{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-16","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 16","translated":"Chapter 16"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-16","lines":200},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-15","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-17","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h16-s1","source":"ZESTIENDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"SIXTEENTH CHAPTER","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ZESTIENDE","lemma":"zestiende","morphology":"ordinal numeral, attributive","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"SIXTEENTH"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the title","gloss":"CHAPTER"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h16-s2","source":"Havelaar ontving een brief van den Regent van Tjanjor, waarin deze hem meedeelde dat hy een bezoek wenschte te brengen aan zyn oom, den Adhipatti van Lebak.","translation":"Havelaar received a letter from the Regent of Tjanjor, in which the latter informed him that he wished to pay a visit to his uncle, the Adhipatti of Lebak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarin deze hem meedeelde dat hy een bezoek wenschte te brengen","title":"Relative waarin + te-infinitive","body":"waarin ('in which') relativises 'in + die'; wenschte te brengen ('wished to pay') is a te-infinitive governed by wensen, deze meaning 'the latter.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tjanjor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Tjanjor","lemma":"Tjanjor","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van modifying Regent","gloss":"Tjanjor"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on brief","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of meedeelde","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third person singular","role":"indirect object of meedeelde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"meedeelde","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of meedeelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of wenschte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezoek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the content clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of wenschte","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oom","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of oom","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oom","lemma":"oom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"uncle"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"noun, title, singular","role":"apposition to oom","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van modifying Adhipatti","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h16-s3","source":"Deze tyding was hem zeer onaangenaam.","translation":"This news was very unwelcome to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Deze tyding was hem zeer onaangenaam","title":"Demonstrative deze + dative pronoun hem","body":"Deze ('this') is the near demonstrative for the de-word tyding; hem here is a dative 'to him' ('was unwelcome to him')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of tyding","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"tyding","lemma":"tijding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"news","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch tijding."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking tyding to onaangenaam","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third person singular","role":"experiencer complement of onaangenaam","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onaangenaam","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"onaangenaam","lemma":"onaangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"unwelcome"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h16-s4","source":"Hy wist hoe de Hoofden in de Preanger Regentschappen gewoon waren een groote weelde ten-toon te spreiden, en hoe de Tjanjorsche Tommongong zulk een reis niet zou doen zonder een gevolg van vele honderden die allen met hun paarden moesten geherbergd en gevoed worden.","translation":"He knew how accustomed the Chiefs in the Preanger Regencies were to displaying great pomp, and how the Tjanjor Tommongong would not undertake such a journey without a retinue of many hundreds, all of whom, with their horses, would have to be lodged and fed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gewoon waren een groote weelde ten-toon te spreiden","title":"Adjective gewoon + te-infinitive (separable ten-toon spreiden)","body":"gewoon … te spreiden ('accustomed to display'); ten toon spreiden ('to display') is an idiom whose ten-toon stays before te spreiden."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die allen … moesten geherbergd en gevoed worden","title":"Modal + worden-passive","body":"moesten … geherbergd en gevoed worden ('had to be lodged and fed') stacks moeten over a worden-passive with two coordinated participles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the content clause of waren","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regentschappen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regentschappen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Preanger","lemma":"Preanger","morphology":"proper noun, attributive","role":"modifies Regentschappen","gloss":"Preanger"},{"surface":"Regentschappen","lemma":"regentschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"Regencies"},{"surface":"gewoon","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of waren","gloss":"accustomed"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking Hoofden to gewoon","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weelde","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies weelde","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"weelde","lemma":"weelde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of spreiden","gloss":"pomp"},{"surface":"ten-toon","lemma":"tentoon","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of spreiden","gloss":"on display"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive spreiden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreiden","lemma":"tentoonspreiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of gewoon","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two content clauses of wist","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the content clause of doen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Tommongong","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Tjanjorsche","lemma":"Tjanjors","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies Tommongong","gloss":"Tjanjor"},{"surface":"Tommongong","lemma":"Tommongong","morphology":"noun, title, singular","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"Tommongong"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"modifies een reis","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reis","lemma":"reis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates doen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of doen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the second content clause","gloss":"undertake"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevolg","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"retinue"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honderden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, inflected","role":"modifies honderden","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"honderden","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"numeral, nominalized plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"hundreds"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of moesten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"apposition to die","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paarden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessor of paarden","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"paarden","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of worden","gloss":"would have to"},{"surface":"geherbergd","lemma":"herbergen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive lexical verb coordinated with gevoed","gloss":"lodged"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links geherbergd and gevoed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gevoed","lemma":"voeden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive lexical verb coordinated with geherbergd","gloss":"fed"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geherbergd and gevoed","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h16-s5","source":"Gaarne alzoo had hy dit bezoek verhinderd, doch hy peinsde vruchteloos op middelen die 't konden voorkomen zonder den Regent van Rangkas-Betoeng te kwetsen, daar deze zeer trotsch was en zich diep beleedigd zou gevoeld hebben wanneer men zyn betrekkelyke armoede had opgegeven als beweegreden om hem niet te bezoeken.","translation":"Gladly, therefore, would he have prevented this visit, yet he pondered in vain over the means that might forestall it without giving offence to the Regent of Rangkas-Betoeng, since the latter was very proud and would have felt himself deeply insulted had his relative poverty been cited as the reason for not visiting him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had hy dit bezoek verhinderd, doch hy peinsde vruchteloos","title":"Pluperfect + coordinating doch","body":"had … verhinderd is the pluperfect ('had prevented'); doch ('yet, but') is the archaic coordinator that, like maar, does NOT send the verb to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich diep beleedigd zou gevoeld hebben wanneer men … had opgegeven","title":"Conditional perfect + reflexive in an unreal condition","body":"zich beleedigd gevoelen is reflexive; zou gevoeld hebben (conditional perfect) pairs with the pluperfect had opgegeven in the wanneer-condition — a counterfactual."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verhinderd","gloss":"Gladly"},{"surface":"alzoo","lemma":"alzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying verhinderd","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verhinderd","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of verhinderd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of bezoek","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verhinderd","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"verhinderd","lemma":"verhinderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb of the first clause","gloss":"prevented"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links verhinderd and peinsde","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of peinsde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"peinsde","lemma":"peinzen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb coordinated with verhinderd","gloss":"pondered"},{"surface":"vruchteloos","lemma":"vruchteloos","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies peinsde","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by peinsde","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"middelen","lemma":"middel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of konden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter singular","role":"direct object of voorkomen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"konden","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of voorkomen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the relative clause on middelen","gloss":"forestall"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of kwetsen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kwetsen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van modifying Regent","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive kwetsen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kwetsen","lemma":"kwetsen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the clause introduced by zonder","gloss":"offending"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of was and gevoeld zou hebben","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was and gevoeld zou hebben","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trotsch","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"trotsch","lemma":"trots","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking deze to trotsch","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links was and gevoeld zou hebben","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of gevoeld","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beleedigd","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"beleedigd","lemma":"beledigen","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"object complement of zich with gevoeld","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gevoeld hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gevoeld","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb coordinated with was","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gevoeld","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of opgegeven","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, indefinite","role":"subject of opgegeven","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of armoede","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"betrekkelyke","lemma":"betrekkelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies armoede","gloss":"relative"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opgegeven","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of opgegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"opgegeven","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of the conditional clause","gloss":"cited"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the predicative complement beweegreden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"beweegreden","lemma":"beweegreden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of armoede with opgegeven","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive bezoeken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"direct object of bezoeken","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates bezoeken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive bezoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bezoeken","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of beweegreden","gloss":"visit"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h16-s6","source":"En wanneer dit bezoek niet te ontwyken was, zou 't onmisbaar aanleiding geven tot verzwaring van den druk waaronder de bevolking gebukt ging. Het is te betwyfelen of Havelaars toespraak een blyvenden indruk op de Hoofden gemaakt had.","translation":"And if this visit could not be avoided, it would inevitably give rise to a worsening of the burden under which the population already bent. It is to be doubted whether Havelaar's address had left any lasting impression on the Chiefs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou 't onmisbaar aanleiding geven tot verzwaring van den druk waaronder de bevolking gebukt ging","title":"Relative waaronder + idiom gebukt gaan","body":"waaronder ('under which') relativises 'onder + die'; gebukt gaan onder ('to bend/groan under') is an idiom for suffering a burden."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het is te betwyfelen of … gemaakt had","title":"Impersonal het + te-infinitive of doubt","body":"Het is te betwyfelen ('it is to be doubted') uses dummy het with a passive-flavoured te-infinitive; of opens the indirect yes/no question."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the sentence to the preceding context","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of was","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of bezoek","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates ontwyken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive ontwyken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontwyken","lemma":"ontwijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitive with was","gloss":"be avoided"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"onmisbaar","lemma":"onmisbaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"inevitably"},{"surface":"aanleiding","lemma":"aanleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main lexical verb of the first sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzwaring","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzwaring","lemma":"verzwaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"worsening"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking druk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of druk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"druk","lemma":"druk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"waaronder","lemma":"waaronder","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on druk","gloss":"under which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"gebukt","lemma":"bukken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical component of gebukt ging","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"went","note":"Gebukt gaan onder is an idiom meaning to bend or suffer under a burden."},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of is","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the second sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive betwyfelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"betwyfelen","lemma":"betwijfelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitive with is","gloss":"be doubted"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question of gemaakt had","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of toespraak","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"toespraak","lemma":"toespraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gemaakt had","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"blyvenden","lemma":"blijvend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine oblique singular","role":"modifies indruk","gloss":"lasting"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of the indirect question","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h16-s7","source":"By velen was dit zeker niet het geval, waarop hyzelf dan ook niet gerekend had. Doch even zeker is 't, dat er een roep was opgegaan in de dorpen, dat de toewan die gezag had te Rangkas-Betoeng, recht wilde doen, en al hadden dus zyn woorden de kracht gemist om terugtehouden van misdaad, ze hadden toch aan de slachtoffers daarvan den moed gegeven zich te beklagen, al geschiedde dit dan ook slechts schoorvoetend en in 't geheim.","translation":"With many this was surely not the case, on which he himself had not in fact counted. But it is just as certain that a report had gone round in the villages that the toewan who held authority at Rangkas-Betoeng meant to do justice; and so, even though his words had lacked the power to hold them back from wrongdoing, they had nonetheless given its victims the courage to complain, however hesitantly and in secret they did so.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er een roep was opgegaan in de dorpen","title":"Existential er + pluperfect of opgaan","body":"er … was opgegaan ('a report had gone up/around') pairs existential er with the pluperfect of the separable motion verb opgaan (zijn-auxiliary)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al hadden … zyn woorden de kracht gemist … ze hadden toch … den moed gegeven","title":"Concessive al + main-clause inversion","body":"al hadden … gemist ('though his words had lacked…') is concessive with verb-first; the resumptive main clause keeps ze hadden … gegeven."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"toewan","title":"toewan — the master/sir","body":"toewan (Malay) is a respectful 'sir, master', here the title the villagers give Havelaar as the European who 'meant to do justice.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velen","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"object of By","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dit to geval","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gerekend","gloss":"on which"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"personal pronoun, emphatic","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gerekend","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gerekend","lemma":"rekenen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gerekend","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeker","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeker","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking 't to zeker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with een roep","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of roep","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"roep","lemma":"roep","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was opgegaan","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"opgegaan","lemma":"opgaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with was","gloss":"gone round"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dorpen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorpen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of opgegaan","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of roep","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toewan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toewan","lemma":"toewan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of had","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying toewan","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause of gemist","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gemist","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hadden gemist","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of woorden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hadden gemist","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gemist","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"gemist","lemma":"missen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with hadden","gloss":"lacked"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive purpose complement of kracht","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"terugtehouden","lemma":"terughouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement introduced by om","gloss":"to hold back","note":"This older spelling writes te together with the infinitive."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misdaad","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"misdaad","lemma":"misdaad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"wrongdoing"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hadden gegeven","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegeven","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slachtoffers","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slachtoffers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slachtoffers","lemma":"slachtoffer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gegeven","gloss":"victims"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"postmodifier of slachtoffers","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with hadden","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of beklagen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beklagen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beklagen","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moed gegeven","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause of geschiedde","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of concessive clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geschiedde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schoorvoetend and in 't geheim","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"schoorvoetend","lemma":"schoorvoetend","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of geschiedde","gloss":"hesitantly"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geheim","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geheim","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"secret"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h16-s8","source":"Ze kropen 's avends door den ravyn, en als Tine in haar kamer zat, werd ze meermalen opgeschrikt door onverwacht geruisch, en ze zag door 't open venster donkere gedaanten die voorby slopen met schuwen tred.","translation":"Of an evening they crept through the ravine, and when Tine sat in her room she was many a time startled by an unexpected rustling, and through the open window she saw dark figures slipping past with timid tread.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"werd ze meermalen opgeschrikt door onverwacht geruisch","title":"Worden-passive (imperfect werd)","body":"werd … opgeschrikt ('was startled') is the process passive in the past: worden's imperfect werd plus the participle of separable opschrikken, with door marking the agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"donkere gedaanten die voorby slopen met schuwen tred","title":"Separable voorbijsluipen + strong imperfect slopen","body":"voorby slopen is voorbijsluipen ('to slip past', separable); slopen is the strong past plural of sluipen (ui→o); schuwen tred shows the old accusative -en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kropen","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"kropen","lemma":"kruipen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crept"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"adverbial genitive marker","role":"marks the time expression 's avends","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, genitive","role":"temporal adverbial modifying kropen","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of ravyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ravyn","lemma":"ravijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"ravine"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of zat","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kamer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kamer","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zat","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause introduced by als","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgeschrikt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of werd opgeschrikt","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgeschrikt","gloss":"many times"},{"surface":"opgeschrikt","lemma":"opschrikken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with werd","gloss":"startled"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks cause of opgeschrikt","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"onverwacht","lemma":"onverwacht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geruisch","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"geruisch","lemma":"geruis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"rustling"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with werd opgeschrikt","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking venster","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of venster","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"open","lemma":"open","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies venster","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"venster","lemma":"venster","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zag","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"donkere","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gedaanten","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"gedaanten","lemma":"gedaante","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"figures"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of slopen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"voorby","lemma":"voorbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of slopen","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"slopen","lemma":"sluipen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause modifying gedaanten","gloss":"slipped"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schuwen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"schuwen","lemma":"schuw","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, oblique","role":"modifies tred","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"tred","lemma":"tred","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"tread"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h16-s9","source":"Weldra schrikte ze niet meer, want ze wist wat het beduidde als die gestalten zoo spookachtig om 't huis waarden en bescherming zochten by haren Max!","translation":"Before long she ceased to be frightened, for she knew what it meant when those shapes haunted the house so ghost-like and sought protection from her Max!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want ze wist wat het beduidde als die gestalten … waarden","title":"Coordinating want + nested clauses","body":"want ('for') is a coordinator (verb stays in place: ze wist); inside, the indirect question wat het beduidde and the als-clause are both verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"bescherming zochten by haren Max","title":"Possessive haren with case ending","body":"haren ('her', accusative -en form) modifies Max; the period keeps inflected possessives where modern Dutch writes haar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schrikte","gloss":"Before long"},{"surface":"schrikte","lemma":"schrikken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was frightened"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of schrikte","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with schrikte","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of beduidde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of beduidde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"beduidde","lemma":"beduiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"interrogative content clause of wist","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of waarden and zochten","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gestalten","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"gestalten","lemma":"gestalte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waarden and zochten","gloss":"shapes"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spookachtig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"spookachtig","lemma":"spookachtig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waarden","gloss":"ghost-like"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"waarden","lemma":"waren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of temporal clause introduced by als","gloss":"wandered","note":"Here waren means ‘roamed’ or ‘haunted,’ not the past tense of zijn."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bescherming","lemma":"bescherming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zochten","gloss":"protection"},{"surface":"zochten","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with waarden","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Max","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"possessor of Max","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"Max"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h16-s10","source":"Dan wenkte zy dezen, en hy stond op om de klagers tot zich te roepen.","translation":"Then she would beckon to him, and he would rise to call the complainers to himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan wenkte zy dezen, en hy stond op","title":"Demonstrative dezen + separable opstaan","body":"dezen ('to this one', dative -en) refers to Max; stond … op is the separable opstaan ('rose'), prefix op landing at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wenkte","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"wenkte","lemma":"wenken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would beckon"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, singular","role":"subject of wenkte","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular, oblique","role":"direct object of wenkte","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with wenkte","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable particle","role":"separable particle of stond","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause of roepen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klagers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klagers","lemma":"klager","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of roepen","gloss":"complainers"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"object of tot","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive roepen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying stond op","gloss":"call"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h16-s11","source":"De meesten kwamen uit het distrikt Parang-Koedjang, waar des Regents schoonzoon Hoofd was, en hoewel dat Hoofd gewis niet verzuimde zyn aandeel van 't afgeperste te nemen, was het toch voor niemand een geheim dat hy meestal roofde uit naam en ten-behoeve van den Regent.","translation":"Most of them came from the district of Parang-Koedjang, where the Regent's son-in-law was Chief; and although that Chief assuredly did not neglect to take his own share of what was extorted, it was no secret to anyone that he plundered chiefly in the name and for the benefit of the Regent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar des Regents schoonzoon Hoofd was","title":"Genitive des Regents (fronted)","body":"des Regents ('the Regent's') is the old genitive singular, here preposed before the head noun schoonzoon — a literary, archaic possessive order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy meestal roofde uit naam en ten-behoeve van den Regent","title":"Weak imperfect roofde","body":"roofde is the weak past of roven ('plundered', dental -de); uit naam van and ten-behoeve van are fixed prepositional phrases ('in the name of', 'for the benefit of')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meesten","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"meesten","lemma":"meeste","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of kwamen","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distrikt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distrikt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distrikt","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of kwamen","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to distrikt","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of Regents","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regents","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, genitive","role":"possessor of schoonzoon","gloss":"Regent's"},{"surface":"schoonzoon","lemma":"schoonzoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"son-in-law"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking schoonzoon to Hoofd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoewel","lemma":"hoewel","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause of verzuimde","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of verzuimde","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"gewis","lemma":"gewis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzuimde","gloss":"assuredly"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verzuimde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verzuimde","lemma":"verzuimen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of concessive clause introduced by hoewel","gloss":"neglected"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of aandeel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aandeel","lemma":"aandeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"share"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afgeperste","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afgeperste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afgeperste","lemma":"afpersen","morphology":"substantivized past participle, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"extorted"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive nemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verzuimde","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to geheim","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking niemand","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of voor","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geheim","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause explaining geheim","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, singular","role":"subject of roofde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies roofde","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"roofde","lemma":"roven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"plundered"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase uit naam van","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ten-behoeve","lemma":"ten behoeve","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"coordinated with uit naam","gloss":"for the benefit","note":"The standard spelling is the unhyphenated phrase ten behoeve."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Regent"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h16-s12","source":"Het was aandoenlyk hoe die arme lieden op Havelaars ridderlykheid vertrouwden en overtuigd waren dat hy hen niet roepen zou om den volgenden dag in 't openbaar te herhalen wat ze des nachts of den vorigen avend in zyn kamer gezegd hadden.","translation":"It was touching how those poor folk trusted in Havelaar's chivalry and were convinced that he would not summon them to repeat in public, the following day, what they had said in his room by night or the previous evening.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"overtuigd waren dat hy hen niet roepen zou","title":"Conditional zou + negation niet","body":"roepen zou ('would summon') is the conditional, clause-final after dat; niet negates it ('would not summon'); hen is the object 'them.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"des nachts / den vorigen avend","title":"Genitive-of-time and accusative-of-time","body":"des nachts ('by night') is a frozen genitive; den vorigen avend ('the previous evening') carries the old accusative -en for time expressions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"impersonal subject of was","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Het to aandoenlyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aandoenlyk","lemma":"aandoenlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"touching"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the clause of vertrouwden","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of lieden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies lieden","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of vertrouwden and waren","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of vertrouwden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of ridderlykheid","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"ridderlykheid","lemma":"ridderlijkheid","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"chivalry"},{"surface":"vertrouwden","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"first predicate of the hoe-clause","gloss":"trusted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links vertrouwden and overtuigd waren","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"overtuigd","lemma":"overtuigen","morphology":"past participle","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking lieden to overtuigd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of overtuigd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of zou roepen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative plural","role":"direct object of roepen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zou roepen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"summon"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of roepen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"with te, introduces the purpose clause of herhalen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"temporal modifier of herhalen","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces in het openbaar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner in the fixed phrase in het openbaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"openbaar","lemma":"openbaar","morphology":"substantivized adjective","role":"object of in in the phrase in het openbaar","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive herhalen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"herhalen","lemma":"herhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of roepen","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of both herhalen and gezegd","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of gezegd hadden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"part of the fixed temporal phrase des nachts","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"nachts","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, genitive singular","role":"temporal modifier of gezegd","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links des nachts and den vorigen avend","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of avend","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorigen","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies avend","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"temporal modifier of gezegd","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place adjunct zyn kamer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kamer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h16-s13","source":"Dit toch ware mishandeling geweest voor allen, en voor velen de dood!","translation":"For this would truly have been a torment for all of them, and for many of them, death!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit toch ware mishandeling geweest voor allen","title":"Pluperfect subjunctive ware geweest","body":"ware … geweest is the pluperfect subjunctive of zijn ('would have been'), an unreal-past flourish; toch ('indeed, after all') reinforces the emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ware geweest","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes ware geweest","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"would have","note":"Ware is the literary past subjunctive of zijn, here expressing a conditional result."},{"surface":"mishandeling","lemma":"mishandeling","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"predicative complement of ware geweest","gloss":"a torment"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"past participle","role":"perfect participle governed by ware","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces allen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two parallel complements","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces velen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common singular","role":"determiner of dood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"elliptical predicative complement of ware geweest","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h16-s14","source":"Havelaar teekende aan wat ze zeiden, en daarna gelastte hy de klagers naar hun dorp terugtekeeren.","translation":"Havelaar noted down what they said, and afterwards bade the complainers return to their village.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar teekende aan wat ze zeiden, en daarna gelastte hy","title":"Separable aantekenen + inversion after daarna","body":"teekende … aan is the separable aantekenen ('noted down'); fronting daarna ('afterwards') inverts to gelastte hy ('he ordered')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gelastte hy de klagers naar hun dorp terugtekeeren","title":"Causative gelasten + joined infinitive","body":"gelasten ('to order') governs the infinitive terugtekeeren = terug te keeren ('to return'); the separable terugkeeren is glued with te in 1860 style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of teekende and gelastte","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"teekende","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb teekende aan","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes teekende aan in the sense “noted down”","gloss":"noted down"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of both teekende aan and zeiden","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of zeiden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zeiden","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links teekende and gelastte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelastte","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"gelastte","lemma":"gelasten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second coordinated main verb","gloss":"bade"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of gelastte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of klagers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klagers","lemma":"klager","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gelastte and understood subject of terugtekeeren","gloss":"complainers"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the directional complement of terugtekeeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of dorp","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"terugtekeeren","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gelastte","gloss":"return","note":"Historical spelling writes terug te keeren together; modern Dutch has terug te keren."}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h16-s15","source":"Hy beloofde dat er recht zou geschieden, mits zy zich niet verzetten, en niet uitweken zooals 't voornemen was van de meesten.","translation":"He promised that justice would be done, provided they did not resist and did not flee the country, as most of them had intended.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"mits zy zich niet verzetten, en niet uitweken","title":"Subordinator mits + reflexive verzetten","body":"mits ('provided that') opens a verb-final condition; zich verzetten ('to resist') is reflexive, and uitweken is the strong past of uitwijken ('to flee/emigrate')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of beloofde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"beloofde","lemma":"beloven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of beloofde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"fills the introductory position in the clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou geschieden","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschieden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"geschieden","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicate of the dat-clause","gloss":"be done"},{"surface":"mits","lemma":"mits","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the condition clause","gloss":"provided"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of verzetten and uitweken","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person plural","role":"reflexive object of verzetten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verzetten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verzetten","lemma":"verzetten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"first predicate of the condition clause","gloss":"resisted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links verzetten and uitweken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates uitweken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"uitweken","lemma":"uitwijken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"second predicate of the condition clause","gloss":"fled"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of voornemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking voornemen to van de meesten","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of voornemen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of meesten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meesten","lemma":"meest","morphology":"substantivized superlative adjective, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"most"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h16-s16","source":"Meestal was hy kort daarna op de plaats waar 't onrecht geschiedde, ja, vaak was hy reeds daar geweest en had--gewoonlyk des-nachts--de zaak onderzocht, voor nog de klager zelf in zyn woonstede was teruggekeerd.","translation":"Usually he was, soon after, at the very place where the injustice had occurred; indeed, often he had already been there and had—commonly by night—investigated the matter before the complainant himself had even returned to his dwelling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vaak was hy reeds daar geweest en had … de zaak onderzocht","title":"Pluperfect with zijn vs hebben","body":"was … geweest (zijn-auxiliary, the state of having been) and had … onderzocht (hebben-auxiliary) are both pluperfects — the choice depends on the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor nog de klager zelf in zyn woonstede was teruggekeerd","title":"Subordinator voor + pluperfect of teruggekeeren","body":"voor (= voordat, 'before') subordinates and the verb cluster was teruggekeerd moves to the clause end; teruggekeeren takes zijn as a motion verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"Usually"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main copula of the first clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies daarna","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of was","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place complement","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common singular","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying plaats","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of onrecht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of geschiedde","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces an emphatic continuation","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was geweest","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of was geweest and had onderzocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was geweest","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"place complement of was geweest","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle governed by was","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links was geweest and had onderzocht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of onderzocht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderzocht","gloss":"commonly"},{"surface":"des-nachts","lemma":"des nachts","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"temporal modifier of onderzocht","gloss":"by night","note":"An older fixed expression meaning “by night.”"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common singular","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"direct object of onderzocht","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"onderzocht","lemma":"onderzoeken","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle governed by had","gloss":"investigated"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was teruggekeerd","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common singular","role":"determiner of klager","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klager","lemma":"klager","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of was teruggekeerd","gloss":"complainant"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes klager","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination woonstede","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of woonstede","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woonstede","lemma":"woonstede","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of teruggekeerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"teruggekeerd","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"past participle","role":"predicate of the temporal clause","gloss":"returned"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h16-s17","source":"Zoo bezocht hy in die uitgestrekte afdeeling, dorpen die twintig uren verwyderd waren van Rangkas-Betoeng, zonder dat noch de Regent noch zelfs de kontroleur Verbrugge wisten dat hy afwezig was van de hoofdplaats.","translation":"Thus he visited, in that far-flung division, villages that lay twenty hours distant from Rangkas-Betoeng, without either the Regent or even the controller Verbrugge knowing that he was absent from the chief town.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zonder dat noch de Regent noch zelfs de kontroleur Verbrugge wisten","title":"zonder dat + noch … noch","body":"zonder dat ('without … -ing') opens a verb-final clause; noch … noch ('neither … nor') keeps a single negation, and wisten (strong past of weten) closes it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"twintig uren verwyderd","title":"'uren' as a measure of distance","body":"Here uren ('hours') measures distance — how far one could walk — not time: 'villages twenty hours distant', a common pre-metric idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezocht","gloss":"Thus"},{"surface":"bezocht","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of bezocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place adjunct","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uitgestrekte","lemma":"uitgestrekt","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies afdeeling","gloss":"far-flung"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bezocht","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"twintig","lemma":"twintig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies uren","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"uren","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure complement of verwyderd","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"verwyderd","lemma":"verwijderd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking die to verwyderd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the distance complement","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"with dat, introduces the adverbial clause","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"with zonder, introduces the clause of wisten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"first part of noch ... noch","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"first coordinated subject of wisten","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"second part of noch ... noch","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes kontroleur Verbrugge","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common singular","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"second coordinated subject of wisten","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"apposition to kontroleur","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"wisten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"predicate of the zonder dat-clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of wisten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"afwezig","lemma":"afwezig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"absent"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to afwezig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of afwezig","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common singular","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"chief town"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h16-s18","source":"Zyn bedoeling hiermede was, 't gevaar der wraak van de klagers aftewenden en tevens den Regent de schaamte te besparen van een openlyk onderzoek dat gewis onder hèm niet als vroeger met een intrekking van de klacht zou afgeloopen zyn.","translation":"His purpose in this was to avert from the complainers the danger of revenge, and at the same time to spare the Regent the shame of an open inquiry which, under him, would assuredly not, as before, have ended with a withdrawal of the complaint.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den Regent de schaamte te besparen van een openlyk onderzoek dat … niet … zou afgeloopen zyn","title":"Conditional perfect of separable aflopen","body":"zou afgeloopen zyn is the conditional perfect ('would not have ended'); aflopen is separable and takes zijn, so the cluster is af-ge-loopen zyn at the clause end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Zyn bedoeling hiermede was","title":"Pronominal adverb hiermede","body":"hiermede ('with this', = met dit) is the archaic, fuller form of hiermee; the -mede ending is the literary 19th-century variant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of bedoeling","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"bedoeling","lemma":"bedoeling","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"hiermede","lemma":"hiermede","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies bedoeling","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula introducing the infinitive predicates","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of gevaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of aftewenden","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of wraak","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"wraak","lemma":"wraak","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"genitive complement of gevaar","gloss":"revenge"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the beneficiary complement of aftewenden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of klagers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klagers","lemma":"klager","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"complainers"},{"surface":"aftewenden","lemma":"afwenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first infinitive predicate complementing was","gloss":"avert","note":"Historical spelling writes af te wenden together."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links aftewenden and besparen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies besparen","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"indirect object of besparen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common singular","role":"determiner of schaamte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schaamte","lemma":"schaamte","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"direct object of besparen","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive besparen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"besparen","lemma":"besparen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"second infinitive predicate complementing was","gloss":"spare"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of schaamte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"openlyk","lemma":"openlijk","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies onderzoek","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou afgeloopen zyn","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"gewis","lemma":"gewis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou afgeloopen zyn","gloss":"assuredly"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstance onder hèm","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"hèm","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, stressed object form","role":"object of onder","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zou afgeloopen zyn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison als vroeger","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of als","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the result complement of afgeloopen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of intrekking","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"intrekking","lemma":"intrekking","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"withdrawal"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of intrekking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common singular","role":"determiner of klacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klacht","lemma":"klacht","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"complaint"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of afgeloopen zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"afgeloopen","lemma":"aflopen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary governed by zou","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h16-s19","source":"Zoo hoopte hy nog altyd dat de Hoofden zouden terugkeeren van den gevaarlyken weg dien zy reeds zoolang betraden, en hy zou in dat geval zich vergenoegd hebben met het vorderen van schadeloosstelling aan de beroofden ... voor-zoo-ver 't vergoeden der geleden schade mogelyk wezen zou.","translation":"So he still hoped, always, that the Chiefs would turn back from the dangerous road they had already trodden so long; and in that case he would have contented himself with demanding restitution for the despoiled ... in so far as it was possible to make good the damage they had suffered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den gevaarlyken weg dien zy reeds zoolang betraden","title":"Accusative relative dien","body":"dien ('which', masculine accusative) is the case-marked relative agreeing with den … weg; betraden is the strong past of betreden ('trod')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor-zoo-ver 't vergoeden der geleden schade mogelyk wezen zou","title":"Genitive der + conditional wezen zou","body":"der geleden schade ('of the suffered damage') is the old feminine genitive; wezen zou ('would be') is the conditional with the archaic infinitive of zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of hoopte","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"hoopte","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hoped"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of hoopte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of hoopte","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of hoopte","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terugkeeren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zouden terugkeeren","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of terugkeeren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"terugkeeren","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zouden","gloss":"turn back"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement of terugkeeren","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevaarlyken","lemma":"gevaarlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, oblique","role":"attributive modifier of weg","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of betraden; refers to weg","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person plural","role":"subject of betraden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betraden","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zoolang","lemma":"zolang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betraden","gloss":"so long"},{"surface":"betraden","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause modifying weg","gloss":"trodden"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zou hebben","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of vergenoegd hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geval","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in; adverbial on vergenoegd hebben","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of vergenoegd","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"vergenoegd","lemma":"vergenoegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle of vergenoegd hebben","gloss":"contented"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of vergenoegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of vergenoegd","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vorderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorderen","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"object of met","gloss":"demanding"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object demanded","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"schadeloosstelling","lemma":"schadeloosstelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; complement of vorderen","gloss":"restitution"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces recipient of schadeloosstelling","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beroofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beroofden","lemma":"beroofde","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"despoiled"},{"surface":"voor-zoo-ver","lemma":"voor zover","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces limiting clause","gloss":"insofar as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of vergoeden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vergoeden","lemma":"vergoeden","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"subject of mogelijk wezen zou","gloss":"making good"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of schade","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"past participle, attributive","role":"attributive modifier of schade","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"schade","lemma":"schade","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of vergoeden","gloss":"damage"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h16-s20","source":"Maar telkens nadat hy op-nieuw met den Regent had gesproken, deed hy de overtuiging op dat de beloften van beterschap ydel waren, en hy was bitter bedroefd over 't mislukken van zyn pogingen.","translation":"But every time, after he had once more spoken with the Regent, he was brought to the conviction that the promises of improvement were idle, and he was bitterly grieved at the failure of his efforts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"telkens nadat hy op-nieuw … had gesproken, deed hy de overtuiging op","title":"Subordinator nadat + separable opdoen with inversion","body":"nadat ('after') opens a pluperfect clause (had gesproken, verb-final); the main clause inverts to deed hy … op, the separable opdoen split apart."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"beterschap","title":"beterschap — improvement/amendment","body":"beterschap means 'improvement, mending one's ways' (also 'recovery' from illness); here the Regent's empty promises of reform."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates with preceding discourse","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency modifier of deed op","gloss":"every time"},{"surface":"nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gesproken","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had gesproken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op-nieuw","lemma":"opnieuw","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of gesproken","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of temporal clause introduced by nadat","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of deed ... op","gloss":"did","note":"Deed ... op is the past tense of opdoen, here meaning “gained.”"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overtuiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overtuiging","lemma":"overtuiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of deed ... op","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"separable particle of deed ... op","gloss":"gained"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ydel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beloften","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beloften","lemma":"belofte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"promises"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beterschap","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"beterschap","lemma":"beterschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies beloften","gloss":"improvement"},{"surface":"ydel","lemma":"ijdel","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"idle"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking to ydel","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to bedroefd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"bitter","lemma":"bitter","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bedroefd","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mislukken","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mislukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mislukken","lemma":"mislukken","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"object of over","gloss":"failure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pogingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of pogingen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pogingen","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of mislukken","gloss":"efforts"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h16-s21","source":"We zullen hem nu eenigen tyd aan die droefheid en zyn moeielyken arbeid overlaten, om den lezer de geschiedenis te verhalen van den Javaan Saïdjah in de dessah Badoer.","translation":"We shall now leave him for a while to that sorrow and his arduous labour, in order to tell the reader the story of the Javanese Saïdjah in the village of Badoer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"We zullen hem nu eenigen tyd … overlaten, om den lezer de geschiedenis te verhalen","title":"Future zullen + om … te purpose","body":"zullen … overlaten is the future ('we shall leave'); om … te verhalen ('in order to tell') frames the purpose with a te-infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of overlaten","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of overlaten","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of overlaten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overlaten","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"quantifying modifier of tyd","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial duration of overlaten","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking droefheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of droefheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"droefheid","lemma":"droefheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of arbeid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"moeielyken","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, common gender singular","role":"attributive modifier of arbeid","gloss":"arduous"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of aan","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"overlaten","lemma":"overlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zullen","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction introducing purpose infinitive","role":"introduces purpose clause of verhalen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of verhalen","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verhalen","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"infinitival marker of verhalen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verhalen","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of geschiedenis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to Javaan","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative modifier of Saïdjah","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dessah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dessah","lemma":"desa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to dessah","gloss":"Badoer"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h16-s22","source":"Ik kies de namen van dat dorp en dien Javaan uit de aanteekeningen van Havelaar.","translation":"I take the names of that village and of that Javanese from Havelaar's notes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik kies de namen van dat dorp en dien Javaan","title":"Demonstrative dat / accusative dien","body":"dat dorp uses dat (near/that for a het-word); dien Javaan keeps the old masculine accusative dien before a de-word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kies","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kies","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of namen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"namen","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of kies","gloss":"names"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dorp","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorp","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies namen","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanteekeningen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanteekeningen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanteekeningen","lemma":"aantekening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; possessor of aanteekeningen","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h16-s23","source":"Er zal daarin spraak zyn van afspersing en roof, en wanneer men--wat de hoofdstrekking aangaat --bewyskracht mocht willen ontzeggen aan een verdichtsel, geef ik de verzekering dat ik in-staat ben de namen optegeven van twee-en-dertig personen in het distrikt Parang-Koedjang alleen, aan welke in één maand tyds zes-en-dertig buffels zyn afgenomen ten-behoeve van den Regent. Of, juister nog, dat ik de namen kan noemen van de twee-en-dertig personen uit dat distrikt, die zich in één maand hebben durven beklagen, en wier klacht door Havelaar onderzocht en gegrond bevonden is.","translation":"It will be a matter of extortion and theft; and should anyone—as far as the main thrust of it goes—wish to deny the evidential force of a piece of fiction, I give the assurance that I am able to supply the names of thirty-two persons in the district of Parang-Koedjang alone from whom, in the space of a single month, thirty-six buffaloes were taken for the benefit of the Regent. Or, more exactly still, that I can name the thirty-two persons from that district who in one month dared to complain, and whose complaint Havelaar investigated and found to be well-founded.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er zal daarin spraak zyn van afspersing en roof","title":"Existential er + future zullen","body":"Er zal … spraak zyn van ('there will be mention of') uses existential er with the future and the idiom sprake zijn van; wezen/zyn is the predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan welke in één maand tyds zes-en-dertig buffels zyn afgenomen","title":"Formal relative welke + worden/zijn-passive","body":"welke ('from whom') is the heavier formal relative; zyn afgenomen is a passive of separable afnemen with zijn ('were taken from'), here a perfect passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"expletive subject of zal ... zijn","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of spraak zijn","gloss":"therein"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative noun in er zal spraak zijn","gloss":"mention","note":"Spraak zijn van is an older expression meaning “to be a matter of” or “to mention.”"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces subject matter of spraak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"afspersing","lemma":"afpersing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; subject-matter complement of spraak","gloss":"extortion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"roof","lemma":"roof","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with afspersing","gloss":"theft"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of mocht willen ontzeggen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"relative phrase object of aangaat","gloss":"as regards"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdstrekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdstrekking","lemma":"hoofdstrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"main thrust"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical relative clause","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"bewyskracht","lemma":"bewijskracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontzeggen","gloss":"evidential force"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of willen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of mocht","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"ontzeggen","lemma":"ontzeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of willen","gloss":"deny"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces indirect object of ontzeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verdichtsel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verdichtsel","lemma":"verdichtsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"fiction"},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzekering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verzekering","lemma":"verzekering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geef","gloss":"assurance"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause modifying verzekering","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in-staat","lemma":"in staat","morphology":"adjective phrase, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik and in-staat","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of namen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"namen","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of optegeven","gloss":"names"},{"surface":"optegeven","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of in-staat ben","gloss":"to supply"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of namen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"twee-en-dertig","lemma":"tweeëndertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifier of personen","gloss":"thirty-two"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; modifies namen","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distrikt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distrikt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distrikt","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in; modifies personen","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to distrikt","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of distrikt Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces antecedent of relative welke","gloss":"from","note":"Aan welke is an older construction meaning “from whom” with afnemen."},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"object of aan; refers to personen","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies maand","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"maand","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"tyds","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, genitive singular, adverbial","role":"forms duration phrase maand tyds","gloss":"time","note":"Tijds is a fossilized genitive in the duration phrase één maand tijds."