":"Could"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Kon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of understood schryven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou schryven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of schryven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ànders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schryven","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zou","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of understood schryven","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"h15-s141","source":"Styl?","translation":"Style?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Style"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"h15-s142","source":"Hebt ge gehoord hoe hy sprak tot de Hoofden?","translation":"Have you heard how he spoke to the Chiefs?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hebt ge gehoord hoe hy sprak tot de Hoofden","title":"Archaic pronoun ge + perfect","body":"ge is the literary 19th-century 'you'; Hebt ge gehoord is the present perfect of horen, with inversion for the yes/no question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"Have"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gehoord","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of gehoord","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Chiefs"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"h15-s143","source":"Wat heeft het hem gebaat? Kon ik spreken zooals hy, ik zou ànders spreken dan hy.","translation":"What good did it do him? Could I speak as he did, I would speak otherwise than he.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s143.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial measure of gebaat","gloss":"What good"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebaat","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gebaat","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gebaat","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gebaat","lemma":"baten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"Kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of spreken","gloss":"Could"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of spreken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of understood spreken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou spreken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of spreken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ànders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zou","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of understood spreken","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"h15-s144","source":"Weg met gemoedelyke taal, weg met zachtheid, rondborstigheid, duidelykheid, eenvoud, gevoel!","translation":"Away with heartfelt language, away with gentleness, frankness, plainness, simplicity, feeling!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Weg met gemoedelyke taal, weg met zachtheid","title":"Elliptical imperative weg met","body":"weg met … ('away with…') is a fixed exclamatory imperative pattern with the verb suppressed — a rhetorical command of dismissal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Away"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taal","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gemoedelyke","lemma":"gemoedelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies taal","gloss":"heartfelt"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of Weg","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to Weg","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zachtheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of weg","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"rondborstigheid","lemma":"rondborstigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with zachtheid","gloss":"frankness"},{"surface":"duidelykheid","lemma":"duidelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with zachtheid","gloss":"plainness"},{"surface":"eenvoud","lemma":"eenvoud","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with zachtheid","gloss":"simplicity"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with zachtheid","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"h15-s145","source":"Weg met al wat herinnert aan Horatius' justum ac tenacem! Trompetten hier, en scherp gekletter van bekkenslag, en gesis van vuurpylen, en gekras van valsche snaren, en hier-en-daar een waar woord, dat het mee insluipe als verboden waar, onder bedekking van zooveel getrommel en zooveel gefluit?","translation":"Away with all that recalls Horace's justum ac tenacem! Trumpets here, and the sharp clatter of clashing cymbals, and the hiss of skyrockets, and the rasp of false strings, and here and there one true word, that it may steal in along with them like contraband, under cover of so much drumming and so much fluting?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat het mee insluipe als verboden waar","title":"Separable insluipen + subjunctive insluipe","body":"insluipe is the archaic subjunctive ('that it may steal in'); insluipen is separable but here in a subjunctive clause; mee adds 'along (with them).'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Away"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking al wat","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of object of met; modified by wat","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of herinnert","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"herinnert","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on al","gloss":"recalls"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Horatius’ quotation","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Horatius","lemma":"Horatius","morphology":"proper noun","role":"possessor of quoted phrase","gloss":"Horace"},{"surface":"justum","lemma":"iustus","morphology":"Latin adjective, accusative masculine singular","role":"first adjective in Latin quotation","gloss":"just","note":"Justum ac tenacem is a Latin quotation meaning “just and steadfast.”"},{"surface":"ac","lemma":"ac","morphology":"Latin conjunction","role":"links justum and tenacem","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tenacem","lemma":"tenax","morphology":"Latin adjective, accusative masculine singular","role":"second adjective in Latin quotation","gloss":"steadfast"},{"surface":"Trompetten","lemma":"trompet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of elliptical exclamation","gloss":"Trumpets"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Trompetten","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"scherp","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies gekletter","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"gekletter","lemma":"gekletter","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated head with Trompetten","gloss":"clatter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bekkenslag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bekkenslag","lemma":"bekkenslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; source of gekletter","gloss":"clashing cymbals"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gesis","lemma":"gesis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated head with gekletter","gloss":"hiss"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vuurpylen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vuurpylen","lemma":"vuurpijl","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; source of gesis","gloss":"skyrockets"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gekras","lemma":"gekras","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated head with gekletter","gloss":"rasp"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking snaren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"valsche","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies snaren","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"snaren","lemma":"snaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; source of gekras","gloss":"strings"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hier-en-daar","lemma":"hier en daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies understood zij","gloss":"here and there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies woord","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated head with Trompetten","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of insluipe; refers to woord","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies insluipe","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"insluipe","lemma":"insluipen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of purpose clause","gloss":"may steal in","note":"Insluipe is an archaic subjunctive expressing purpose: “may steal in.”"