},{"surface":"zes-en-dertig","lemma":"zesendertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifier of buffels","gloss":"thirty-six"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive zyn afgenomen","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of afgenomen","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"afgenomen","lemma":"afnemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of relative clause modifying personen","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"ten-behoeve","lemma":"ten behoeve","morphology":"compound preposition","role":"purpose adjunct of afgenomen","gloss":"for the benefit"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a more exact reformulation","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"juister","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adjective, comparative, adverbial","role":"parenthetical comparative adverb","gloss":"more exactly"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies juister","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces reformulated content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan noemen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of namen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"namen","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"names"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of noemen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kan","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of namen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of personen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"twee-en-dertig","lemma":"tweeëndertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifier of personen","gloss":"thirty-two"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; modifies namen","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distrikt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distrikt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"distrikt","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit; modifies personen","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben durven beklagen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of beklagen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies maand","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"maand","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; temporal modifier of beklagen","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of durven beklagen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"durven","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"substitute infinitive governed by hebben","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"beklagen","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of durven","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wier","lemma":"wie","morphology":"determiner","role":"possessive relative determiner of klacht","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"klacht","lemma":"klacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive is onderzocht and bevonden","gloss":"complaint"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of passive onderzocht and bevonden","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"onderzocht","lemma":"onderzoeken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle coordinated with bevonden","gloss":"investigated"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gegrond","lemma":"gegrond","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of bevonden","gloss":"well-founded"},{"surface":"bevonden","lemma":"bevinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by is","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of onderzocht and bevonden","gloss":"has been"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h16-s24","source":"Er zyn vyf zoodanige distrikten in de afdeeling Lebak ...","translation":"There are five such districts in the division of Lebak ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"afdeeling","title":"afdeeling — administrative division","body":"An afdeeling was a colonial administrative 'division' (here Lebak), subdivided into distrikten; the term grounds the bureaucratic geography of the abuse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"existential verb with subject distrikten","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"vyf","lemma":"vijf","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies distrikten","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies distrikten","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"distrikten","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"districts"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"name specifying afdeeling","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h16-s25","source":"Wanneer men nu verkiest aantenemen dat het getal geroofde buffels minder hoog was in de streken die niet de eer hadden bestuurd te worden door een schoonzoon van den Adhipatti, wil ik dit wel toegeven, hoezeer het de vraag blyft of niet de onbeschaamdheid van andere Hoofden op even vaste gronden rustte als hooge verwantschap?","translation":"If one now chooses to assume that the number of buffaloes stolen was lower in the regions that had not the honour of being governed by a son-in-law of the Adhipatti, I am quite willing to grant it—though it remains a question whether the brazenness of other Chiefs did not rest on grounds just as firm as exalted kinship?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wanneer men nu verkiest aantenemen dat het getal … minder hoog was","title":"verkiezen + joined te-infinitive; comparative","body":"aantenemen = aan te nemen ('to assume'), separable glued with te; minder hoog ('lower', lit. 'less high') is an analytic comparative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of niet de onbeschaamdheid … op even vaste gronden rustte als hooge verwantschap","title":"Comparative correlative even … als","body":"even vaste … als ('just as firm … as') is the equality comparison; rustte is the weak past of rusten ('rested')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of verkiest","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verkiest","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkiest","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"verkiest","lemma":"verkiezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"chooses"},{"surface":"aantenemen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verkiest","gloss":"to assume"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of aannemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of getal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"getal","lemma":"getal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"geroofde","lemma":"roven","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies buffels","gloss":"stolen"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of getal","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoog","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking getal to minder hoog","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of streken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates hadden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"bestuurd","lemma":"besturen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the passive infinitive","gloss":"governed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks worden as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of bestuurd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoonzoon","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schoonzoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schoonzoon","lemma":"schoonzoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of the passive bestuurd worden","gloss":"son-in-law"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the possessor Adhipatti","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the","note":"Den is the old oblique masculine form of de."},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"noun used as a title, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the main clause","gloss":"am willing"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of toegeven","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes willingness to concede","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"toegeven","lemma":"toegeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"to grant"},{"surface":"hoezeer","lemma":"hoezeer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of blyft","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of blyft","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to vraag","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question of rustte","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates rustte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onbeschaamdheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onbeschaamdheid","lemma":"onbeschaamdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rustte","gloss":"brazenness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Hoofden","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gronden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vaste","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"vaste","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gronden","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"gronden","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"rustte","lemma":"rusten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the indirect question","gloss":"rested"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with gronden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hooge","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verwantschap","gloss":"exalted"},{"surface":"verwantschap","lemma":"verwantschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"standard of comparison after als","gloss":"kinship"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h16-s26","source":"Het distriktshoofd, by-voorbeeld, van Tjilang-kahan aan de Zuidkust kon, by-gebreke van een gevreesden schoonvader, steunen op de moeielykheid van 't inbrengen eener klacht, voor arme lieden die veertig tot zestig palen hadden afteleggen voor zy 's avends zich konden verbergen in den ravyn naast Havelaars huis.","translation":"The district chief of Tjilang-kahan on the South Coast, for instance, could, lacking a dreaded father-in-law, count upon the difficulty of lodging a complaint, for poor folk who had forty to sixty miles to travel before they could, of an evening, hide themselves in the ravine beside Havelaar's house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kon … steunen op de moeielykheid van 't inbrengen eener klacht","title":"Modal kon + genitive eener klacht","body":"kon … steunen ('could rely') is the modal kunnen with a bare infinitive; eener klacht ('of a complaint') is the old feminine genitive of een."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor zy 's avends zich konden verbergen","title":"Reflexive zich verbergen in a voor-clause","body":"zich verbergen ('to hide oneself') is reflexive; voor (= voordat) subordinates and pushes konden verbergen to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distriktshoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distriktshoofd","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"district chief"},{"surface":"by-voorbeeld","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying kon steunen","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tjilang-kahan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Tjilang-kahan","lemma":"Tjilang-kahan","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Tjilang-kahan"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Zuidkust","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Zuidkust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Zuidkust","lemma":"zuidkust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"South Coast"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of steunen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"by-gebreke","lemma":"bij gebrek","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"heads the adverbial phrase bij-gebreke van schoonvader","gloss":"for lack","note":"Bij-gebreke van is an older spelling of bij gebrek van, “for lack of.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoonvader","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schoonvader","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevreesden","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally, masculine singular","role":"modifies schoonvader","gloss":"dreaded"},{"surface":"schoonvader","lemma":"schoonvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"father-in-law"},{"surface":"steunen","lemma":"steunen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeielykheid","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeielykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeielykheid","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inbrengen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of nominalized inbrengen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inbrengen","lemma":"inbrengen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of klacht","gloss":"of a","note":"Eener is the old feminine genitive form of een."},{"surface":"klacht","lemma":"klacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of nominalized inbrengen","gloss":"complaint"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the people affected by the difficulty","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lieden","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"veertig","lemma":"veertig","morphology":"numeral","role":"lower bound quantifying palen","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks zestig as the upper bound of the numerical range","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zestig","lemma":"zestig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies palen","gloss":"sixty"},{"surface":"palen","lemma":"paal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of afteleggen","gloss":"miles"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb governing afteleggen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"afteleggen","lemma":"afleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hadden","gloss":"to travel","note":"Afteleggen is the older solid spelling of af te leggen."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of konden","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of konden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, contracted genitive","role":"forms the adverbial expression ’s avends","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, genitive used adverbially","role":"temporal modifier of verbergen","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of verbergen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"konden","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of verbergen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"verbergen","lemma":"verbergen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of konden","gloss":"hide"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of ravyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ravyn","lemma":"ravijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"ravine"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaars","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular, possessive","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naast","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h16-s27","source":"En als men hierby acht geeft op de velen die op weg gingen om nooit dat huis te bereiken ... op de velen die niet eenmaal vertrokken uit hun dorp, afgeschrikt als ze waren door eigen ondervinding of door 't aanschouwen van het lot dat anderen klagers te beurt viel, dan geloof ik dat men onrecht hebben zou in de meening dat de vermenigvuldiging met vyf van 't getal gestolen buffels uit één distrikt, een te hoogen maatstaf opleverde voor wie naar de statistiek vraagt van 't getal runderen dat elke maand geroofd werd in vyf distrikten, om te voorzien in de behoeften der hofhouding des Regents van Lebak.","translation":"And if one bears in mind, besides, the many who set out on the road never to reach that house ... the many who did not even leave their village, deterred as they were by their own experience or by witnessing the fate that befell other complainers, then I believe one would do an injustice in supposing that multiplying by five the number of buffaloes stolen from a single district yielded too high a figure for anyone who asks after the statistics of the number of cattle stolen each month in five districts to provide for the needs of the household of the Regent of Lebak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"op de velen die op weg gingen om nooit dat huis te bereiken","title":"om … te with negative nooit","body":"om … te bereiken frames an (ironic) purpose; nooit ('never') is the negative word inside it — 'set out … never to reach.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"afgeschrikt als ze waren door eigen ondervinding","title":"Past participle + door (agent)","body":"afgeschrikt ('deterred') is a past participle in a reduced passive clause; door marks the cause/agent, as it does in worden/zijn-passives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de behoeften der hofhouding des Regents van Lebak","title":"Stacked genitives der … des","body":"der hofhouding ('of the household') and des Regents ('of the Regent') chain two old genitives — a dense, deliberately archaic period possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the preceding argument","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geeft","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hierby","lemma":"hierbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acht geeft","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"acht","lemma":"acht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in the idiom acht geven op","gloss":"heed","note":"Acht geven op means “to pay attention to” or “to bear in mind.”"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes the idiom acht geven op","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of velen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of op","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gingen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the adverbial phrase op weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op in op weg","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"gingen","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on velen","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result infinitive bereiken","gloss":"only to"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bereiken","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bereiken","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks bereiken as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bereiken","lemma":"bereiken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival clause modifying gingen","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"repeats the complement of acht geeft","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of velen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"pronoun","role":"second object of op after acht geeft","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vertrokken","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertrokken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"with niet, forms niet eenmaal “not even”","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"vertrokken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dorp","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of dorp","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vertrokken","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"afgeschrikt","lemma":"afschrikken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial supplement modifying velen","gloss":"deterred"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining afgeschrikt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula with predicative afgeschrikt","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ondervinding","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ondervinding","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"experience"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanschouwen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanschouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanschouwen","lemma":"aanschouwen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"witnessing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lot","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lot","lemma":"lot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, plural, oblique","role":"modifies klagers","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"klagers","lemma":"klager","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"indirect object of viel","gloss":"complainers"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom te beurt vallen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beurt","lemma":"beurt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the idiom te beurt vallen","gloss":"share","note":"Te beurt vallen means “to befall” or “to fall to someone’s lot.”"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause on lot","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meening","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"supposition"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of meening","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vermenigvuldiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vermenigvuldiging","lemma":"vermenigvuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of opleverde","gloss":"multiplication"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vyf","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"vyf","lemma":"vijf","morphology":"numeral","role":"object of met","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking getal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of getal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"getal","lemma":"getal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"gestolen","lemma":"stelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"modifies buffels","gloss":"stolen"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of getal","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distrikt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies distrikt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"distrikt","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maatstaf","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoogen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies maatstaf","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"maatstaf","lemma":"maatstaf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opleverde","gloss":"standard"},{"surface":"opleverde","lemma":"opleveren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the content clause","gloss":"yielded"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the relative clause describing the relevant person","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vraagt","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking statistiek","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of statistiek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"statistiek","lemma":"statistiek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vraagt","gloss":"statistics"},{"surface":"vraagt","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause on wie","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking getal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of getal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"getal","lemma":"getal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"runderen","lemma":"rund","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of getal","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of the passive geroofd werd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maand","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"maand","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of geroofd","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"geroofd","lemma":"roven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the passive relative clause","gloss":"stolen"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geroofd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distrikten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vyf","lemma":"vijf","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies distrikten","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"distrikten","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"districts"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of voorzien","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks voorzien as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voorzien","lemma":"voorzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying geroofd werd","gloss":"provide"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking behoeften","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of behoeften","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"behoeften","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of hofhouding","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is the old genitive form of de, here meaning “of the.”"},{"surface":"hofhouding","lemma":"hofhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of behoeften","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of Regents","gloss":"of the","note":"Des is the old masculine or neuter genitive form of de."},{"surface":"Regents","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, genitive","role":"genitive dependent of hofhouding","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van modifying Regents","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h16-s28","source":"En 't waren niet buffels alleen die gestolen werden, noch zelfs was buffelroof 't voornaamste.","translation":"And it was not buffaloes alone that were stolen, nor was buffalo-theft even the chief thing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En 't waren niet buffels alleen die gestolen werden","title":"Cleft 't waren + worden-passive","body":"'t waren … die … ('it was … that') is a cleft for emphasis; gestolen werden is the process passive in the past ('were stolen')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"buffelroof","title":"Compound: buffalo-theft","body":"buffel ('buffalo') + roof ('robbery') = 'buffalo-theft', a tidy right-headed compound naming the specific crime."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates this sentence with the preceding context","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular, elided","role":"expletive subject of waren","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula agreeing with buffels","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates waren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses buffels","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of werden gestolen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gestolen","lemma":"stelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical part of werden gestolen","gloss":"stolen"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gestolen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two negative clauses","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the second clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking buffelroof and voornaamste","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"buffelroof","lemma":"buffelroof","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"buffalo theft"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular, elided","role":"determiner of substantivized voornaamste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voornaamste","lemma":"voornaam","morphology":"adjective, superlative, substantivized","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"chief thing"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h16-s29","source":"Er is--in Indie vooral, waar nog altyd heeredienst wettelyk bestaat--een geringer maat van onbeschaamdheid noodig om de bevolking onwettig opteroepen tot onbetaald werk, dan er vereischt wordt tot het wegnemen van eigendom.","translation":"There is needed—in the Indies above all, where forced labour still lawfully exists—a lesser measure of effrontery to call up the population unlawfully for unpaid work than is required for the taking of property.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is … een geringer maat van onbeschaamdheid noodig om … opteroepen, dan er vereischt wordt","title":"Comparative geringer … dan + worden-passive","body":"geringer … dan ('a lesser … than') is comparative; opteroepen = op te roepen (joined separable + te); er vereischt wordt is a process passive ('is required')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with is noodig","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking maat and noodig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the locative phrase in Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses in Indie","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces a relative clause on Indie","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestaat together with altyd","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestaat","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"heeredienst","lemma":"herendienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bestaat","gloss":"forced labour","note":"Heeredienst denotes compulsory unpaid labour owed to colonial authorities."},{"surface":"wettelyk","lemma":"wettelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestaat","gloss":"lawfully"},{"surface":"bestaat","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of maat","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geringer","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies maat","gloss":"lesser"},{"surface":"maat","lemma":"maat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is noodig","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of maat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onbeschaamdheid","lemma":"onbeschaamdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"effrontery"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive op te roepen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opteroepen","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"onwettig","lemma":"onwettig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opteroepen","gloss":"unlawfully"},{"surface":"opteroepen","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with incorporated te","role":"purpose complement of noodig","gloss":"call up","note":"Opteroepen represents modern op te roepen."},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose complement werk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"onbetaald","lemma":"onbetaald","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies werk","gloss":"unpaid"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with geringer","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with vereischt wordt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vereischt","lemma":"vereisen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical part of vereischt wordt","gloss":"required"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vereischt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement wegnemen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of nominalized wegnemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wegnemen","lemma":"wegnemen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"object of tot","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of wegnemen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eigendom","lemma":"eigendom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"property"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h16-s30","source":"Het is gemakkelyker de bevolking diets te maken dat de Regeering behoefte heeft aan haren arbeid zonder dien te willen betalen, dan dat ze haar buffels eischen zou om-niet. En al durfde de vreesachtige Javaan nasporen of de zoogenaamde heeredienst dien men van hem vordert, overeenstemt met de bepalingen daaromtrent, dan nog zou hem dit onmogelyk wezen daar de een niet weet van den ander, en hy dus niet berekenen kan of 't vastgesteld getal personen tien-ja vyftigvoud overschreden is?","translation":"It is easier to make the population believe that the Government has need of their labour without meaning to pay for it than that it would demand their buffaloes for nothing. And even if the timorous Javanese dared to inquire whether the so-called forced labour exacted of him agreed with the regulations on the matter, this would still be impossible for him, since the one knows nothing of the other, and he therefore cannot reckon whether the appointed number of persons has been exceeded tenfold—nay, fiftyfold?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het is gemakkelyker de bevolking diets te maken dat … dan dat ze haar buffels eischen zou","title":"Comparative gemakkelyker … dan dat","body":"gemakkelyker … dan ('easier … than') with a dan dat clause; eischen zou ('would demand') is conditional, clause-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar de een niet weet van den ander","title":"Causal daar + niet negation","body":"daar ('since') subordinates with verb-final weet; de een … den ander ('the one … the other') keeps the old accusative -en on ander."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"diets te maken","title":"Idiom: iemand iets diets maken","body":"diets maken means to make someone believe something, often deceptively ('to make the population believe…') — a fixed expression with no literal modern sense of diets."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of is","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking the infinitive clause and gemakkelyker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gemakkelyker","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"easier"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of diets maken","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"diets","lemma":"diets","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"part of the idiom diets maken","gloss":"believe","note":"Iemand iets diets maken means to make someone believe something."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks maken as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"subject infinitive of is gemakkelyker","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of diets maken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of the dat-clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of behoefte","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, feminine singular, inflected","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause willen betalen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of betalen, referring to arbeid","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks willen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"heads the clause introduced by zonder","gloss":"intend"},{"surface":"betalen","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the second term of gemakkelyker","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the compared content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of eischen zou, referring to Regeering","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, feminine singular, uninflected","role":"determiner of buffels","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of eischen","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"eischen","lemma":"eisen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of eischen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"om-niet","lemma":"om niet","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies eischen","gloss":"for nothing","note":"Om niet means without payment, or for nothing."},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects the new sentence to the preceding one","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"concessive conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with durfde","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"durfde","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of the concessive clause","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vreesachtige","lemma":"vreesachtig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Javaan","gloss":"timorous"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of durfde","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"nasporen","lemma":"nasporen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of durfde","gloss":"inquire"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question governed by nasporen","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of heeredienst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoogenaamde","lemma":"zogenaamd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies heeredienst","gloss":"so-called"},{"surface":"heeredienst","lemma":"herendienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of overeenstemt","gloss":"forced labour"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of vordert, referring to heeredienst","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vordert","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the person from whom labour is exacted","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of van","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"vordert","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause on heeredienst","gloss":"exacts"},{"surface":"overeenstemt","lemma":"overeenstemmen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of the indirect question","gloss":"agrees"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of overeenstemt","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of bepalingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bepalingen","lemma":"bepaling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"regulations"},{"surface":"daaromtrent","lemma":"daaromtrent","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies bepalingen","gloss":"on that matter"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with concessive al","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onmogelyk","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"experiencer complement of onmogelyk","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou wezen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"onmogelyk","lemma":"onmogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copular complement of zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"since","note":"Here daar means “since” or “because,” not “there.”"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of substantivized een","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"numeral, substantivized","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of the causal clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of weet","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of substantivized ander","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, substantivized","role":"object of van","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two causal clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of kan berekenen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kan berekenen","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kan berekenen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"berekenen","lemma":"berekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"calculate"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of berekenen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question governed by berekenen","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of getal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vastgesteld","lemma":"vaststellen","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies getal","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"getal","lemma":"getal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of overschreden is","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive-like complement of getal","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"tien-ja","lemma":"tien + ja","morphology":"numeral plus interjection","role":"modifies overschreden","gloss":"tenfold—nay","note":"The phrase elliptically means “tenfold—nay,” before vyftigvoud corrects it upward."},{"surface":"vyftigvoud","lemma":"vijftigvoud","morphology":"adverbial numeral","role":"modifies overschreden","gloss":"fiftyfold"},{"surface":"overschreden","lemma":"overschrijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical part of overschreden is","gloss":"exceeded"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of overschreden","gloss":"has been"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h16-s31","source":"Waar dus 't meer gevaarlyke, het lichter te ontdekken feit wordt uitgevoerd met zulke stoutheid, wat is er dan te denken van de misbruiken die gemakkelyker zyn aantewenden en minder gevaar loopen van ontdekking?","translation":"Where, then, the more dangerous deed, the one more easily detected, is carried out with such boldness, what is one to think of the abuses that are easier to commit and run less risk of discovery?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waar dus … het feit wordt uitgevoerd met zulke stoutheid, wat is er dan te denken","title":"Worden-passive + er te-infinitive","body":"wordt uitgevoerd ('is carried out') is the process passive; wat is er … te denken ('what is one to think') uses er with a te-infinitive of obligation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de misbruiken die gemakkelyker zyn aantewenden","title":"Adjective + joined te-infinitive (passive sense)","body":"gemakkelyker zyn aantewenden (= aan te wenden) means 'are easier to apply/commit', an adjective + te-infinitive with passive force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the locative-circumstantial clause","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wordt uitgevoerd","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of feit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies gevaarlyke","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"gevaarlyke","lemma":"gevaarlijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative construction, inflected","role":"modifies feit","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of feit in apposition","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lichter","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ontdekken","gloss":"more easily"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks ontdekken as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontdekken","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement within the modifier of feit","gloss":"detect"},{"surface":"feit","lemma":"feit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wordt uitgevoerd","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of uitgevoerd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"uitgevoerd","lemma":"uitvoeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of the waar-clause","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of stoutheid","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"stoutheid","lemma":"stoutheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"boldness"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"complement of denken","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb in the construction is te denken","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in wat is er te denken","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the consequence from the preceding clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks denken as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of is","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the topic of denken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of misbruiken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misbruiken","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zyn and loopen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gemakkelyker","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies aantewenden","gloss":"more easily"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb in the modal-passive zijn te construction","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"aantewenden","lemma":"aanwenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive with incorporated te","role":"complement of zyn","gloss":"to commit","note":"Aantewenden represents modern aan te wenden."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zyn aantewenden and gevaar loopen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies gevaar","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of loopen","gloss":"risk"},{"surface":"loopen","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of gevaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ontdekking","lemma":"ontdekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"discovery"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h16-s32","source":"Ik zeide, te zullen overgaan tot de geschiedenis van den Javaan Saïdjah. Vooraf echter ben ik genoodzaakt tot een der afwykingen die zoo moeielyk kunnen vermeden worden by 't beschryven van toestanden welke den lezer geheel vreemd zyn.","translation":"I said I would pass on to the story of the Javanese Saïdjah. First, however, I am compelled to one of those digressions that can so hardly be avoided in describing conditions wholly strange to the reader.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ben ik genoodzaakt tot een der afwykingen die zoo moeielyk kunnen vermeden worden","title":"Modal + worden-passive infinitive","body":"kunnen vermeden worden ('can be avoided') stacks the modal kunnen over a worden-passive infinitive; een der afwykingen uses the genitive plural der ('one of the digressions')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zullen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"future-in-the-past auxiliary of overgaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"overgaan","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zullen","gloss":"pass on"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of overgaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor or subject of geschiedenis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van and title-like apposition to Saïdjah","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to Javaan","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"Vooraf","lemma":"vooraf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben genoodzaakt","gloss":"First"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks contrast with the announced story","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of genoodzaakt","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben genoodzaakt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"genoodzaakt","lemma":"noodzaken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of the second sentence","gloss":"compelled"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of genoodzaakt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"numeral, substantivized","role":"object of tot","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive plural","role":"determiner of afwykingen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"afwykingen","lemma":"afwijking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"partitive complement of een","gloss":"digressions"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of kunnen worden vermeden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeielyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vermeden","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of vermeden worden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"vermeden","lemma":"vermijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical part of vermeden worden","gloss":"avoided"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of vermeden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstance beschryven","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of nominalized beschryven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschryven","lemma":"beschrijven","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"object of by","gloss":"describing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of beschryven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"toestanden","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"conditions"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of vreemd zyn","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"experiencer complement of vreemd","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreemd","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking welke and vreemd","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h16-s33","source":"Ik zal tevens daaruit aanleiding nemen tot het wyzen op een der beletselen die 't juist beoordeelen van indische zaken aan niet-indische personen zoo byzonder moeielyk maken.","translation":"I shall at the same time take occasion from it to point to one of the obstacles that make the right judging of Indian affairs so peculiarly difficult for non-Indian persons.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tot het wyzen op een der beletselen die … zoo byzonder moeielyk maken","title":"Nominalised infinitive het wyzen","body":"het wyzen op ('the pointing to') is an infinitive used as a noun with the article het; een der beletselen again shows the partitive genitive der."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nemen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of nemen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nemen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"daaruit","lemma":"daaruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nemen","gloss":"from it"},{"surface":"aanleiding","lemma":"aanleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces nominalized infinitive wyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"nominalizes wyzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wyzen","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by wyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral, singular","role":"head of object of op","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural, archaic","role":"determiner of beletselen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"beletselen","lemma":"beletsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"partitive complement of één","gloss":"obstacles"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, elided","role":"nominalizes beoordeelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies beoordeelen","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"beoordeelen","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"indische","lemma":"indisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of beoordeelen","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the experiencer of moeielyk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"niet-indische","lemma":"niet-indisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies personen","gloss":"non-Indian"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of moeielyk","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies byzonder","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"byzonder","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeielyk","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of maken","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying beletselen","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h16-s34","source":"Herhaaldelyk heb ik van Javanen gesproken, en hoe natuurlyk dit den europeschen lezer moge toeschynen, toch zal deze benaming als een fout hebben geklonken in de ooren van wien op Java bekend is.","translation":"Repeatedly I have spoken of Javanese, and however natural this may seem to the European reader, the term will nonetheless have rung as a mistake in the ears of anyone acquainted with Java.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe natuurlyk dit den europeschen lezer moge toeschynen","title":"Concessive hoe … moge + dative den lezer","body":"hoe natuurlyk … moge ('however natural … may') is concessive with the subjunctive moge; den europeschen lezer is a dative with old -en endings."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in de ooren van wien op Java bekend is","title":"Dative headless relative wien","body":"wien ('of whoever', dative) is the case-marked headless relative — 'in the ears of anyone who is acquainted with Java.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Herhaaldelyk","lemma":"herhaaldelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"Repeatedly"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gesproken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Javanen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Javanen","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of gesproken","gloss":"Javanese people"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies natuurlyk","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of toeschynen","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of toeschynen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative singular, archaic","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"europeschen","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, attributive, dative singular, archaic","role":"modifies lezer","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of toeschynen","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"moge","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of toeschynen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"toeschynen","lemma":"toeschijnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of concessive clause","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geklonken","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geklonken","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of benaming","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"benaming","lemma":"benaming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geklonken","gloss":"term"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative complement fout","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fout","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fout","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of geklonken","gloss":"mistake"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geklonken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"geklonken","lemma":"klinken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"rung"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ooren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ooren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ooren","lemma":"oor","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of geklonken","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, oblique, singular, archaic","role":"object of van and subject of bekend is","gloss":"anyone who","note":"Wien is an archaic oblique form of wie; van wien means “of the person who.”"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bekend","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"acquainted"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to bekend","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h16-s35","source":"De westelyke residentien Bantam, Batavia, Preanger, Krawang, en een gedeelte van Cheribon--tezamen genomen: Soendahlanden genaamd--worden geacht niet tot eigenlyk Java te behooren, en om nu niet van de over zee gekomen vreemdelingen in die gewesten te spreken, de oorspronkelyke bevolking is inderdaad een geheel andere dan op midden-Java en in den zoogenaamden Oosthoek.","translation":"The western residencies of Bantam, Batavia, Preanger, Krawang, and a part of Cheribon—taken together, called the Soenda Lands—are held not to belong to Java proper; and, leaving aside now the foreigners who have come over the sea into those regions, the original population is indeed an altogether different one from that of central Java and of the so-called Oosthoek.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"worden geacht niet tot eigenlyk Java te behooren","title":"Worden-passive + te-infinitive","body":"worden geacht … te behooren ('are held … to belong') is a process passive of achten governing a te-infinitive complement."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residentien","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"westelyke","lemma":"westelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies residentien","gloss":"western"},{"surface":"residentien","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of worden geacht","gloss":"residencies"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"first item in apposition to residentien","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Bantam","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"Preanger","lemma":"Preanger","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Bantam","gloss":"Preanger"},{"surface":"Krawang","lemma":"Krawang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Bantam","gloss":"Krawang"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedeelte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gedeelte","lemma":"gedeelte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with residentien","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Cheribon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Cheribon","lemma":"Cheribon","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies gedeelte","gloss":"Cheribon"},{"surface":"tezamen","lemma":"tezamen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genomen","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial clause modifying the coordinated places","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"Soendahlanden","lemma":"Soendahlanden","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of genaamd","gloss":"Soenda Lands"},{"surface":"genaamd","lemma":"genaamd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"supplementary predicate of the coordinated places","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geacht","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"geacht","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main passive verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates behooren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by behooren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Java","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of behooren","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive behooren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"behooren","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of geacht","gloss":"belong"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitival adjunct spreken","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates spreken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vreemdelingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vreemdelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gekomen","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies vreemdelingen","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"vreemdelingen","lemma":"vreemdeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of spreken","gloss":"foreigners"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewesten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewesten","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"gewesten","lemma":"gewest","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gekomen","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of infinitival adjunct","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorspronkelyke","lemma":"oorspronkelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"original"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to andere","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies andere","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of andere","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies andere","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"different one"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with andere","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking midden-Java","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"midden-Java","lemma":"Midden-Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op in comparison","gloss":"central Java"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition coordinated with op","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of Oosthoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoogenaamden","lemma":"zogenaamd","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, archaic","role":"modifies Oosthoek","gloss":"so-called"},{"surface":"Oosthoek","lemma":"Oosthoek","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in in comparison","gloss":"Oosthoek"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h16-s36","source":"Kleeding, volksaard en taal zyn zoo geheel anders dan meer oostwaarts, dat de Soendanees of Orang Goenoeng van den eigenlyk gezegden Javaan meer verschilt dan een Engelschman van den Hollander.","translation":"Dress, national character, and language are so wholly different from those further east that the Soendanese, or Orang Goenoeng, differs more from the Javanese properly so called than an Englishman from a Hollander.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verschilt meer … dan een Engelschman van den Hollander","title":"Comparative meer … dan","body":"meer … dan ('more … than') with verschillen van ('to differ from'); the prepositional van governs the compared term."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kleeding","lemma":"kleding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of zijn","gloss":"Dress"},{"surface":"volksaard","lemma":"volksaard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject of zijn","gloss":"national character"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject of zijn","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking subjects to anders","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree marker correlating with dat","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies anders","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with meer oostwaarts","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies oostwaarts","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"oostwaarts","lemma":"oostwaarts","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of comparative phrase","gloss":"eastward"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verschilt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Soendanees","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Soendanees","lemma":"Soendanees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verschilt","gloss":"Soendanese"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Orang","lemma":"Orang","morphology":"proper noun, first part of name","role":"in apposition to Soendanees","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"Goenoeng","lemma":"gunung","morphology":"proper noun, second part of name","role":"completes name Orang Goenoeng","gloss":"mountain","note":"Orang Goenoeng is Malay for “mountain person,” here an ethnonym for a highlander."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by verschilt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegden","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"gezegden","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle, attributive","role":"modifies Javaan","gloss":"so-called"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verschilt","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verschilt","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"verschilt","lemma":"verschillen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of result clause introduced by dat","gloss":"differs"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Engelschman","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"Engelschman","lemma":"Engelsman","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of elliptical verschilt","gloss":"Englishman"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by implicit verschilt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of Hollander","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hollander","lemma":"Hollander","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of implicit verschilt","gloss":"Hollander"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h16-s37","source":"Dusdanige verschillen geven dikwyls aanleiding tot oneenigheid in 't oordeel over indische zaken.","translation":"Such differences often give occasion for disagreement in judging Indian affairs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s37.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dusdanige","lemma":"dusdanig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies verschillen","gloss":"Such"},{"surface":"verschillen","lemma":"verschil","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"differences"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"aanleiding","lemma":"aanleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oneenigheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"oneenigheid","lemma":"oneenigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aanleiding","gloss":"disagreement"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oordeel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oordeel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oordeel","lemma":"oordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of oneenigheid","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"indische","lemma":"indisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of oordeel","gloss":"affairs"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h16-s38","source":"Immers wanneer men nagaat dat Java alleen reeds zoo scherp is afgedeeld in twee ongelyksoortige deelen, zonder nog te letten op de vele onderdeelen van die splitsing, kan men berekenen hoe groot het onderscheid moet wezen tusschen volkstammen die verder van elkander wonen en zelfs door de zee gescheiden zyn.","translation":"Indeed, when one considers that Java alone is already so sharply divided into two dissimilar parts—without even reckoning the many subdivisions of that split—one can calculate how great the difference must be between races that live further apart and are even separated by the sea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer men nagaat dat Java alleen reeds zoo scherp is afgedeeld","title":"zijn-passive (state) of afdeelen","body":"is afgedeeld ('is divided') is the resulting-state passive with zijn; the separable afdeelen yields the participle af-ge-deeld."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die verder van elkander wonen en … gescheiden zyn","title":"Reciprocal elkander + zijn-passive","body":"elkander ('each other') is the archaic reciprocal (modern elkaar); gescheiden zyn ('are separated') is a state passive with zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying the main clause","gloss":"Indeed"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nagaat","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nagaat","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"nagaat","lemma":"nagaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"adverbial clause on berekenen","gloss":"considers"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal object of nagaat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of afgedeeld","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of Java","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgedeeld","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scherp","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"scherp","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgedeeld","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Java to afgedeeld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"afgedeeld","lemma":"afdelen","morphology":"adjective, predicative, participial","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"divided"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deelen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies deelen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ongelyksoortige","lemma":"ongelijksoortig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies deelen","gloss":"dissimilar"},{"surface":"deelen","lemma":"deel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of afgedeeld","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitival adjunct letten","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies letten","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive letten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"letten","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of infinitival adjunct","gloss":"take account"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderdeelen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderdeelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite numeral, attributive","role":"quantifies onderdeelen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"onderdeelen","lemma":"onderdeel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of letten","gloss":"subdivisions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking splitsing","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of splitsing","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"splitsing","lemma":"splitsing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying onderdeelen","gloss":"split"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of berekenen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of berekenen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"berekenen","lemma":"berekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"calculate"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of groot","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderscheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderscheid","lemma":"onderscheid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of moet wezen","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"verb of embedded interrogative clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking volkstammen","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"volkstammen","lemma":"volkstam","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of wezen","gloss":"races"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of wonen and zyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies wonen","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elkander","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkander","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of wonen","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"wonen","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying volkstammen","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gescheiden","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent-like oblique complement of gescheiden","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"gescheiden","lemma":"scheiden","morphology":"adjective, predicative, participial","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"separated"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking volkstammen to gescheiden","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h16-s39","source":"Wie nederlandsch Indie alleen kent van Java, kan zich evenmin een juist denkbeeld vormen van den Maleier, den Amboinees, den Battah, den Alfoer, den Timorees, den Dajak, den Boegie, of den Makassaar, alsof hy nooit Europa verlaten had, en 't is voor iemand die in de gelegenheid was 't onderscheid tusschen deze volkeren waartenemen, dikwyls vermakelyk om de gesprekken aantehooren--grappig en bedroevend tevens, de redevoeringen te lezen!--van personen die hun kennis der indische zaken opdeden te Batavia of te Buitenzorg.","translation":"Whoever knows Netherlands India only from Java can form just as little a correct conception of the Malay, the Amboinese, the Battah, the Alfoer, the Timorese, the Dayak, the Boegie, or the Makassar as if he had never left Europe; and for someone who has had the chance to observe the difference among these peoples it is often amusing—comical and saddening at once—to listen to the conversations and read the speeches of persons who picked up their knowledge of Indian affairs at Batavia or Buitenzorg.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kan zich evenmin een juist denkbeeld vormen … alsof hy nooit Europa verlaten had","title":"Reflexive zich vormen + alsof + pluperfect","body":"zich een denkbeeld vormen ('to form for oneself a notion') is reflexive; alsof ('as if') opens a verb-final clause with the pluperfect verlaten had."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kent","gloss":"Whoever"},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Indie","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of kent","gloss":"India"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kent","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative subject clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of kent","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vormen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive indirect object of vormen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"evenmin","lemma":"evenmin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vormen","gloss":"just as little"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies denkbeeld","gloss":"correct"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vormen","gloss":"conception"},{"surface":"vormen","lemma":"vormen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of denkbeeld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of Maleier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Maleier","lemma":"Maleier","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of Amboinees","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Amboinees","lemma":"Amboinees","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"Amboinese"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of Battah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Battah","lemma":"Battah","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"Battah"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of Alfoer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Alfoer","lemma":"Alfoer","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"Alfoer"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of Timorees","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Timorees","lemma":"Timorees","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"Timorese"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of Dajak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Dajak","lemma":"Dajak","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"Dayak"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of Boegie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Boegie","lemma":"Boegie","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"Boegie"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links final item in enumeration","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of Makassaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Makassaar","lemma":"Makassaar","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"Makassar"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verlaten","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had verlaten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verlaten","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, contracted","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula with vermakelijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of voor","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelegenheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderscheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderscheid","lemma":"onderscheid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of waartenemen","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of onderscheid","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of volkeren","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"volkeren","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of tussen","gloss":"peoples"},{"surface":"waartenemen","lemma":"waarnemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by gelegenheid","gloss":"to observe"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is vermakelijk","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"vermakelyk","lemma":"vermakelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"amusing"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces aantehoren and lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gesprekken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gesprekken","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aantehooren","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"aantehooren","lemma":"aanhoren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first infinitive complement of vermakelijk","gloss":"listen to"},{"surface":"grappig","lemma":"grappig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"parenthetical comment on the amusement","gloss":"comical"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bedroevend","lemma":"bedroevend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated with grappig","gloss":"saddening"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies grappig and bedroevend","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of redevoeringen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"redevoeringen","lemma":"redevoering","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"speeches"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"second infinitive complement of vermakelijk","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of gesprekken and redevoeringen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of opdeden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kennis","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opdeden","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural, historical form","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"indische","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of kennis","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"opdeden","lemma":"opdoen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"picked up"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Buitenzorg","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Buitenzorg","lemma":"Buitenzorg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Buitenzorg"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h16-s40","source":"Meermalen heb ik me verwonderd over den moed waarmee, by-voorbeeld een gewezen Gouverneur-generaal, in de Kamer der Volksvertegenwoordiging, gewicht tracht bytezetten aan zyn woorden door voorgewende aanspraak op plaatselyke kennis en ondervinding.","translation":"Many a time I have marvelled at the boldness with which, for instance, a former Governor-General, in the Chamber of the People's Representatives, tries to lend weight to his words by a pretended claim to local knowledge and experience.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den moed waarmee … een gewezen Gouverneur-generaal … gewicht tracht bytezetten","title":"Pronominal adverb waarmee + joined te-infinitive","body":"waarmee ('with which') relativises 'met + die'; bytezetten = by te zetten, the separable bijzetten glued with te in period spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwonderd","gloss":"Many a time"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verwonderd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verwonderd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of verwonderd","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"verwonderd","lemma":"verwonderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with heb","gloss":"marvelled"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of verwonderd","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"boldness"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on moed","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"by-voorbeeld","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb in relative clause","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gewezen","lemma":"gewezen","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of tracht","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Kamer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Kamer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Chamber"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, historical form","role":"determiner of Volksvertegenwoordiging","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Volksvertegenwoordiging","lemma":"volksvertegenwoordiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of Kamer","gloss":"People’s Representatives"},{"surface":"gewicht","lemma":"gewicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bijzetten","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"tracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"tries"},{"surface":"bytezetten","lemma":"bijzetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of tracht","gloss":"to lend"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces indirect object of bijzetten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanspraak","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"voorgewende","lemma":"voorgewend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies aanspraak","gloss":"pretended"},{"surface":"aanspraak","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"claim"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaatselyke","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"plaatselyke","lemma":"plaatselijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies kennis","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with kennis","gloss":"experience"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h16-s41","source":"Ik stel hoogen prys op wetenschap die door ernstige studie in 't boekvertrek verkregen is, en vaak stond ik verbaasd over de uitgebreidheid der kennis van indische zaken, die sommigen toonen te bezitten zonder ooit indischen grond betreden te hebben. Zoodra nu een gewezen Gouverneur-generaal blyken geeft zich zulke kennis te hebben eigen gemaakt op die wyze, behoort men voor hem den eerbied te gevoelen die 't rechtmatig loon is van veeljarigen nauwgezetten vruchtbaren arbeid.","translation":"I set a high value on knowledge gained by earnest study in the closet, and I have often stood amazed at the breadth of the knowledge of Indian affairs that some show themselves to possess without ever having set foot on Indian soil. So, as soon as a former Governor-General gives proof of having made such knowledge his own in that way, one ought to feel for him the reverence that is the rightful reward of many years of careful, fruitful labour.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zonder ooit indischen grond betreden te hebben","title":"zonder … te + perfect infinitive","body":"zonder … betreden te hebben ('without ever having set foot on') is the 'without -ing' construction with a perfect te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"behoort men voor hem den eerbied te gevoelen","title":"behoren te + infinitive (ought)","body":"behoort … te gevoelen ('one ought to feel') uses behoren te for moral obligation; den eerbied keeps the old accusative -en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"stel","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical inflection","role":"modifies prijs","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of stel","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wetenschap","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"wetenschap","lemma":"wetenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is verkregen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking studie","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ernstige","lemma":"ernstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies studie","gloss":"earnest"},{"surface":"studie","lemma":"studie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"study"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boekvertrek","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boekvertrek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boekvertrek","lemma":"boekvertrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"study"},{"surface":"verkregen","lemma":"verkrijgen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"gained"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verkregen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with stel","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verbaasd","lemma":"verbaasd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of stond","gloss":"amazed"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitgebreidheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitgebreidheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitgebreidheid","lemma":"uitgebreidheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verbaasd","gloss":"breadth"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, historical form","role":"determiner of kennis","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of uitgebreidheid","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"indische","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of bezitten","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"sommigen","lemma":"sommigen","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of tonen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"toonen","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces bezitten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bezitten","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of tonen","gloss":"possess"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces perfect infinitive clause","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betreden","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"indischen","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical inflection","role":"modifies grond","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of betreden","gloss":"soil"},{"surface":"betreden","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with te hebben","gloss":"set foot on"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of betreden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"As soon as"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geeft","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gewezen","lemma":"gewezen","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"blyken","lemma":"blijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"indirect object of eigen gemaakt","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kennis","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of eigen gemaakt","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"resultative complement of gemaakt","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with hebben","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wyze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of apodosis","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of behoort","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of gevoelen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of eerbied","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerbied","lemma":"eerbied","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gevoelen","gloss":"reverence"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces gevoelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gevoelen","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of behoort","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rechtmatig","lemma":"rechtmatig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies loon","gloss":"rightful"},{"surface":"loon","lemma":"loon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula of relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nauwgezetten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"veeljarigen","lemma":"veeljarig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical inflection","role":"modifies arbeid","gloss":"many years of"},{"surface":"nauwgezetten","lemma":"nauwgezet","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical inflection","role":"modifies arbeid","gloss":"careful"},{"surface":"vruchtbaren","lemma":"vruchtbaar","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical inflection","role":"modifies arbeid","gloss":"fruitful"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"labour"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h16-s42","source":"Grooter nog zy die eerbied voor hem dan voor den geleerde die minder moeielykheden te overwinnen had omdat hy, op verren afstand zonder aanschouwing, minder gevaar liep te vervallen in de dwalingen die 't gevolg zyn eener gebrekkige aanschouwing zooals onmisbaar ten-deel viel aan den gewezen Gouverneur-generaal.","translation":"Greater still let that reverence be for him than for the scholar who had fewer difficulties to overcome because, at a great distance and without direct observation, he ran less risk of falling into the errors that are the consequence of a defective observation, such as inevitably fell to the lot of the former Governor-General.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Grooter nog zy die eerbied voor hem dan voor den geleerde","title":"Comparative grooter + subjunctive zy","body":"Grooter … dan ('greater … than') is comparative; zy is the archaic subjunctive of zijn ('let … be'), with fronted comparative forcing inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de dwalingen die 't gevolg zyn eener gebrekkige aanschouwing","title":"Genitive eener gebrekkige aanschouwing","body":"eener … aanschouwing ('of a defective observation') is the old feminine genitive of een; the relative die opens a verb-final clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicative complement of eerbied","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Grooter","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb; optative subjunctive","gloss":"let be"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of eerbied","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eerbied","lemma":"eerbied","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zij","gloss":"reverence"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with voor den geleerde","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement den geleerde","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of geleerde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geleerde","lemma":"geleerde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"scholar"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, comparative","role":"modifies moeielykheden","gloss":"fewer"},{"surface":"moeielykheden","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of overwinnen","gloss":"difficulties"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive overwinnen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"overwinnen","lemma":"overwinnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival modifier of moeielykheden","gloss":"overcome"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of liep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces distance phrase","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"verren","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, oblique inflection","role":"modifies afstand","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"afstand","lemma":"afstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces aanschouwing","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"aanschouwing","lemma":"aanschouwing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"direct observation"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, comparative","role":"modifies gevaar","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object in gevaar lopen","gloss":"risk"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of causal clause","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vervallen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vervallen","lemma":"vervallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of gevaar liep","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces dwalingen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of dwalingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dwalingen","lemma":"dwaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"errors"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun with zijn","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite copula of relative clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, feminine singular, genitive form","role":"determiner of aanschouwing","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"gebrekkige","lemma":"gebrekkig","morphology":"adjective, feminine singular, inflected","role":"modifies aanschouwing","gloss":"defective"},{"surface":"aanschouwing","lemma":"aanschouwing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of gevolg","gloss":"observation"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, historical spelling","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"onmisbaar","lemma":"onmisbaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"inevitably"},{"surface":"ten-deel","lemma":"ten deel","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"to the lot","note":"Historical hyphenation of ten deel; in ten deel vallen aan it means ‘fall to someone’s lot.’"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of comparative clause","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces recipient Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewezen","lemma":"gewezen","morphology":"adjective, past participial form","role":"modifies Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Governor-General"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h16-s43","source":"Ik zeide dat ik verwonderd was over den moed dien sommigen by de behandeling van indische zaken ten-toon spreiden.","translation":"I said that I was amazed at the boldness which some display in the handling of Indian affairs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s43.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular, historical form","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verwonderd","lemma":"verwonderd","morphology":"adjective, past participial form","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"amazed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik and verwonderd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of verwonderd","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"boldness"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular, object form","role":"direct object of spreiden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"sommigen","lemma":"sommige","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural, substantivized","role":"subject of spreiden","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces behandeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of behandeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"behandeling","lemma":"behandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"handling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"indische","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective, plural, inflected","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"ten-toon","lemma":"tentoon","morphology":"separable adverbial particle, historical hyphenation","role":"particle of ten-toon spreiden","gloss":"on display"},{"surface":"spreiden","lemma":"spreiden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"spread"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h16-s44","source":"Zy weten immers dat hun woorden ook door anderen worden gehoord, dan wie meenen mochten dat het genoeg is een paar jaren te Buitenzorg te hebben doorgebracht om Indie te kennen. Het moet hun toch bekend zyn dat die woorden ook gelezen worden door de personen die in Indie zelf getuigen waren van hun onbedrevenheid, en die evenzeer als ik verbaasd staan over de stoutheid waarmee iemand die nog zoo kort geleden vergeefs trachtte zyn onbekwaamheid wegtesteken onder den hoogen rang dien hem de Koning gaf, nu zoo op-eenmaal spreekt alsof hy werkelyk kennis droeg van de zaken die hy behandelt.","translation":"They surely know that their words are also heard by others than those who might suppose it enough to have spent a couple of years at Buitenzorg in order to know the Indies. It must after all be known to them that those words are also read by the persons who were themselves, in the Indies, witnesses of their incompetence, and who, just as I do, stand amazed at the boldness with which a man who, so short a time ago, vainly tried to hide his unfitness beneath the high rank the King gave him now all at once speaks as if he really had knowledge of the matters he is treating.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zy weten immers dat hun woorden ook door anderen worden gehoord","title":"Worden-passive + door (agent)","body":"worden gehoord ('are heard') is the process passive; door anderen marks the agent — the standard way Dutch expresses 'by whom.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand die … vergeefs trachtte zyn onbekwaamheid wegtesteken onder den hoogen rang dien hem de Koning gaf","title":"Joined te-infinitive + accusative relative dien","body":"wegtesteken = weg te steken ('to hide away'); dien is the masculine accusative relative agreeing with den hoogen rang ('which the King gave him')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of weten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessor of woorden","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of worden gehoord","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies door anderen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces passive agent anderen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural, substantivized","role":"agent of gehoord","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in passive clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison after anderen","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of mochten meenen","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"meenen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"complement of mochten","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"mochten","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, past subjunctive, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of meenen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of meenen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het and genoeg","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"quantifying noun, neuter singular","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"couple of"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"duration adjunct of doorgebracht","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place Buitenzorg","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Buitenzorg","lemma":"Buitenzorg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Buitenzorg"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks perfect infinitive hebben doorgebracht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of doorgebracht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"doorgebracht","lemma":"doorbrengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"infinitival subject of genoeg is","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun, historical spelling","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks kennen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of moet bekend zijn","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of bekend zijn","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural, dative","role":"experiencer with bekend","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moet bekend zijn","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"copula complement of 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personen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"agent of gelezen","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun, historical spelling","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying adverb","role":"emphasizes the persons as witnesses","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicate noun with waren","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking die and getuigen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces onbedrevenheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessor of onbedrevenheid","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"onbedrevenheid","lemma":"onbedrevenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"incompetence"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links relative clauses on personen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"evenzeer","lemma":"evenzeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of evenzeer als comparison","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with ik","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"elliptical subject in comparison","gloss":"I do"},{"surface":"verbaasd","lemma":"verbaasd","morphology":"adjective, past participial form","role":"predicative complement of staan","gloss":"amazed"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of coordinated relative clause","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces stoutheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of stoutheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stoutheid","lemma":"stoutheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"boldness"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"manner adjunct of spreekt","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of spreekt","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of trachtte","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zoo kort geleden","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies kort","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"short a time"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"geleden","morphology":"adverb","role":"time adjunct of trachtte","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"vergeefs","lemma":"vergeefs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trachtte","gloss":"vainly"},{"surface":"trachtte","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"possessor of onbekwaamheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"onbekwaamheid","lemma":"onbekwaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wegtesteken","gloss":"unfitness"},{"surface":"wegtesteken","lemma":"wegsteken","morphology":"verb, infinitive with incorporated te, historical spelling","role":"complement of trachtte","gloss":"to hide"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces rang","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of rang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, oblique inflection","role":"modifies rang","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular, object form","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of Koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on rang","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"time adjunct of spreekt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb, historical spelling","role":"part of zoo op-eenmaal","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb, historical form","role":"modifies spreekt","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb whose subject is iemand","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hypothetical comparison","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of droeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies droeg","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in kennis dragen","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"droeg","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb in kennis dragen van","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes kennis dragen van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural, object form","role":"direct object of behandelt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of behandelt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"behandelt","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on zaken","gloss":"is treating"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h16-s45","source":"Telkens hoort men dan ook klachten over onbevoegde inmenging. Telkens wordt deze of gene richting in de koloniale staatkunde bestreden door 't loochenen der bevoegdheid van hem die zulke richting vertegenwoordigt, en misschien ware het niet onbelangryk een gezet onderzoek intestellen naar de eigenschappen die iemand bevoegd maken om ... bevoegdheid te beoordeelen.","translation":"Time and again, therefore, one hears complaints of unqualified meddling. Time and again this or that tendency in colonial policy is opposed by denying the competence of the man who represents such a tendency; and it might perhaps not be without interest to set up a settled inquiry into the qualities that make someone competent to ... judge competence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Telkens wordt deze of gene richting … bestreden door 't loochenen der bevoegdheid","title":"Worden-passive + nominalised infinitive","body":"wordt … bestreden ('is opposed') is the process passive; 't loochenen ('the denying') is an infinitive nominalised with het, governing the genitive der bevoegdheid."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ware het niet onbelangryk een gezet onderzoek intestellen","title":"Subjunctive ware + joined infinitive","body":"ware het ('it would be') is the conditional subjunctive of zijn; intestellen = in te stellen, the separable instellen ('to set up') glued with te."}],"words":[{"surface":"Telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoort","gloss":"time and again"},{"surface":"hoort","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular, nominative","role":"subject of hoort","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"klachten","lemma":"klacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of hoort","gloss":"complaints"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces inmenging","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onbevoegde","lemma":"onbevoegd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies inmenging","gloss":"unqualified"},{"surface":"inmenging","lemma":"inmenging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"meddling"},{"surface":"Telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wordt bestreden","gloss":"time and again"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bestreden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"first part of deze of gene","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links deze and gene","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gene","lemma":"gene","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"second part of deze of gene","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"richting","lemma":"richting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt 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noun","role":"object of door","gloss":"denying"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, feminine singular, genitive form","role":"determiner of bevoegdheid","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bevoegdheid","lemma":"bevoegdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of loochenen","gloss":"competence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hem","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"object of van","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vertegenwoordigt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular, inflected","role":"determiner of richting","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"richting","lemma":"richting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vertegenwoordigt","gloss":"tendency"},{"surface":"vertegenwoordigt","lemma":"vertegenwoordigen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on hem","gloss":"represents"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links second clause to first","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ware","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"copula of conditional clause","gloss":"might be"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates onbelangryk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"onbelangryk","lemma":"onbelangrijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of ware","gloss":"without 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pronoun, plural","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"bevoegd","lemma":"bevoegd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of iemand","gloss":"competent"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose/complement clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bevoegdheid","lemma":"bevoegdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beoordeelen","gloss":"competence"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks beoordeelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beoordeelen","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"complement licensed by bevoegd","gloss":"judge"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h16-s46","source":"Meestal wordt een belangryke vraag getoetst, niet aan de zaak waarover ze handelt, maar aan de waarde welke men toekent aan de meening van den man die daarover 't woord voert, en daar dit meestal de persoon is die doorgaat voor een Specialiteit, by-voorkeur iemand \"die in Indie een zoo gewichtige betrekking heeft bekleed\" volgt hieruit dat de slotsom eener stemming meestal de kleur draagt van de dwalingen die nu eenmaal schynen te kleven aan \"die gewichtige betrekkingen.\" Indien dit reeds geldt waar de invloed van zoodanige specialiteit slechts wordt uitgeoefend door een lid der Volksvertegenwoordiging, hoe groot wordt dan niet de voorbeschikking tot verkeerd oordeelen, als zulke invloed gepaard gaat met het vertrouwen des Konings die zich dwingen liet zulk een specialiteit aan 't hoofd van zyn Ministerie van Kolonien te plaatsen.","translation":"Usually an important question is tested not against the matter it deals with, but against the worth that is attached to the opinion of the man who speaks on it; and since this is usually the person who passes for a Specialist, by preference someone \"who has held so weighty a post in the Indies,\" it follows from this that the upshot of a vote usually bears the colour of the errors that seem, once and for all, to cling to \"those weighty posts.\" If this already holds true where the influence of such a specialist is exerted only through a member of the People's Representatives, how great then does the predisposition to wrong judgment become when such influence goes hand in hand with the confidence of the King, who let himself be forced to place such a specialist at the head of his Ministry of Colonies.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Meestal wordt een belangryke vraag getoetst, niet aan de zaak … maar aan de waarde","title":"Worden-passive + niet … maar","body":"wordt … getoetst ('is tested') is the process passive; niet … maar ('not … but') contrasts the two standards, maar being a coordinator that does not move the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het vertrouwen des Konings die zich dwingen liet zulk een specialiteit … te plaatsen","title":"Genitive des Konings + causative laten (reflexive passive)","body":"des Konings is the old genitive ('the King's'); zich dwingen liet ('let himself be forced') combines reflexive zich with causative laten — a passive-causative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies getoetst","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of getoetst","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"belangryke","lemma":"belangrijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies 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bekleed","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bekleed","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"bekleed","lemma":"bekleden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of heeft in relative clause on iemand","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"volgt","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"follows"},{"surface":"hieruit","lemma":"hieruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of volgt","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of draagt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slotsom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slotsom","lemma":"slotsom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of draagt","gloss":"upshot"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of stemming; genitive modifier of slotsom","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"stemming","lemma":"stemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of slotsom","gloss":"vote"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies draagt","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleur","lemma":"kleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of draagt","gloss":"colour"},{"surface":"draagt","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of volgt","gloss":"bears"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dwalingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dwalingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dwalingen","lemma":"dwaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van; modifies kleur","gloss":"errors"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of schynen; refers to dwalingen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom nu eenmaal","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom nu eenmaal","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"schynen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause on dwalingen","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces infinitive kleven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kleven","lemma":"kleven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of schynen","gloss":"cling"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betrekkingen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of betrekkingen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"gewichtige","lemma":"gewichtig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies betrekkingen","gloss":"weighty"},{"surface":"betrekkingen","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of kleven","gloss":"posts"},{"surface":"Indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geldt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geldt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geldt","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"geldt","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"holds true"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces locative clause with uitgeoefend","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive uitgeoefend","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking specialiteit","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies specialiteit","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"specialiteit","lemma":"specialiteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies invloed","gloss":"specialist"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitgeoefend","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of uitgeoefend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"uitgeoefend","lemma":"uitoefenen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of passive wordt","gloss":"exerted"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lid","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lid","lemma":"lid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agent of uitgeoefend","gloss":"member"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive singular","role":"determiner of Volksvertegenwoordiging","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Volksvertegenwoordiging","lemma":"volksvertegenwoordiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of lid","gloss":"legislature"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groot","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of wordt","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking voorbeschikking and groot","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb in rhetorical question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"rhetorical reinforcing adverb","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbeschikking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorbeschikking","lemma":"voorbeschikking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt","gloss":"predisposition"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces nominal infinitive oordeelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oordeelen","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"oordeelen","lemma":"oordelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of tot; modifies voorbeschikking","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gaat","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"gepaard","lemma":"gepaard","morphology":"adjective/past participle","role":"predicative complement of gaat","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause introduced by als","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertrouwen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vertrouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vertrouwen","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gepaard","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive singular","role":"determiner of Konings","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Konings","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of vertrouwen","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of liet; refers to Konings","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive direct object of dwingen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"dwingen","lemma":"dwingen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of liet","gloss":"be forced"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on Konings","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of specialiteit","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of specialiteit","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"specialiteit","lemma":"specialiteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of plaatsen","gloss":"specialist"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location hoofd","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan; location complement of plaatsen","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessive complement Ministerie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of Ministerie","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Ministerie","lemma":"ministerie","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies hoofd","gloss":"Ministry"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Kolonien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Kolonien","lemma":"kolonie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van; modifies Ministerie","gloss":"Colonies"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces infinitive plaatsen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaatsen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of dwingen","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h16-s47","source":"Het is een eigenaardig verschynsel--wellicht voortspruitende uit een soort van traagheid die de moeite van 't zelf oordeelen schuwt--hoe licht men vertrouwen schenkt aan personen die zich den schyn weten te geven van meerder kennis, zoodra slechts die kennis kan geput wezen uit bronnen die niet voor ieder toegankelyk zyn.","translation":"It is a peculiar phenomenon—springing, perhaps, from a kind of indolence that shies from the trouble of judging for oneself—how readily one grants confidence to persons who know how to give themselves the appearance of greater knowledge, as soon as that knowledge can have been drawn from sources not accessible to everyone.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wellicht voortspruitende uit een soort van traagheid die de moeite … schuwt","title":"Present participle voortspruitende","body":"voortspruitende ('springing from') is a present participle of the separable voortspruiten used adjectivally; die opens a verb-final relative clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoodra slechts die kennis kan geput wezen uit bronnen die niet voor ieder toegankelyk zyn","title":"Modal + zijn-passive (kan … geput wezen)","body":"kan geput wezen ('can have been drawn') stacks kunnen over a state passive with archaic wezen; zoodra ('as soon as') subordinates, sending the cluster to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"dummy pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to verschynsel","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verschynsel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eigenaardig","lemma":"eigenaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verschynsel","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"verschynsel","lemma":"verschijnsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"phenomenon"},{"surface":"wellicht","lemma":"wellicht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voortspruitende","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"voortspruitende","lemma":"voortspruiten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying verschynsel","gloss":"springing"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soort","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common or neuter gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking traagheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"traagheid","lemma":"traagheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies soort","gloss":"indolence"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of schuwt; refers to traagheid","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schuwt","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces nominalized oordeelen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nominalized oordeelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oordeelen","gloss":"for oneself"},{"surface":"oordeelen","lemma":"oordelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of van; modifies moeite","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"schuwt","lemma":"schuwen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on traagheid","gloss":"shies from"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces subject clause and modifies licht","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schenkt","gloss":"readily"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schenkt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"vertrouwen","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schenkt","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"schenkt","lemma":"schenken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of subject clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"grants"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of schenkt","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of weten; refers to personen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive indirect object of geven","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of schyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schyn","lemma":"schijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on personen","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of weten","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kennis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"meerder","lemma":"meerder","morphology":"comparative adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies kennis","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies schyn","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional-temporal clause","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes zoodra","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of kennis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive geput wezen","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geput wezen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"geput","lemma":"putten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of passive geput wezen","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary with geput","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bronnen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"bronnen","lemma":"bron","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of geput","gloss":"sources"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zyn; refers to bronnen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement ieder","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of voor","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"toegankelyk","lemma":"toegankelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"accessible"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula in relative clause on bronnen","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h16-s48","source":"De oorzaak ligt misschien hierin, dat de eigenliefde minder gekwetst wordt door 't erkennen van zoodanig overwicht, dan 't geval wezen zou wanneer men van dezelfde hulpmiddelen had kunnen gebruik maken, waardoor iets als wedyver ontstaan zou.","translation":"The cause lies, perhaps, in this: that self-love is less wounded by acknowledging such superiority than it would be were one able to make use of the same resources, whereby something like rivalry would arise.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de eigenliefde minder gekwetst wordt door 't erkennen … dan 't geval wezen zou","title":"Comparative minder … dan + worden-passive","body":"minder gekwetst wordt … dan ('is less wounded … than') joins a comparative to the process passive; wezen zou is the conditional 'would be.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waardoor iets als wedyver ontstaan zou","title":"Pronominal adverb waardoor + conditional","body":"waardoor ('whereby', = door wat) is a relative pronominal adverb; ontstaan zou is the conditional ('would arise'), clause-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"hierin","lemma":"hierin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"cataphoric complement of ligt","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gekwetst","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eigenliefde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigenliefde","lemma":"eigenliefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gekwetst","gloss":"self-love"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies gekwetst","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"gekwetst","lemma":"kwetsen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of the passive verb","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gekwetst","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking erkennen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"marks nominalized erkennen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of door","gloss":"acknowledging"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overwicht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies overwicht","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"overwicht","lemma":"overwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"superiority"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with minder","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of had","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hulpmiddelen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hulpmiddelen","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"hulpmiddelen","lemma":"hulpmiddel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"resources"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in the construction gebruik maken","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"waardoor","lemma":"waardoor","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"introduces the result clause of ontstaan","gloss":"whereby"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ontstaan","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison wedyver","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"wedyver","lemma":"wedijver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"rivalry"},{"surface":"ontstaan","lemma":"ontstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"arise"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontstaan","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h16-s49","source":"Het valt den Volksvertegenwoordiger gemakkelyk zyn gevoelen optegeven, zoodra 't bestreden wordt door iemand die geacht kan worden een juister oordeel te vellen dan het zyne, wanneer slechts zulke veronderstelde meerdere juistheid niet behoeft te worden toegeschreven aan persoonlyke meerderheid--waarvan de erkenning moeielyker vallen zou--doch alleen aan de byzondere omstandigheden waarin zoodanige tegenstander verkeerd heeft.","translation":"It comes easy to the People's Representative to give up his view as soon as it is opposed by someone who may be held to pass a sounder judgment than his own—provided only that such supposed greater soundness need not be ascribed to personal superiority, the acknowledgment of which would come harder, but solely to the particular circumstances in which such an opponent has been placed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het valt den Volksvertegenwoordiger gemakkelyk zyn gevoelen optegeven","title":"Impersonal het valt + dative + joined infinitive","body":"Het valt … gemakkelyk ('it comes easy to…') uses impersonal het with a dative (den Volksvertegenwoordiger) and the joined infinitive optegeven = op te geven."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoodra 't bestreden wordt door iemand die geacht kan worden een juister oordeel te vellen","title":"Worden-passive + comparative juister","body":"bestreden wordt and geacht kan worden are both worden-passives; juister ('sounder', comparative of juist) modifies oordeel ('a sounder judgment')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with valt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of Volksvertegenwoordiger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Volksvertegenwoordiger","lemma":"volksvertegenwoordiger","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of valt","gloss":"People's Representative"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of valt","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of gevoelen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gevoelen","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of optegeven","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"optegeven","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive, separable","role":"clausal subject of valt","gloss":"to give up","note":"Historically written as one word; modern Dutch writes op te geven."},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of bestreden","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive bestreden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"bestreden","lemma":"bestrijden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of the passive verb","gloss":"opposed"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bestreden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of door; agent of bestreden","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive geacht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geacht","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of the passive verb","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geacht worden","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geacht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oordeel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"juister","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adjective, comparative, neuter singular","role":"modifies oordeel","gloss":"sounder"},{"surface":"oordeel","lemma":"oordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vellen","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive vellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vellen","lemma":"vellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of geacht","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with juister","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nominalized zyne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zyne","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, neuter singular","role":"term of comparison after dan","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the proviso clause of behoeft","gloss":"provided"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the proviso clause","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of juistheid","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"veronderstelde","lemma":"verondersteld","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies juistheid","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"meerdere","lemma":"meerder","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies juistheid","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"juistheid","lemma":"juistheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of behoeft","gloss":"soundness"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates behoeft","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"behoeft","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the proviso clause","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks worden toegeschreven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of toegeschreven","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"toegeschreven","lemma":"toeschrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of the passive infinitive","gloss":"ascribed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meerderheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"persoonlyke","lemma":"persoonlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies meerderheid","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"meerderheid","lemma":"meerderheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"superiority"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"object of erkenning and introduces relative clause","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of erkenning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erkenning","lemma":"erkenning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vallen","gloss":"acknowledgment"},{"surface":"moeielyker","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicative complement of vallen","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vallen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"contrasts aan meerderheid with aan omstandigheden","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses aan de omstandigheden","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omstandigheden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omstandigheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"byzondere","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of verkeerd","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies tegenstander","gloss":"such an"},{"surface":"tegenstander","lemma":"tegenstander","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verkeerd","gloss":"opponent"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by heeft","gloss":"been situated"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of verkeerd","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h16-s50","source":"En zonder te spreken van hen \"die zulke hooge betrekkingen in Indie vervulden\" het is inderdaad vreemd hoe men meermalen waarde toekent aan de meening van personen die volstrekt niets bezitten wat die toekenning rechtvaardigt dan de \"herinnering aan een zóóveeljarig verblyf in die gewesten.\" Dit is te meer zonderling omdat zy die gewicht hechten aan dusdanigen bewysgrond, toch niet gereedelyk alles zouden aannemen wat hun by-voorbeeld zou gezegd worden over de huishouding des nederlandschen staats, door ieder die aantoonde dat hy veertig of vyftig jaren in Nederland gewoond had.","translation":"And without speaking of those \"who filled such high posts in the Indies,\" it is indeed strange how one often attaches worth to the opinion of persons who possess absolutely nothing to justify that attribution save the \"recollection of a so-many-years' sojourn in those regions.\" This is the more odd because those who attach weight to such a ground of proof would yet not readily accept everything that might be told them, for instance, about the management of the Netherlands state by anyone who showed that he had lived forty or fifty years in the Netherlands.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zonder te spreken van hen","title":"te + infinitive after a preposition","body":"Dutch governs an infinitive with 'te' after 'zonder' ('without speaking of'). The 'te + infinitive' construction is the standard way to attach a verb to a preposition or governing word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die volstrekt niets bezitten wat die toekenning rechtvaardigt","title":"Relative 'die' and verb-final clause","body":"'die' is the relative pronoun for de-words ('persons who possess nothing'), and the clause it opens sends its verb 'bezitten' to the end. Within it 'wat' relates back to 'niets', the relative for an indefinite/neuter antecedent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de huishouding des nederlandschen staats","title":"Genitive case-remnant 'des'","body":"'des nederlandschen staats' is a frozen genitive: the old masculine/neuter article 'des' plus the adjective in -en and the noun in -s, where modern Dutch would write 'van de Nederlandse staat'. Such inflected genitives are alive throughout 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou gezegd worden","title":"Conditional passive","body":"'zou … worden' combines the conditional 'zou' with a worden-passive: 'what might be told them'. The process passive uses 'worden' + past participle ('gezegd'), here softened into the conditional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"die gewesten","title":"'gewesten' = regions","body":"'gewest' (plural 'gewesten') is a slightly elevated word for a region or province; here 'die gewesten' ('those regions') is a euphemism for the Dutch East Indies."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding one","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of spreken","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zonder","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of spreken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vervulden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betrekkingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"hooge","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies betrekkingen","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"betrekkingen","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vervulden","gloss":"posts"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"vervulden","lemma":"vervullen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with vreemd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to vreemd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreemd","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamative clause of toekent","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of toekent","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toekent","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"waarde","lemma":"waarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of toekent","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"toekent","lemma":"toekenen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the hoe-clause","gloss":"attaches"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meening","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of toekent","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies meening","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bezitten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies niets","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bezitten","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"bezitten","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on personen","gloss":"possess"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of rechtvaardigt; refers to niets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toekenning","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"toekenning","lemma":"toekenning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of rechtvaardigt","gloss":"attribution"},{"surface":"rechtvaardigt","lemma":"rechtvaardigen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on niets","gloss":"justifies"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"exceptive conjunction","role":"introduces the exception herinnering","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of herinnering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"herinnering","lemma":"herinnering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"exception to niets; object of bezitten","gloss":"recollection"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verblyf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verblyf","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zóóveeljarig","lemma":"zoveeljarig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verblyf","gloss":"so many years long"},{"surface":"verblyf","lemma":"verblijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"sojourn"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewesten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewesten","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"gewesten","lemma":"gewest","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zonderling","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dit to zonderling","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the comparative phrase te meer","gloss":"the","note":"Te meer is an idiom meaning “all the more.”"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the comparative phrase te meer","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"zonderling","lemma":"zonderling","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"odd"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hechten","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of zouden aannemen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of hechten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gewicht","lemma":"gewicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hechten","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"hechten","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"attach"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dusdanigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dusdanigen","lemma":"dusdanig","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, dative","role":"modifies bewysgrond","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"bewysgrond","lemma":"bewijsgrond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"ground of proof"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zouden aannemen","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zouden aannemen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gereedelyk","lemma":"geredelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aannemen","gloss":"readily"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of aannemen","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of aannemen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"aannemen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zouden","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gezegd worden","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun, dative plural","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"by-voorbeeld","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying gezegd","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of the passive verb","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huishouding","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huishouding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huishouding","lemma":"huishouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"management"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of staats","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"nederlandschen","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, genitive","role":"modifies staats","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"staats","lemma":"staat","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of huishouding","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the agent ieder","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of door; agent of gezegd","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of aantoonde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"aantoonde","lemma":"aantonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on ieder","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gewoond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of gewoond had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"veertig","lemma":"veertig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"vyftig","lemma":"vijftig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren in coordination with veertig","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"adverbial measure of time with gewoond","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"gewoond","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gewoond","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h16-s51","source":"Er zyn personen die byna even zooveel tyd in Nederlandsch-Indie doorbrachten, zonder ooit in aanraking gekomen te zyn, noch met de bevolking, noch met inlandsche Hoofden, en 't is bedroevend, dat de Raad van Indie zeer dikwyls geheel of grootendeels uit zoodanige personen is samengesteld, ja dat men zelfs middel heeft gevonden, den Koning benoemingen te laten teekenen tot Gouverneur-generaal, van iemand die tot deze soort van specialiteiten behoorde.","translation":"There are persons who spent almost as much time in Netherlands India without ever having come into contact, either with the population or with the native Chiefs; and it is saddening that the Council of the Indies is very often composed wholly or in great part of such persons—nay, that means have even been found to have the King sign appointments to Governor-General of someone who belonged to this sort of specialist.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er zyn personen die …","title":"Existential 'er' + period spelling 'zyn'","body":"'Er zyn' is the existential 'there are', where 'er' is the dummy that introduces an indefinite subject. Note the 1860 spelling 'zyn' for modern 'zijn', with 'y' standing for 'ij'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zonder ooit in aanraking gekomen te zyn","title":"Perfect infinitive with te","body":"'gekomen te zyn' is a perfect infinitive ('to have come'): the past participle 'gekomen' plus 'te zijn'. 'zonder' governs the whole 'te'-infinitive phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"uit zoodanige personen is samengesteld","title":"State passive with zijn","body":"'is samengesteld' is a zijn-passive describing a resulting state ('is composed of'). Unlike the worden-passive of an action in progress, 'zijn' + participle names the condition that results."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den Koning benoemingen te laten teekenen","title":"Causative 'laten' + bare infinitive","body":"'laten teekenen' is causative 'laten' ('to have something done'): 'to have the King sign appointments'. 'laten' takes a bare infinitive with no 'te', and here is itself embedded under 'te laten'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb with zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of doorbrachten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies even zooveel","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of even zooveel","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying adverb","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doorbrachten","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederlandsch-Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Nederlandsch-Indie","lemma":"Nederlands-Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Netherlands India"},{"surface":"doorbrachten","lemma":"doorbrengen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on personen","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitival clause of gekomen te zyn","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekomen","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of in aanraking","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"aanraking","lemma":"aanraking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; part of in aanraking komen","gloss":"contact"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in gekomen te zyn","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary with gekomen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"first element of noch ... noch","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"second element of noch ... noch","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Hoofden","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main assertions","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with bedroevend","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to bedroevend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"bedroevend","lemma":"bedroevend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"saddening"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of samengesteld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Raad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Raad","lemma":"raad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is samengesteld","gloss":"Council"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the proper name Raad van Indie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the proper name Raad van Indie","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dikwyls","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is samengesteld","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies samengesteld","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"grootendeels","lemma":"grotendeels","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with geheel","gloss":"largely"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies personen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Raad to samengesteld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"samengesteld","lemma":"samengesteld","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"composed"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"strengthens the following dat-clause","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a second content clause dependent on bedroevend","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevonden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevonden","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"middel","lemma":"middel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle with heeft","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"caused subject of teekenen","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"benoemingen","lemma":"benoeming","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of teekenen","gloss":"appointments"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of gevonden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"teekenen","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"sign","note":"Teekenen is the historical spelling of tekenen."},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the office named by benoemingen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot; office named by benoemingen","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the person appointed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of van; person receiving the appointment","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of behoorde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soort","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking specialiteiten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"specialiteiten","lemma":"specialiteit","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"specialists"},{"surface":"behoorde","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on iemand","gloss":"belonged"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h16-s52","source":"Toen ik zeide dat de veronderstelde bekwaamheid van een nieuwbenoemden Gouverneur-generaal moest geacht worden de meening intesluiten dat men hem voor een genie hield, was myn bedoeling geenszins het benoemen van genien aantepryzen.","translation":"When I said that the supposed competence of a newly appointed Governor-General must be held to imply the opinion that he was taken for a genius, my meaning was by no means to commend the appointing of geniuses.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen ik zeide dat …","title":"Subordinator 'toen' sends the verb back","body":"'Toen' ('when', of a single past event) is a subordinating conjunction, so its verb 'zeide' moves toward the clause end. The nested 'dat'-clause then governs its own verbs to the end as well."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"moest geacht worden … in te sluiten","title":"Stacked modal + passive infinitive","body":"'moest geacht worden … in te sluiten' chains the past modal 'moest' with a worden-passive infinitive ('be held') and the separable 'insluiten' split as 'in te sluiten'. The verbs all cluster at the clause end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"geenszins","title":"'geenszins' = by no means","body":"'geenszins' is an emphatic, somewhat formal negative adverb meaning 'in no way / by no means'. It belongs to the literary register typical of Multatuli's narrator."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"nieuwbenoemden","title":"Compound participle 'nieuwbenoemd'","body":"'nieuwbenoemd' ('newly appointed') glues the adverb 'nieuw' onto the participle 'benoemd'; the inflected '-en' agrees with the masculine accusative noun. Dutch readily compounds adverb + participle into one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeide","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause introduced by Toen","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geacht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bekwaamheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veronderstelde","lemma":"verondersteld","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies bekwaamheid","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"bekwaamheid","lemma":"bekwaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive geacht","gloss":"competence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nieuwbenoemden","lemma":"nieuwbenoemd","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular","role":"modifies Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"newly appointed"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal governing geacht worden","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"geacht","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive geacht worden","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geacht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of intesluiten","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"intesluiten","lemma":"insluiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of geacht worden","gloss":"to imply","note":"Intesluiten is the older fused spelling of in te sluiten, here meaning “to imply.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hield","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genie","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of genie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"genie","lemma":"genie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of hield","gloss":"genius"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking bedoeling to aantepryzen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of bedoeling","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"bedoeling","lemma":"bedoeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"geenszins","lemma":"geenszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the infinitival predicate aantepryzen","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of benoemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"benoemen","lemma":"benoemen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of aantepryzen","gloss":"appointing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"genien","lemma":"genie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"geniuses","note":"Genien is the historical unaccented plural of genie (modern genieën)."},{"surface":"aantepryzen","lemma":"aanprijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitive complement of was","gloss":"to commend","note":"Aantepryzen is the older fused spelling of aan te prijzen."}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h16-s53","source":"Buiten het bezwaar toch dat er liggen zou in 't gedurig onvervuld laten van een zoo gewichtige betrekking, pleit nog een andere reden hiertegen.","translation":"Apart from the objection there would be in continually leaving so weighty a post unfilled, yet another reason pleads against it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er liggen zou","title":"Existential 'er' with conditional","body":"'er liggen zou' uses 'er' as the existential particle ('that there would lie / be') with the conditional 'zou' pushed to the clause end after its infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"pleit nog een andere reden hiertegen","title":"Verb-second after a fronted phrase","body":"Because the sentence opens with the long adverbial 'Buiten het bezwaar …', the finite verb 'pleit' must stand in second position, before its subject 'een andere reden'. This inversion is the V2 rule. 