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with verboden waar","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"verboden","lemma":"verboden","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies waar","gloss":"forbidden"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedekking","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"bedekking","lemma":"bedekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"cover"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking getrommel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of getrommel","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"getrommel","lemma":"getrommel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"drumming"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of gefluit","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"gefluit","lemma":"gefluit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with getrommel","gloss":"fluting"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"h15-s146","source":"Styl?","translation":"Style?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Style"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"h15-s147","source":"Hy had styl!","translation":"He had style!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s147.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"style"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"h15-s148","source":"Hy had te veel ziel om zyn gedachten te verdrinken in de \"ik heb de eers\" en de \"edelgestrengheden\" en de \"eerbiedig-in- overweging-gevingen\" die den wellust uitmaken van de kleine wereld waarin hy zich bewoog.","translation":"He had too much soul to drown his thoughts in the \"I have the hono--\" and the \"most-noble-and-rigorous-sirs\" and the \"respectfully-submitting-for-considerations\" that make up the delight of the small world in which he moved.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s148.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"te veel ziel om zyn gedachten te verdrinken","title":"te veel … om … te (consequence)","body":"te veel … om te verdrinken ('too much soul to drown') is the 'too X to Y' pattern, built on om … te with a negative consequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de kleine wereld waarin hy zich bewoog","title":"Relative waarin + reflexive bewegen","body":"waarin ('in which') relativises 'in + die'; zich bewegen ('to move oneself, move about') is reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of om ... te infinitive construction","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"determiner","role":"possessor of gedachten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verdrinken","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verdrinken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verdrinken","lemma":"verdrinken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of te veel ziel","gloss":"drown"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing objects of verdrinken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"nominalizes quoted formula ik heb de eers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb within quoted formula","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eers","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, truncated","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"hono--","note":"Eers is a deliberately cut-off form of eere in the formula ik heb de eere, “I have the honour.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"nominalizes quoted title edelgestrengheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"edelgestrengheden","lemma":"edelgestrengheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated object of in","gloss":"most honourable sirs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"nominalizes quoted bureaucratic expression","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerbiedig-in","lemma":"eerbiedig-in-","morphology":"first part of compound noun","role":"first part of eerbiedig-in-overweging-gevingen","gloss":"respectful"},{"surface":"overweging-gevingen","lemma":"overweging-geving","morphology":"noun, plural, compound continuation","role":"completes eerbiedig-in-overweging-gevingen","gloss":"submissions for consideration"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of uitmaken; refers to quoted formulas","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wellust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wellust","lemma":"wellust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitmaken","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"uitmaken","lemma":"uitmaken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"make up"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wereld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wereld","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of bewoog; refers to wereld","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bewoog","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of bewoog","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"bewoog","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on wereld","gloss":"moved"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"h15-s149","source":"Als hy schreef, doordrong u iets by 't lezen, dat u begrypen deed hoe er wolken dreven by dat onweder, en dat ge niet het gerammel hoorde van een blikken tooneeldonder.","translation":"When he wrote, something pierced through you as you read, that made you understand how clouds were driving in that storm, and that you were not hearing the rattle of a sheet-metal stage-thunder.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s149.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"doordrong u iets … dat u begrypen deed","title":"Causative doen + bare infinitive","body":"begrypen deed ('made [you] understand') is causative doen with a bare infinitive — older Dutch uses doen where laten or modern phrasing might appear."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe er wolken dreven by dat onweder","title":"Existential er + strong imperfect dreven","body":"er wolken dreven ('clouds were driving there') uses existential er; dreven is the strong past plural of drijven (ij→e vowel change, written y→e in 1860 spelling)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schreef","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on doordrong","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"doordrong","lemma":"doordringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; subject iets","gloss":"pierced through"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of doordrong","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of doordrong; antecedent of dat","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time phrase by het lezen","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of bij; nominal infinitive","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of deed; refers to iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of deed and understood subject of begrijpen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"begrypen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of deed","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces embedded clause of dreven","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"expletive adverb with dreven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"wolken","lemma":"wolk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of dreven","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"dreven","lemma":"drijven","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"were driving"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces prepositional phrase modifying dreven","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onweder","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"onweder","lemma":"onweder","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"storm"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two dat-clauses after begrijpen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoorde","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoorde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gerammel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gerammel","lemma":"gerammel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hoorde","gloss":"rattle"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of coordinated content clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of gerammel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of blikken","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"blikken","lemma":"blikken","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies tooneeldonder","gloss":"sheet-metal","note":"Blikken is an adjective here: made of tin or sheet metal."},{"surface":"tooneeldonder","lemma":"toneeldonder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"stage-thunder","note":"Older spelling of modern toneeldonder."}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"h15-s150","source":"Als hy vuur sloeg uit zyn denkbeelden, voelde men de hitte van dat vuur, tenzy men geboren kommies was, of Gouverneur-generaal, of schryver van 't walgelykst verslag over \"rustige rust.\" En wat heeft het hem gebaat?","translation":"When he struck fire from his ideas, one felt the heat of that fire, unless one was a born clerk, or a Governor-General, or the writer of the most loathsome report on \"tranquil tranquillity.\" And what good did it do him?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tenzy men geboren kommies was, of Gouverneur-generaal","title":"Subordinator tenzy (verb-final)","body":"tenzy ('unless') opens a subordinate clause and drives was to the end; it lists ironic exceptions to feeling the 'heat' of Havelaar's writing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rustige rust","title":"Phrase: 'tranquil tranquillity'","body":"'rustige rust' was bureaucratic jargon for a quiet, untroubled district — the very euphemism that let abuses go unreported. Multatuli quotes it with contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sloeg","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sloeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of sloeg","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"sloeg","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of adverbial clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking denkbeelden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of denkbeelden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of sloeg","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hitte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hitte","lemma":"hitte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voelde","gloss":"heat"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vuur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vuur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"tenzy","lemma":"tenzij","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces exception clause of was","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"geboren","lemma":"geboren","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kommies","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"kommies","lemma":"commies","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"clerk","note":"Here kommies means a government clerk or minor official."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of exception clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was, coordinated with kommies","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was, coordinated with kommies","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verslag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verslag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"walgelykst","lemma":"walgelijk","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive","role":"modifies verslag","gloss":"most loathsome","note":"Older spelling of modern walgelijk."},{"surface":"verslag","lemma":"verslag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rust","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"rustige","lemma":"rustig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rust","gloss":"tranquil"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"tranquillity"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two sentences","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"interrogative measure complement of gebaat","gloss":"what good"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebaat","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gebaat","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of gebaat","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gebaat","lemma":"baten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"benefited"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"h15-s151","source":"Als ik dus wil worden gehoord--en verstaan vooral!--moet ik ànders schryven dan hy.","translation":"If, then, I wish to be heard--and above all understood!--I must write otherwise than he.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s151.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als ik dus wil worden gehoord … moet ik ànders schryven","title":"Modal + worden-passive infinitive","body":"wil worden gehoord ('wish to be heard') stacks the modal willen over a worden-passive; the main clause moet ik … schryven keeps the modal moeten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wil","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying wil","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"passive participle complement of worden","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated participle with gehoord","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes verstaan","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"main verb governing schrijven","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ànders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying schrijven","gloss":"otherwise","note":"The accent marks emphatic stress: otherwise."},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with hy","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of omitted schrijven in comparison","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"h15-s152","source":"Maar hoe dan?","translation":"But how, then?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s152.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links question to preceding statement","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative adverb; head of question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying hoe","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"h15-s153","source":"Zie, lezer, ik zoek naar 't antwoord op dat hoe? en daarom heeft myn boek een zoo bont aanzien.","translation":"See, reader, I am searching for the answer to that how? and that is why my book has so motley an appearance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daarom heeft myn boek een zoo bont aanzien","title":"Pronominal adverb daarom + inversion","body":"daarom ('for that reason') fuses 'om + dat'; fronting it triggers verb-second, putting heeft before the subject myn boek."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative introducing address","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, vocative","role":"vocative addressed by speaker","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zoek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoek","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first declarative clause","gloss":"am searching"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking antwoord","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zoek","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of antwoord","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner nominalizing hoe","gloss":"that","note":"The question word hoe is treated as a quoted noun: that “how.”"