'hiertegen' is a pronominal adverb ('against it')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t gedurig onvervuld laten","title":"Nominalized infinitive","body":"'het … laten' turns the verb 'laten' into a neuter noun ('the leaving'), modified by the adverb 'gedurig' and the predicate 'onvervuld'. The article ''t' (= het) marks it as a noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bezwaar","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezwaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bezwaar","lemma":"bezwaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Buiten","gloss":"objection"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle emphasizing the objection","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb anticipating the in-phrase","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal governing liggen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing what the objection consists in","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of laten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laten","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"onvervuld","lemma":"onvervuld","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of betrekking with laten","gloss":"unfilled"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betrekking as object of laten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betrekking","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewichtige","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gewichtige","lemma":"gewichtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies betrekking","gloss":"weighty"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"pleit","lemma":"pleiten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pleads"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies een andere reden","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies reden","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of pleit","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"hiertegen","lemma":"hiertegen","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of pleit","gloss":"against this"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h16-s54","source":"Een genie zou niet kunnen werken onder het Ministerie van Kolonien, en dus als Gouverneur-generaal onbruikbaar wezen ... zooals genien wel meer zyn.","translation":"A genius could not work under the Ministry of Colonies, and so would be useless as Governor-General ... as geniuses often are.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een genie zou niet kunnen werken","title":"Conditional with a modal","body":"'zou … kunnen werken' stacks the conditional 'zou' with the modal 'kunnen' and the main verb 'werken' as a bare infinitive at the end. The negator 'niet' precedes the verb cluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zooals genien wel meer zyn","title":"Modal particle 'wel'","body":"Here 'wel' is not 'well' but a modal particle softening the claim ('as geniuses often are'). 'zooals' opens a subordinate clause, sending 'zyn' to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of genie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"genie","lemma":"genie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of werken","gloss":"genius"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal governing kunnen werken and wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal governing werken","gloss":"be able"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ministerie","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Ministerie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ministerie","lemma":"ministerie","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of werken","gloss":"Ministry"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Kolonien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Kolonien","lemma":"kolonie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"Colonies","note":"Kolonien is the historical unaccented plural of kolonie (modern koloniën)."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onbruikbaar","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks capacity or function","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"onbruikbaar","lemma":"onbruikbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copular infinitive coordinated with kunnen werken","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"genien","lemma":"genie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"geniuses"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of wel meer meaning often","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of wel meer meaning often","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula with understood onbruikbaar","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h16-s55","source":"Het ware misschien te wenschen dat de door my in den vorm eener ziektegeschiedenis opgegeven hoofdfeilen de aandacht trokken dergenen die tot de keuze van een nieuwen Landvoogd geroepen zyn.","translation":"It were perhaps to be wished that the chief defects I have set out in the form of a case-history might draw the attention of those who are called to the choice of a new Viceroy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het ware misschien te wenschen","title":"Subjunctive 'ware'","body":"'ware' is the past subjunctive of 'zijn' ('it were to be wished'), a literary mood form used for hypothetical wishes. Modern Dutch would say 'het zou … te wensen zijn'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de aandacht trokken dergenen die …","title":"Genitive 'dergenen'","body":"'dergenen' is a genitive plural ('the attention of those who…'), the inflected form of 'diegenen'. This frozen '-er' genitive is a case-remnant kept alive in formal 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de door my … opgegeven hoofdfeilen","title":"Pre-nominal participle phrase","body":"'de door my … opgegeven hoofdfeilen' packs a whole passive phrase ('the chief defects set out by me') in front of the noun, framed by the article and the participle 'opgegeven'. Dutch can stack such material between article and noun where English uses a relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with wenschen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"copula in the idiom het ware te wenschen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wenschen","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive wenschen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wenschen","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement in het ware te wenschen","gloss":"be wished","note":"Wenschen is the historical spelling of wensen."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of trokken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdfeilen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of opgegeven","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of door; agent of opgegeven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vorm","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of vorm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorm","lemma":"vorm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, feminine genitive singular","role":"determiner of ziektegeschiedenis","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"ziektegeschiedenis","lemma":"ziektegeschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of vorm","gloss":"case-history"},{"surface":"opgegeven","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial clause modifying hoofdfeilen","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"hoofdfeilen","lemma":"hoofdfeil","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of trokken","gloss":"chief defects"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aandacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aandacht","lemma":"aandacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of trokken","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"trokken","lemma":"trekken","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, plural","role":"verb of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"might draw"},{"surface":"dergenen","lemma":"degene","morphology":"pronoun, plural, genitive","role":"genitive complement of aandacht","gloss":"of those","note":"Dergenen is an older genitive plural form of degenen."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of geroepen zyn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking keuze","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keuze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keuze","lemma":"keuze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"choice"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Landvoogd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Landvoogd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular","role":"modifies Landvoogd","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"Landvoogd","lemma":"landvoogd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Viceroy"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive geroepen zyn","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h16-s56","source":"Op den voorgrond stellende dat al de personen die daarvoor worden in aanmerking gebracht, rechtschapen zyn, en in 't bezit van een bevattingsvermogen dat hen eenigermate zal in-staat stellen te leeren wat ze zullen moeten weten, houd ik 't voor hoofdzaak dat men met eenig gegrond vertrouwen van hen de vermyding kunne verwachten van die aanmatigende betwetery in 't begin, en vooral van die apathische slaperigheid in de laatste jaren van hun bestuur.","translation":"Taking it as a premise that all the persons brought into consideration for it are upright, and in possession of a capacity that will in some measure enable them to learn what they will have to know, I hold it the main thing that one may, with some well-founded confidence, expect of them the avoidance of that presumptuous know-it-all manner at the outset, and above all of that apathetic drowsiness in the last years of their rule.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Op den voorgrond stellende dat …","title":"Present participle as a clause-opener","body":"'stellende' is a present participle (the -end(e) form) heading an absolute phrase ('placing in the foreground that…'). 'op den voorgrond' even shows the dative remnant 'den'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die … worden in aanmerking gebracht","title":"Worden-passive in a relative clause","body":"'worden in aanmerking gebracht' is a worden-passive ('are brought into consideration') sitting inside a 'die'-relative clause, so the verbs gather at its end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de vermyding … kunne verwachten","title":"Subjunctive 'kunne'","body":"'kunne' is a present-subjunctive form of 'kunnen' ('that one may expect'), a literary mood marker for something hoped-for rather than asserted. Note also the abstract noun 'vermyding' built from 'vermijden'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom op den voorgrond stellende","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of voorgrond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgrond","lemma":"voorgrond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition op","gloss":"foreground"},{"surface":"stellende","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial adjunct to houd","gloss":"putting"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of stellende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"modifies de personen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of personen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zijn and ellipted zijn","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive gebracht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of in aanmerking gebracht","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in aanmerking brengen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"aanmerking","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom in aanmerking brengen","gloss":"consideration"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in relative clause on personen","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"rechtschapen","lemma":"rechtschapen","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"upright"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking personen to rechtschapen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of phrase in het bezit van","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement with ellipted zijn","gloss":"possession"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking possessee bevattingsvermogen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevattingsvermogen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bevattingsvermogen","lemma":"bevattingsvermogen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"capacity"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zal stellen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of stellen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"eenigermate","lemma":"enigermate","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in staat stellen","gloss":"to some extent"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of stellen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"in-staat","lemma":"in staat","morphology":"adjectival phrase","role":"part of idiom in staat stellen","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"stellen","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause on bevattingsvermogen","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive leeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of in staat stellen","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zullen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moeten","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of houd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom iets voor hoofdzaak houden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hoofdzaak","lemma":"hoofdzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of houd","gloss":"main thing"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces appositive content clause on hoofdzaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verwachten","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertrouwen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"eenig","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of vertrouwen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"gegrond","lemma":"gegrond","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vertrouwen","gloss":"well-founded"},{"surface":"vertrouwen","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met; manner adjunct to verwachten","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vermyding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vermyding","lemma":"vermijding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verwachten","gloss":"avoidance"},{"surface":"kunne","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of verwachten","gloss":"may","note":"Kunne is an archaic present subjunctive agreeing with men."},{"surface":"verwachten","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition complement of vermijding","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betweterij","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aanmatigende","lemma":"aanmatigend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies betweterij","gloss":"presumptuous"},{"surface":"betwetery","lemma":"betweterij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"know-it-all manner"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begin","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begin","lemma":"begin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in; modifies betweterij","gloss":"outset"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slaperigheid","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition complement of ellipted vermijding","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slaperigheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"apathische","lemma":"apathisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies slaperigheid","gloss":"apathetic"},{"surface":"slaperigheid","lemma":"slaperigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; coordinated with betweterij","gloss":"drowsiness"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jaren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in; modifies slaperigheid","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestuur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies jaren","gloss":"rule"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h16-s57","source":"Ik heb er reeds op gewezen dat Havelaar in zyn moeielyken plicht meende te kunnen steunen op de hulp van den Gouverneur-generaal, en ik voegde er by \"dat deze meening naïef was.\" Die Gouverneur-generaal wachtte zyn opvolger: de rust in Nederland was naby!","translation":"I have already pointed out that Havelaar, in his arduous duty, thought he could rely on the help of the Governor-General, and I added that \"this opinion was naïve.\" That Governor-General was awaiting his successor: rest in the Netherlands was at hand!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"meende te kunnen steunen op de hulp","title":"te + infinitive cluster","body":"'meende te kunnen steunen' chains 'menen' ('to think') with a 'te'-infinitive that itself contains the modal 'kunnen' and the main verb 'steunen'. 'meende' is the simple past of a weak verb (stem + -de)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"van den Gouverneur-generaal","title":"Dative remnant 'den'","body":"'den' marks the old masculine accusative/dative and survives here after the preposition 'van'. In modern Dutch it would simply be 'de'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de rust in Nederland was naby","title":"Period spelling 'naby'","body":"'naby' is the 1860 spelling of modern 'nabij' ('at hand, near'), with 'y' standing for 'ij' — a hallmark of the period orthography Multatuli's printer used."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewezen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"anticipatory pronominal complement of op","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewezen","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"prepositional part of erop wijzen","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"gewezen","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with heb","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of gewezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plicht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"moeielyken","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected, masculine singular, archaic form","role":"modifies plicht","gloss":"arduous"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks kunnen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of steunen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"steunen","lemma":"steunen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of meende","gloss":"rely"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hulp","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hulp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of steunen","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voegde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voegde","lemma":"voegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with heb gewezen","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of bij","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of voegde ... bij","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of voegde bij","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of naïef","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"naïef","lemma":"naïef","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"naive"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to naïef","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; takes direct object opvolger","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of opvolger","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"opvolger","lemma":"opvolger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wachtte","gloss":"successor"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in; modifies rust","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to naby","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"naby","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"at hand"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h16-s58","source":"We zullen zien wat deze neiging tot slaap berokkend heeft aan de Lebaksche Afdeeling, aan Havelaar, en aan den Javaan Saïdjah, tot wiens eentonige geschiedenis--één onder zeer velen!--ik thans overga.","translation":"We shall see what this inclination to slumber brought about for the Lebak Division, for Havelaar, and for the Javanese Saïdjah, to whose monotonous story—one among very many!—I now pass.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tot wiens eentonige geschiedenis … ik thans overga","title":"Genitive relative 'wiens'","body":"'wiens' is the genitive relative pronoun ('to whose monotonous story'), agreeing in the masculine. 'overga' is the present of the separable verb 'overgaan', here held back to the clause end after the relative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"thans","title":"'thans' = now (formal)","body":"'thans' is a formal, literary equivalent of 'nu' ('now'). It belongs to the elevated narrative register and is rare in everyday modern Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zien","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of berokkend","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of neiging","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"neiging","lemma":"neiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft berokkend","gloss":"inclination"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slaap","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"slaap","lemma":"slaap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot; modifies neiging","gloss":"slumber"},{"surface":"berokkend","lemma":"berokkenen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of embedded question","gloss":"brought about"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of berokkend","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking affected party Afdeeling","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Afdeeling","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Division"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan; coordinated with Afdeeling","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Saïdjah","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of aan; coordinated with Havelaar","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by overga","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wiens","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative possessive determiner","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"eentonige","lemma":"eentonig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geschiedenis","gloss":"monotonous"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"substantivized numeral","role":"apposition to geschiedenis","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies velen","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of overga","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overga","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"overga","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on geschiedenis","gloss":"pass"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h16-s59","source":"Ja, eentonig zal ze wezen! Eentonig als 't verhaal van de werkzaamheid der mier die haar bydrage tot den wintervoorraad moet opslepen tegen den aardkluit--voor haar een berg--die er ligt op den weg naar de voorraadschuur.","translation":"Yes, monotonous it will be! Monotonous as the tale of the labour of the ant that must drag its contribution to the winter store up against the clod of earth—to it a mountain—that lies in the path to the storehouse.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"eentonig zal ze wezen","title":"Fronting and the future with zullen","body":"The predicate 'eentonig' is fronted for emphasis, forcing the future auxiliary 'zal' into second position before the subject 'ze'. 'wezen' is an older infinitive of 'zijn'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"der mier … haar bydrage … moet opslepen","title":"Genitive 'der' + separable verb","body":"'der mier' is a genitive case-remnant ('of the ant'), and 'opslepen' is a separable verb whose infinitive sits at the clause end under the modal 'moet'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"eentonig","lemma":"eentonig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"monotonous"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zal wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Eentonig","lemma":"eentonig","morphology":"adjective","role":"elliptical predicative adjective","gloss":"monotonous"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces comparison with verhaal","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werkzaamheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werkzaamheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"werkzaamheid","lemma":"werkzaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies verhaal","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, archaic","role":"determiner of mier","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mier","lemma":"mier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of werkzaamheid","gloss":"ant"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of opslepen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of bijdrage","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"bydrage","lemma":"bijdrage","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opslepen","gloss":"contribution"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wintervoorraad","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of wintervoorraad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wintervoorraad","lemma":"wintervoorraad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot; modifies bijdrage","gloss":"winter store"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opslepen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"opslepen","lemma":"opslepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause on mier","gloss":"drag up"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aardkluit","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of aardkluit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aardkluit","lemma":"aardkluit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of opslepen","gloss":"clod of earth"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of berg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"berg","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical predicate nominative","gloss":"mountain"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ligt; refers to aardkluit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"locative complement of ligt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on aardkluit","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorraadschuur","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorraadschuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorraadschuur","lemma":"voorraadschuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar; modifies weg","gloss":"storehouse"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h16-s60","source":"Telkens valt ze terug met haar vracht, om telkens weer te beproeven of ze eindelyk vasten voet zou kunnen zetten op dat steentje daar-boven ... op de rots die den berg kroont.","translation":"Again and again it falls back with its load, only to try again and again whether it might at last set firm foot on that little stone up there ... on the rock that crowns the mountain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om telkens weer te beproeven of …","title":"om … te (purpose)","body":"'om … te beproeven' frames a purpose clause ('only to try again'), closing with 'te' + infinitive. The 'of'-clause that follows is an indirect yes/no question, sending its verbs to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of ze … vasten voet zou kunnen zetten","title":"Conditional + modal verb cluster","body":"'zou kunnen zetten' stacks the conditional 'zou', the modal 'kunnen', and the main infinitive 'zetten' at the end of the indirect question. 'vasten voet' shows the old accusative -en on the adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies valt","gloss":"again and again"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of valt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of valt ... terug","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vracht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vracht","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"vracht","lemma":"vracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"load"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause om ... te beproeven","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beproeven","gloss":"again and again"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beproeven","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks beproeven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beproeven","lemma":"beproeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of purpose clause","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zetten","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zou","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zetten","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"vasten","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adjective, inflected, masculine singular","role":"modifies voet","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zetten; part of idiom vasten voet zetten","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zetten","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of zetten","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"zetten","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking steentje","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of steentje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"steentje","lemma":"steen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"little stone"},{"surface":"daar-boven","lemma":"daarboven","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"modifies steentje","gloss":"up there"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in apposition to op dat steentje","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rots","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rots","lemma":"rots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op; apposition to steentje","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kroont","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of berg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"berg","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kroont","gloss":"mountain"},{"surface":"kroont","lemma":"kronen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on rots","gloss":"crowns"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h16-s61","source":"Maar tusschen haar en dien top is een afgrond die moet worden omgetrokken ... een diepte die duizend mieren niet vullen zouden.","translation":"But between it and that summit is a chasm that must be skirted ... a depth that a thousand ants would not fill.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een afgrond die moet worden omgetrokken","title":"Worden-passive with a modal","body":"'moet worden omgetrokken' is a modal 'moet' over a worden-passive ('that must be skirted'). The participle 'omgetrokken' belongs to the separable verb 'omtrekken'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een diepte die duizend mieren niet vullen zouden","title":"Relative clause, verb-final, with conditional","body":"'die … niet vullen zouden' is a relative clause for the de-word 'diepte', with the conditional 'zouden' driven to the very end behind the infinitive 'vullen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, object","role":"object of tusschen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of top","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"top","lemma":"top","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tusschen","gloss":"summit"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afgrond","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"afgrond","lemma":"afgrond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"chasm"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of moet worden omgetrokken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of omgetrokken","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of omgetrokken","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"omgetrokken","lemma":"omtrekken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive relative clause on afgrond","gloss":"skirted"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of diepte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"diepte","lemma":"diepte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to afgrond","gloss":"depth"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of vullen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"duizend","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies mieren","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"mieren","lemma":"mier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zouden vullen","gloss":"ants"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vullen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vullen","lemma":"vullen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause on diepte","gloss":"fill"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of vullen","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h16-s62","source":"Daartoe moet zy, die nauwlyks kracht heeft haar last voortteslepen op gelyken grond--een last vele malen zwaarder dan eigen lyf--dien omhoog heffen, en zich overeind houden op een bewegelyke plek.","translation":"To do so it must, scarcely having strength to drag its burden forward over level ground—a burden many times heavier than its own body—lift that burden up on high and keep itself upright on a shifting spot.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die nauwlyks kracht heeft haar last voort te slepen","title":"te + infinitive of a separable verb","body":"'voort te slepen' is the separable verb 'voortslepen' broken by 'te' ('to drag forward'). It depends on the noun 'kracht' ('strength to…')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich overeind houden","title":"Reflexive 'zich'","body":"'zich … houden' is reflexive ('keep itself upright'); 'zich' is the third-person reflexive pronoun. Here it pairs with the separable predicate 'overeind'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een last vele malen zwaarder dan eigen lyf","title":"Comparative with 'dan'","body":"'zwaarder dan' is the comparative ('heavier than'), formed with -er and 'dan' for 'than'. 'lyf' is the 1860 spelling of 'lijf' (body)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moet","gloss":"To do so"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of heffen and houden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of moet heffen and houden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"nauwlyks","lemma":"nauwelijks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on zy","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of last","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voortteslepen","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"voortteslepen","lemma":"voortslepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitive complement of kracht","gloss":"to drag forward"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grond","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"gelyken","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, oblique","role":"modifies grond","gloss":"level"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of last","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to last","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies malen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"malen","lemma":"maal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"degree modifier of zwaarder","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"zwaarder","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies last","gloss":"heavier"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with lyf","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lyf","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"lyf","lemma":"lijf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of comparison dan","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of heffen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"omhoog","lemma":"omhoog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heffen","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"heffen","lemma":"heffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"lift"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of houden","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"overeind","lemma":"overeind","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of houden","gloss":"upright"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plek","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bewegelyke","lemma":"bewegelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies plek","gloss":"shifting"},{"surface":"plek","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"spot"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h16-s63","source":"Ze moet het evenwicht bewaren als ze zich opricht met haar vracht tusschen de voorpooten.","translation":"It must keep its balance as it rears up with its load between its forelegs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ze zich opricht","title":"Subordinator 'als' + reflexive verb","body":"'als' ('as / when') opens a subordinate clause and sends the verb 'opricht' to the end; 'oprichten' is separable and reflexive here ('zich oprichten', to rear up)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of bewaren","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bewaren","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of evenwicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"evenwicht","lemma":"evenwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bewaren","gloss":"balance"},{"surface":"bewaren","lemma":"bewaren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opricht","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of opricht","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of opricht","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"opricht","lemma":"oprichten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"rears up"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vracht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vracht","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"vracht","lemma":"vracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"load"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorpooten","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorpooten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorpooten","lemma":"voorpoot","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tusschen","gloss":"forelegs"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h16-s64","source":"Ze moet die omslingeren in schuinsche richting naar-boven, om ze te doen neerkomen op de punt die uitsteekt aan den rotswand. Ze wankelt, waggelt, schrikt, bezwykt ... tracht zich te houden aan den half ontwortelden boomstam die met zyn kruin naar de diepte wyst--een grasspriet!--ze mist het steunpunt dat ze zoekt: de boom slingert terug--de grasspriet wykt onder haren tred--ach, de tobster valt in de diepte met haar vracht.","translation":"It must sling the load round it, slantwise, upward, to bring it down upon the point that juts from the rock-face. It totters, sways, takes fright, gives way ... tries to hold to the half-uprooted tree-trunk that points its crown toward the depth—a blade of grass!—it misses the foothold it seeks: the tree swings back—the blade of grass yields under its tread—ah, the poor toiler falls into the depth with its load.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om ze te doen neerkomen","title":"Causative 'doen' under om … te","body":"'te doen neerkomen' uses causative 'doen' ('to make/bring it come down') with a bare infinitive, all inside an 'om … te' purpose clause. 'neerkomen' is itself separable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze wankelt, waggelt, schrikt, bezwykt","title":"Historic present narration","body":"Multatuli switches to the vivid present tense ('it totters, sways…') to dramatize the ant's struggle. Each verb is third-person singular in stem + -t."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"tracht zich te houden aan den half ontwortelden boomstam","title":"Dative 'den' + adjective in -en","body":"'aan den half ontwortelden boomstam' shows the old masculine dative: article 'den' and the participle-adjective 'ontwortelden' both in -en after the preposition 'aan'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de tobster","title":"'tobster' = (female) toiler","body":"'tobster' is the feminine agent noun from 'tobben' ('to toil, to struggle wearily'), with the female suffix -ster. It casts the ant as a long-suffering woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of moet omslingeren","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of omslingeren","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of omslingeren","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"omslingeren","lemma":"omslingeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"sling around"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking richting","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"schuinsche","lemma":"schuins","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies richting","gloss":"slanting"},{"surface":"richting","lemma":"richting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"naar-boven","lemma":"naar boven","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omslingeren","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, object","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of purpose clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"neerkomen","lemma":"neerkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"come down"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking punt","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of punt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of uitsteekt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uitsteekt","lemma":"uitsteken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on punt","gloss":"juts out"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rotswand","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of rotswand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rotswand","lemma":"rotswand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"rock-face"},{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of wankelt","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"wankelt","lemma":"wankelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"totters"},{"surface":"waggelt","lemma":"waggelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with wankelt","gloss":"sways"},{"surface":"schrikt","lemma":"schrikken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with wankelt","gloss":"takes fright"},{"surface":"bezwykt","lemma":"bezwijken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with wankelt","gloss":"gives way"},{"surface":"tracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of a parallel clause","gloss":"tries"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of houden","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks houden as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tracht","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boomstam","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of boomstam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"half","lemma":"half","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontwortelden","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"ontwortelden","lemma":"ontwortelen","morphology":"adjective, past-participial, attributive","role":"modifies boomstam","gloss":"uprooted"},{"surface":"boomstam","lemma":"boomstam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"tree-trunk"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of wyst","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kruin","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kruin","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"kruin","lemma":"kruin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"crown"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diepte","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of diepte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diepte","lemma":"diepte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"depth"},{"surface":"wyst","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on boomstam","gloss":"points"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grasspriet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grasspriet","lemma":"grasspriet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to boomstam","gloss":"blade of grass"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of mist","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"mist","lemma":"missen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"misses"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of steunpunt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"steunpunt","lemma":"steunpunt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of mist","gloss":"foothold"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of zoekt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of zoekt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on steunpunt","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of slingert","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"slingert","lemma":"slingeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"swings"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"separable particle of slingert","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grasspriet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grasspriet","lemma":"grasspriet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wykt","gloss":"blade of grass"},{"surface":"wykt","lemma":"wijken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"yields"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tred","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"possessor of tred","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"tred","lemma":"tred","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"tread"},{"surface":"ach","lemma":"ach","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the clause of valt","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tobster","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tobster","lemma":"tobster","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of valt","gloss":"poor toiler"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diepte","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of diepte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diepte","lemma":"diepte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"depth"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vracht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vracht","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"vracht","lemma":"vracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"load"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h16-s65","source":"Dan is zy een oogenblik stil, wel een sekonde ... dat lang is in het leven van een mier.","translation":"Then for a moment it lies still, a whole second perhaps ... which is long in the life of an ant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan is zy een oogenblik stil","title":"V2 after the adverb 'dan'","body":"Opening with 'Dan' ('then') puts the verb 'is' second, before the subject 'zy' — the verb-second rule in action. 'oogenblik' shows the doubled vowel of period spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stil","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject to stil","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial duration modifying is stil","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"stil","lemma":"stil","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement after is","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"qualifies een sekonde as approximate","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sekonde","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sekonde","lemma":"seconde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to oogenblik","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement after is","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to lang","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leven","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of lang","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mier","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mier","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"mier","lemma":"mier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"ant"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h16-s66","source":"Zou ze verdoofd wezen van pyn door haar val? Of geeft ze toe in wat droefheid dat zooveel inspanning ydel was?","translation":"Could it be numbed with pain from its fall? Or does it yield to some grief that so much effort was in vain?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zou ze verdoofd wezen van pyn","title":"Conditional as a tentative question","body":"'Zou … wezen' opens a speculative yes/no question ('could it be…?'), the conditional used to soften a guess. 'verdoofd' is a past participle here functioning as a predicate adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Of geeft ze toe in wat droefheid","title":"Separable verb 'toegeven'","body":"'geeft … toe' is the separable verb 'toegeven' ('to yield'), whose prefix 'toe' splits off to follow the subject. The opening 'Of' marks the alternative question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"Could"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"verdoofd","lemma":"verdoven","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"numbed"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pyn","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"pyn","lemma":"pijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking val","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of val","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"val","lemma":"val","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces alternative question","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"separable particle of geeft","gloss":"yields"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking droefheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of droefheid","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"droefheid","lemma":"droefheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause explaining droefheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies inspanning","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"inspanning","lemma":"inspanning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"ydel","lemma":"ijdel","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement after was","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to ydel","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h16-s67","source":"Maar ze verliest den moed niet.","translation":"But it does not lose courage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze verliest den moed niet","title":"Negation with 'niet' + dative 'den'","body":"'niet' negates the whole clause and is placed at the end after the object. 'den moed' keeps the old masculine accusative article 'den'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verliest","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verliest","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"verliest","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loses"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verliest","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verliest","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h16-s68","source":"Weder grypt ze haren last, en weder sleept zy dien naar-boven, om straks nògeens, en nògeens, neertevallen in de diepte.","translation":"Once more it grips its load, and once more it drags it upward, only soon to fall again, and again, into the depth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Weder grypt ze haren last","title":"V2 after 'weder' + accusative 'haren'","body":"The fronted adverb 'weder' (archaic 'again') forces the verb 'grypt' into second place. 'haren last' shows the old masculine accusative -en on the possessive 'haar'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om straks nògeens … neer te vallen","title":"om … te with a separable verb","body":"'om … neer te vallen' is a purpose/result clause closing with 'te' inside the separable verb 'neervallen' ('to fall down'). 'straks' here means 'soon'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies grypt","gloss":"Again"},{"surface":"grypt","lemma":"grijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grips"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of grypt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"possessor of last","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of grypt","gloss":"load"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sleept","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"sleept","lemma":"slepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with grypt","gloss":"drags"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of sleept","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of sleept","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"naar-boven","lemma":"naar boven","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sleept","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result infinitive","gloss":"only to"},{"surface":"straks","lemma":"straks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies neertevallen","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"nògeens","lemma":"nog eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies neertevallen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nògeens","lemma":"nog eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies neertevallen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"neertevallen","lemma":"neervallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"to fall down"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diepte","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of diepte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diepte","lemma":"diepte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"depth"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h16-s69","source":"Zóó eentonig is myn verhaal.","translation":"So monotonous is my tale.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zóó eentonig is myn verhaal","title":"Fronted predicate, verb-second","body":"Putting the predicate 'Zóó eentonig' first forces 'is' into second position ahead of the subject 'myn verhaal'. 'myn' is the 1860 spelling of 'mijn'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eentonig","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"eentonig","lemma":"eentonig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement after is","gloss":"monotonous"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to eentonig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verhaal","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"tale"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h16-s70","source":"Maar ik zal niet spreken van mieren, welker vreugde of leed door de grofheid onzer zintuigen aan onze waarneming ontsnapt.","translation":"But I shall not speak of ants, whose joy or sorrow escapes our perception through the coarseness of our senses.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"welker vreugde of leed","title":"Formal relative 'welker'","body":"'welker' is a heavy, archaic genitive relative ('whose joy or sorrow'), the inflected form of 'welk'. Such formal relatives belong to solemn 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"door de grofheid onzer zintuigen","title":"Genitive 'onzer'","body":"'onzer zintuigen' is an inflected genitive of 'onze' ('of our senses'), a case-remnant where modern Dutch uses 'van onze zintuigen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrast with the preceding context","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of spreken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of spreken","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates spreken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement mieren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mieren","lemma":"mier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"ants"},{"surface":"welker","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative possessive pronoun, genitive, plural antecedent","role":"possessive modifier of vreugde and leed","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"vreugde","lemma":"vreugde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first subject of ontsnapt","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates vreugde and leed","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"leed","lemma":"leed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second subject of ontsnapt","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the causal phrase modifying ontsnapt","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of grofheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grofheid","lemma":"grofheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"coarseness"},{"surface":"onzer","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive, first person plural","role":"possessive modifier of zintuigen","gloss":"of our"},{"surface":"zintuigen","lemma":"zintuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"possessed complement of grofheid","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement waarneming","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"possessive determiner of waarneming","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"waarneming","lemma":"waarneming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"perception"},{"surface":"ontsnapt","lemma":"ontsnappen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause headed by welker","gloss":"escapes"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h16-s71","source":"Ik zal verhalen van menschen, van wezens die gelyke beweging hebben als wy. 't Is waar, wie aandoening schuwt en vermoeiend mede-lyden ontgaan wil, zal zeggen dat die menschen geel zyn, of bruin--velen noemen ze zwart--en voor dezulken is 't verschil van kleur beweegreden genoeg om hun oog aftekeeren van die ellende, of ten-minste àls zy er op neerzien, daarop neertezien zonder aandoening.","translation":"I shall tell of human beings, of creatures who have the same stirrings as we. It is true, whoever shuns emotion and would escape wearisome compassion will say that those people are yellow, or brown—many call them black—and to such persons the difference of colour is reason enough to turn their eyes away from that misery, or at least, if they do look upon it, to look upon it without feeling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie aandoening schuwt en … ontgaan wil","title":"Free relative 'wie'","body":"'wie' here is a free relative without antecedent ('whoever shuns emotion'), introducing a verb-final clause. The modal 'wil' sends 'ontgaan' to the end as a bare infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor dezulken is 't verschil … beweegreden genoeg","title":"V2 after a fronted prepositional phrase","body":"Fronting 'voor dezulken' forces 'is' into second position before the subject. 'dezulken' is an archaic demonstrative ('such people')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om hun oog af te keeren … daarop neer te zien","title":"om … te + separable verbs","body":"Two purpose infinitives ('to turn away… to look down upon') close with 'te' inside the separable verbs 'afkeeren' and 'neerzien'. 'daarop' is a pronominal adverb ('upon it')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of verhalen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of verhalen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"verhalen","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces menschen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"human beings"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the appositional complement wezens","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wezens","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van, in apposition to menschen","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gelyke","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies beweging","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"beweging","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"stirring"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"finite verb of the relative clause modifying wezens","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"conjunction of comparison","role":"introduces the comparison with wy","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person plural","role":"subject of an elliptical hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular, elided","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking 't to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of Is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of schuwt, wil, and zal zeggen","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"aandoening","lemma":"aandoening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schuwt","gloss":"emotion"},{"surface":"schuwt","lemma":"schuwen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"first verb in the relative subject clause of zal zeggen","gloss":"shuns"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates schuwt and wil","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vermoeiend","lemma":"vermoeiend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies mede-lyden","gloss":"wearisome"},{"surface":"mede-lyden","lemma":"medelijden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ontgaan","gloss":"compassion","note":"Mede-lyden is the historical spelling and hyphenation of modern medelijden."},{"surface":"ontgaan","lemma":"ontgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"governs ontgaan and is coordinated with schuwt","gloss":"wants to"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"geel","lemma":"geel","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of zyn","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"copula linking menschen to geel and bruin","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates geel and bruin","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"bruin","lemma":"bruin","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"second subject complement of zyn","gloss":"brown"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"velen","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of noemen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"finite verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person plural","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"zwart","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of ze after noemen","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clause of is with the preceding clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces dezulken as the experiencer of is","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dezulken","lemma":"dezulken","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"such persons","note":"Dezulken is an archaic substantival plural meaning ‘such people.’"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking verschil to beweegreden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of verschil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verschil","lemma":"verschil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces kleur as complement of verschil","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kleur","lemma":"kleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"colour"},{"surface":"beweegreden","lemma":"beweegreden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun after is","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beweegreden as sufficient","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive aftekeeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessive determiner of oog","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of aftekeeren","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"aftekeeren","lemma":"afkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive with infixed te","role":"infinitive governed by om","gloss":"turn away","note":"Aftekeeren is the older spelling of af te keren, with te written inside the separable verb."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the thing from which the eye is turned","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ellende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ellende","lemma":"ellende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the alternative qualification ten-minste","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ten-minste","lemma":"ten minste","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"qualifies the following alternative","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"àls","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of neerzien","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person plural","role":"subject of neerzien","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement joined in sense with op","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms erop with er as complement of neerzien","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"neerzien","lemma":"neerzien","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"finite verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of neertezien, referring to the misery","gloss":"upon it"},{"surface":"neertezien","lemma":"neerzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive with infixed te","role":"infinitive parallel to aftekeeren","gloss":"to look","note":"Neertezien is the older joined spelling of neer te zien."},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces aandoening as a manner adjunct","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"aandoening","lemma":"aandoening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h16-s72","source":"Myn vertelling is dus alleen gericht aan hen die in-staat zyn tot het moeielyk geloof dat er harten kloppen onder die donkere opperhuid, en dat, wie gezegend is met blankheid en de daarmee samengaande beschaving, edelmoedigheid, handels- en Godskennis, deugd ... zyn blanke hoedanigheden zou kunnen aanwenden op àndere wyze dan tot nog toe ondervonden werd door wie minder gezegend zyn in huidskleur en zielevoortreffelykheid.","translation":"My telling, then, is addressed only to those who are capable of the difficult belief that hearts beat beneath that dark skin, and that whoever is blessed with whiteness and the civilization, magnanimity, commercial and divine knowledge, and virtue that go with it ... could employ his white qualities in a manner other than has hitherto been experienced by those less blessed in skin-colour and excellence of soul.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Myn vertelling … is dus alleen gericht aan hen die …","title":"State passive + relative clause","body":"'is … gericht' is a zijn-passive of resulting state ('is addressed'); 'aan hen die' attaches a relative clause whose verbs go to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de daarmee samengaande beschaving","title":"Pronominal adverb + present participle","body":"'daarmee' fuses 'met' + 'that' ('the civilization that goes with it'), and 'samengaande' is a present participle used attributively before the noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn blanke hoedanigheden zou kunnen aanwenden op àndere wyze","title":"Conditional + modal cluster","body":"'zou kunnen aanwenden' stacks the conditional 'zou', modal 'kunnen', and main infinitive 'aanwenden' ('could employ') at the clause end — a chain typical of Multatuli's heavy periodic sentences."}],"words":[{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessive determiner of vertelling","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"vertelling","lemma":"vertelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is gericht","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking vertelling to gericht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is gericht","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"restricts aan hen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"gericht","lemma":"richten","morphology":"adjective, predicative, past-participial form","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the addressees hen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in-staat","lemma":"in staat","morphology":"adjectival phrase, predicative","role":"subject complement of zyn","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"copula linking die to in-staat","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces geloof as complement of in-staat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of geloof","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"belief"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first content clause modifying geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"introduces the indefinite subject harten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"harten","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of kloppen","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"kloppen","lemma":"kloppen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"finite verb of the first content clause","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement opperhuid","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of opperhuid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"donkere","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies opperhuid","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"opperhuid","lemma":"opperhuid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two content clauses of geloof","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second content clause modifying geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is and zou kunnen aanwenden","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"gezegend","lemma":"zegenen","morphology":"adjective, predicative, past-participial form","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking wie to gezegend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complements of gezegend","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"blankheid","lemma":"blankheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of met","gloss":"whiteness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates blankheid with the following qualities","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner shared by beschaving and the following nouns","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"daarmee","lemma":"daarmee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of samengaande, referring to blankheid","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"samengaande","lemma":"samengaan","morphology":"verb, present participle, attributive","role":"modifies beschaving and the coordinated qualities","gloss":"accompanying"},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met, coordinated with blankheid","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"edelmoedigheid","lemma":"edelmoedigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with beschaving","gloss":"magnanimity"},{"surface":"handels","lemma":"handel","morphology":"noun combining form","role":"first combining modifier of kennis, expressed in Godskennis","gloss":"commercial"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates handels and Gods- as kinds of kennis","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Godskennis","lemma":"godskennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with beschaving and understood with handels as handelskennis","gloss":"knowledge of God"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"final noun coordinated with beschaving","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of hoedanigheden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"blanke","lemma":"blank","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies hoedanigheden","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"hoedanigheden","lemma":"hoedanigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of aanwenden","gloss":"qualities"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, third person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of kunnen aanwenden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of aanwenden governed by zou","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"aanwenden","lemma":"aanwenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou kunnen","gloss":"employ"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner phrase wyze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"àndere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies wyze","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction of comparison","role":"introduces the comparative clause after àndere wyze","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"first element of the temporal phrase tot nog toe","gloss":"up to","note":"Tot nog toe is an idiom meaning ‘hitherto’ or ‘until now.’"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"middle element of the temporal phrase tot nog toe","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverb","role":"final element of the temporal phrase tot nog toe","gloss":"this point"},{"surface":"ondervonden","lemma":"ondervinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive comparative clause","gloss":"experienced"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ondervonden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the experiencer of ondervonden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"object of door and subject of zyn","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"minder","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies gezegend","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"gezegend","lemma":"zegenen","morphology":"adjective, predicative, past-participial form","role":"subject complement of zyn","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"copula linking wie to gezegend","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the respects in which they are less blessed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"huidskleur","lemma":"huidskleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of in","gloss":"skin-colour"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates huidskleur and zielevoortreffelykheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zielevoortreffelykheid","lemma":"zielenvoortreffelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of in","gloss":"excellence of soul"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h16-s73","source":"Myn vertrouwen op medegevoel met de Javanen gaat echter niet zóó ver, dat ik by de beschryving hoe men den laatsten buffel rooft uit den kendang by-dag, zonder schroom, onder bescherming van 't nederlandsch gezag ... als ik 't weggevoerd rund laat volgen door den eigenaar en zyn schreiende kinderen ... als ik hem laat neerzitten op den trap van 't huis des roovers, sprakeloos en wezenloos en verzonken in smart ... als ik hem van daar laat wegjagen met hoon en smaad, met bedreiging van rottingslag en blokgevangenis ... zie, ik eisch niet--noch verwacht, o Nederlanders!--dat ge daardoor zult aangegrepen zyn in gelyke maat als wanneer ik u het lot schetste van een boer wien men zyn koe ontnam.","translation":"My faith in fellow-feeling for the Javanese does not, however, reach so far that, in describing how the last buffalo is robbed from the cattle-pen by day, without shame, under the protection of Netherlands authority ... when I let the carried-off beast be followed by its owner and his weeping children ... when I let the man sit down on the step of the robber's house, speechless and senseless and sunk in grief ... when I let him be driven thence with scorn and abuse, with threats of the rattan and the stocks ... see, I do not demand—nor expect, O Netherlanders!—that you should be moved by it to the same degree as when I sketched for you the fate of a peasant whose cow was taken from him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik 't weggevoerd rund laat volgen … als ik hem laat neerzitten","title":"Causative 'laten' + bare infinitive (repeated)","body":"The whole sentence is built on causative 'laten' ('I let / I have'): 'laat volgen', 'laat neerzitten', 'laat wegjagen' — each 'laten' takes a bare infinitive without 'te'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ge daardoor zult aangegrepen zyn","title":"Archaic pronoun 'ge' + future passive","body":"'ge' is the literary/older 'you' (subject form of 'gij'), and 'zult … aangegrepen zyn' is a future (state) passive ('shall be moved') — the zijn-passive 'aangegrepen zyn' names the resulting future state, not a completed action. The narrator addresses his Dutch reader directly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een boer wien men zyn koe ontnam","title":"Dative relative 'wien'","body":"'wien' is the dative relative ('a peasant from whom one took his cow'), the inflected form of 'wie'. The dative marks the person deprived."}],"words":[{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vertrouwen","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"vertrouwen","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking medegevoel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"medegevoel","lemma":"medegevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"fellow-feeling"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Javanen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Javanen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javanen","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of met","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reaches"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of gaat","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of unfinished result clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschrijving","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschryving","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschryving","lemma":"beschrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"description"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rooft","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of rooft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of laatsten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laatste","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies buffel","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of rooft","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"rooft","lemma":"roven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of indirect question","gloss":"steals"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kendang","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kendang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kendang","lemma":"kendang","morphology":"noun, common 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gezag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies gezag","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rund","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weggevoerd","lemma":"wegvoeren","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies rund","gloss":"carried-off"},{"surface":"rund","lemma":"rund","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"volgen","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laat","gloss":"be followed"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eigenaar","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eigenaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigenaar","lemma":"eigenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door and agent of volgen","gloss":"owner"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kinderen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schreiende","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"present participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies kinderen","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with eigenaar","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of laat","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"neerzitten","lemma":"neerzitten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laat","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trap","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of trap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trap","lemma":"trap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of roovers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"roovers","lemma":"rover","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of huis","gloss":"robber","note":"Roovers is historical spelling; here the -s marks the singular genitive."},{"surface":"sprakeloos","lemma":"sprakeloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of hem","gloss":"speechless"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wezenloos","lemma":"wezenloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with sprakeloos","gloss":"senseless"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verzonken","lemma":"verzinken","morphology":"past participle","role":"coordinated with sprakeloos","gloss":"sunk"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking smart","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"smart","lemma":"smart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verzonken","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of laat","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition forming van daar","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of van","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"wegjagen","lemma":"wegjagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laat","gloss":"be driven away"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoon","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hoon","lemma":"hoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"scorn"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"smaad","lemma":"smaad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with hoon","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedreiging","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"bedreiging","lemma":"bedreiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"threat"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rottingslag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"rottingslag","lemma":"rottingslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"rattan beating","note":"Rottingslag means a blow with a rattan cane."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"blokgevangenis","lemma":"blokgevangenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with rottingslag","gloss":"imprisonment in stocks","note":"Blokgevangenis is confinement in the stocks."},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of eisch and verwacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eisch","lemma":"eisen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates eisch","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"verwacht","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with eisch","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces vocative","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Nederlanders","lemma":"Nederlander","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"vocative","gloss":"Netherlanders"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zult zyn","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"daardoor","lemma":"daardoor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangegrepen","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second person plural","role":"auxiliary of aangegrepen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"aangegrepen","lemma":"aangrijpen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive predicate","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of aangegrepen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gelyke","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies maat","gloss":"equal","note":"Gelyke is the historical spelling of modern gelijke."},{"surface":"maat","lemma":"maat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"conjunction of comparison","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schetste","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of schetste","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lot","lemma":"lot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schetste","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"schetste","lemma":"schetsen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"sketched"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"boer","lemma":"boer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of ontnam","gloss":"from whom"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontnam","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of koe","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"koe","lemma":"koe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontnam","gloss":"cow"},{"surface":"ontnam","lemma":"ontnemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on boer","gloss":"took away"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h16-s74","source":"Ik vraag geen traan by de tranen die er vloeien op zoo donkere gezichten, noch edelen toorn als ik zal spreken van de vertwyfeling der beroofden.","translation":"I ask no tear for the tears that flow on such dark faces, nor noble wrath when I speak of the despair of the despoiled.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"geen traan … noch edelen toorn","title":"Negation 'geen' and 'noch'","body":"'geen' negates the indefinite noun 'traan' ('no tear'), while 'noch … noch' coordinates further negatives ('nor noble wrath'). One negation governs the whole, with no double negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de vertwyfeling der beroofden","title":"'vertwyfeling' / 'beroofden'","body":"'vertwyfeling' (modern 'vertwijfeling') is despair, and 'de beroofden' ('the despoiled') is a nominalized participle, 'der beroofden' a genitive. The pairing intensifies the moral charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of traan","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"traan","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vraag","gloss":"tear"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tranen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tranen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tranen","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vloeien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in relative clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vloeien","lemma":"vloeien","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on tranen","gloss":"flow"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezichten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies donkere","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"donkere","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gezichten","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"gezichten","lemma":"gezicht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of vloeien","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"edelen","lemma":"edel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toorn","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"toorn","lemma":"toorn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of vraag","gloss":"wrath"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of spreken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of spreken","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertwyfeling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vertwyfeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vertwyfeling","lemma":"vertwijfeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of spreken","gloss":"despair","note":"Vertwyfeling is the historical spelling of modern vertwijfeling."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of beroofden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"beroofden","lemma":"beroofde","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"genitive modifier of vertwijfeling","gloss":"despoiled"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h16-s75","source":"Evenmin verwacht ik dat ge zult opstaan, en met myn boek in de hand tot den Koning gaan, en zeggen: \"zie, o Koning, dat geschiedt in uw Ryk, in uw schoon ryk van Insulinde!\"","translation":"Just as little do I expect that you will rise up and go to the King with my book in your hand and say: \"see, O King, that this is happening in your Realm, in your fair realm of Insulinde!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ge zult opstaan, en … tot den Koning gaan","title":"Future 'zullen' across coordinated verbs","body":"The future auxiliary 'zult' governs a chain of infinitives ('opstaan… gaan… zeggen'). 'ge' is again the archaic 'you', and 'tot den Koning' shows the dative remnant 'den'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Evenmin","lemma":"evenmin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwacht","gloss":"Just as little"},{"surface":"verwacht","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verwacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opstaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opstaan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second person plural","role":"auxiliary of opstaan","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"opstaan","lemma":"opstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of verwacht","gloss":"rise up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Koning","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with opstaan","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with opstaan","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of quotation","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces vocative","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of geschiedt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geschiedt","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of zie","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ryk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Ryk","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of geschiedt","gloss":"Realm"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ryk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ryk","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ryk","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to Ryk","gloss":"realm"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Insulinde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Insulinde","lemma":"Insulinde","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Insulinde"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h16-s76","source":"Neen, neen, neen, dat alles verwacht ik niet!","translation":"No, no, no, all that I do not expect!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat alles verwacht ik niet","title":"Fronted object + verb-second","body":"Fronting the object 'dat alles' puts the verb 'verwacht' second, before the subject 'ik'. The clause is negated by sentence-final 'niet'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"modifies alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of verwacht","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"verwacht","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verwacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwacht","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h16-s77","source":"Te veel leeds in de nabyheid maakt zich meester van uw gevoel, om u zóó veel gevoels overtelaten voor wat zoo ver is! Worden niet al uw zenuwen in spanning gehouden door de akeligheid der keus van een nieuw Kamerlid?","translation":"Too much sorrow close at hand takes hold of your feeling for you to have so much feeling left over for what is so far away! Are not all your nerves held in suspense by the dreadful business of choosing a new member of the Chamber?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Te veel leeds in de nabyheid maakt zich meester van uw gevoel","title":"Reflexive idiom 'zich meester maken van'","body":"'zich meester maken van' is a fixed reflexive idiom ('to take possession of'). 'leeds' is an old partitive genitive after 'te veel' ('too much of sorrow')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om u zóó veel gevoels over te laten","title":"om … te + partitive genitive 'gevoels'","body":"'om … over te laten' is a result clause with the separable 'overlaten' split by 'te'. 'zóó veel gevoels' uses the partitive genitive -s ('so much feeling')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Worden niet al uw zenuwen in spanning gehouden","title":"Worden-passive as a question","body":"'Worden … gehouden' is a worden-passive ('are held'), here inverted into a yes/no question with the auxiliary first. The narrator mocks his reader's trivial preoccupations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leeds","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"leeds","lemma":"leed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, partitive genitive","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nabyheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nabyheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nabyheid","lemma":"nabijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique modifier of leeds","gloss":"vicinity"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of maakt","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"meester","lemma":"meester","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement in zich meester maken","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevoel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gevoel","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of overtelaten","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of overtelaten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevoels","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"gevoels","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, partitive genitive","role":"direct object of overtelaten","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"overtelaten","lemma":"overlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"to leave over"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wat","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"object of voor and subject of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking wat to ver","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates worden gehouden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"predeterminer of zenuwen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zenuwen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"zenuwen","lemma":"zenuw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of worden gehouden","gloss":"nerves"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spanning","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"spanning","lemma":"spanning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of gehouden","gloss":"suspense"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the cause of gehouden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of akeligheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"akeligheid","lemma":"akeligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"dreadful business"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, feminine genitive singular","role":"determiner of keus","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"keus","lemma":"keus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of akeligheid","gloss":"choosing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Kamerlid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Kamerlid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nieuw","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Kamerlid","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"Kamerlid","lemma":"kamerlid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Chamber member"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h16-s78","source":"Dobbert niet uw verscheurde ziel tusschen de wereldberoemde verdiensten van Nietigheid A en Onbeduidendheid B?","translation":"Does not your torn soul waver between the world-famous merits of Nonentity A and Insignificance B?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dobbert niet uw verscheurde ziel","title":"Inverted yes/no question","body":"A yes/no question puts the verb 'Dobbert' first, before its subject 'uw verscheurde ziel'. 'verscheurde' is a past participle used attributively, taking -e before the noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Nietigheid A en Onbeduidendheid B","title":"Mock honorifics","body":"'Nietigheid' ('Nonentity') and 'Onbeduidendheid' ('Insignificance') are sarcastic abstract nouns standing in for the candidates' names — Multatuli skewering empty political contests."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dobbert","lemma":"dobberen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wavers"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Dobbert","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ziel","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"verscheurde","lemma":"verscheuren","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"modifies ziel","gloss":"torn"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of Dobbert","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdiensten","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verdiensten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereldberoemde","lemma":"wereldberoemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verdiensten","gloss":"world-famous"},{"surface":"verdiensten","lemma":"verdienste","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tusschen","gloss":"merits"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nietigheid and Onbeduidendheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nietigheid","lemma":"nietigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, used as a name","role":"first object of van","gloss":"Nonentity"},{"surface":"A","lemma":"A","morphology":"proper-name label","role":"label modifying Nietigheid","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Nietigheid and Onbeduidendheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Onbeduidendheid","lemma":"onbeduidendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, used as a name","role":"second object of van","gloss":"Insignificance"},{"surface":"B","lemma":"B","morphology":"proper-name label","role":"label modifying Onbeduidendheid","gloss":"B"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h16-s79","source":"En hebt ge niet uw dure tranen noodig voor ernstiger zaken dan ... maar wat hoef ik méér te zeggen!","translation":"And have you not need of your precious tears for graver matters than ... but what need have I to say more!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hebt ge niet uw dure tranen noodig","title":"Archaic 'ge' in an inverted question","body":"'hebt ge' inverts subject and verb for a question, with 'ge' the literary 'you'. The comparative 'ernstiger' ('graver') uses the -er ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hebt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates hebt noodig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of tranen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"dure","lemma":"duur","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies tranen","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"tranen","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of hebt","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement in noodig hebben","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ernstiger","lemma":"ernstig","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"graver"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an unfinished comparison with ernstiger","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting exclamation","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hoef","lemma":"hoeven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of hoef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"méér","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zeggen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hoef","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h16-s80","source":"Was er niet gister slapte op de beurs, en dreigde niet ietwat overvoer de koffimarkt met daling? * * * * *","translation":"Was there not slackness on the exchange yesterday, and did not a little overstock threaten the coffee market with a fall? * * * * *","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Was er niet gister slapte … en dreigde niet …","title":"Existential 'er' in an inverted question","body":"'Was er …' is an existential question ('was there not slackness'), with dummy 'er'. Both verbs ('Was', 'dreigde') stand first in their coordinated yes/no questions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de koffimarkt","title":"Period spelling 'koffi'","body":"'koffi' is the 1860 spelling of modern 'koffie' (coffee), with the period clipping of the final -e. Coffee is the novel's central commodity, the wealth wrung from forced cultivation in Java — note the narrator cares only about its market price."}],"words":[{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive of Was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gister","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"time modifier of Was","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"slapte","lemma":"slapte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of Was","gloss":"slackness"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beurs","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Was and dreigde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dreigde","lemma":"dreigen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"threatened"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates dreigde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ietwat","lemma":"ietwat","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies overvoer","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"overvoer","lemma":"overvoer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of dreigde","gloss":"overstock"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koffimarkt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koffimarkt","lemma":"koffiemarkt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of dreigde","gloss":"coffee market"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking daling","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"daling","lemma":"daling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"a fall"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h16-s81","source":"\"Schryf toch zulke zinnelooze dingen niet aan je papa, Stern!\" heb ik gezegd, en misschien zei ik 't wat driftig, want ik kan geen onwaarheid lyden, dit is altyd een vast principe van me geweest.","translation":"\"Do please not write such senseless stuff to your papa, Stern!\" I have said, and perhaps I said it somewhat sharply, for I cannot abide untruth—this has always been a fixed principle with me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Schryf toch zulke zinnelooze dingen niet","title":"Imperative softened by 'toch'","body":"'Schryf … niet' is an imperative (bare verb stem) negated by 'niet'. The particle 'toch' adds a pleading, exasperated tone ('do please not…')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want ik kan geen onwaarheid lyden","title":"Coordinator 'want' keeps V2","body":"'want' ('for') is a coordinating conjunction, so it does NOT send the verb to the end: 'ik kan' keeps normal main-clause order. 'geen onwaarheid' negates the indefinite noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Schryf","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens the command Schryf","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"zinnelooze","lemma":"zinneloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dingen","gloss":"senseless"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of Schryf","gloss":"stuff"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Schryf","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking papa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of papa","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"papa","lemma":"papa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative addressee of Schryf","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governing the quoted command","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates heb gezegd and zei","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zei","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of driftig","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"driftig","lemma":"driftig","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"manner modifier of zei","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kan lyden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of lyden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of onwaarheid","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"onwaarheid","lemma":"onwaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of lyden","gloss":"untruth"},{"surface":"lyden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"abide"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is geweest","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"time modifier of is geweest","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of principe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vast","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies principe","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"principe","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is geweest","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"object of van, expressing possession","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"perfect copula linking dit to principe","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h16-s82","source":"Ik heb dien avend terstond aan den ouden Stern geschreven dat hy haast moest maken met zyn orders, en vooral zich in-acht nemen tegen valsche berichten, want de koffi staat heel goed.","translation":"That evening I wrote at once to old Stern that he must hurry up with his orders, and above all be on his guard against false reports, for the coffee stands very well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy haast moest maken … en vooral zich in-acht nemen","title":"Subordinate 'dat' + reflexive idiom","body":"'dat' opens a reported-speech clause, sending its verbs to the end; 'zich in acht nemen' is a reflexive idiom ('to be on one's guard'). 'hy' is the 1860 spelling of 'hij'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dien avend","title":"'dien avend' = that evening","body":"'dien' is the old masculine accusative of 'die' ('that'), and 'avend' is a period spelling of 'avond' (evening). Together they form a time-adverbial in the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb geschreven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of avend","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"time modifier of geschreven","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"time modifier of geschreven","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Stern","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Stern","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouden","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies Stern","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the matrix clause","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reported-content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"haast","lemma":"haast","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in haast maken","gloss":"haste"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of maken and nemen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first complement of moest","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orders","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of orders","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"orders","lemma":"order","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates maken and nemen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nemen","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of nemen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"in-acht","lemma":"in acht","morphology":"fixed adverbial expression","role":"fixed complement in zich in acht nemen","gloss":"on guard","note":"Zich in acht nemen means to be on one's guard."},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"second complement of moest","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking berichten","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"valsche","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies berichten","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"berichten","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koffi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the reason clause","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner complement of staat","gloss":"well"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h16-s83","source":"De lezer gevoelt wat ik by 't aanhooren van die laatste hoofdstukken weer heb uitgestaan.","translation":"The reader can feel what I again had to endure in listening to those last chapters.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat ik by 't aanhooren van die laatste hoofdstukken weer heb uitgestaan","title":"Perfect of separable 'uitstaan'","body":"'heb uitgestaan' is the present perfect ('have endured') of the separable verb 'uitstaan'; in this 'wat'-clause the auxiliary and participle stand at the end. 'aanhooren' is a nominalized infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gevoelt","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"gevoelt","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of uitgestaan and head of the clause complement of gevoelt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb uitgestaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanhooren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanhooren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanhooren","lemma":"aanhoren","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of by","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdstukken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of hoofdstukken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies hoofdstukken","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"hoofdstukken","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"chapters"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitgestaan","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgestaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"uitgestaan","lemma":"uitstaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"endured"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h16-s84","source":"Ik heb in de kinderkamer een solitairspelletje gevonden, en dàt neem ik voortaan mee naar den krans.","translation":"I have found a game of solitaire in the nursery, and that I shall henceforth take with me to the club.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dàt neem ik voortaan mee naar den krans","title":"Fronted object + separable 'meenemen'","body":"Fronting the stressed object 'dàt' triggers V2 ('neem ik'), and the separable verb 'meenemen' drops its prefix 'mee' to the end. 'den krans' keeps the dative remnant 'den'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gevonden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kinderkamer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kinderkamer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kinderkamer","lemma":"kinderkamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"nursery"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of solitairspelletje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"solitairspelletje","lemma":"solitairspel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"solitaire game"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates gevonden and neem","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite base of neem mee","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voortaan","lemma":"voortaan","morphology":"adverb","role":"time modifier of neem","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of neem mee","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking krans","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of krans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"krans","lemma":"krans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"club"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h16-s85","source":"Had ik niet gelyk, toen ik zei dat die Sjaalman allen had gek gemaakt met zyn pak?","translation":"Was I not right when I said that this Shawlman had driven everybody mad with his parcel?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Had ik niet gelyk, toen ik zei …","title":"Inverted past + subordinate 'toen'","body":"'Had ik niet gelyk' inverts for a rhetorical question. 'toen' then opens a subordinate clause ('when I said'), sending 'zei' toward the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb in gelijk hebben","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of Had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Had","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object in gelijk hebben","gloss":"right","note":"Gelijk hebben is the idiom for being right."},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the time clause of zei","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the time clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of had gemaakt","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"everybody"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of allen","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"driven"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pak","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of pak","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"parcel"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h16-s86","source":"Zou men in al dat geschryf van Stern--en Frits doet ook mee, dit is zeker!--jongelieden herkennen, die opgebracht worden in een deftig huis?","translation":"Would anyone recognize, in all that scribbling of Stern's—and Frits has a hand in it too, that is certain!—young people who are being brought up in a respectable house?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zou men … jongelieden herkennen, die opgebracht worden","title":"Conditional + worden-passive relative","body":"'Zou … herkennen' is the conditional ('would one recognize'); the relative 'die opgebracht worden' is a worden-passive ('who are being brought up'). 'men' is the impersonal 'one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of herkennen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of herkennen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geschryf","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"predeterminer of geschrijf","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschryf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geschryf","lemma":"geschrijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of herkennen","gloss":"scribbling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Stern","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doet","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"particle of doet ... mee","gloss":"joins in"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit and zeker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"jongelieden","lemma":"jongelieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of herkennen","gloss":"young people"},{"surface":"herkennen","lemma":"herkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"recognize"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive opgebracht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"opgebracht","lemma":"opbrengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of relative clause","gloss":"brought up"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of opgebracht","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"deftig","lemma":"deftig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h16-s87","source":"Wat zyn dat voor malle uitvallen tegen een ziekte, die zich openbaart in 't verlangen naar een buitenplaats?","translation":"What sort of silly outbursts are these against a disease that shows itself in the longing for a country house?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een ziekte, die zich openbaart in 't verlangen","title":"Reflexive 'zich openbaren' in a relative clause","body":"'die zich openbaart' is a relative clause with a reflexive verb ('that shows itself'), its verb at the end. 'verlangen' here is a nominalized infinitive ('the longing')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative determiner","role":"part of wat ... voor construction","gloss":"what sort","note":"Wat ... voor asks what kind or sort of something."},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula of uitvallen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural sense","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"part of wat ... voor construction","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"malle","lemma":"mal","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uitvallen","gloss":"silly"},{"surface":"uitvallen","lemma":"uitval","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"outbursts"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ziekte","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ziekte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ziekte","lemma":"ziekte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tegen","gloss":"disease"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of openbaart","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of openbaart","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"openbaart","lemma":"openbaren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"manifests"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verlangen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verlangen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verlangen","lemma":"verlangen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of openbaart","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buitenplaats","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buitenplaats","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"buitenplaats","lemma":"buitenplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"country house"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h16-s88","source":"Is dat op my gemunt?","translation":"Is that aimed at me?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is dat op my gemunt?","title":"Idiom 'op iemand gemunt zijn'","body":"'op iemand gemunt zijn' is a fixed expression ('to be aimed at someone'). Here it is a short inverted yes/no question; 'my' is the period spelling of 'mij'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula in idiom gemunt zijn op","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in idiom gemunt zijn op","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of op","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gemunt","lemma":"munten","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"aimed","note":"Het op iemand gemunt hebben or zijn means to have something aimed at someone."}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h16-s89","source":"Mag ik niet naar Driebergen gaan, als Frits makelaar is?","translation":"May I not go to Driebergen when Frits is a broker?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Mag ik niet naar Driebergen gaan, als Frits makelaar is?","title":"Modal question + 'als' clause","body":"'Mag ik … gaan' is a modal question (modal 'mag' + bare infinitive 'gaan'). 'als Frits makelaar is' is a subordinate condition with verb at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gaan","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Driebergen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Driebergen","lemma":"Driebergen","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"Driebergen"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of makelaar","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Frits and makelaar","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h16-s90","source":"En wie spreekt van buikaandoeningen, in gezelschap van vrouwen en meisjes?","translation":"And who speaks of bowel complaints in the company of women and girls?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie spreekt van buikaandoeningen","title":"Interrogative 'wie'","body":"'wie' here is the interrogative subject ('who speaks…'), a main-clause question with V2. 'meisjes' is a plural diminutive ('girls'), -je + plural -s."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of spreekt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of spreekt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buikaandoeningen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"buikaandoeningen","lemma":"buikaandoening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of spreekt","gloss":"bowel complaints"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezelschap","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gezelschap","lemma":"gezelschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouwen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with vrouwen","gloss":"girls"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h16-s91","source":"Het is een vast principe van me, altyd bedaard te blyven--want ik houd dit voor nuttig in de zaken--maar ik moet erkennen, dat het me dikwyls veel moeite kostte, by 't aanhooren van al de gekheid die Stern voorleest.","translation":"It is a fixed principle with me always to stay composed—for I hold this to be useful in business—but I must own that it often cost me much effort, in listening to all the foolishness that Stern reads out.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"altyd bedaard te blyven","title":"te + infinitive after a copula predicate","body":"'te blyven' completes the predicate 'het is een vast principe … te blyven' ('to stay composed'). 'want' then introduces a coordinate reason without sending its verb to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat het me dikwyls veel moeite kostte","title":"Imperfect of a weak verb","body":"'kostte' is the simple past of weak 'kosten' (stem + -te). The 'dat'-clause sends the verb to the end, and 'me' is the dative experiencer ('it cost me effort')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het and principe","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of principe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vast","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies principe","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"principe","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of van","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blijven","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"bedaard","lemma":"bedaard","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of blijven","gloss":"composed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive blijven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement specifying principe","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of houd","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"predicative particle","role":"part of houden voor","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"nuttig","lemma":"nuttig","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of dit","gloss":"useful"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links main clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erkennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kostte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kostte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of kostte","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kostte","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kostte","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"kostte","lemma":"kosten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of erkennen","gloss":"cost"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanhoren","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanhoren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanhooren","lemma":"aanhoren","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gekheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"predeterminer of gekheid","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gekheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gekheid","lemma":"gekheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of voorleest","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voorleest","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"voorleest","lemma":"voorlezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"reads out"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h16-s92","source":"Wat wil hy toch?","translation":"What does he want, after all?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat wil hy toch?","title":"Modal 'willen' + particle 'toch'","body":"'wil' is the modal 'willen' ('to want'). The particle 'toch' here lends an irritated 'after all / on earth' flavour to the question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wil","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"after all"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h16-s93","source":"Wat moet het eind zyn?","translation":"What is to be the end of it?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat moet het eind zyn?","title":"Modal 'moeten' of expectation","body":"'moet … zyn' uses 'moeten' not for obligation but for what is destined or expected ('what is to be the end'). The infinitive 'zyn' closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copular infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h16-s94","source":"Wanneer komt er nu eindelyk iets degelyks?","translation":"When, at long last, does something sensible come?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wanneer komt er nu eindelyk iets degelyks?","title":"Existential 'er' + partitive '-s'","body":"'komt er … iets degelyks' uses 'er' as an existential placeholder for the indefinite subject. 'iets degelyks' shows the partitive -s on an adjective after 'iets' ('something sensible')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces indefinite subject iets","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"degelyks","lemma":"degelijk","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"postmodifies iets","gloss":"sensible","note":"The -s ending nominalizes the adjective after iets: iets degelijks means something sensible."}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h16-s95","source":"Wat gaat het my aan, of die Havelaar zyn tuin schoon houdt, en of de menschen voor of achter by hem binnenkomen?","translation":"What concern is it of mine whether that Havelaar keeps his garden tidy, and whether people come in to him by the front or the back?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat gaat het my aan, of …","title":"Separable 'aangaan' + indirect question","body":"'gaat … aan' is the separable verb 'aangaan' ('to concern'), prefix at the end. The 'of'-clause is an indirect question whose verbs ('houdt', 'binnenkomen') go to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of gaat ... aan","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gaat ... aan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gaat ... aan","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"particle completing gaat ... aan","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces first whether-clause","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Havelaar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of houdt","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of tuin","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of houdt","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of tuin","gloss":"tidy"},{"surface":"houdt","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first whether-clause","gloss":"keeps"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second whether-clause","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of binnenkomen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"adverb","role":"first alternative modifying binnenkomen","gloss":"front"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links voor and achter","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"adverb","role":"second alternative modifying binnenkomen","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"binnenkomen","lemma":"binnenkomen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of second whether-clause","gloss":"come in"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h16-s96","source":"By Busselinck en Waterman moet men door een nauw gangetje, naast een oliepakhuis, waar 't altyd heel vuil is. En dan dat gemaal over die buffels!","translation":"At Busselinck and Waterman's one has to go through a narrow passage, next to an oil-warehouse, where it is always very filthy. And then all that fuss about those buffaloes!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"door een nauw gangetje, naast een oliepakhuis","title":"Diminutive 'gangetje' + compound 'oliepakhuis'","body":"'gangetje' is the diminutive of 'gang' (-etje, neuter), making a 'little passage'. 'oliepakhuis' is a right-headed compound (olie + pakhuis, 'oil-warehouse')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat gemaal over die buffels","title":"Demonstrative 'die' / 'dat'","body":"'dat gemaal' uses 'dat' for the neuter het-word 'gemaal' ('that fuss'), while 'die buffels' uses 'die' for the plural. Demonstratives agree with gender and number."}],"words":[{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Busselinck and Waterman","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"first complement of bij","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated with Busselinck","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of omitted gaan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gangetje","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gangetje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gangetje","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"gangetje","lemma":"gang","morphology":"diminutive noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"passage"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oliepakhuis","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oliepakhuis","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"oliepakhuis","lemma":"oliepakhuis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of naast","gloss":"oil warehouse"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement in relative clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vuil","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"vuil","lemma":"vuil","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"filthy"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to vuil","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical exclamation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical exclamation","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gemaal","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gemaal","lemma":"gemaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of elliptical exclamation","gloss":"fuss"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buffels","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffels","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of over","gloss":"buffaloes"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h16-s97","source":"Wat hoeven ze buffels te hebben, die zwarten?","translation":"What need have they of buffaloes, those blacks?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat hoeven ze buffels te hebben, die zwarten?","title":"'hoeven … te' (need to)","body":"'hoeven … te hebben' is the verb 'hoeven' ('to need'), which—unlike true modals—takes 'te' before its infinitive. 'die zwarten' is a right-dislocated demonstrative, restating the subject contemptuously."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"complement of hoeven in idiom","gloss":"what","note":"Wat hoeven ze ... te hebben idiomatically asks what need they have of it."},{"surface":"hoeven","lemma":"hoeven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb governing hebben","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoeven","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hoeven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of zwarten","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"zwarten","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"apposition to ze","gloss":"black people"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h16-s98","source":"Ik heb nog nooit een buffel gehad, en toch ben ik tevreden.","translation":"I have never yet had a buffalo, and yet I am content.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb nog nooit een buffel gehad","title":"Present perfect + 'nog nooit'","body":"'heb … gehad' is the present perfect, with the participle 'gehad' at the end. 'nog nooit' ('not yet ever') is a single negation; Dutch avoids stacking it with another negative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehad","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehad","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle governed by heb","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tevreden","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik and tevreden","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"content"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h16-s99","source":"Er zyn menschen die altyd klagen. En wat dat schimpen op gedwongen arbeid aangaat, men ziet wel dat hy de preek van dominee Wawelaar niet gehoord heeft, anders zou hy weten hoe nuttig dat werken is voor de uitbreiding van 't Godsryk. 't Is waar, hy is luthersch.","translation":"There are people who are forever complaining. And as for that railing against forced labour, one sees plainly that he has not heard the sermon of the Reverend Wawelaar, or else he would know how useful that working is for the spread of God's Kingdom. It is true, he is a Lutheran.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"anders zou hy weten hoe nuttig dat werken is","title":"Conditional 'zou' for a counterfactual","body":"'zou … weten' expresses what would be true under a condition ('else he would know'). The fronted 'anders' triggers V2, and the indirect question 'hoe nuttig … is' is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb with zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of klagen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klagen","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"klagen","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause modifying menschen","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ziet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of aangaat in wat ... aangaat","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schimpen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"schimpen","lemma":"schimpen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"railing"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbeid as target of schimpen","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"gedwongen","lemma":"dwingen","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"modifies arbeid","gloss":"forced"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the topic clause wat ... aangaat","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes ziet","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gehoord","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gehoord","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of preek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"preek","lemma":"preek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehoord","gloss":"sermon"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the preacher","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dominee","lemma":"dominee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Reverend"},{"surface":"Wawelaar","lemma":"Wawelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to dominee","gloss":"Wawelaar"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehoord","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou weten","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the conditional result clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying nuttig","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"nuttig","lemma":"nuttig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"useful"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"working"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking werken to nuttig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing purpose or benefit","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitbreiding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitbreiding","lemma":"uitbreiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Godsryk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Godsryk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Godsryk","lemma":"Godsrijk","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Kingdom of God"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to luthersch","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"luthersch","lemma":"luthers","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"Lutheran"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h16-s100","source":"O, zeker, als ik had kunnen gissen hoe hy 't boek schryven zou, dat zoo gewichtig worden moet voor alle makelaars in koffi--en anderen--had ik 't liever zelf gedaan.","translation":"Oh, to be sure, had I been able to guess how he would write the book that is to become so weighty for all brokers in coffee—and others—I would sooner have done it myself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik had kunnen gissen … had ik 't liever zelf gedaan","title":"Pluperfect counterfactual","body":"Both clauses use the pluperfect: 'had kunnen gissen' ('had been able to guess') and 'had … gedaan' ('would have done'). 'dat zoo gewichtig worden moet' shows copular 'worden' + the predicate adjective 'gewichtig' under the modal 'moeten' ('must become so weighty') — not a worden-passive, which needs a past participle."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection expressing regret","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gissen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gissen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gissen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gissen","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"gissen","lemma":"gissen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"guess"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schryven","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schryven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schryven","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the embedded hoe-clause","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of schryven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of worden and refers to boek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewichtig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gewichtig","lemma":"gewichtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of worden","gloss":"weighty"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of worden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking makelaars","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of makelaars","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"makelaars","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"brokers"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links koffi with the parenthetical anderen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"elliptical coordination with makelaars","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"graag","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"emphasizes ik","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the conditional result clause","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h16-s101","source":"Maar hy heeft een steun in de Rosemeyers, die in suiker doen, en dit maakt hem zoo boud.","translation":"But he has a support in the Rosemeyers, who are in sugar, and this makes him so bold.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy heeft een steun in de Rosemeyers, die in suiker doen","title":"Relative 'die' + idiom 'in suiker doen'","body":"'die in suiker doen' is a relative clause ('who are in sugar'); 'in iets doen' is the merchant's idiom for trading in a commodity. The clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heeft","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of steun","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"steun","lemma":"steun","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"support"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rosemeyers","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Rosemeyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosemeyers","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"Rosemeyers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in suiker doen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause modifying Rosemeyers","gloss":"deal","note":"“In suiker doen” means to trade or deal in sugar."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with heeft","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying boud","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"boud","lemma":"boud","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of hem","gloss":"bold"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h16-s102","source":"Ik heb ronduit gezegd--want ik ben oprecht in die dingen--dat wy de geschiedenis van dien Saïdjah wel kunnen missen, maar daar begon op-eens Louise Rosemeyer tegen my optestaan.","translation":"I said plainly—for I am candid in such things—that we could very well do without the story of that Saïdjah, but there all at once Louise Rosemeyer rose up against me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar begon op-eens Louise Rosemeyer tegen my op te staan","title":"V2 after 'daar' + separable 'opstaan'","body":"Fronting 'daar' forces the verb 'begon' second. 'op te staan' is the separable verb 'opstaan' split by 'te' ('to rise up'). 'tegen my' shows period 'my' for 'mij'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ronduit","lemma":"ronduit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to oprecht","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"oprecht","lemma":"oprecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"candid"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of missen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of missen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of missen","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Saïdjah","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Saïdjah","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kunnen missen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of missen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"missen","lemma":"missen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"do without","note":"“Kunnen missen” here means to be able to do without something."},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb introducing the new event","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begon","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Louise","lemma":"Louise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first name of the subject of begon","gloss":"Louise"},{"surface":"Rosemeyer","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname completing Louise","gloss":"Rosemeyer"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the person opposed","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"optestaan","lemma":"opstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of begon","gloss":"to rise up","note":"Historical spelling writes infinitival “te” into the verb: modern “op te staan”."}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h16-s103","source":"Het schynt dat Stern haar gezegd heeft dat er van liefde zou inkomen, en daar zyn zulke meisjes dol op.","translation":"It seems that Stern told her there would be love coming into it, and girls of that sort are wild about such a thing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het schynt dat … er van liefde zou inkomen","title":"Impersonal 'het schijnt' + existential 'er'","body":"'Het schynt dat' is impersonal 'het' ('it seems that…'). Inside, 'er … zou inkomen' uses existential 'er' with the conditional and the separable 'inkomen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar zyn zulke meisjes dol op","title":"Pronominal adverb split 'daar … op'","body":"'daar … op' is a split pronominal adverb ('about that'), the parts framing the clause. 'dol op iets zijn' is the idiom 'to be wild about something'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with schynt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of inkomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"forms er ... in with inkomen","gloss":"into it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"partitive preposition marking liefde","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"partitive complement of inkomen","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of inkomen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"inkomen","lemma":"inkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the reported-content clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of op","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking meisjes to dol","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"dol","lemma":"dol","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes the idiom dol zijn op","gloss":"about"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h16-s104","source":"Ik zou me echter hierdoor niet hebben laten afschrikken, als maar niet de Rosemeyers me gezegd hadden, gaarne kennis te willen aanknoopen met Sterns vader.","translation":"I would not, however, have let myself be put off by this, had not the Rosemeyers told me they would gladly like to strike up an acquaintance with Stern's father.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zou me … niet hebben laten afschrikken, als maar niet de Rosemeyers me gezegd hadden","title":"Conditional perfect + causative 'laten'","body":"'zou … hebben laten afschrikken' is a conditional perfect with causative/permissive 'laten' ('would not have let myself be put off'). The 'als'-clause uses the pluperfect 'gezegd hadden'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gaarne kennis te willen aanknoopen","title":"te + infinitive cluster with 'willen'","body":"'te willen aanknoopen' nests the modal 'willen' under 'te' ('to want to strike up'); 'kennis aanknoopen' is the idiom 'to make an acquaintance'. 'gaarne' is the formal 'gladly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou laten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of laten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of laten","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laten","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"hierdoor","lemma":"hierdoor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afschrikken","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afschrikken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of laten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou hebben","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"afschrikken","lemma":"afschrikken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"passive infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"be put off"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb in als maar niet","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Rosemeyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosemeyers","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"Rosemeyers"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies willen","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanknoopen","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive willen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gezegd","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"aanknoopen","lemma":"aanknopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of willen","gloss":"strike up","note":"“Kennis aanknopen met” means to strike up an acquaintance with."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vader","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Sterns","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Stern's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h16-s105","source":"Dit is natuurlyk om door den vader te komen tot den oom, die in suiker doet.","translation":"This is naturally in order to get, by way of the father, to the uncle, who is in sugar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit is natuurlyk om door den vader te komen tot den oom","title":"om … te (purpose) + dative 'den'","body":"'om … te komen' is a purpose clause ('in order to get to'). Both 'den vader' and 'den oom' carry the old masculine accusative/dative article 'den'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dit to the om-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying is","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the intermediary","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause complement of is","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of oom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oom","lemma":"oom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"uncle"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in suiker doen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause modifying oom","gloss":"deals","note":"“In suiker doen” means to trade or deal in sugar."}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h16-s106","source":"Als ik nu te sterk party trek voor 't gezond verstand tegen den jongen Stern, laad ik den schyn op my, alsof ik hen van hem wil aftrekken, en dit is volstrekt het geval niet, want ze doen in suiker.","translation":"If I now take too strong a side for common sense against young Stern, I lay myself open to the appearance of wanting to draw them away from him, and this is absolutely not the case, for they are in sugar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als ik nu te sterk party trek …, laad ik den schyn op my","title":"Conditional 'als' clause + main-clause V2","body":"The subordinate 'Als'-clause ('if I take too strong a side') is verb-final, then the main clause inverts to V2: 'laad ik'. 'partij trekken voor' is the idiom 'to take sides for'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alsof ik hen van hem wil aftrekken","title":"'alsof' + separable 'aftrekken'","body":"'alsof' ('as if') is a subordinator sending the verbs to the end; the modal 'wil' takes the bare separable infinitive 'aftrekken' ('to draw away')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause headed by trek","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of trek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trek","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies sterk","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the idiom partij trek","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"party","lemma":"partij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in the idiom partij trekken","gloss":"a side","note":"Historical spelling of modern partij; partij trekken voor means ‘to take the side of.’"},{"surface":"trek","lemma":"trekken","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"head of conditional clause","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement gezond verstand","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of verstand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gezond","lemma":"gezond","morphology":"adjective, uninflected attributive","role":"modifies verstand","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"verstand","lemma":"verstand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement den jongen Stern","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of jongen Stern","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, inflected attributive","role":"modifies Stern","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"laad","lemma":"laden","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of conditional construction","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of laad","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of schijn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schyn","lemma":"schijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of laad","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement mij","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, oblique","role":"object of op","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause headed by wil","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural, accusative","role":"direct object of aftrekken","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement hem","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, oblique","role":"object of van","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite verb governing aftrekken","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"aftrekken","lemma":"aftrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"to draw away"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clauses headed by laad and is","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking dit and geval","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies niet","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negating adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause headed by doen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"deal","note":"Doen in iets is an older commercial idiom meaning ‘to deal or trade in something.’"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement suiker","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, mass","role":"object of in","gloss":"sugar"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h16-s107","source":"Ik begryp volstrekt Sterns bedoeling niet met zyn geschryf.","translation":"I absolutely do not understand Stern's purpose with his scribbling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"geschryf","title":"Pejorative 'ge-' noun 'geschryf'","body":"'geschryf' (modern 'geschrijf') is a collective ge-noun with a dismissive flavour — 'scribbling, all that writing'. Droogstoppel uses it to belittle Stern's manuscript."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of begrijp","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies niet","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"Sterns","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"possessive modifier of bedoeling","gloss":"Stern's"},{"surface":"bedoeling","lemma":"bedoeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of begrijp","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negating adverb","role":"negates begrijp","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement zijn geschrijf","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of geschrijf","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geschryf","lemma":"geschrijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"scribbling"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h16-s108","source":"Er zyn altyd ontevreden menschen, en staat het hem nu fraai, hy die zooveel goeds geniet in Holland--van de week nog heeft myn vrouw kamillenthee voor hem gezet--om te schimpen op de Regeering?","translation":"There are always discontented people, and does it now become him—he who enjoys so much good in Holland; only this week my wife made him camomile tea—to rail at the Government?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"staat het hem nu fraai … om te schimpen op de Regeering","title":"Impersonal idiom + om … te","body":"'staat het hem fraai … om te schimpen' is an impersonal construction ('does it become him to rail'), completed by an 'om … te' clause. 