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb used as noun","role":"object of op; quoted question word","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb of cause modifying heeft","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanzien","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bont","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"bont","lemma":"bont","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies aanzien","gloss":"motley"},{"surface":"aanzien","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"appearance"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"h15-s154","source":"Het is een staalkaart: bepaal uw keuze.","translation":"It is a sample card: make your choice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bepaal uw keuze","title":"Imperative + possessive uw","body":"bepaal is the bare-stem imperative ('determine/make'); uw is the formal/period possessive 'your', matching the deferential address to the reader."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"staalkaart","title":"staalkaart — sample card","body":"A staalkaart is a swatch/sample card (of cloth or paint colours). Multatuli calls his book a sample card of styles, telling the reader to choose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Het and staalkaart","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of staalkaart","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"staalkaart","lemma":"staalkaart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"sample card","note":"A staalkaart is a card displaying samples from which to choose."},{"surface":"bepaal","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative verb of second clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of keuze","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"keuze","lemma":"keuze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bepaal","gloss":"choice"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"h15-s155","source":"Later zal ik u geel of blauw of rood geven naar uwen wensch.","translation":"Later I shall give you yellow or blue or red, according to your wish.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s155.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Later zal ik u geel of blauw of rood geven naar uwen wensch","title":"Future zullen with fronted Later","body":"Fronting Later inverts subject and verb (zal ik); zal … geven is the future, and uwen wensch shows the period accusative -en on the possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying geven","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geven","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"geel","lemma":"geel","morphology":"adjective used as noun","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"blauw","lemma":"blauw","morphology":"adjective used as noun","role":"coordinated direct object with geel","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"rood","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective used as noun","role":"coordinated direct object with geel","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zal","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces phrase modifying geven","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"uwen","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"possessive determiner of wensch","gloss":"your","note":"Uwen is an archaically inflected form of possessive uw."},{"surface":"wensch","lemma":"wens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"wish","note":"Older spelling of modern wens."}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"h15-s156","source":"Havelaar had de Gouverneurs-ziekte reeds zoo dikwyls waargenomen by zoo véél lyders--en vaak in animâ vili, want er zyn analogische residents-, kontroleurs- en surnumerairsziekten, die tot de eerste in verhouding staan als mazelen tot pokken, en eindelyk: hyzelf had aan die ziekte geleden! --reeds zóó dikwyls had hy dat alles waargenomen, dat hy de verschynselen daarvan vry-wel kende.","translation":"Havelaar had observed the Governor's sickness so often already in so very many sufferers--and often in animâ vili, for there are analogous resident's, controller's and supernumerary's sicknesses, which stand to the first in the proportion of measles to smallpox, and finally: he himself had suffered from that sickness!--so very often had he observed all this, that he knew its symptoms tolerably well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s156.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar had de Gouverneurs-ziekte reeds zoo dikwyls waargenomen","title":"Pluperfect of separable waarnemen","body":"had … waargenomen is the pluperfect ('had observed'); waarnemen is separable, so the participle is waar-ge-nomen with ge- inside."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"in animâ vili / surnumerair","title":"Latin and rank-terms","body":"in anima vili ('on a worthless subject', from medical experiment on the lowly); a surnumerair was a supernumerary, the most junior trainee official. The mock-clinical diction continues."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of waargenomen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of waargenomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneurs-ziekte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneurs-ziekte","lemma":"gouverneursziekte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of waargenomen","gloss":"Governor's sickness"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waargenomen","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dikwyls","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modified by zoo","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"waargenomen","lemma":"waarnemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces phrase identifying sufferers","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies véél","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"véél","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of lyders","gloss":"very many"},{"surface":"lyders","lemma":"lijder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"sufferers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links vaak phrase to preceding modifiers","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying waargenomen","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Latin adverbial phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"animâ","lemma":"anima","morphology":"Latin noun, ablative singular","role":"head of Latin phrase in animâ vili","gloss":"living subject","note":"Latin in animâ vili means experimentation on a cheap or insignificant living subject."},{"surface":"vili","lemma":"vilis","morphology":"Latin adjective, ablative singular","role":"modifies animâ in Latin phrase","gloss":"cheap"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"expletive adverb with zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"analogische","lemma":"analogisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies the coordinated sickness compounds","gloss":"analogous"},{"surface":"residents","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, singular compound stem with linking -s","role":"first compound element, coordinated with kontroleurs","gloss":"resident's","note":"Residents and kontroleurs are omitted first elements of compounds completed by ziekten."},{"surface":"kontroleurs","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, singular compound stem with linking -s","role":"first compound element, coordinated with residents","gloss":"controller's","note":"Older spelling of controleur; here it is an omitted first element of a compound ending in ziekten."