'hy die zooveel goeds geniet' is a relative clause with partitive 'goeds'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kamillenthee","title":"'kamillenthee' = camomile tea","body":"'kamillenthee' is a compound (kamille + thee) for camomile tea. Droogstoppel cites his wife's small kindness as proof Stern has no grounds to criticize the government — a comic non sequitur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zijn","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ontevreden","lemma":"ontevreden","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"discontented"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"notional subject of zijn","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the existential clause and question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of question","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, oblique","role":"indirect object of staat","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"fraai","lemma":"fraai","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of staat","gloss":"well","note":"In the idiom iemand fraai staan, fraai means that something is becoming or proper for someone, often ironically."},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"apposition to hem and antecedent of die","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular, nominative","role":"subject of geniet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies goeds","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"goeds","lemma":"goed","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular, partitive genitive","role":"direct object of geniet","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"geniet","lemma":"genieten","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"head of relative clause modifying hy","gloss":"enjoys"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement Holland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Holland","lemma":"Holland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Holland"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of temporal phrase van de week","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of week","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"week","lemma":"week","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of gezet","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes van de week","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezet","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft gezet","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"kamillenthee","lemma":"kamillenthee","morphology":"noun, common gender, mass","role":"direct object of gezet","gloss":"camomile tea"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces beneficiary hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, oblique","role":"object of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gezet","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of perfect clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces infinitival complement of fraai","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks schimpen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schimpen","lemma":"schimpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement licensed by fraai","gloss":"rail"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces target Regeering","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"Government"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h16-s109","source":"Wil hy daarmee de algemeene ontevredenheid aanvuren?","translation":"Does he mean by this to fan the general discontent?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wil hy daarmee de algemeene ontevredenheid aanvuren?","title":"Modal question + pronominal adverb 'daarmee'","body":"'Wil … aanvuren' is a modal question ('does he mean to fan'). 'daarmee' is a pronominal adverb fusing 'met' + 'this' ('by this')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of question","gloss":"does mean"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"daarmee","lemma":"daarmee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"instrumental adjunct of aanvuren","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of ontevredenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"algemeene","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective, inflected attributive","role":"modifies ontevredenheid","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"ontevredenheid","lemma":"ontevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanvuren","gloss":"discontent"},{"surface":"aanvuren","lemma":"aanvuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"to fan"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h16-s110","source":"Wil hy Gouverneur-generaal worden?","translation":"Does he want to become Governor-General?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s110.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of question","gloss":"does want"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"to become"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h16-s111","source":"Hy is er verwaand genoeg toe ... om het te willen, meen ik.","translation":"He is conceited enough for it ... to want it, I mean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy is er verwaand genoeg toe … om het te willen","title":"Split pronominal adverb 'er … toe' + om … te","body":"'er … toe' is a split pronominal adverb ('conceited enough for it'). The trailing 'om het te willen' is a purpose clause with the bare modal 'willen' under 'te'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking hy and verwaand","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"part of the anticipatory phrase er ... toe","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"verwaand","lemma":"verwaand","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"conceited"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies verwaand","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"pronominal particle","role":"completes er ... toe and anticipates om-clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces infinitival clause of willen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, accusative","role":"direct object of willen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks willen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verwaand genoeg","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h16-s112","source":"Ik vroeg hem dit eergister, en zei er ronduit by, dat zyn hollandsch nog zoo gebrekkig was. \"O, dit is geen bezwaar, antwoordde hy.","translation":"I asked him this the day before yesterday, and added plainly that his Dutch was still so deficient. \"Oh, that is no obstacle,\" he answered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s112.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik vroeg hem dit eergister, en zei er ronduit by","title":"Imperfect + separable 'erbij zeggen'","body":"'vroeg' and 'zei' are strong-verb imperfects (vowel-changing pasts of 'vragen' and 'zeggen'). 'er … by' is a split pronominal adverb belonging to 'erbij zeggen' ('to add')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zyn hollandsch nog zoo gebrekkig was","title":"Subordinate 'dat' with verb-final","body":"'dat … was' is a 'dat'-clause sending its verb to the end. 'zyn hollandsch' is the neuter het-word for the Dutch language, with the period possessive 'zyn'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg and zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, oblique","role":"indirect object of vroeg","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of vroeg","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"eergister","lemma":"eergisteren","morphology":"temporal adverb","role":"modifies vroeg","gloss":"day before yesterday"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links vroeg and zei","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"part of separable verb erbij zeggen","gloss":"thereto"},{"surface":"ronduit","lemma":"ronduit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"completes zei ... erbij","gloss":"added","note":"Er ... bij zeggen is a split separable verb meaning ‘to add’ in speech."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause headed by was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of hollandsch","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies gebrekkig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gebrekkig","lemma":"gebrekkig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"deficient"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking hollandsch and gebrekkig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"expresses reaction","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking dit and bezwaar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of bezwaar","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"bezwaar","lemma":"bezwaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"obstacle"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"reporting verb for quoted speech","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h16-s113","source":"Er schynt maar zelden een Gouverneur-generaal daarheen gezonden te worden, die de taal van 't land verstaat.\" Wat moet ik nu doen met zoo'n wysneus?","translation":"\"A Governor-General who understands the language of the country seems but seldom to be sent out there.\" What am I now to do with such a smart aleck?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er schynt maar zelden een Gouverneur-generaal daarheen gezonden te worden","title":"Impersonal 'schijnen' + passive infinitive","body":"'Er schynt … gezonden te worden' combines existential 'er', impersonal 'schijnen', and a worden-passive infinitive ('seems seldom to be sent'). A dense stacking typical of formal register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"wysneus","title":"'wysneus' = smart aleck","body":"'wysneus' (modern 'wijsneus', literally 'wise-nose') is a compound insult for a know-it-all. The recurring theme of 'neuswysheid' / 'wysneus' marks Droogstoppel's contempt for cleverness he can't follow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with schijnt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"raising verb governing gezonden te worden","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"modifies zelden","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zelden","lemma":"zelden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezonden worden","gloss":"seldom"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schijnt and patient of gezonden","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"daarheen","lemma":"daarheen","morphology":"directional adverb","role":"modifies gezonden","gloss":"out there"},{"surface":"gezonden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb in passive infinitive","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks worden as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, infinitive","role":"forms passive with gezonden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular, nominative","role":"subject of verstaat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of taal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verstaat","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement het land","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"verstaat","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"head of relative clause modifying Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite verb governing doen","gloss":"am to"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moet","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement zoo'n wysneus","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of wysneus","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"wysneus","lemma":"wijsneus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"smart aleck","note":"Wijsneus, here historically spelled wysneus, is a mocking term for a know-it-all or smart aleck."}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h16-s114","source":"Hy heeft niet den minsten eerbied voor myn ondervinding.","translation":"He has not the slightest respect for my experience.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy heeft niet den minsten eerbied","title":"Superlative 'de minste' + dative 'den'","body":"'den minsten eerbied' is the superlative of 'min' ('the slightest respect'), with the old masculine accusative article 'den' and adjective in -en. 'niet … den minsten' is the negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negating adverb","role":"negates heeft","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of eerbied","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minsten","lemma":"minst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected attributive","role":"modifies eerbied","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"eerbied","lemma":"eerbied","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement mijn ondervinding","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of ondervinding","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"experience"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h16-s115","source":"Toen ik hem van de week zei dat ik reeds zeventien jaar makelaar was, en al twintig jaar de beurs bezocht, haalde hy Busselinck & Waterman aan, die al achttien jaar makelaars zyn, en, zeide hy \"die hebben dus één jaar ondervinding meer.\" Zoo ving hy me, want ik moet erkennen, omdat ik van de waarheid houd, dat Busselinck & Waterman weinig van de zaken weten, en dat het knoeiers zyn.","translation":"When I told him this week that I had already been a broker for seventeen years, and had frequented the exchange for twenty years, he cited Busselinck & Waterman, who have been brokers for eighteen years, and, said he, \"so they have one year's experience more.\" Thus he caught me, for I must own—because I love the truth—that Busselinck & Waterman know little of the business and that they are bunglers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen ik hem … zei dat ik reeds zeventien jaar makelaar was … haalde hy Busselinck & Waterman aan","title":"Fronted 'toen'-clause forces inversion","body":"The long subordinate 'Toen…'-clause occupies first position, so the main verb 'haalde' must come immediately, before its subject 'hy' (V2). 'haalde … aan' is separable 'aanhalen' ('to cite')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die al achttien jaar makelaars zyn … die hebben dus één jaar ondervinding meer","title":"Relative 'die' vs demonstrative 'die'","body":"The first 'die' is a relative pronoun ('who have been brokers'); the second 'die hebben' is a demonstrative resuming the subject for emphasis. Same form, two different jobs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zei","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of zei","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking week","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of week","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"week","lemma":"week","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zei","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on haalde","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was and bezocht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zeventien","lemma":"zeventien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"seventeen"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"duration adjunct of was","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"a broker"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to makelaar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezocht","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"twintig","lemma":"twintig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"duration adjunct of bezocht","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezocht","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"bezocht","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated predicate with was","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"haalde","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence; base of haalde ... aan","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of haalde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of compound direct object Busselinck & Waterman","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of compound direct object Busselinck & Waterman","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of haalde ... aan","gloss":"cited"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jaar","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"achttien","lemma":"achttien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"eighteen"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"duration adjunct of zijn","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"makelaars","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"brokers"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula in relative clause modifying Busselinck & Waterman","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links haalde and zeide","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with haalde","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebben","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"measure modifier of meer","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"experience"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ondervinding","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ving","gloss":"Thus"},{"surface":"ving","lemma":"vangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ving","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ving","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of erkennen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erkennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moet","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of houd","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of houd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of houd","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of causal clause modifying erkennen","gloss":"am fond"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of erkennen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of compound subject Busselinck & Waterman","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of compound subject Busselinck & Waterman","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of content clause complementing erkennen","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two content clauses of erkennen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"knoeiers","lemma":"knoeier","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"bunglers"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula in second content clause of erkennen","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h16-s116","source":"Marie is ook in de war.","translation":"Marie too is all in a muddle.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"in de war","title":"Idiom 'in de war'","body":"'in de war (zijn)' is a fixed expression meaning 'to be confused / in a muddle'. Droogstoppel reports that his daughter Marie too has been unsettled by Stern's writing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Marie to in de war","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in de war; predicative complement of is","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of idiom in de war","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"war","lemma":"war","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom in de war","gloss":"muddle","note":"The idiom “in de war” means confused or in a muddle."}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h16-s117","source":"Verbeeld u, dat ze van de week--het was haar beurt van voorlezen aan 't ontbyt, en we waren aan de geschiedenis van Loth--op eens stilhield en niet verder lezen wilde.","translation":"Just imagine, that this week—it was her turn to read aloud at breakfast, and we were at the story of Lot—she suddenly stopped and would not read on.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ze … op eens stilhield en niet verder lezen wilde","title":"Separable 'stilhouden' + modal at clause end","body":"In this 'dat'-clause both verb groups go to the end: 'stilhield' (separable 'stilhouden') and 'lezen wilde' (modal 'willen' over the infinitive). 'het was haar beurt' is an interjected main clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbeeld","lemma":"zich verbeelden","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Imagine"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of Verbeeld","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of Verbeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stilhield and wilde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking week","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of week","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"week","lemma":"week","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"time adjunct of stilhield","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to beurt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of beurt","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"beurt","lemma":"beurt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitival complement voorlezen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"voorlezen","lemma":"voorlezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"postnominal complement of beurt","gloss":"reading aloud"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontbyt","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontbyt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontbyt","lemma":"ontbijt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"breakfast","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch “ontbijt”."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the point reached in the story","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Loth","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Loth","lemma":"Lot","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Lot"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of adverbial phrase op eens","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"second part of adverbial phrase op eens","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"stilhield","lemma":"stilhouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first main verb of the content clause","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lezen","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with stilhield","gloss":"wanted"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h16-s118","source":"Myn vrouw, die evenzeer als ik op godsdienst gesteld is, trachtte haar met zachtheid tot gehoorzaamheid overtehalen, omdat het toch voor een zedig meisje niet past, zoo hoofdig te wezen.","translation":"My wife, who is as set on religion as I am, tried gently to coax her into obedience, since it really does not befit a modest girl to be so headstrong.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"trachtte haar … tot gehoorzaamheid over te halen","title":"te + infinitive of separable 'overhalen'","body":"'over te halen' splits the separable verb 'overhalen' with 'te' ('to coax into'). It depends on 'trachten' ('to try'), a weak verb here in the imperfect 'trachtte'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat het … niet past, zoo hoofdig te wezen","title":"'omdat' clause + impersonal 'het past'","body":"'omdat' opens a causal subordinate clause ('because…'), verb-final. 'het past' is impersonal ('it does not befit'), completed by a 'te'-infinitive 'te wezen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of trachtte","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"evenzeer","lemma":"evenzeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesteld","gloss":"just as much"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical comparison with ik","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of elliptical gesteld ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking godsdienst","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"godsdienst","lemma":"godsdienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gesteld","gloss":"religion"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking die to gesteld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"trachtte","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of over te halen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zachtheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"manner adjunct of over te halen","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gehoorzaamheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gehoorzaamheid","lemma":"gehoorzaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"overtehalen","lemma":"overhalen","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of trachtte","gloss":"to coax"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of past","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of past","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies past","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meisje","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zedig","lemma":"zedig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies meisje","gloss":"modest"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies past","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"past","lemma":"passen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"befits"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of hoofdig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hoofdig","lemma":"hoofdig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"headstrong"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed infinitival subject of past","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h16-s119","source":"Alles vergeefs!","translation":"All in vain!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s119.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vergeefs","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"vergeefs","lemma":"vergeefs","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of elliptical clause","gloss":"in vain"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h16-s120","source":"Toen moest ik als vader met groote strengheid haar beknorren, omdat ze door haar hardnekkigheid de stichting van 't ontbyt bedierf, wat altyd slecht werkt op den heelen dag.","translation":"Then I had, as a father, to scold her with great severity, because by her obstinacy she spoiled the edification of breakfast, which always works badly on the whole day.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen moest ik als vader … haar beknorren","title":"Modal 'moeten' + bare infinitive after fronted 'toen'","body":"Fronting 'Toen' ('then') triggers V2 ('moest ik'). 'moeten' takes the bare infinitive 'beknorren' ('to scold') at the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ze … de stichting van 't ontbyt bedierf","title":"Strong imperfect 'bedierf'","body":"'bedierf' is the strong-verb past of 'bederven' ('to spoil'), with the stem vowel changing e→ie. The 'omdat'-clause keeps it at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moest","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of beknorren","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks role phrase als vader","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking strengheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies strengheid","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"strengheid","lemma":"strengheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"severity"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of beknorren","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"beknorren","lemma":"beknorren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"scold"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bedierf","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bedierf","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hardnekkigheid","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of hardnekkigheid","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"hardnekkigheid","lemma":"hardnekkigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"obstinacy"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stichting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stichting","lemma":"stichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bedierf","gloss":"edification"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontbyt","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontbyt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontbyt","lemma":"ontbijt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"breakfast"},{"surface":"bedierf","lemma":"bederven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of causal clause modifying beknorren","gloss":"spoiled"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of werkt; refers to the preceding situation","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werkt","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werkt","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"werkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying the preceding situation","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking affected time span","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heelen","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h16-s121","source":"Maar er was niets aan te doen, en ze ging zóóver, dat ze zeide, liever doodgeslagen te willen worden dan voorttelezen.","translation":"But there was nothing to be done about it, and she went so far as to say she would rather be beaten to death than read on.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"liever doodgeslagen te willen worden dan voort te lezen","title":"Passive infinitive + comparative 'liever … dan'","body":"'doodgeslagen te willen worden' is a passive te-infinitive ('to want to be beaten to death'). 'liever … dan' is the comparative of 'graag' ('rather … than'), contrasting with separable 'voortlezen'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"er was niets aan te doen","title":"Idiom 'er is niets aan te doen'","body":"'er was niets aan te doen' is the set phrase 'there was nothing to be done about it'. The split pronominal 'er … aan' plus 'te doen' is fixed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence contrastively to the preceding one","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"anticipatory element in existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"pronominal adverb particle","role":"complement of doen in phrase er ... aan doen","gloss":"about it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement in er was niets aan te doen","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"zóóver","lemma":"zover","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative degree complement of ging","gloss":"so far","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch “zover”."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause of ging zóóver","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide and willen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of result clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies willen in liever ... dan comparison","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"doodgeslagen","lemma":"doodslaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"passive participle complement of worden","gloss":"beaten to death"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive willen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival content of zeide","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of doodgeslagen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces alternative to doodgeslagen worden","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"voorttelezen","lemma":"voortlezen","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"comparative complement of dan, coordinated under willen","gloss":"read on","note":"Historical fused spelling of modern Dutch “voort te lezen”."}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h16-s122","source":"Ik heb haar gestraft met drie dagen kamerarrest op koffi en brood, en hoop dat het haar goed zal doen.","translation":"I have punished her with three days confined to her room on coffee and bread, and I hope it will do her good.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb haar gestraft … en hoop dat het haar goed zal doen","title":"Perfect + future in a 'dat'-clause","body":"'heb … gestraft' is the present perfect ('have punished'); the 'dat'-clause uses the future 'zal doen' driven to the end. Note 'koffi' again for coffee."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gestraft","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestraft","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gestraft","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"gestraft","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies dagen","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure modifier of kamerarrest","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"kamerarrest","lemma":"kamerarrest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"room confinement"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"brood","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with koffi","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with heb gestraft","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of doen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of doen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"result complement of doen","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of content clause complementing hoop","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h16-s123","source":"Om tevens die straf te doen strekken tot zedelyke verbetering, heb ik haar gelast, het kapittel dat ze niet lezen wilde, tien maal afteschryven, en ik ben tot deze strengheid vooral overgegaan, omdat ik bemerkt heb dat ze in den laatsten tyd--of 't van Stern komt, weet ik niet--begrippen heeft aangenomen, die me gevaarlyk voorkomen voor de zedelykheid, waarop myn vrouw en ik zoo byzonder gesteld zyn.","translation":"So that the punishment might at the same time serve her moral improvement, I have ordered her to copy out ten times the chapter she refused to read; and I resorted to this severity above all because I have noticed that of late — whether it comes from Stern I do not know — she has taken up notions that strike me as dangerous to the morality on which my wife and I set such particular store.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Om tevens die straf te doen strekken tot zedelyke verbetering","title":"om … te + causative 'doen'","body":"'Om … te doen strekken' is a purpose clause with causative 'doen' ('to make the punishment serve'). The whole heavy front-clause pushes the main verb 'heb' into V2 position after it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik ben tot deze strengheid … overgegaan, omdat ik bemerkt heb dat ze … begrippen heeft aangenomen","title":"Perfect of separable verbs in stacked clauses","body":"'ben … overgegaan' (separable 'overgaan') and 'heeft aangenomen' (separable 'aannemen') are both perfects whose participles fall at the end of their clauses, here nested under 'omdat' and 'dat'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of doen","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of straf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"straf","lemma":"straf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the purpose clause modifying gelast","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"strekken","lemma":"strekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of doen","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verbetering","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"zedelyke","lemma":"zedelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies verbetering","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"verbetering","lemma":"verbetering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of strekken","gloss":"improvement"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelast","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelast","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, personal, accusative","role":"direct object of gelast and understood subject of afschrijven","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"gelast","lemma":"gelasten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kapittel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kapittel","lemma":"kapittel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of afschrijven","gloss":"chapter"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause modifying kapittel","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"tien","lemma":"tien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies maal","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"maal","lemma":"maal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial measure modifying afschrijven","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"afteschryven","lemma":"afschrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive with historical incorporated te","role":"infinitival complement of gelast","gloss":"copy out","note":"Historical afteschryven corresponds to modern af te schrijven."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of overgegaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of overgegaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking strengheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of strengheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"strengheid","lemma":"strengheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of overgegaan","gloss":"severity"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overgegaan","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"overgegaan","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main lexical verb coordinated with gelast","gloss":"resorted"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bemerkt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bemerkt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bemerkt","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bemerkt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of aangenomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, nominative","role":"subject of aangenomen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tijd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of tijd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies tijd","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical indirect question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Stern","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of parenthetical indirect question","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aangenomen","gloss":"notions"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangenomen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"aangenomen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main lexical verb of content clause governed by bemerkt","gloss":"taken up"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of voorkomen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, dative","role":"indirect object of voorkomen","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"gevaarlyk","lemma":"gevaarlijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of voorkomen","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause modifying begrippen","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zedelykheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zedelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zedelykheid","lemma":"zedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of voorkomen","gloss":"morality"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gesteld","gloss":"on which"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"coordinated subject of zijn","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies byzonder","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"byzonder","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesteld","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"gesteld","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn in relative clause","gloss":"attached"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking vrouw en ik to gesteld","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h16-s124","source":"Ik heb haar onder anderen een fransch liedje hooren zingen--van Béranger, geloof ik--waarin een arme oude bedelaarster beklaagd wordt, die in haar jeugd op een theater zong, en gister was zy aan 't ontbyt zonder korset --Marie, meen ik--dat toch niet fatsoenlyk is.","translation":"Among other things I heard her singing a French song — by Béranger, I believe — in which a poor old beggar-woman is lamented who in her youth sang upon a stage; and yesterday she came to breakfast without a corset — Marie, I mean — which is hardly decent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb haar … een fransch liedje hooren zingen","title":"Perfect of a perception verb (infinitivus pro participio)","body":"'heb … hooren zingen' is the perfect of perception verb 'horen', which takes a bare infinitive and itself appears as an infinitive (not 'gehoord') — the so-called IPP construction. 'liedje' is a diminutive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarin een arme oude bedelaarster beklaagd wordt","title":"Pronominal relative 'waarin' + worden-passive","body":"'waarin' is a relative pronominal adverb ('in which'), and 'beklaagd wordt' is a worden-passive ('is lamented'). 'bedelaarster' shows the female agent suffix -ster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hooren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom onder anderen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liedje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fransch","lemma":"Frans","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies liedje","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"liedje","lemma":"liedje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zingen","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main lexical verb with auxiliary heb","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"zingen","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of hooren","gloss":"sing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Béranger","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Béranger","lemma":"Béranger","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Béranger"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of beklaagd","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bedelaarster","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bedelaarster","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bedelaarster","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"bedelaarster","lemma":"bedelaarster","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive beklaagd","gloss":"beggar-woman"},{"surface":"beklaagd","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb of relative clause","gloss":"lamented"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of beklaagd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zong","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jeugd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of jeugd","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zong","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking theater","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of theater","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"theater","lemma":"theater","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zong","gloss":"stage"},{"surface":"zong","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause modifying bedelaarster","gloss":"sang"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gister","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb with locative complement aan het ontbijt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontbyt","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontbyt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontbyt","lemma":"ontbijt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"breakfast"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking korset","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"korset","lemma":"korset","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"a corset"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"parenthetical clarification of zy","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is; refers to preceding situation","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fatsoenlyk","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fatsoenlyk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to fatsoenlyk","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h16-s125","source":"Ook moet ik erkennen dat Frits weinig goeds heeft thuisgebracht van den bidstond.","translation":"I must also admit that Frits brought home little good from the prayer meeting.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat Frits weinig goeds heeft thuisgebracht van den bidstond","title":"Perfect of separable 'thuisbrengen' + partitive 'goeds'","body":"'heeft thuisgebracht' is the perfect of separable 'thuisbrengen', participle at the end of the 'dat'-clause. 'weinig goeds' uses the partitive -s ('little good')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erkennen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erkennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of thuisgebracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of thuisgebracht","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of direct object phrase weinig goeds","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"goeds","lemma":"goed","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular, partitive genitive","role":"partitive complement of weinig","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of thuisgebracht","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"thuisgebracht","lemma":"thuisbrengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb of content clause","gloss":"brought home"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking source bidstond","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of bidstond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bidstond","lemma":"bidstond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"prayer meeting"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h16-s126","source":"Ik was redelyk tevreden geweest over zyn stilzitten in de kerk.","translation":"I had been reasonably satisfied with how still he sat in church.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik was redelyk tevreden geweest over zyn stilzitten","title":"Pluperfect with 'zijn'","body":"'was … geweest' is the pluperfect of 'zijn' ('I had been satisfied'). 'stilzitten' is a nominalized separable verb ('the sitting still'), governed by 'over'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of tevreden geweest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"redelyk","lemma":"redelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tevreden","gloss":"reasonably"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"satisfied"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main copular participle with auxiliary was","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stilzitten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"understood subject of stilzitten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"stilzitten","lemma":"stilzitten","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"sitting still"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kerk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kerk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kerk","lemma":"kerk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of stilzitten","gloss":"church"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h16-s127","source":"Hy verroerde zich niet, en wendde geen oog van den preekstoel, maar later vernam ik dat Betsy Rosemeyer in 't doophek had gezeten.","translation":"He did not stir, and never took his eye off the pulpit; but later I learned that Betsy Rosemeyer had been sitting in the baptismal pew.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wendde geen oog van den preekstoel","title":"Negation with 'geen' + dative 'den'","body":"'geen oog' negates the indefinite object ('never took his eye off'). 'den preekstoel' shows the dative remnant 'den' after 'van'. 'verroerde' is a weak imperfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"maar later vernam ik dat Betsy Rosemeyer … had gezeten","title":"Coordinator 'maar' + pluperfect","body":"'maar' coordinates without sending the verb to the end ('vernam ik' stays V2). The 'dat'-clause uses the pluperfect 'had gezeten' ('had been sitting'), participle at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, nominative","role":"subject of verroerde and wendde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verroerde","lemma":"verroeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive direct object of verroerde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verroerde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wendde","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with verroerde","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of wendde","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking preekstoel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of preekstoel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"preekstoel","lemma":"preekstoel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"pulpit"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vernam","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"vernam","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with verroerde","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vernam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezeten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Betsy","lemma":"Betsy","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of gezeten","gloss":"Betsy"},{"surface":"Rosemeyer","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Betsy","gloss":"Rosemeyer"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doophek","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doophek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doophek","lemma":"doophek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"baptismal pew"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezeten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gezeten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main lexical verb of content clause","gloss":"sat"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h16-s128","source":"Ik heb er niets van gezegd, want men moet voor jongelieden niet al te streng zyn, en de Rosemeyers zyn een fatsoenlyk huis.","translation":"I said nothing about it, for one must not be too strict with young people, and the Rosemeyers are a decent household.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"men moet voor jongelieden niet al te streng zyn","title":"Impersonal 'men' + modal 'moeten' with 'niet'","body":"'men' is the generic subject ('one'), with modal 'moeten' and the negation 'niet'. 'al te streng' intensifies the adjective ('too strict')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal adverb paired with van","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"particle of pronominal phrase ervan","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal governing zijn","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jongelieden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"jongelieden","lemma":"jongelieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"young people"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies streng","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies te in al te streng","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies streng","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"streng","lemma":"streng","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"strict"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moet","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Rosemeyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosemeyers","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"Rosemeyers"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking Rosemeyers to huis","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of zijn","gloss":"household"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h16-s129","source":"Ze hebben aan hun oudste dochter die met Bruggeman in drogeryen getrouwd is, iets heel aardigs meegegeven, en daarom geloof ik dat zoo-iets Frits van de Westermarkt afhoudt, wat me heel aangenaam is, omdat ik zoo op zedelykheid gesteld ben.","translation":"They gave their eldest daughter, who married Bruggeman in the drug trade, a very handsome dowry, and so I think that such a thing keeps Frits away from the Westermarkt, which is most agreeable to me, since I am so fond of morality.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze hebben aan hun oudste dochter die … getrouwd is, iets … meegegeven","title":"Perfect of separable 'meegeven' framing a relative clause","body":"'hebben … meegegeven' is the perfect of separable 'meegeven' ('gave along, as dowry'), its participle held to the very end across an embedded relative clause 'die … getrouwd is'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zoo-iets Frits van de Westermarkt afhoudt","title":"Separable 'afhouden' in a 'dat'-clause","body":"'afhoudt' is separable 'afhouden' ('keeps away'), its prefix and verb fused at the clause end under 'dat'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of meegegeven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking indirect object dochter","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of dochter","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"oudste","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies dochter","gloss":"eldest"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of meegegeven","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of getrouwd is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bruggeman","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Bruggeman","lemma":"Bruggeman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of getrouwd","gloss":"Bruggeman"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking drogeryen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"drogeryen","lemma":"drogerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of getrouwd","gloss":"the drug trade","note":"Historical spelling of drogerijen, here referring to the drug trade."},{"surface":"getrouwd","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on dochter","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of getrouwd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of meegegeven","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aardigs","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"aardigs","lemma":"aardig","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"complement of iets","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"meegegeven","lemma":"meegeven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governed by hebben","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with hebben","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of afhoudt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of afhoudt","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of afhoudt","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Westermarkt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Westermarkt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Westermarkt","lemma":"Westermarkt","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of afhoudt","gloss":"Westermarkt"},{"surface":"afhoudt","lemma":"afhouden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of geloof","gloss":"keeps away"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is; refers to preceding clause","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer complement of aangenaam","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangenaam","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"aangenaam","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"agreeable"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to aangenaam","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gesteld","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesteld","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of gesteld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zedelykheid","lemma":"zedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gesteld","gloss":"morality"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"fond"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to gesteld","gloss":"am"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h16-s130","source":"Maar dit belet niet, dat het me ergert, Frits zyn hart te zien verharden, even als Pharao, die minder schuldig was dan hy, omdat hy geen vader had die hem zoo gedurig den rechten weg wees, want van den ouden Pharao zegt de Schrift niets.","translation":"But this does not prevent its vexing me to see Frits harden his heart, just like Pharaoh, who was less guilty than he, because he had no father to point him so continually to the right path; for of Pharaoh's father Scripture says nothing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat het me ergert, Frits zyn hart te zien verharden","title":"te + infinitive after perception 'zien'","body":"'te zien verharden' nests perception 'zien' with a bare infinitive 'verharden' under governing 'te' ('to see Frits harden his heart'). 'het … ergert' is impersonal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"even als Pharao, die minder schuldig was dan hy","title":"Comparative 'minder … dan' + relative 'die'","body":"'minder schuldig … dan' is the comparative ('less guilty than'); 'die' opens a relative clause about Pharaoh. The whole is a biblical comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of belet","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of belet","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"belet","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prevents"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies belet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ergert","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ergert","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ergert","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ergert","lemma":"ergeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of clause governed by belet","gloss":"vexes"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of verharden and object of zien","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hart","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verharden","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of ergert","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"verharden","lemma":"verharden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of zien","gloss":"harden"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of comparative phrase even als","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with Pharao","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Pharao","lemma":"farao","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"comparative complement of even als","gloss":"Pharaoh"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"minder","morphology":"adverb","role":"comparative modifier of schuldig","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die to schuldig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative complement hy","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"comparative complement of schuldig","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of wees; refers to vader","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of wees","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies gedurig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wees","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rechten","lemma":"recht","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wees","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"wees","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on vader","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking topical complement Pharao","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of Pharao","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouden","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Pharao","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Pharao","lemma":"farao","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Pharaoh"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of clause introduced by want","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Schrift","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Schrift","lemma":"Schrift","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"Scripture"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zegt","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h16-s131","source":"Dominee Wawelaar klaagt over zyn verwaandheid--van Frits, meen ik--op de katechisatie, en de jongen schynt--uit dat pak van Sjaalman alweer!--een neuswyzigheid gehaald te hebben, dat den gemoedelyken Wawelaar dol maakt.","translation":"Dominee Wawelaar complains of his conceit — Frits's, I mean — at the catechism class, and the boy seems — out of that parcel of Sjaalman's again! — to have picked up a know-it-all impudence that drives the good-natured Wawelaar to distraction.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schynt … een neuswyzigheid gehaald te hebben","title":"Perfect infinitive after 'schijnen'","body":"'schynt … gehaald te hebben' is a perfect infinitive under 'schijnen' ('seems to have picked up'). 'dat … dol maakt' is a relative clause sending its verb to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dominee","lemma":"dominee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title modifying Wawelaar","gloss":"Reverend"},{"surface":"Wawelaar","lemma":"Wawelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of klaagt","gloss":"Wawelaar"},{"surface":"klaagt","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"complains"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verwaandheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verwaandheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verwaandheid","lemma":"verwaandheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of klaagt","gloss":"conceit"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition clarifying possessor Frits","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking katechisatie","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of katechisatie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"katechisatie","lemma":"catechisatie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of klaagt","gloss":"catechism class"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jongen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schynt","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pak","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of uit","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sjaalman","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"alweer","lemma":"alweer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehaald","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of neuswyzigheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"neuswyzigheid","lemma":"neuswijzigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehaald","gloss":"know-it-all impudence","note":"Historical spelling; neuswijzigheid means impertinent know-it-all behavior."},{"surface":"gehaald","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of perfect infinitive te hebben gehaald","gloss":"picked up"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gehaald; complement of schynt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of maakt; refers to neuswyzigheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Wawelaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gemoedelyken","lemma":"gemoedelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Wawelaar","gloss":"good-natured"},{"surface":"Wawelaar","lemma":"Wawelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"Wawelaar"},{"surface":"dol","lemma":"dol","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of maakt","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on neuswyzigheid","gloss":"makes"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h16-s132","source":"Het is aandoenlyk hoe de waardige man, die dikwyls koffi by ons drinkt, by Frits op 't gevoel tracht te werken, en hoe de kwajongen telkens nieuwe vragen gereed heeft, die de weerbarstigheid van zyn gemoed aantoonen ... 't komt alles uit dat vervloekte pak van Sjaalman!","translation":"It is touching how the worthy man, who often drinks coffee at our house, tries to work upon Frits's feelings, and how the rascal has new questions ready every time, which show the stubbornness of his disposition ... it all comes out of that accursed parcel of Sjaalman's!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tracht … op 't gevoel te werken, en hoe de kwajongen … nieuwe vragen gereed heeft","title":"te + infinitive and the present 'heeft'","body":"'tracht … te werken' is 'trachten' + te-infinitive ('tries to work upon feelings'). 'hoe … gereed heeft' is an exclamatory verb-final clause. 'kwajongen' is a compound noun ('rascal')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vervloekte pak van Sjaalman","title":"The 'accursed parcel' refrain","body":"'dat vervloekte pak van Sjaalman' ('that accursed parcel') is Droogstoppel's running curse against the manuscript bundle that keeps stirring up his household. 'vervloekte' takes attributive -e."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to aandoenlyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aandoenlyk","lemma":"aandoenlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"touching"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces clause with tracht","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waardige","lemma":"waardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies man","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tracht","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of drinkt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies drinkt","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of drinkt","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"our house"},{"surface":"drinkt","lemma":"drinken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on man","gloss":"drinks"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Frits","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevoel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevoel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"tracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first hoe-clause","gloss":"tries"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive werken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tracht","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces clause with heeft","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kwajongen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kwajongen","lemma":"kwajongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"rascal"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft","gloss":"every time"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vragen","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"gereed","lemma":"gereed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of vragen","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second hoe-clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of aantoonen; refers to vragen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weerbarstigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weerbarstigheid","lemma":"weerbarstigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aantoonen","gloss":"stubbornness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemoed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gemoed","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"disposition"},{"surface":"aantoonen","lemma":"aantonen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on vragen","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"quantifier reinforcing subject het","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking source pak","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vervloekte","lemma":"vervloekt","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies pak","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of uit","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sjaalman","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Sjaalman"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h16-s133","source":"Met tranen van gevoel op de wangen, tracht de yverige dienaar des Evangeliums hem te bewegen, aftezien van de wysheid naar den mensch, om te worden ingeleid in de geheimenissen der wysheid Gods.","translation":"With tears of feeling on his cheeks, the zealous servant of the Gospel strives to move him to renounce the wisdom that is after man, so as to be led into the mysteries of the wisdom of God.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Met tranen … op de wangen, tracht de … dienaar … hem te bewegen, af te zien van de wysheid","title":"Fronted phrase + te + infinitive chain","body":"Opening with 'Met tranen…' forces V2 ('tracht de … dienaar'). 'te bewegen … af te zien' chains te-infinitives, the second being separable 'afzien' ('to renounce')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dienaar des Evangeliums … der wysheid Gods","title":"Genitive 'des' and 'der'","body":"'des Evangeliums' (genitive masculine/neuter) and 'der wysheid' (genitive feminine), plus 'Gods', are stacked old genitives lending biblical solemnity. Modern Dutch would use 'van'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tranen","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"tranen","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of tracht","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevoel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies tranen","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wangen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wangen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wangen","lemma":"wang","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"tracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strives"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dienaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"yverige","lemma":"ijverig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dienaar","gloss":"zealous"},{"surface":"dienaar","lemma":"dienaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tracht","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of Evangeliums","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Evangeliums","lemma":"evangelium","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of dienaar","gloss":"Gospel"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bewegen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bewegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewegen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tracht","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"aftezien","lemma":"afzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive with incorporated te","role":"infinitive complement of bewegen","gloss":"to renounce","note":"Historical fused spelling of af te zien; afzien van means to renounce or refrain from."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wysheid","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wysheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wysheid","lemma":"wijsheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aftezien","gloss":"wisdom"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mensch","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of naar","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause om te worden ingeleid","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of ingeleid","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ingeleid","lemma":"inleiden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive main verb governed by worden","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geheimenissen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geheimenissen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheimenissen","lemma":"geheimenis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"mysteries"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of wysheid","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"wysheid","lemma":"wijsheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of geheimenissen","gloss":"wisdom"},{"surface":"Gods","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of wysheid","gloss":"God’s"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h16-s134","source":"Met zachtheid en teederheid smeekt hy hem, toch niet te verwerpen het brood des eeuwigen levens, en dusdoende te vervallen in de klauwen van Satan, die met zyn engelen het vuur bewoont, dat hem bereid is tot in eeuwigheid.","translation":"Gently and tenderly he implores him not, after all, to reject the bread of eternal life, and by so doing fall into the claws of Satan, who with his angels dwells in the fire that is prepared for him unto all eternity.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"smeekt hy hem, toch niet te verwerpen het brood des eeuwigen levens","title":"te + infinitive with literary object-after-verb order","body":"'te verwerpen het brood…' places the object after the infinitive — an archaic/biblical word order for emphasis ('not to reject the bread'). 'des eeuwigen levens' is again a genitive remnant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die … het vuur bewoont, dat hem bereid is","title":"Relative 'die' / 'dat' + state passive","body":"'die' relates to Satan (de-word) and 'dat' to 'vuur' (het-word). 'dat hem bereid is' is a zijn-passive of state ('that is prepared for him')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zachtheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"manner adjunct modifying smeekt","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"teederheid","lemma":"tederheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with zachtheid","gloss":"tenderness","note":"Historical spelling of modern “tederheid.”"},{"surface":"smeekt","lemma":"smeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"implores"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of smeekt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third-person singular","role":"direct object of smeekt","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwerpen","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwerpen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verwerpen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verwerpen","lemma":"verwerpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of smeekt","gloss":"reject"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brood","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verwerpen","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of levens","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"eeuwigen","lemma":"eeuwig","morphology":"adjective, genitive singular, inflected","role":"modifies levens","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"levens","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of brood","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dusdoende","lemma":"dusdoende","morphology":"adverbial participial expression","role":"modifies vervallen","gloss":"by so doing","note":"Literally “thus doing”; idiomatically “by so doing.”"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vervallen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vervallen","lemma":"vervallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive with verwerpen","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klauwen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klauwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klauwen","lemma":"klauw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of vervallen","gloss":"claws"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Satan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Satan","lemma":"Satan","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies klauwen","gloss":"Satan"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of bewoont","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking engelen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of engelen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"engelen","lemma":"engel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"angels"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bewoont","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"bewoont","lemma":"bewonen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying Satan","gloss":"inhabits"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of is bereid","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third-person singular","role":"benefactive complement of bereid","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"bereid","lemma":"bereiden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in passive is bereid","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bereid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom tot in eeuwigheid","gloss":"unto"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing eeuwigheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"eeuwigheid","lemma":"eeuwigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bereid","gloss":"eternity"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h16-s135","source":"\"O, zeide hy gisteren--Wawelaar meen ik--o, jonge vriend, open toch de oogen en de ooren, en hoor en zie wat de Heer u geeft te zien en te hooren door myn mond. Let op de getuigenissen der heiligen die gestorven zyn voor 't ware geloof!","translation":"\"Oh, said he yesterday — Wawelaar, I mean — oh, young friend, do open your eyes and your ears, and hear and see what the Lord gives you to see and to hear through my mouth. Mark the testimonies of the saints who died for the true faith!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s135.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"open toch de oogen en de ooren, en hoor en zie","title":"Imperatives with pleading 'toch'","body":"'open … hoor … zie' are bare-stem imperatives, softened by 'toch' into a plea. 'wat de Heer u geeft te zien' uses 'geven … te' ('gives you to see')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de getuigenissen der heiligen die gestorven zyn voor 't ware geloof","title":"Genitive 'der' + perfect with 'zijn'","body":"'der heiligen' is a genitive plural ('of the saints'). 'gestorven zyn' is the perfect of 'sterven', which takes 'zijn' as its auxiliary (a verb of change of state)."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection in quoted speech","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gisteren","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeide","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"Wawelaar","lemma":"Wawelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of meen","gloss":"Wawelaar"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"I mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection addressing vriend","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vriend","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"vriend","lemma":"vriend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"open","lemma":"openen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative verb","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies open","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of open","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ooren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ooren","lemma":"oor","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with oogen","gloss":"ears","note":"Historical spelling of modern “oren.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoor","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative coordinated with open","gloss":"hear","note":"Historical spelling is reflected elsewhere as “hooren”; this short form is the imperative."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative coordinated with hoor","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"free relative object of hoor and zie; object of zien and hooren within its clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"Heer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative, second-person formal","role":"indirect object of geeft","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of free relative clause introduced by wat","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of geeft","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hooren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with zien","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing mond","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of mond","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"mond","lemma":"mond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"Let","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative verb","gloss":"mark"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing getuigenissen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of getuigenissen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"getuigenissen","lemma":"getuigenis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"testimonies"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of heiligen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"heiligen","lemma":"heilige","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"genitive modifier of getuigenissen","gloss":"saints"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of gestorven zyn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of relative clause","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geloof","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of geloof","gloss":"the","note":"Contraction of “het.”"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gestorven","gloss":"faith"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h16-s136","source":"Zie Stefanus, als hy nederzinkt onder de keien die hem verpletteren!","translation":"Behold Stephen, as he sinks down beneath the stones that crush him!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zie Stefanus, als hy nederzinkt onder de keien die hem verpletteren","title":"Imperative 'Zie' + present-tense vividness","body":"'Zie' is the imperative ('behold'). The present-tense 'nederzinkt' (archaic 'neerzinken') and the relative 'die … verpletteren' make the martyrdom immediate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"behold"},{"surface":"Stefanus","lemma":"Stefanus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of Zie","gloss":"Stephen"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nederzinkt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of nederzinkt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nederzinkt","lemma":"nederzinken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"adverbial clause on Zie","gloss":"sinks down"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking keien","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keien","lemma":"kei","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of nederzinkt","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of verpletteren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verpletteren","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"verpletteren","lemma":"verpletteren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying keien","gloss":"crush"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h16-s137","source":"Zie, hoe nog zyn blik ten hemel is gericht, en hoe nog zyn tong psalmzingt ... \"Ik had liever weerom gegooid!\" zei Frits daarop.","translation":"Behold, how still his gaze is turned toward heaven, and how still his tongue sings psalms ... \"I'd rather have thrown them back!\" said Frits to that.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe nog zyn blik ten hemel is gericht","title":"State passive + archaic 'ten hemel'","body":"'is gericht' is a zijn-passive of state ('is turned'). 'ten hemel' is a frozen dative ('te + den' → 'ten', 'toward heaven'), a case-remnant common in solemn phrases."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"behold"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces clause is gericht","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is gericht","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of blik","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is gericht","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with article","role":"preposition governing hemel","gloss":"toward the","note":"“Ten” is the fossilized contraction of “te den.”"},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of ten","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking blik to gericht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gericht","lemma":"gericht","morphology":"adjective, predicative, participial","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces clause psalmzingt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies psalmzingt","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of tong","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tong","lemma":"tong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of psalmzingt","gloss":"tongue"},{"surface":"psalmzingt","lemma":"psalmzingen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of coordinated hoe-clause","gloss":"sings psalms"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gegooid","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegooid","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"weerom","lemma":"weerom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegooid","gloss":"back","note":"Somewhat old-fashioned form meaning “back” or “again.”"},{"surface":"gegooid","lemma":"gooien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of had gegooid","gloss":"thrown"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"to that"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h16-s138","source":"Lezer, wat moet ik met dien jongen aanvangen? Een oogenblik later begon Wawelaar op-nieuw, want hy is een yverig dienstknecht, en laat niet af van den arbeid.","translation":"Reader, what am I to do with that boy? A moment later Wawelaar began again, for he is a zealous servant and does not leave off from his labor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat moet ik met dien jongen aanvangen?","title":"Modal 'moeten' + dative 'dien'","body":"'moet ik … aanvangen' is a modal question ('what am I to do'). 'dien jongen' shows the old masculine accusative 'dien' after the preposition 'met'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want hy is een yverig dienstknecht, en laat niet af van den arbeid","title":"Coordinator 'want' + separable 'aflaten'","body":"'want' joins clauses without verb-final order. 'laat … af' is the separable verb 'aflaten' ('to leave off'), prefix at the end; 'niet … van' completes the negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of aanvangen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"modal governing aanvangen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aanvangen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jongen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of jongen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aanvangen","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"aanvangen","lemma":"aanvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"temporal complement of later","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies begon","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"Wawelaar","lemma":"Wawelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"Wawelaar"},{"surface":"op-nieuw","lemma":"opnieuw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begon","gloss":"again","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern “opnieuw.”"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of is and laat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking to dienstknecht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dienstknecht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"yverig","lemma":"ijverig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies dienstknecht","gloss":"zealous","note":"Historical spelling of modern “ijverig.”"},{"surface":"dienstknecht","lemma":"dienstknecht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite base of laat ... af","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"separable particle of laat ... af","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing arbeid","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"labor"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h16-s139","source":"\"O, zeide hy, jonge vriend open toch ... de aanhef was als zooeven. \"Maar, ging hy voort, kunt gy ongevoelig blyven by 't bedenken wat er van u worden zal, als gy eenmaal zult gerekend worden tot de bokken aan de linkerzyde ...","translation":"\"Oh, said he, young friend, do open ... the opening was as before. \"But, he went on, can you remain unmoved at the thought of what will become of you, when one day you shall be counted among the goats on the left hand ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kunt gy ongevoelig blyven by 't bedenken wat er van u worden zal","title":"Archaic 'gij' + future in an indirect question","body":"'kunt gy' uses the literary 'gij' ('you'), inverted for a question. 'wat er van u worden zal' is an indirect question with existential 'er' and future 'zal' at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als gy eenmaal zult gerekend worden tot de bokken aan de linkerzyde","title":"'als' clause + future worden-passive","body":"'als' opens a temporal clause, verb-final, with the future passive 'zult gerekend worden' ('shall be counted'). The image is the Last Judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection in quoted speech","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vriend","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"vriend","lemma":"vriend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"open","lemma":"openen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative verb in interrupted quotation","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase open","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanhef","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanhef","lemma":"aanhef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third-person singular","role":"links aanhef to als zooeven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparative complement zooeven","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zooeven","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of als","gloss":"just before","note":"Historical spelling of modern “zo-even.”"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ging","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite base of ging ... voort","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"separable particle of ging ... voort","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"kunt","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, second-person singular","role":"modal governing blyven","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of kunt and blyven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ongevoelig","lemma":"ongevoelig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of blyven","gloss":"unmoved"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kunt","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing bedenken","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of substantivized bedenken","gloss":"the","note":"Contraction of “het.”"},{"surface":"bedenken","lemma":"bedenken","morphology":"substantivized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject complement in wat ... worden zal","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"part of idiom wat er van u worden zal","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing u","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, second-person formal","role":"object of van","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"future auxiliary of worden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gerekend","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of zult gerekend worden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gerekend","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"future auxiliary of gerekend worden","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"gerekend","lemma":"rekenen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive zult gerekend worden","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gerekend","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bokken","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bokken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bokken","lemma":"bok","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of tot","gloss":"goats"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking linkerzyde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of linkerzyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"linkerzyde","lemma":"linkerzijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"left hand","note":"Historical spelling of modern “linkerzijde.”"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"h16-s140","source":"Daar berstte de deugniet uit in gelach--Frits meen ik--en ook Marie begon te lachen.","translation":"At that the good-for-nothing burst out laughing — Frits, I mean — and Marie too began to laugh.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar berstte de deugniet uit in gelach","title":"V2 after 'Daar' + strong past 'berstte'","body":"Fronting 'Daar' forces the verb second ('berstte de deugniet'). 'uitbersten in gelach' ('to burst out laughing') is separable. 'deugniet' is a compound ('good-for-nothing')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies berstte","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"berstte","lemma":"barsten","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite base of berstte ... uit","gloss":"burst","note":"Historical form corresponding to modern “barstte,” from “barsten.”"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deugniet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deugniet","lemma":"deugniet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of berstte","gloss":"good-for-nothing"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"separable particle of berstte ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing gelach","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"gelach","lemma":"gelach","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun","role":"clarifies deugniet","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"I mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Marie","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb coordinated with berstte","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive lachen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lachen","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of begon","gloss":"laugh"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"h16-s141","source":"Zelfs meende ik iets wat naar lachen geleek, te bespeuren op 't gelaat van myn vrouw.","translation":"I even thought I could detect something like a laugh on my wife's face.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s141.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"meende ik iets wat naar lachen geleek, te bespeuren","title":"te + infinitive with embedded relative","body":"'meende ik … te bespeuren' is 'menen' + te-infinitive ('I thought I could detect'). Inside, 'iets wat naar lachen geleek' uses the relative 'wat' for the indefinite 'iets'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meende","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of bespeuren","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative neuter singular","role":"subject of geleek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lachen","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"lachen","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"substantivized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"geleek","lemma":"gelijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on iets","gloss":"resembled"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bespeuren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bespeuren","lemma":"bespeuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of meende","gloss":"detect"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelaat","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of gelaat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bespeuren","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"h16-s142","source":"Maar toen ben ik Wawelaar te-hulp gekomen, ik heb Frits gestraft met een boete uit zyn spaarpot, aan 't zendelinggenootschap.","translation":"But then I came to Wawelaar's aid: I punished Frits with a fine out of his money-box, given to the missionary society.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar toen ben ik Wawelaar te-hulp gekomen","title":"Coordinator 'maar' + fronted 'toen' + perfect","body":"'maar' coordinates, then fronted 'toen' triggers V2 ('ben ik'). 'te hulp komen' ('to come to the aid of') takes 'zijn' in the perfect ('ben … gekomen')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gekomen","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekomen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gekomen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Wawelaar","lemma":"Wawelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"indirect object of te-hulp gekomen","gloss":"Wawelaar"},{"surface":"te-hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase te hulp komen","gloss":"to aid","note":"The historical hyphenated phrase te-hulp komen means “to come to someone’s aid.”"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gestraft","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gestraft","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gestraft","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"gestraft","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boete","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boete","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"boete","lemma":"boete","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of gestraft","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spaarpot","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of spaarpot","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"spaarpot","lemma":"spaarpot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"money-box"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zendelinggenootschap","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zendelinggenootschap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zendelinggenootschap","lemma":"zendelinggenootschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan; recipient of the fine","gloss":"missionary society"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"h16-s143","source":"Och, lezer dat alles treft me diep.","translation":"Oh, reader, all this cuts me deeply.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s143.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat alles treft me diep","title":"Fronted subject 'dat alles' + V2","body":"'dat alles' is the fronted subject and 'treft' stands second ('all this cuts me'). 'me' is the unstressed object pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection addressing the reader","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"determiner-like modifier of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of treft","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"treft","lemma":"treffen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cuts"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of treft","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies treft","gloss":"deeply"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"h16-s144","source":"En men zou, by zúlk lyden, zich kunnen vermaken met het aanhooren van vertelsels over buffels en Javanen?","translation":"And could one, amid such suffering, find amusement in listening to tales about buffaloes and Javanese?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou … zich kunnen vermaken met het aanhooren","title":"Conditional + modal + reflexive","body":"'zou … zich kunnen vermaken' stacks the conditional 'zou', modal 'kunnen', and reflexive 'zich vermaken' ('amuse oneself'). 'het aanhooren' is a nominalized infinitive object of 'met'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vermaken","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vermaken","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of kunnen vermaken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lijden","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"zúlk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of lijden","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"lyden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of vermaken","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"complements zou and governs vermaken","gloss":"be able"},{"surface":"vermaken","lemma":"vermaken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kunnen","gloss":"amuse"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanhooren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanhooren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanhooren","lemma":"aanhoren","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"object of met","gloss":"listening","note":"Aanhooren is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern aanhoren."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertelsels","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vertelsels","lemma":"vertelsel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; complement of aanhooren","gloss":"tales"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buffels","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Javanen","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun denoting nationality, plural","role":"coordinated with buffels","gloss":"Javanese"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"h16-s145","source":"Wat is een buffel in vergelyk met de zaligheid van Frits?","translation":"What is a buffalo compared with the salvation of Frits?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat is een buffel in vergelyk met de zaligheid van Frits?","title":"'in vergelijk met' + V2 question","body":"'in vergelyk met' (modern 'in vergelijking met') means 'compared with'. The question places the verb 'is' second. 'zaligheid' is the noun 'salvation/bliss'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to Wat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vergelyk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vergelyk","lemma":"vergelijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"comparison","note":"Vergelyk is the historical spelling of modern vergelijk."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaligheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaligheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaligheid","lemma":"zaligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"salvation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Frits","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; possessor of zaligheid","gloss":"Frits"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"h16-s146","source":"Wat gaan my de zaken aan van die menschen in de verte, als ik vreezen moet dat Frits door zyn ongeloof myn eigen zaken zal bederven, en dat hy nooit een flink makelaar worden zal?","translation":"What are the affairs of those people far away to me, when I must fear that Frits, through his unbelief, will ruin my own business, and that he will never become a sound broker?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s146.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik vreezen moet dat Frits … myn eigen zaken zal bederven","title":"Modal at clause end + nested future","body":"'als ik vreezen moet' puts the modal 'moet' after its infinitive at the subordinate-clause end. The 'dat'-clause nests a future 'zal bederven' ('will ruin'), also verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"interrogative adverbial modifying aangaan","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite base of the separable verb aangaan","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of aangaan","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of gaan … aan","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of gaan forming aangaan","gloss":"concern","note":"Wat gaat mij … aan? literally asks what something concerns me."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menschen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verte","lemma":"verte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; modifies menschen","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vreezen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vreezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vreezen","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of vreezen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bederven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bederven","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ongeloof","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of ongeloof","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ongeloof","lemma":"ongeloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"unbelief"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of zaken","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bederven","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"future auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bederven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"bederven","lemma":"bederven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the first dat-clause","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two dat-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of worden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of worden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies worden","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of makelaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"flink","lemma":"flink","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies makelaar","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the second dat-clause","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"future auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of worden","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"h16-s147","source":"Want Wawelaar zelf heeft gezegd, dat God alles zóó bestiert, dat rechtzinnigheid tot rykdom voert.","translation":"For Wawelaar himself has said that God so orders all things that orthodoxy leads to riches.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat God alles zóó bestiert, dat rechtzinnigheid tot rykdom voert","title":"Result 'zóó … dat' construction","body":"'zóó … dat' sets up a result clause ('so orders … that orthodoxy leads to riches'). Both 'bestiert' and 'voert' sit at the end of their respective 'dat'-clauses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"Wawelaar","lemma":"Wawelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"Wawelaar"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies Wawelaar","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bestiert","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bestiert","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bestiert","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestiert","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"bestiert","lemma":"bestieren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first dat-clause","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voert","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"rechtzinnigheid","lemma":"rechtzinnigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voert","gloss":"orthodoxy"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rykdom","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rykdom","lemma":"rijkdom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"riches"},{"surface":"voert","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"leads"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"h16-s148","source":"\"Zie maar, zeide hy, is er niet veel rykdom in Nederland?","translation":"\"Only look, said he, is there not much wealth in the Netherlands?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s148.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Zie","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the existential question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive with is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rykdom","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"rykdom","lemma":"rijkdom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"wealth"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of is","gloss":"the Netherlands"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"h16-s149","source":"Dat komt door 't geloof.","translation":"That comes from the faith.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s149.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geloof","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geloof","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"faith"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"h16-s150","source":"Is niet in Frankryk telkens moord en doodslag?","translation":"Is there not, in France, murder and manslaughter every other moment?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is niet in Frankryk telkens moord en doodslag?","title":"Existential question without 'er'","body":"A rhetorical existential question ('is there not… murder'), here without 'er' because the fronted 'in Frankryk' fills the first slot, forcing 'Is' second. 'Frankryk' is period spelling for 'Frankrijk'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the existential question","gloss":"Is there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Frankryk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Frankryk","lemma":"Frankrijk","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"France"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Is","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"moord","lemma":"moord","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"doodslag","lemma":"doodslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with moord","gloss":"manslaughter"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"h16-s151","source":"Dat is omdat ze daar katholiek zyn.","translation":"That is because they are Catholics there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s151.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat is omdat ze daar katholiek zyn","title":"'omdat' clause sends verb to the end","body":"'omdat' ('because') is subordinating, so 'zyn' moves to the clause end. 'daar' here is an adverb of place ('there'), not the existential particle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"main verb linking Dat to the omdat-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of katholiek","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"katholiek","lemma":"katholiek","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"Catholic"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the omdat-clause","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"h16-s152","source":"Zyn niet de Javanen arm? 't Zyn heidenen.","translation":"Are the Javanese not poor? They are heathens.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyn niet de Javanen arm? 't Zyn heidenen.","title":"Inverted question + impersonal-style ''t zijn'","body":"'Zyn niet de Javanen arm?' inverts for a yes/no question. ''t Zyn heidenen' uses ''t' (het) as a dummy with plural 'zijn' ('they are heathens')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Are"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Zyn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Javanen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javanen","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun denoting nationality, plural","role":"subject of Zyn","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Zyn","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Zyn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"heidenen","lemma":"heiden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of Zyn","gloss":"heathens"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"h16-s153","source":"Hoe langer de Hollanders met de Javanen omgaan, hoe meer rykdom er zal komen hier, en hoe meer armoede daarginder.","translation":"The longer the Dutch deal with the Javanese, the more wealth will come here, and the more poverty over yonder.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe langer de Hollanders met de Javanen omgaan, hoe meer rykdom er zal komen","title":"Correlative 'hoe … hoe …'","body":"'hoe langer … hoe meer …' is the correlative comparative ('the longer… the more…'). The first clause is verb-final (subordinate); the second uses existential 'er' with future 'zal komen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"first element of the correlative hoe … hoe construction","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies omgaan","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hollanders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hollanders","lemma":"Hollander","morphology":"noun denoting nationality, plural","role":"subject of omgaan","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Javanen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Javanen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javanen","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun denoting nationality, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"omgaan","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the subordinate comparative clause","gloss":"deal"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"second element of the correlative hoe … hoe construction","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of rykdom","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"rykdom","lemma":"rijkdom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"wealth"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with komen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two result clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces a coordinated elliptical result clause","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of armoede","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of understood zal komen","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"daarginder","lemma":"daarginder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies understood zal komen","gloss":"over yonder"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"h16-s154","source":"Dat is Gods wil zoo!\"","translation":"Such is the will of God!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat is Gods wil zoo!","title":"Genitive 's: 'Gods wil'","body":"'Gods wil' uses the surviving -s genitive ('God's will'), the one inflected genitive still fully alive in modern Dutch for names. The trailing 'zoo' adds emphatic finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to wil","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Gods","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of wil","gloss":"God’s"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"wil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"thus"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"h16-s155","source":"Ik sta verbaasd over Wawelaars doorzicht in zaken. Want het is de waarheid dat ik, die stipt op de godsdienst ben, myn zaken zie vooruitgaan van-jaar tot-jaar, en Busselinck & Waterman, die om God noch gebod geven, zullen knoeiers blyven hun leven lang.","translation":"I stand amazed at Wawelaar's insight into business. For it is the truth that I, who am scrupulous about religion, see my affairs prosper from year to year, while Busselinck & Waterman, who care neither for God nor for His commandments, will remain bunglers all their lives.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s155.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik, die stipt op de godsdienst ben, myn zaken zie vooruitgaan","title":"Perception 'zien' + bare infinitive","body":"'zie vooruitgaan' is perception verb 'zien' with a bare infinitive ('see my affairs prosper'), no 'te'. 'die stipt … ben' is an appositive relative clause about 'ik'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die om God noch gebod geven, zullen knoeiers blyven","title":"Negation 'noch … noch' + future","body":"'om God noch gebod geven' uses 'noch' to coordinate negatives in the idiom 'zich om God noch gebod bekommeren' (care for neither God nor commandment). 'zullen … blyven' is the future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sta","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sta","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"verbaasd","lemma":"verbazen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of sta","gloss":"amazed"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Wawelaars","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Wawelaars","lemma":"Wawelaar","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of doorzicht","gloss":"Wawelaar’s"},{"surface":"doorzicht","lemma":"doorzicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"insight"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in; modifies doorzicht","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with waarheid","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to waarheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"stipt","lemma":"stipt","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"scrupulous"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking godsdienst","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of godsdienst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"godsdienst","lemma":"godsdienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"religion"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of zaken","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zie","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"vooruitgaan","lemma":"vooruitgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare-infinitive complement of zie","gloss":"prosper"},{"surface":"van-jaar","lemma":"van","morphology":"prepositional phrase element","role":"first half of van jaar tot jaar","gloss":"from year","note":"The unusual hyphenation belongs to the phrase van jaar tot jaar, “from year to year.”"},{"surface":"tot-jaar","lemma":"tot","morphology":"prepositional phrase element","role":"second half of van jaar tot jaar","gloss":"to year"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses with an adversative sense","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of compound subject Busselinck & Waterman","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of compound subject Busselinck & Waterman","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by geven in the idiom geven om","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of om","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"gebod","lemma":"gebod","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second object of om, coordinated with God","gloss":"commandment"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"care","note":"Om iets geven means “to care about something.”"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"future auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of blyven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"knoeiers","lemma":"knoeier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of blyven","gloss":"bunglers"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zullen","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of leven","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the temporal phrase hun leven lang","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the temporal phrase hun leven lang","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"h16-s156","source":"Ook de Rosemeyers, die in suiker doen en een roomsche meid houden, hebben onlangs weer 27 percent moeten aannemen uit de massa van een jood die fout was.","translation":"The Rosemeyers too, who are in sugar and keep a Roman Catholic maid, lately had to accept again only 27 percent out of the estate of a Jew who had failed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s156.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hebben onlangs weer 27 percent moeten aannemen","title":"Perfect of a modal (IPP) + separable infinitive","body":"'hebben … moeten aannemen' is the perfect of modal 'moeten', which appears as an infinitive not a participle (IPP). 'aannemen' is separable. 'uit de massa' = 'from the estate' (of a bankrupt)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Rosemeyers","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Rosemeyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosemeyers","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"Rosemeyers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of doen and houden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suiker","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of doen","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"first verb of relative clause on Rosemeyers","gloss":"do business"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"roomsche","lemma":"rooms","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies meid","gloss":"Roman Catholic"},{"surface":"meid","lemma":"meid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"maid"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated with doen","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of aannemen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"onlangs","lemma":"onlangs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aannemen","gloss":"lately"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aannemen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"percent","lemma":"percent","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of aannemen","gloss":"percent"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of aannemen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"aannemen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking massa","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of massa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"massa","lemma":"massa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aannemen","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jood","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jood","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jood","lemma":"jood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying massa","gloss":"Jew"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"fout","lemma":"fout","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"failed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking jood to fout","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"h16-s157","source":"Hoe meer ik nadenk, hoe verder ik kom in 't doorgronden van Gods onnaspeurlyke wegen.","translation":"The more I reflect, the further I get in fathoming God's inscrutable ways.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe meer ik nadenk, hoe verder ik kom","title":"Correlative 'hoe meer … hoe verder'","body":"Another 'hoe … hoe …' correlative ('the more I reflect, the further I get'). 'onnaspeurlyke' ('inscrutable') is an attributive adjective taking -e; 'Gods' uses the surviving s-genitive ('God's inscrutable ways'); there is no 'der' in this sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms comparative correlative with meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies nadenk","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nadenk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nadenk","lemma":"nadenken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parallel clause to kom","gloss":"reflect"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms comparative correlative with verder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies kom","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kom","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second correlative clause","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doorgronden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of nominalized doorgronden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doorgronden","lemma":"doorgronden","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"complement of in","gloss":"fathoming"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of doorgronden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Gods","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of wegen","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"onnaspeurlyke","lemma":"onnaspeurlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wegen","gloss":"inscrutable"},{"surface":"wegen","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of doorgronden","gloss":"ways"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"h16-s158","source":"Onlangs is gebleken dat er weer dertig millioen zuiver gewonnen is op den verkoop van produkten die door de heidenen geleverd zyn, en daarby is niet eens gerekend wat ik daarop verdiend heb, en de vele anderen die van deze zaken leven.","translation":"It has lately come out that another thirty million was netted clear on the sale of produce delivered by the heathens, and that does not even count what I made on it myself, and the many others who live by this trade.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s158.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Onlangs is gebleken dat er weer dertig millioen zuiver gewonnen is","title":"Impersonal 'het is gebleken' + worden/zijn passive","body":"'is gebleken' is the perfect of impersonal 'blijken' ('it has come out'). Inside, 'er … gewonnen is' is a passive with existential 'er' ('thirty million was netted')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"produkten die door de heidenen geleverd zyn","title":"Agent phrase 'door' in a passive relative","body":"'die door de heidenen geleverd zyn' is a passive relative clause ('delivered by the heathens'), with 'door' marking the agent. 'geleverd' is the participle at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Onlangs","lemma":"onlangs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebleken","gloss":"lately"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebleken","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gebleken","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governing the dat-clause","gloss":"come out"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gewonnen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in the passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewonnen","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"dertig","lemma":"dertig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies millioen","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"millioen","lemma":"miljoen","morphology":"numeral noun, singular","role":"subject of passive gewonnen","gloss":"million"},{"surface":"zuiver","lemma":"zuiver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewonnen","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"gewonnen","lemma":"winnen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive dat-clause","gloss":"netted"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gewonnen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verkoop","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of verkoop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verkoop","lemma":"verkoop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"sale"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking produkten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"produkten","lemma":"product","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van modifying verkoop","gloss":"produce"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive geleverd","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking heidenen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heidenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heidenen","lemma":"heiden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of geleverd","gloss":"heathens"},{"surface":"geleverd","lemma":"leveren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on produkten","gloss":"delivered"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geleverd","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies gerekend","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gerekend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gerekend","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gerekend","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"gerekend","lemma":"rekenen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of coordinated passive clause","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of verdiend and head of subject clause of gerekend","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verdiend","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of verdiend","gloss":"on it"},{"surface":"verdiend","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of clause headed by wat","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verdiend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of anderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adjective, inflected plural","role":"modifies anderen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"coordinated subject of passive gerekend","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of leven","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of leven","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on anderen","gloss":"live"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"h16-s159","source":"Is dit nu niet alsof de Heer zeide: \"ziedaar dertig millioen ter belooning van uw geloof?\" Is dit niet duidelyk de vinger Gods, die den booze laat arbeiden om den rechtvaardige te behouden?","translation":"Is this not as if the Lord were saying: \"behold thirty million as a reward for your faith\"? Is this not plainly the finger of God, who lets the wicked man labor in order to preserve the righteous?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s159.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"alsof de Heer zeide … die den booze laat arbeiden om den rechtvaardige te behouden","title":"'alsof' + subjunctive 'zeide' + causative 'laten'","body":"'alsof … zeide' uses 'alsof' ('as if') with the past-subjunctive 'zeide'. 'laat arbeiden' is causative 'laten' + bare infinitive ('lets the wicked man labor'), and 'om … te behouden' is a purpose clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den booze … den rechtvaardige","title":"Nominalized adjectives with 'den'","body":"'den booze' ('the wicked one') and 'den rechtvaardige' ('the righteous one') are adjectives used as nouns, carrying the old masculine accusative article 'den'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula governing alsof-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying the question","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeide","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"Heer","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of alsof-clause","gloss":"were saying"},{"surface":"ziedaar","lemma":"ziedaar","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"introduces millioen","gloss":"behold"},{"surface":"dertig","lemma":"dertig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies millioen","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"millioen","lemma":"miljoen","morphology":"numeral noun, singular","role":"presented object of ziedaar","gloss":"million"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and article","role":"introduces purpose phrase with belooning","gloss":"as a"},{"surface":"belooning","lemma":"beloning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of ter","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geloof","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of geloof","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to vinger","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duidelyk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies copular Is","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vinger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vinger","lemma":"vinger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"Gods","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of vinger","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of booze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"booze","lemma":"boos","morphology":"nominalized adjective, masculine singular","role":"subject of infinitive arbeiden","gloss":"wicked man"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on vinger","gloss":"lets"},{"surface":"arbeiden","lemma":"arbeiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laat","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of rechtvaardige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rechtvaardige","lemma":"rechtvaardig","morphology":"nominalized adjective, masculine singular","role":"direct object of behouden","gloss":"righteous"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive behouden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"behouden","lemma":"behouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on laat","gloss":"preserve"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"h16-s160","source":"Is dit niet een wenk om voorttegaan op den goeden weg? Om ginds veel te laten voortbrengen, en hier te volharden in 't ware geloof?","translation":"Is this not a hint to keep on along the good path? To let much be produced over there, and here to persevere in the true faith?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s160.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Om ginds veel te laten voortbrengen, en hier te volharden","title":"om … te + causative 'laten'","body":"'Om … te laten voortbrengen' is a purpose clause with causative 'laten' ('to let much be produced'). 'voortbrengen' is separable; 'ginds' ('over there') and 'hier' ('here') frame the colonial contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to wenk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wenk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wenk","lemma":"wenk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"hint"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitival complement of wenk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voorttegaan","lemma":"voortgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of wenk","gloss":"keep on"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goeden","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, inflected masculine singular","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitival elaboration of wenk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ginds","lemma":"ginds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voortbrengen","gloss":"over there"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of voortbrengen","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first infinitive elaborating wenk","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"voortbrengen","lemma":"voortbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of laten","gloss":"be produced"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volharden","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive volharden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"volharden","lemma":"volharden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with laten","gloss":"persevere"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geloof","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of geloof","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of volharden","gloss":"faith"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"h16-s161","source":"Heet het niet daarom: \"bidt en werkt\" opdat wy zouden bidden, en 't werk laten doen door 't zwarte goedje dat geen \"Onze Vader\" kent?","translation":"Is it not for this reason that it is said: \"pray and work\" — that we should do the praying, and let the work be done by the black creatures who know no \"Our Father\"?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s161.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"opdat wy zouden bidden, en 't werk laten doen","title":"Purpose 'opdat' + conditional + causative","body":"'opdat' ('so that') is a formal purpose subordinator taking the verb to the end, here with conditional 'zouden bidden'. ''t werk laten doen' is causative 'laten' + bare infinitive ('let the work be done')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Heet","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb in impersonal construction","gloss":"is said"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with Heet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Heet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Heet","gloss":"for this reason"},{"surface":"bidt","lemma":"bidden","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural","role":"first imperative in quotation","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"werkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural","role":"coordinated imperative with bidt","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"opdat","lemma":"opdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bidden","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zouden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of bidden","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"bidden","lemma":"bidden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first infinitive governed by zouden","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with bidden and governed by zouden","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"be done"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking goedje","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of goedje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwarte","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies goedje","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"goedje","lemma":"goedje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agentive complement of door","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of kent","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Vader","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"modifies Vader","gloss":"Our"},{"surface":"Vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kent","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on goedje","gloss":"knows"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"h16-s162","source":"O, hoe heeft Wawelaar gelyk, als hy Gods juk zacht noemt!","translation":"Oh, how right Wawelaar is when he calls God's yoke easy!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s162.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als hy Gods juk zacht noemt","title":"'als' clause + genitive 'Gods'","body":"'als hy … noemt' is a subordinate clause, verb-final. 'Gods juk' uses the -s genitive ('God's yoke'). The phrase echoes Matthew 11:30 ('my yoke is easy')."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection modifying the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying gelijk","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb in idiom gelijk hebben","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Wawelaar","lemma":"Wawelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"Wawelaar"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object in idiom gelijk hebben","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of noemt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Gods","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of juk","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"juk","lemma":"juk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of noemt","gloss":"yoke"},{"surface":"zacht","lemma":"zacht","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of juk","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"noemt","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of als-clause","gloss":"calls"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"h16-s163","source":"Hoe licht wordt de last gemaakt aan ieder die gelooft!","translation":"How light the burden is made for everyone who believes!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s163.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe licht wordt de last gemaakt aan ieder die gelooft","title":"Worden-passive + exclamatory 'hoe'","body":"'wordt … gemaakt' is a worden-passive ('is made light'), with the exclamatory 'hoe licht' fronted, forcing V2. 'die gelooft' is a relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies licht","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adjective","role":"resultative complement of gemaakt","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of last","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gemaakt","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ieder","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of gelooft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gelooft","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on ieder","gloss":"believes"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"h16-s164","source":"Ik ben pas in de veertig, en zou kunnen uitscheiden als ik wilde, en naar Driebergen gaan, en zie eens hoe 't met anderen afloopt, die den Heer verlieten?","translation":"I am scarcely in my forties, and could retire from business if I wished, and go to Driebergen, and see how things turn out for others who forsook the Lord.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou kunnen uitscheiden als ik wilde","title":"Conditional + modal + 'als' clause","body":"'zou kunnen uitscheiden' stacks conditional 'zou' and modal 'kunnen' over separable 'uitscheiden' ('retire from business'). 'als ik wilde' is a conditional clause with the imperfect 'wilde'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"anderen … die den Heer verlieten","title":"Strong imperfect 'verlieten'","body":"'verlieten' is the strong past plural of 'verlaten' ('forsook'), changing the stem vowel. 'den Heer' shows the old accusative article 'den'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with age phrase","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veertig","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner in age expression","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veertig","lemma":"veertig","morphology":"nominalized numeral","role":"complement of in","gloss":"forties"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of uitscheiden and gaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal infinitive governing uitscheiden and gaan","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"uitscheiden","lemma":"uitscheiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first infinitive governed by zou kunnen","gloss":"retire"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of conditional als-clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Driebergen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Driebergen","lemma":"Driebergen","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gaan","gloss":"Driebergen"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with uitscheiden","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative governing hoe-clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens imperative zie","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces clausal complement of zie","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, elided","role":"subject of afloopt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anderen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"complement of met","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"afloopt","lemma":"aflopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"turns out"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of verlieten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"Heer","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of verlieten","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"verlieten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on anderen","gloss":"forsook"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"h16-s165","source":"Gisteren heb ik Sjaalman gezien met zyn vrouw en hun jongetje: ze zagen er uit als spoken.","translation":"Yesterday I saw Sjaalman with his wife and their little boy: they looked like ghosts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s165.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Gisteren heb ik Sjaalman gezien met zyn vrouw en hun jongetje","title":"Perfect + diminutive 'jongetje'","body":"Fronted 'Gisteren' triggers V2 ('heb ik'), and 'gezien' is the participle of the perfect at the end. 'jongetje' is a diminutive of 'jongen' ('little boy'), always neuter."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ze zagen er uit als spoken","title":"Idiom 'er uitzien'","body":"'er uitzien als' is the fixed expression 'to look like' (here 'they looked like ghosts'), with the separable verb 'eruitzien'. 'spoken' is the plural of 'spook' (ghost)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gisteren","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"determiner","role":"possessive determiner of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of jongetje","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"jongetje","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, diminutive, neuter singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"little boy"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of zagen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zagen","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of second main clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of zien ... eruit","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zagen ... er uit","gloss":"looked","note":"In zien er ... uit, uit forms the separable verb eruitzien, “to look/appear.”"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces comparison with spoken","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"spoken","lemma":"spook","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"object of als","gloss":"ghosts"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"h16-s166","source":"Hy is bleek als de dood, zyn oogen puilen uit, en zyn wangen staan hol.","translation":"He is pale as death, his eyes bulge out, and his cheeks are hollow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s166.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy is bleek als de dood, zyn oogen puilen uit","title":"Separable 'uitpuilen' in the present","body":"'puilen … uit' is the separable verb 'uitpuilen' ('to bulge out'), prefix at the clause end. 'bleek als de dood' is the simile 'pale as death'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Hy to bleek","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"bleek","lemma":"bleek","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces comparison with dood","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of oogen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"subject of puilen","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"puilen","lemma":"puilen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of second main clause","gloss":"bulge"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of puilen ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessive determiner of wangen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"wangen","lemma":"wang","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of third main clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"hol","lemma":"hol","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of staan","gloss":"hollow"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"h16-s167","source":"Zyn houding is gebogen, schoon hy nog jonger is dan ik.","translation":"His bearing is stooped, though he is still younger than I am.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s167.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schoon hy nog jonger is dan ik","title":"Archaic concessive 'schoon' + comparative","body":"'schoon' here is an archaic concessive conjunction ('although'), not 'beautiful', sending its verb to the end. 'jonger … dan' is the comparative ('younger than')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"determiner","role":"possessive determiner of houding","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking houding to gebogen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gebogen","lemma":"gebogen","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"stooped"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, concessive","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jonger","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"jonger","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to jonger","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ik","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of understood ben","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"h16-s168","source":"Ook zy was zeer armoedig gekleed, en ze scheen weer geschreid te hebben. Nu, ik had terstond bemerkt dat zy ontevreden van natuur is, want ik behoef iemand maar eenmaal te zien om hem te beoordeelen.","translation":"She too was very poorly dressed, and she seemed to have been crying again. Well, I had seen at once that she is discontented by nature, for I need only look at someone once to judge him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s168.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik behoef iemand maar eenmaal te zien om hem te beoordeelen","title":"'behoeven … te' + om … te","body":"'behoef … te zien' is 'behoeven' ('to need') governing a te-infinitive; the trailing 'om hem te beoordeelen' is a purpose clause ('in order to judge him')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze scheen weer geschreid te hebben","title":"Perfect infinitive after 'schijnen'","body":"'scheen … geschreid te hebben' is a perfect infinitive under 'schijnen' ('seemed to have cried'). 'schreien' is a literary verb for weeping; 'geschreid' is its participle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zy","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to gekleed","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies armoedig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"armoedig","lemma":"armoedig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gekleed","gloss":"poorly"},{"surface":"gekleed","lemma":"gekleed","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb coordinated with was","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschreid","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"geschreid","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by hebben","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive complement of scheen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"introduces the next sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bemerkt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bemerkt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bemerkt","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"bemerkt","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of bemerkt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ontevreden","lemma":"ontevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"discontented"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking natuur","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"natuur","lemma":"natuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van in van natuur","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to ontevreden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction, causal","role":"introduces explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of behoef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"behoef","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses eenmaal te zien","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of behoef","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, purposive","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of beoordeelen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beoordeelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beoordeelen","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive of purpose clause","gloss":"judge"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"h16-s169","source":"Dat komt van de ondervinding.","translation":"That comes of experience.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s169.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ondervinding","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ondervinding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of komt","gloss":"experience"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"h16-s170","source":"Ze had een manteltje van zwarte zyde om, en 't was toch vry koud. Van krinoline was geen spoor.","translation":"She had a little mantle of black silk about her, and yet it was quite cold. Of crinoline there was no trace.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s170.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Van krinoline was geen spoor.","title":"Fronting and inversion","body":"A fronted prepositional phrase (Van krinoline) pushes the finite verb was into second position, before the subject geen spoor — the hallmark of Dutch verb-second order. Note also geen, which negates the indefinite noun spoor (where niet would be wrong)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een manteltje ... om","title":"Diminutive -tje","body":"manteltje is the diminutive of mantel (cloak), formed with -tje and always neuter ('t manteltje). Here it conveys the smallness and slightness of her wrap, reinforcing how thinly the woman is dressed against the cold."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zyde","title":"Period spelling: y for ij","body":"zyde is 1860 spelling of zijde (silk), with y standing for modern ij. The same convention runs through this whole chapter: myn, zyn, vry, wyze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of manteltje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"manteltje","lemma":"mantel","morphology":"noun, diminutive, neuter singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"little mantle"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking material","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zwarte","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zyde","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"zyde","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"silk"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"particle in iets om hebben","gloss":"around her","note":"Iets om hebben means to be wearing something around oneself."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to koud","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies koud","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies koud","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"koud","lemma":"koud","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"Van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking krinoline","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"krinoline","lemma":"krinoline","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Van","gloss":"crinoline"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spoor","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"spoor","lemma":"spoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"trace"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"h16-s171","source":"Haar licht japonnetje hing slap om de knieën, en aan den rand was franje.","translation":"Her thin little gown hung loose about her knees, and at the hem there was a fringe.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s171.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan den rand","title":"Case remnant: dative den","body":"aan den rand keeps the old masculine dative -en ending after a preposition, a frozen case form normal in 1860 prose but lost in modern Dutch (aan de rand)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"japonnetje","title":"Diminutive of a loanword","body":"japonnetje is the diminutive of japon (a gown, from French jupon). The -netje form softens it to 'thin little gown' and makes it neuter (het japonnetje)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of japonnetje","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies japonnetje","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"japonnetje","lemma":"japon","morphology":"noun, diminutive, neuter singular","role":"subject of hing","gloss":"little gown"},{"surface":"hing","lemma":"hangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"slap","lemma":"slap","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hing","gloss":"loose"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking knieën","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of knieën","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"knieën","lemma":"knie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of hing","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rand","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of rand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rand","lemma":"rand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"hem"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"franje","lemma":"franje","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"fringe"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"h16-s172","source":"Hy had zelfs zyn sjaal niet meer om, en zag er uit alsof 't zomer was.","translation":"He no longer even had his shawl about him, and looked as though it were summer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s172.