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"surnumerairsziekten","lemma":"surnumerairsziekte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"supernumerary sicknesses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of staan; refers to sicknesses","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eerste","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eerste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective used as noun","role":"object of tot; refers to Gouverneurs-ziekte","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhouding","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of staan","gloss":"proportion"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying sicknesses","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces proportional comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"mazelen","lemma":"mazelen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"first term of proportional comparison","gloss":"measles"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces second term of comparison","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"pokken","lemma":"pokken","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tot","gloss":"smallpox"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links final reason to preceding observations","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying had geleden","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geleden","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geleden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of geleden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ziekte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ziekte","lemma":"ziekte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of geleden","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle governed by had","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying had waargenomen","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dikwyls","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying waargenomen","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of waargenomen in resumptive main clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of waargenomen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"demonstrative determiner of alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of waargenomen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"waargenomen","lemma":"waarnemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle governed by had","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause of kende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verschynselen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verschynselen","lemma":"verschijnsel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of kende","gloss":"symptoms"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"postmodifier of verschynselen","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"vry-wel","lemma":"vrijwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying kende","gloss":"tolerably well","note":"Older spelling of modern vrijwel."},{"surface":"kende","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of result clause","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"h15-s157","source":"Hy had den tegenwoordigen Gouverneur-generaal in 't begin van de ongesteldheid minder duizelig gevonden dan de meeste anderen, en hy besloot hieruit dat ook de verdere loop der ziekte een andere richting nemen zou.","translation":"In the early part of the indisposition he had found the present Governor-General less giddy than most others, and from this he concluded that the further course of the sickness too would take another direction.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy besloot hieruit dat … een andere richting nemen zou","title":"Pronominal adverb hieruit + conditional","body":"hieruit ('from this') fuses 'uit + dit'; nemen zou is the conditional ('would take'), clause-final after dat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevonden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine accusative","role":"determiner of tegenwoordigen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tegenwoordigen","lemma":"tegenwoordig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begin","lemma":"begin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ongesteldheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ongesteldheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ongesteldheid","lemma":"ongesteldheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"indisposition"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying duizelig","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"duizelig","lemma":"duizelig","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"giddy"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle governed by had","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of anderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meeste","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies nominalized anderen","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective used as noun, plural","role":"comparison complement of duizelig","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of besloot","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"besloot","lemma":"besluiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with had gevonden","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"hieruit","lemma":"hieruit","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of besloot","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of besloot","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies de verdere loop","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdere","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies loop","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"loop","lemma":"loop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of nemen","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive","role":"marks genitive modifier ziekte","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ziekte","lemma":"ziekte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of loop","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of richting","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies richting","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"richting","lemma":"richting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of nemen","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"h15-s158","source":"Het was om deze reden dat hy vreesde de sterkste te zullen zyn, wanneer hy in 't eind zou moeten optreden als verdediger van het goed recht der inwoners van Lebak.","translation":"It was for this reason that he feared he would prove the stronger, when in the end he should have to step forward as the defender of the just rights of the inhabitants of Lebak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h15-s158.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy de sterkste te zullen zyn … vreesde","title":"Superlative de sterkste + future infinitive","body":"de sterkste ('the strongest/stronger party') is the superlative; te zullen zyn embeds a future inside the te-infinitive governed by vreesde."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of was","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of was","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the cleft clause of vreesde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of vreesde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vreesde","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the cleft clause","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sterkste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sterkste","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominalized","role":"subject complement of zijn","gloss":"stronger one"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive phrase zullen zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to sterkste","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of optreden","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of optreden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the adverbial phrase in 't eind","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of moeten","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of optreden","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"optreden","lemma":"optreden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the temporal clause","gloss":"step forward"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the role complement verdediger","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"verdediger","lemma":"verdediger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"role complement of optreden","gloss":"defender"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies recht","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van modifying verdediger","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of inwoners","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"inwoners","lemma":"inwoner","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive dependent of recht","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van modifying inwoners","gloss":"Lebak"}]}]}