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had zelfs zyn sjaal niet meer om","title":"Separable verb omhebben","body":"The prefix om of omhebben (to have on, to wear) splits off and lands at the end of the clause, after the object zyn sjaal — a textbook separable verb. The phrasing literally reads 'he had even his shawl no longer on'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alsof 't zomer was","title":"Counterfactual alsof","body":"alsof ('as if') is a subordinating conjunction, so the verb was goes to the end of the clause. The simple past here is counterfactual — 'as though it were summer' — when in fact it is cold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses zyn sjaal","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"determiner","role":"possessive determiner of sjaal","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sjaal","lemma":"sjaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"shawl"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet meer with meer","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet meer, “no longer”","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"particle in iets om hebben","gloss":"around him","note":"Iets om hebben means to be wearing something around oneself."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb coordinated with had","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of zien ... eruit","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zag ... er uit","gloss":"looked","note":"In zien er ... uit, uit forms the separable verb eruitzien, “to look/appear.”"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zomer","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zomer","lemma":"zomer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"summer"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to zomer","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"h16-s173","source":"Toch schynt hy nog een soort van trots te bezitten, want hy gaf iets aan een arme vrouw, die op de sluis zat--Frits zegt: brug, maar wat van steen is zonder een wip, noem ik sluis--en wie zelf zoo weinig heeft, doet zonde als hy nog weggeeft aan een ander.","translation":"Yet he seems still to possess a kind of pride, for he gave something to a poor woman who sat on the lock — Frits says: bridge, but anything of stone without a draw-section I call a lock — and whoever has so little himself commits a sin if he still gives any of it away to another.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s173.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toch schynt hy nog een soort van trots te bezitten","title":"te + infinitive after schijnen","body":"schijnen ('to seem') governs a following infinitive marked with te: te bezitten closes the clause. The fronted Toch also triggers verb-second, putting schynt before the subject hy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie zelf zoo weinig heeft, doet zonde","title":"Free relative wie","body":"wie ('whoever') opens a headless relative clause with no antecedent; its verb heeft goes to the end, and the main clause then resumes with doet. This is the wie/wat relative, distinct from die/dat which need a noun to attach to."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sluis / brug / wip","title":"Droogstoppel's pedantry","body":"Droogstoppel insists on calling a stone structure a sluis (lock) rather than a brug (bridge) unless it has a wip — a drawbridge or counterweighted lifting section. The aside is pure comic self-importance, splitting hairs over terminology."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schynt","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of schynt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezitten","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common or neuter gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezitten","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trots","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"trots","lemma":"trots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bezitten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bezitten","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of schynt","gloss":"possess"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction, causal","role":"introduces explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vrouw","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan; indirect object of gaf","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of zat; refers to vrouw","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sluis","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sluis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sluis","lemma":"sluis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zat","gloss":"lock"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on vrouw","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"brug","lemma":"brug","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"quoted complement of zegt","gloss":"bridge"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"subject of is and direct object of noem","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking steen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"steen","lemma":"steen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies wat","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula with subject wat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wip","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wip","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wip","lemma":"wip","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"draw-section","note":"Here wip means the movable, tipping section of a drawbridge."},{"surface":"noem","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of clause coordinated by maar","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sluis","lemma":"sluis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of wat after noem","gloss":"a lock"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"subject of heeft and doet","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of free relative clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb with subject wie","gloss":"commits"},{"surface":"zonde","lemma":"zonde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doet","gloss":"a sin","note":"Zonde doen is an older expression meaning “to commit a sin.”"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, conditional","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of weggeeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weggeeft","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"weggeeft","lemma":"weggeven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of conditional clause","gloss":"gives away"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ander","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"h16-s174","source":"Bovendien, ik geef nooit op straat--dit is een principe van me--want ik zeg altyd, als ik zoo arme menschen zie: wie weet of 't hun eigen schuld niet is, en ik mag hen niet styven in verkeerdheid.","translation":"Besides, I never give in the street — this is a principle of mine — for I always say, when I see such poor people: who knows whether it is not their own fault, and I must not encourage them in their wrongheadedness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s174.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik geef nooit op straat","title":"Negation with nooit","body":"nooit ('never') is the single negative word carrying the clause; Dutch allows only one negation per clause, so no further niet is added. Word order keeps the verb geef in second position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik zoo arme menschen zie","title":"Verb-final after als","body":"als opens a subordinate clause, sending the verb zie to the very end. menschen also shows period spelling (modern mensen), where sch- is reduced to s-."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik mag hen niet styven","title":"Modal mogen + bare infinitive","body":"The modal mag (from mogen, 'may/be allowed') sends the main verb styven to the end as a bare infinitive with no te. styven ('to stiffen, to embolden') is used figuratively: to encourage people in their wrongheadedness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying geef","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geef","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking straat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"straat","lemma":"straat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of geef","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit and principe","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of principe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"principe","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"complement of van","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory coordinate clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zie","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverbial determiner","role":"modifies arme","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of zie","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"adverbial clause on zeg","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of quoted question","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces indirect yes-no clause","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, contracted","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessor of schuld","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies schuld","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het and schuld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates mag with weet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of styven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of styven","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of styven","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies styven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"styven","lemma":"stijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of mag","gloss":"encourage","note":"Here stijven means to confirm or encourage someone in a bad disposition."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verkeerdheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verkeerdheid","lemma":"verkeerdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of styven","gloss":"wrongheadedness"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"h16-s175","source":"Zondags geef ik tweemaal: eens voor de armen, en eens voor de kerk.","translation":"On Sundays I give twice: once for the poor, and once for the church.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s175.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zondags geef ik tweemaal","title":"Adverbial -s and inversion","body":"Zondags ('on Sundays') is an adverb formed with a frozen genitive -s; fronting it forces inversion, so the verb geef precedes the subject ik (verb-second)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zondags","lemma":"zondags","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of geef","gloss":"On Sundays"},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tweemaal","lemma":"tweemaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geef","gloss":"twice"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"first member of tweemaal","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking armen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of armen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armen","lemma":"arm","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"second member of tweemaal","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kerk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kerk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kerk","lemma":"kerk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"church"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"h16-s176","source":"Zóó behoort het!","translation":"That is how it ought to be!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s176.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zóó behoort het!","title":"Impersonal behoren","body":"behoort here is used impersonally with het as a dummy subject — 'that is how it ought to be.' behoren in this sense ('to be fitting/proper') is now formal and dated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behoort","gloss":"That way"},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of behoort","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"h16-s177","source":"Ik weet niet of Sjaalman me gezien heeft, maar ik ging snel voorby, en keek naar boven, en dacht aan de rechtvaardigheid van God, die hem toch niet zoo zou laten loopen zonder winterjas, als hy beter had opgepast en niet lui, pedant en ziekelyk was.","translation":"I do not know whether Sjaalman saw me, but I walked quickly past, and looked upward, and thought of the righteousness of God, who surely would not let him go about like that without a winter coat, if he had behaved better and had not been lazy, pedantic, and sickly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s177.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik weet niet of Sjaalman me gezien heeft","title":"Indirect question with of","body":"of ('whether') introduces an embedded yes/no question, a subordinate clause in which the verb cluster gezien heeft moves to the end. Note the perfect tense built from heeft + the participle gezien."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die hem toch niet zoo zou laten loopen","title":"Conditional zou + causative laten","body":"zou (conditional of zullen) frames what God 'would' do, while laten loopen is causative laten plus a bare infinitive — 'let/have him walk about.' Both verbs cluster at the end of the relative clause opened by die."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als hy beter had opgepast","title":"Pluperfect in a conditional","body":"had opgepast is the pluperfect (imperfect of hebben + participle) inside an als-clause expressing an unreal past condition. opgepast is the participle of separable oppassen ('to behave, take care')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezien","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of heeft","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite auxiliary governing gezien","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinate clause","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"snel","lemma":"snel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"voorby","lemma":"voorbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of ging","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"keek","lemma":"kijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with ging","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boven","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with ging and keek","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rechtvaardigheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rechtvaardigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rechtvaardigheid","lemma":"rechtvaardigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of dacht","gloss":"righteousness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking God","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of zou laten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of laten and subject of loopen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou laten","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies loopen","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of laten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"loopen","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"go about"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking winterjas","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"winterjas","lemma":"winterjas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of loopen","gloss":"a winter coat"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had opgepast and was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies opgepast","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgepast","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"opgepast","lemma":"oppassen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of had","gloss":"behaved"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates was with had opgepast","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"lazy"},{"surface":"pedant","lemma":"pedant","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"pedantic"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ziekelyk","lemma":"ziekelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to adjectives","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"h16-s178","source":"Wat nu myn boek aangaat, moet ik waarlyk den lezer om verschooning vragen voor de onvergeeflyke wyze, waarop Stern misbruik maakt van ons kontrakt.","translation":"Now as for my book, I must truly beg the reader's pardon for the unpardonable manner in which Stern abuses our contract.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s178.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat nu myn boek aangaat","title":"Separable aangaan, fronted","body":"Wat ... aangaat ('as for...') is a fixed framing phrase using separable aangaan; the prefix aan joins gaat at the clause end. The whole clause is fronted, so the main verb moet then comes second."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den lezer ... vragen","title":"Case remnant: dative den lezer","body":"den lezer carries the old masculine dative ending -en as the indirect object of vragen ('to ask the reader'). Modern Dutch would write de lezer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de wyze, waarop Stern misbruik maakt","title":"Pronominal adverb waarop","body":"waarop fuses the relative 'which' with the preposition op into a single pronominal adverb — 'the manner in which.' Dutch prefers waarop over op welke when relativizing a thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"As for"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangaat","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of aangaat","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"heads topical clause modifying vragen","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vragen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vragen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vragen","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"modifies lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vragen","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verschooning","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"verschooning","lemma":"verschoning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of om","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moet","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onvergeeflyke","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onvergeeflyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onvergeeflyke","lemma":"onvergeeflijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive singular","role":"modifies wyze","gloss":"unpardonable"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"relative complement of maakt misbruik","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of fixed expression misbruik maken","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kontrakt","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"possessor of kontrakt","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"kontrakt","lemma":"contract","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"contract"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"h16-s179","source":"Ik moet erkennen dat ik zeer opzie tegen den eersten kransavend en de liefdegeschiedenis van dien Saïdjah.","translation":"I must confess that I quite dread the first reading-circle evening and the love-story of that Saïdjah.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik zeer opzie tegen den eersten kransavend","title":"Separable opzien tegen","body":"opzien tegen ('to dread') is separable; in this dat-clause the verb opzie sits at the end with its prefix rejoined. den eersten shows the dative -en on both article and adjective after the verb's governed tegen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de liefdegeschiedenis van dien Saïdjah","title":"Demonstrative dien (case remnant)","body":"dien is the old masculine accusative form of die ('that'), surviving here after van. Modern Dutch flattens it to die Saïdjah."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erkennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moet","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of erkennen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opzie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opzie","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"opzie","lemma":"opzien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by opzie","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kransavend","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eersten","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"adjective, ordinal, attributive singular","role":"modifies kransavend","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"kransavend","lemma":"kransavond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tegen","gloss":"reading-circle evening","note":"A kransavond was an evening meeting of a social or literary circle."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liefdegeschiedenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liefdegeschiedenis","lemma":"liefdegeschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement of tegen","gloss":"love story"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Saïdjah","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Saïdjah","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Saïdjah"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"h16-s180","source":"De lezer weet reeds, welke gezonde begrippen ik over liefde heb ... men denke slechts aan myn beoordeeling van dat uitstapje naar den Ganges.","translation":"The reader already knows what sound notions I have about love ... one need only recall my verdict on that excursion to the Ganges.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s180.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"welke gezonde begrippen ik over liefde heb","title":"Embedded wh-clause, verb-final","body":"welke ('what/which') opens an embedded question functioning as object of weet; the verb heb drops to the end. This is the interrogative/relative welk(e), heavier and more formal than plain wat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men denke slechts","title":"Subjunctive imperative with men","body":"denke is an archaic third-person subjunctive ('let one merely think...'), a hortative form used with men. This solemn, exhortatory register is typical of 1860 literary Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"interrogative determiner","role":"determiner of begrippen in indirect question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"gezonde","lemma":"gezond","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies begrippen","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"notions"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liefde","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of indirect question","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denke","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"denke","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of exhortative clause","gloss":"recall","note":"The present subjunctive denke expresses an exhortation: ‘let one think’ or ‘one need only recall.’"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies denke","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beoordeeling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of beoordeeling","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"beoordeeling","lemma":"beoordeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"verdict"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking topic of beoordeeling","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitstapje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uitstapje","lemma":"uitstapje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"excursion"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Ganges","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ganges","lemma":"Ganges","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"Ganges"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"h16-s181","source":"Dat jonge meisjes zoo-iets aardig vinden, kan ik wel begrypen, maar 't is my onverklaarbaar dat mannen van jaren zulke zotheden zonder walg aanhooren.","translation":"That young girls find such a thing charming, I can well understand, but it is inexplicable to me that men of years should listen to such follies without disgust.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat jonge meisjes zoo-iets aardig vinden, kan ik wel begrypen","title":"Fronted dat-clause as object","body":"An entire dat-clause (with vinden at the end) is fronted to first position as the object of begrypen; the main clause then inverts, putting kan before ik. The modal kan sends begrypen to the end as a bare infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t is my onverklaarbaar dat mannen ... aanhooren","title":"Dummy het + extraposed clause","body":"'t (het) is a placeholder subject ('it is inexplicable to me'), with the real content following in the dat-clause where aanhooren sits at the end. my is the dative 'to me,' an old object form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zotheden","title":"zotheid → zotheden","body":"zotheid means 'folly, foolishness'; the plural zotheden takes -en after the -heid suffix becomes -hed-. Droogstoppel dismisses love-stories as such follies, told without walg (disgust)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of begrypen","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies meisjes","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of vinden","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"aardig","lemma":"aardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of vinden","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of subject clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of begrypen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begrypen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrypen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"begrypen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kan","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with onverklaarbaar","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to onverklaarbaar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"experiencer complement of onverklaarbaar","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"onverklaarbaar","lemma":"onverklaarbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"inexplicable"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aanhooren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mannen","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of aanhooren","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zotheden","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"zotheden","lemma":"zotheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of aanhooren","gloss":"follies"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking walg","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"walg","lemma":"walg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"disgust"},{"surface":"aanhooren","lemma":"aanhoren","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"listen to"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"h16-s182","source":"Ik ben zeker, dat ik op den aanstaanden krans den triolet vind van myn solitairspel.","translation":"I am certain that at the coming circle I shall find the triolet from my game of solitaire.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s182.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"op den aanstaanden krans","title":"Adjective -e plus dative -en","body":"aanstaanden carries both the attributive adjective ending and the old masculine dative -en after op den. Modern Dutch reduces this to op de aanstaande krans."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to zeker","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vind","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking krans","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of krans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanstaanden","lemma":"aanstaand","morphology":"adjective, attributive singular","role":"modifies krans","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"krans","lemma":"krans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"circle","note":"Here krans means a social or literary circle meeting."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of triolet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"triolet","lemma":"triolet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"triolet","note":"A triolet is an eight-line poem with repeated lines and two rhymes."},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking solitairspel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of solitairspel","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"solitairspel","lemma":"solitairspel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"solitaire game"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"h16-s183","source":"Ik zal beproeven niets van dien Saïdjah te hooren, en hoop dat de man gauw trouwt, als hy ten-minste de held is van de liefdehistorie. 't Is nog al wèl van Stern, dat hy vooraf gewaarschuwd heeft, dat het een eentonige geschiedenis wezen zal.","translation":"I shall try to hear nothing of that Saïdjah, and I hope the man marries soon, if indeed he is the hero of the love-story. It is rather decent of Stern that he warned us beforehand it would be a monotonous tale.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s183.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal beproeven niets ... te hooren","title":"Future zullen + te-infinitive complement","body":"zal (future of zullen) governs beproeven at the end; beproeven ('to attempt') in turn governs a te-infinitive (te hooren). Note the chain of two verb systems stacking toward the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat het een eentonige geschiedenis wezen zal","title":"Subordinate verb cluster at clause end","body":"In this dat-clause the verbs cluster sentence-finally as wezen zal ('will be'), with the infinitive wezen (an older variant of zijn) preceding the finite zal. The order inside the cluster is freer in 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beproeven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of beproeven","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"beproeven","lemma":"beproeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"oblique complement of hooren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Saïdjah","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces hooren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of beproeven","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with beproeven","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of trouwt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of trouwt","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"gauw","lemma":"gauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trouwt","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"trouwt","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of content clause of hoop","gloss":"marries"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of held","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ten-minste","lemma":"tenminste","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"at least","note":"Older spelling with a hyphen; modern Dutch writes tenminste."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of held","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"held","lemma":"held","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hy to held","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of held","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liefdehistorie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liefdehistorie","lemma":"liefdehistorie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"love-story"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking 't to wèl","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom nog al","gloss":"rather","note":"Nog al, now normally nogal, means ‘rather’ or ‘quite’ here."},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom nog al","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the person credited","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of Is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gewaarschuwd heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vooraf","lemma":"vooraf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewaarschuwd","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"gewaarschuwd","lemma":"waarschuwen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of subject clause","gloss":"warned"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewaarschuwd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of gewaarschuwd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of wezen zal","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eentonige","lemma":"eentonig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geschiedenis","gloss":"monotonous"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of wezen","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"h16-s184","source":"Zoodra hy dan later aan wat anders begint, zal ik weer toeluisteren.","translation":"As soon as he later moves on to something else, I shall listen again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s184.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoodra hy ... begint, zal ik weer toeluisteren","title":"Subordinate clause fronted, then inversion","body":"The Zoodra ('as soon as') clause is fronted with its verb begint at the end; the main clause then inverts to zal ik. zoodra is one word in period spelling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan wat anders","title":"Free relative wat as object of preposition","body":"wat anders ('something else') uses wat as an indefinite pronoun governed by aan. The separable toeluisteren ('to listen') keeps its prefix at the very end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of begint","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begint","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begint","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begint","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement wat anders","gloss":"on to"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of wat anders","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverbial adjective","role":"modifies wat","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"begint","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of temporal subordinate clause","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of toeluisteren","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of toeluisteren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toeluisteren","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"toeluisteren","lemma":"toeluisteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"h16-s185","source":"Maar dat afkeuren van 't Bestuur, verveelt me byna evenzeer als liefdegeschiedenissen.","translation":"But that censuring of the Government wearies me almost as much as love-stories.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s185.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat afkeuren van 't Bestuur, verveelt me","title":"Nominalized infinitive as subject","body":"afkeuren ('to condemn') is used as a verbal noun, the subject of the clause: 'that condemning of the Government.' Dutch freely turns infinitives into neuter nouns ('t afkeuren)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the preceding discourse","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of afkeuren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"afkeuren","lemma":"afkeuren","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"subject of verveelt","gloss":"censuring","note":"The infinitive is used as a noun: ‘the censuring’."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of afkeuren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"verveelt","lemma":"vervelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wearies"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verveelt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies evenzeer","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"evenzeer","lemma":"evenzeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree complement of verveelt","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with liefdegeschiedenissen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"liefdegeschiedenissen","lemma":"liefdegeschiedenis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"term of comparison introduced by als","gloss":"love-stories"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"h16-s186","source":"Men ziet uit alles, dat Stern jong is en weinig ondervinding heeft.","translation":"One can see from everything that Stern is young and has little experience.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s186.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men ziet uit alles, dat Stern jong is","title":"Generic men","body":"men is the impersonal 'one/people,' taking a third-person-singular verb ziet. The following dat-clause sends its verbs (is ... heeft) to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of uit","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of ziet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is and heeft","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to jong","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates is and heeft","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of ondervinding","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"experience"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb coordinated with is","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"h16-s187","source":"Om de zaken goed te beoordeelen, moet men alles van naby zien.","translation":"To judge matters rightly, one must see everything from close up.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s187.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Om de zaken goed te beoordeelen","title":"Purpose clause om ... te","body":"om frames a purpose clause ('in order to judge matters rightly') that closes with te beoordeelen. Fronting it forces the main clause to invert: moet men."}],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of om ... te infinitive clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of beoordeelen","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beoordeelen","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"part of om ... te infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beoordeelen","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying zien","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zien","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of adverbial phrase van naby","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"naby","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of adverbial phrase van naby","gloss":"close up"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"h16-s188","source":"Toen ik trouwde, ben ik zelf in den Haag geweest, en heb met myn vrouw 't Mauritshuis bezocht. Ik ben daar in aanraking gekomen met alle standen van de maatschappy, want ik heb den Minister van Financien zien voorbyryden, en we hebben samen flanel gekocht in de Veenestraat--ik en myn vrouw, meen ik--en nergens heb ik 't minste blijk bespeurd van ontevredenheid met de Regeering.","translation":"When I married, I went to The Hague myself, and visited the Mauritshuis with my wife. There I came into contact with every rank of society, for I saw the Minister of Finance ride past, and we bought flannel together in the Veenestraat — my wife and I, I mean — and nowhere did I detect the slightest sign of discontent with the Government.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s188.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ben ik zelf in den Haag geweest","title":"Perfect with zijn","body":"Verbs of motion and change of state take zijn rather than hebben in the perfect: ben ... geweest ('have been'). The fronted Toen ik trouwde clause triggers inversion to ben ik."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb den Minister ... zien voorbyryden","title":"Perception verb + double infinitive","body":"Perception verb zien takes a bare infinitive (voorbyryden), and in the perfect both appear as infinitives — the 'infinitivus pro participio' (zien rather than gezien). Separable voorbyryden keeps prefix and verb joined here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of trouwde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trouwde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"trouwde","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on geweest","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweest","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location den Haag","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Haag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Haag","lemma":"Haag","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"Hague"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bezocht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Mauritshuis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Mauritshuis","lemma":"Mauritshuis","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of bezocht","gloss":"Mauritshuis"},{"surface":"bezocht","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb coordinated with geweest","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gekomen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of gekomen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in aanraking komen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"aanraking","lemma":"aanraking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom in aanraking komen","gloss":"contact"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of aanraking","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of standen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"standen","lemma":"stand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of standen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maatschappy","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maatschappy","lemma":"maatschappij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb zien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Minister","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Minister","lemma":"minister","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"Minister"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Financien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Financien","lemma":"financiën","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Finance"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"perception infinitive governed by heb","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"voorbyryden","lemma":"voorbijrijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zien","gloss":"ride past"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben gekocht","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gekocht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"samen","lemma":"samen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekocht","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"flanel","lemma":"flanel","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gekocht","gloss":"flannel"},{"surface":"gekocht","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"bought"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Veenestraat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Veenestraat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Veenestraat","lemma":"Veenestraat","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"Veenestraat"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"first term clarifying we","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second term coordinated with ik","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates final clause with preceding clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nergens","lemma":"nergens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bespeurd","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bespeurd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bespeurd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of blijk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minste","lemma":"minst","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies blijk","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"blijk","lemma":"blijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bespeurd","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"bespeurd","lemma":"bespeuren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of final coordinated clause","gloss":"detected"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of blijk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ontevredenheid","lemma":"ontevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"discontent"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ontevredenheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"Government"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"h16-s189","source":"Die juffrouw in den winkel zag er tevreden uit, en toen dus in 1848 sommigen ons trachtten wys te maken dat in den Haag niet alles was zoo als 't behoorde, heb ik op den krans over die ontevredenheid het myne gezegd. Ik vond geloof, want ieder wist dat ik by ondervinding sprak.","translation":"The young woman in the shop looked content, and so when in 1848 certain people tried to make us believe that in The Hague not everything was as it ought to be, I had my say at the circle about that discontent. I was believed, for everyone knew that I spoke from experience.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s189.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen ... sommigen ons trachtten wys te maken","title":"Separable wijsmaken with te","body":"wijsmaken ('to make someone believe') splits, with wys fronted and maken bound to te. The whole construction sits inside a toen-clause, whose verb trachtten goes to the end. wys is period spelling of wijs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb ik ... het myne gezegd","title":"Possessive het mijne","body":"het myne is the nominalized possessive 'my part/my piece' (here, my say). The fronted temporal clause triggers inversion in the main clause: heb ik."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of juffrouw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"juffrouw","lemma":"juffrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"young woman"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking winkel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of winkel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"winkel","lemma":"winkel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"shop"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of zag ... uit","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"part of zag er ... uit","gloss":"in appearance"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zag ... uit","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable particle","role":"completes zag ... uit","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of trachtten","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the circumstance to the result","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 1848","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sommigen","lemma":"sommige","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of trachtten","gloss":"certain people"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of wys maken","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"trachtten","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"head of temporal subordinate clause","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"wys","lemma":"wijs","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"part of idiom wys maken","gloss":"believe","note":"Wys maken, modern wijsmaken, means ‘make someone believe’."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of trachtten","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of wys maken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location den Haag","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Haag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Haag","lemma":"Haag","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"Hague"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking alles to zoo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with als","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of behoorde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"behoorde","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of comparative clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location den krans","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of krans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"krans","lemma":"krans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"circle","note":"Krans here means a regular social circle or gathering, not a wreath."},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontevredenheid","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontevredenheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ontevredenheid","lemma":"ontevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of over","gloss":"discontent"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of myne","gloss":"the","note":"Het myne zeggen is the idiom ‘to have one’s say’."},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"credence"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of wist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces ondervinding","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of by","gloss":"experience"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of wist","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"h16-s190","source":"Ook op de terugreis met de diligence heeft de kondukteur \"schep vreugd\" geblazen, en dat zou de man toch niet gedaan hebben, als er zooveel verkeerds was.","translation":"On the return journey by stagecoach, too, the conductor played \"draw joy,\" and the man surely would not have done that if there were so much amiss.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s190.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zou de man toch niet gedaan hebben","title":"Conditional perfect with zou","body":"zou ... gedaan hebben is the conditional perfect ('would not have done'), a zou-frame around a perfect infinitive cluster. The fronted object dat triggers inversion: zou de man."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als er zooveel verkeerds was","title":"Existential er","body":"er here is the existential 'there' ('if there were so much amiss'). verkeerds is a partitive genitive form of verkeerd after zooveel — 'so much of what is wrong.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds emphasis to the return journey","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking terugreis","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of terugreis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"terugreis","lemma":"terugreis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"return journey"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diligence","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of diligence","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diligence","lemma":"diligence","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"stagecoach"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geblazen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kondukteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kondukteur","lemma":"conducteur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft geblazen","gloss":"conductor"},{"surface":"schep","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"first word of the quoted tune title","gloss":"draw"},{"surface":"vreugd","lemma":"vreugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schep","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"geblazen","lemma":"blazen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou hebben gedaan","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies verkeerds","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"verkeerds","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"head of subject NP zoveel verkeerds","gloss":"amiss"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"existential verb with subject zoveel verkeerds","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"h16-s191","source":"Zóó heb ik op alles gelet, en wist dus terstond wat ik te denken had van al dat morren in 1848.","translation":"Thus I have paid attention to everything, and so knew at once what to make of all that grumbling in 1848.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s191.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zóó heb ik op alles gelet","title":"Separable opletten in the perfect","body":"letten op ('to pay attention to') appears as gelet ... op; the fronted Zóó triggers inversion (heb ik). wist dus is the strong simple past of weten ('to know')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat ik te denken had","title":"te + infinitive of obligation","body":"te denken had expresses 'what I had to think/make of it' — the te-infinitive after hebben carrying a sense of obligation or destined action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelet","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelet","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of gelet","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"gelet","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paid attention"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with heb gelet","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of denken","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive denken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of had","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"governs te denken in wat ... te denken had","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by denken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies dat morren","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of morren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"morren","lemma":"morren","morphology":"nominalized verb, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"grumbling"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking time","gloss":"in"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"h16-s192","source":"Tegenover ons woont een juffrouw, wier neef een toko doet in de Oost, zooals ze daar een winkel noemen.","translation":"Across from us there lives a young woman whose nephew keeps a toko in the East, as they call a shop out there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s192.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een juffrouw, wier neef een toko doet","title":"Genitive relative wier","body":"wier is the feminine/plural genitive relative pronoun ('whose'), agreeing with juffrouw — 'a woman whose nephew...'. It is a formal, now largely literary form. The relative clause sends doet to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tegenover","lemma":"tegenover","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"across from"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of tegenover","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"woont","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of juffrouw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"juffrouw","lemma":"juffrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of woont","gloss":"young woman"},{"surface":"wier","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of neef","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"neef","lemma":"neef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"nephew"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toko","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"toko","lemma":"toko","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in the idiom een toko doen","gloss":"toko","note":"A toko is a shop or trading business in the Dutch East Indies."},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause whose subject is neef","gloss":"keeps"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Oost","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Oost","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Oost","lemma":"Oost","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"East"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of noemen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of noemen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of winkel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"winkel","lemma":"winkel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"shop"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"call"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"h16-s193","source":"Wanneer dus alles zoo slecht ging als Stern zegt, zou zy er ook wel wat van weten, en 't schynt toch dat het mensch zeer tevreden is met de zaken, want ik hoor haar nooit klagen.","translation":"So if everything were going as badly as Stern says, she too would surely know something of it, and yet it appears the woman is quite content with the state of things, for I never hear her complain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s193.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wanneer dus alles zoo slecht ging ... zou zy er ook wel wat van weten","title":"Unreal conditional with zou","body":"A Wanneer-clause (verb ging at the end) sets up an unreal condition, and the main clause answers with conditional zou ... weten. The fronted subordinate clause forces inversion (zou zy)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er ook wel wat van weten","title":"Split pronominal adverb er ... van","body":"er ... van is a pronominal adverb ('something of it') with the two parts split across the clause, a very common Dutch pattern. wat is the indefinite 'something.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"het mensch","title":"het mensch (neuter, of a woman)","body":"Although mens as 'human being' is a de-word, het mensch is a separate neuter usage referring (often slightingly or familiarly) to a particular woman — 'the woman, the creature.' Here it means the neighbour across the way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slecht","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou weten","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement paired with van","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"prepositional element paired with er","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of schijnt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"appears"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schynt","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of schijnt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"woman","note":"The neuter het mens is a dismissive way of referring to a woman here."},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tevreden","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking mensch to tevreden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"state of things"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoor","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoor","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"raised object of hoor and subject of klagen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klagen","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"klagen","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hoor","gloss":"complain"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"h16-s194","source":"Integendeel, ze zegt dat haar neef daar op een buiten woont, dat hy lid is van den kerkeraad, en dat hy haar een pauwenveeren sigaarkoker heeft gezonden, dien hy zelf gemaakt had van bamboe.","translation":"On the contrary, she says that her nephew lives out there on a country estate, that he is a member of the church council, and that he sent her a peacock-feather cigar-case which he had made himself out of bamboo.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s194.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een sigaarkoker ... dien hy zelf gemaakt had","title":"Relative dien (accusative case remnant)","body":"dien is the old masculine accusative of die, used because the relative pronoun is the object of gemaakt had — 'a cigar-case which he had made.' Modern Dutch uses die regardless of case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat haar neef ... woont, dat hy lid is ..., en dat hy ... gezonden","title":"Stacked dat-clauses","body":"Three parallel dat-clauses report what she says; in each, the verb (woont, is, heeft gezonden) drops to the end. This is reported speech built by subordination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Integendeel","lemma":"integendeel","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying zegt","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of woont","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of neef","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"neef","lemma":"neef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of woont","gloss":"nephew"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of woont","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buiten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buiten","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"country estate"},{"surface":"woont","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of zegt","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"lid","lemma":"lid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"member"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to lid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of kerkeraad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kerkeraad","lemma":"kerkenraad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"church council"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezonden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft gezonden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of gezonden","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pauwenveeren","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pauwenveeren","lemma":"pauwenveren","morphology":"attributive adjective","role":"modifies sigaarkoker","gloss":"peacock-feather"},{"surface":"sigaarkoker","lemma":"sigarenkoker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gezonden","gloss":"cigar-case"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezonden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gezonden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the third content clause","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gemaakt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"emphasizes hy","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bamboe","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"bamboe","lemma":"bamboe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"bamboo"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"h16-s195","source":"Dit alles toont toch duidelyk, hoe ongegrond dat geklaag is over slecht bestuur.","translation":"All this surely shows plainly how groundless that grumbling about bad government is.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s195.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe ongegrond dat geklaag ... is","title":"Embedded hoe-clause","body":"hoe ('how') opens an exclamatory embedded clause, object of toont, with the verb is at the end. geklaag is a collective ge-...-noun: 'the (constant) complaining.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of toont","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"toont","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shows"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toont","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toont","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ongegrond","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ongegrond","lemma":"ongegrond","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"groundless"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of geklaag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geklaag","lemma":"geklaag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"grumbling"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking geklaag to ongegrond","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestuur","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bestuur","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"government"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"h16-s196","source":"Ook ziet men daaruit, dat er voor iemand die wil oppassen, in dat land nog wel wat te verdienen valt, en dat dus die Sjaalman ook dáár al lui, pedant en ziekelyk geweest is, anders zou hy niet zoo arm zyn thuisgekomen, en hier rondloopen zonder winterjas.","translation":"One sees from it, too, that for anyone willing to apply himself there is still something to be earned in that country, and that consequently this Sjaalman must already have been lazy, pedantic, and sickly out there as well; otherwise he would not have come home so poor, and gone about here without a winter coat.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s196.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er ... nog wel wat te verdienen valt","title":"Existential er + te-infinitive","body":"er ... te verdienen valt is an impersonal construction: 'there is something to be earned.' valt (from vallen) plus a te-infinitive expresses possibility ('can be done')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die Sjaalman ook dáár al lui ... geweest is","title":"Perfect of zijn, verb-final","body":"In this dat-clause, geweest is ('has been') closes the clause, with the participle preceding the finite verb. The adjectives lui, pedant, ziekelyk are predicate complements."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"anders zou hy niet zoo arm zyn thuisgekomen","title":"Conditional perfect + separable thuiskomen","body":"zou ... zyn thuisgekomen is a conditional perfect with zijn ('would not have come home'). thuisgekomen is the participle of separable thuiskomen. Fronted anders triggers inversion (zou hy)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ziet","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"daaruit","lemma":"daaruit","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of ziet","gloss":"from it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of valt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with valt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of voor","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on iemand","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"oppassen","lemma":"oppassen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"to apply himself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies valt","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds affirmative emphasis to wat","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of valt and object of verdienen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive verdienen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verdienen","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of valt","gloss":"earn"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first content clause","gloss":"is possible"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the whole second content clause","gloss":"consequently"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is geweest","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dáár","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of geweest","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweest","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of geweest","gloss":"lazy"},{"surface":"pedant","lemma":"pedant","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with lui","gloss":"pedantic"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ziekelyk","lemma":"ziekelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with lui","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"copula linking Sjaalman to lui, pedant, and ziekelyk","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the contrary-to-fact consequence","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of thuisgekomen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou zijn thuisgekomen and rondloopen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies thuisgekomen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arm","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of thuisgekomen","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of thuisgekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"thuisgekomen","lemma":"thuiskomen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by zou zijn","gloss":"come home"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rondloopen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"rondloopen","lemma":"rondlopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"go about"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking winterjas","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"winterjas","lemma":"winterjas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"winter coat"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"h16-s197","source":"En de neef van die juffrouw tegenover ons, is de eenige niet die in de Oost fortuin heeft gemaakt.","translation":"And the nephew of that young woman across from us is not the only one who has made his fortune in the East.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s197.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is de eenige niet die ... fortuin heeft gemaakt","title":"Negation with niet after the predicate","body":"niet here negates the predicate de eenige ('not the only one'), placed after it in period style. The relative clause die ... gemaakt heeft sends its verb cluster to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding statement","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of neef","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"neef","lemma":"neef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"nephew"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking juffrouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of juffrouw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"juffrouw","lemma":"juffrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"young woman"},{"surface":"tegenover","lemma":"tegenover","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"across from"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of tegenover","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to eenige","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eenige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"nominalized adjective, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"only one"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenige","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft gemaakt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Oost","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Oost","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Oost","lemma":"Oost","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"East"},{"surface":"fortuin","lemma":"fortuin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"h16-s198","source":"In \"Polen\" zie ik velen die daar geweest zyn, en waarlyk heel knap in de kleeren steken.","translation":"At \"Poland\" I see many who have been out there, and who are truly very smartly turned out.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s198.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"velen die daar geweest zyn, en waarlyk heel knap in de kleeren steken","title":"Idiom: in de kleeren steken","body":"The relative clause coordinates two predicates about velen ('many'): geweest zyn and (in de kleeren) steken, both verb-final. in de kleeren steken is an idiom for being well-dressed, 'smartly turned out.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Polen","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"Polen","lemma":"Polen","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of preposition In","gloss":"Poland"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of zie","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zyn and steken","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweest","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by zyn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies knap","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies knap","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"knap","lemma":"knap","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies steken","gloss":"smartly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kleeren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleeren","lemma":"kleren","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"steken","lemma":"steken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated relative-clause verb with zyn","gloss":"are dressed"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"h16-s199","source":"Maar dit begrypt zich, op de zaken moet men passen, ginder zoo goed als hier.","translation":"But that stands to reason: one must mind one's business, yonder as well as here.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s199.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit begrypt zich","title":"Reflexive zich","body":"begrypt zich uses the third-person reflexive zich impersonally — 'this is self-evident, stands to reason.' zich covers only the third person; other persons use me/je/ons."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ginder","title":"ginder, 'yonder'","body":"ginder means 'over there, yonder' (in the distance) — here the Indies, opposed to hier ('here'). It is an older, regional-flavoured adverb of distant place."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of begrypt","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of begrypt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb in reflexive idiom","gloss":"stands to reason"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of begrypt","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of preposition op","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of passen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"passen","lemma":"passen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"attend"},{"surface":"ginder","lemma":"ginder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies passen","gloss":"yonder"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of zoo goed als","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of zoo goed als","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"conjunction","role":"second part of zoo goed als","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"compared with ginder","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"h16-s200","source":"Op Java zullen de gebraden duiven niemand in den mond vliegen: er moet gewerkt worden, wie dàt niet wil, is arm en blyft arm, dat spreekt vanzelf.","translation":"In Java the roast pigeons will fly into no one's mouth: work must be done, and whoever will not do it is poor and stays poor — that goes without saying.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h16-s200.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de gebraden duiven niemand in den mond vliegen","title":"Future present + negation niemand","body":"zullen ... vliegen frames a future, and niemand ('no one') is the single negative word. gebraden is the participle of braden used attributively. den mond keeps the old dative -en."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er moet gewerkt worden","title":"Impersonal passive with worden","body":"moet gewerkt worden is a subjectless passive ('work must be done'), with dummy er filling the subject slot. The worden-passive names the action as an ongoing process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of preposition Op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of vliegen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of duiven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebraden","lemma":"braden","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies duiven","gloss":"roast"},{"surface":"duiven","lemma":"duif","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of vliegen","gloss":"pigeons"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"possessor with mond","gloss":"no one's"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mond","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of mond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mond","lemma":"mond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"vliegen","lemma":"vliegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fly"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive pronoun","role":"expletive subject of passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewerkt","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"gewerkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb in passive construction","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gewerkt","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"subject of wil, is, and blyft","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of wil","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of free relative clause","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wie to arm","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with is","gloss":"stays"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of blyft","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of spreekt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of concluding clause","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of spreekt vanzelf","gloss":"for itself"}]}]}