{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-17","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 17","translated":"Chapter 17"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-17","lines":333},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-16","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-18","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h17-s1","source":"ZEVENTIENDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"CHAPTER SEVENTEEN","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ZEVENTIENDE HOOFDSTUK","title":"Ordinal: zeventiende","body":"zeventiende is the ordinal 'seventeenth' (from zeventien + -de); hoofdstuk ('chapter') is a het-word. This heading opens the famous Saïdjah and Adinda story."}],"words":[{"surface":"ZEVENTIENDE","lemma":"zeventiende","morphology":"ordinal numeral","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"SEVENTEENTH"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of title","gloss":"CHAPTER"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h17-s2","source":"Saïdjah's vader had een buffel, waarmede hy zyn veld bewerkte.","translation":"Saïdjah's father had a buffalo, with which he worked his field.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een buffel, waarmede hy zyn veld bewerkte","title":"Pronominal adverb waarmede","body":"waarmede ('with which') is the archaic/literary form of waarmee, fusing the relative with met. The relative clause sends the verb bewerkte (simple past of bewerken) to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Saïdjah's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"waarmede","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"instrumental complement of bewerkte","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bewerkte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of veld","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"veld","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bewerkte","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"bewerkte","lemma":"bewerken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on buffel","gloss":"worked"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h17-s3","source":"Toen deze buffel hem was afgenomen door het distriktshoofd van Parang-Koedjang, was hy zeer bedroefd, en sprak geen woord, vele dagen lang.","translation":"When this buffalo was taken from him by the district chief of Parang-Koedjang, he was deeply grieved, and spoke not a word for many days.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen deze buffel hem was afgenomen door het distriktshoofd","title":"Passive of state with zijn + door-agent","body":"was afgenomen ('had been taken away') is a perfect passive formed with zijn; the agent is marked by door ('by'). The whole is a toen-clause, so the verb cluster stands at the end. afgenomen is the participle of separable afnemen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of afgenomen","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of afgenomen","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"person deprived by afgenomen","gloss":"from him"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of afgenomen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"afgenomen","lemma":"afnemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of subordinate passive clause","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distriktshoofd","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distriktshoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distriktshoofd","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agent of afgenomen","gloss":"district chief"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to bedroefd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was and sprak","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedroefd","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with was","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of sprak","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"duration complement of sprak","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms duration phrase vele dagen lang","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h17-s4","source":"Want de tyd van ploegen was naby, en 't was te vreezen, als men de sawah niet tydig bewerkte, dat ook de tyd van zaaien zou voorbygaan, en eindelyk dat er geen padie zou te snyden zyn, om die te bergen in den lombong van het huis.","translation":"For the time of ploughing was near, and it was to be feared that, if one did not work the sawah in good time, the season for sowing would also pass, and that in the end there would be no rice to cut and store in the lombong of the house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t was te vreezen, ... dat ... zou voorbygaan","title":"te-infinitive of passive necessity","body":"te vreezen ('to be feared') after het is/was expresses a passive necessity, like English 'it was to be feared.' The dependent dat-clauses then carry their verbs (zou voorbygaan, zou te snyden zyn) to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als men de sawah niet tydig bewerkte","title":"Negation niet + verb-final","body":"niet negates the verb bewerkte, which closes the als-clause. tydig ('in time') is period spelling of tijdig."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of naby","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ploegen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ploegen","lemma":"ploegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"ploughing"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to naby","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"naby","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to vreezen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vreezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vreezen","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of was","gloss":"be feared"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bewerkte","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bewerkte","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sawah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sawah","lemma":"sawah","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewerkte","gloss":"rice field"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates bewerkte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tydig","lemma":"tijdig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewerkte","gloss":"in time"},{"surface":"bewerkte","lemma":"bewerken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of conditional als-clause","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorbygaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorbygaan","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voorbygaan","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaaien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zaaien","lemma":"zaaien","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"sowing"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorbygaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"voorbygaan","lemma":"voorbijgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of first dat-clause","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"ultimately"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive pronoun","role":"expletive subject of existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of padie","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"padie","lemma":"padi","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of zyn","gloss":"unhusked rice"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive snyden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"snyden","lemma":"snijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitive complement of zyn","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of second dat-clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bergen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bergen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bergen","lemma":"bergen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying snyden","gloss":"store"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lombong","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic dative","role":"determiner of lombong","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lombong","lemma":"lombong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"rice barn"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h17-s5","source":"Ik moet hierby voor lezers, die wel Java doch niet Bantam kennen, de opmerking maken dat in deze residentie persoonlyk grondeigendom bestaat, wat elders niet het geval is.","translation":"I must remark here, for readers who know Java but not Bantam, that in this residency there exists private ownership of land, which is not the case elsewhere.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lezers, die wel Java doch niet Bantam kennen","title":"Archaic doch","body":"doch is an archaic/literary 'but, yet,' joining wel Java to niet Bantam. The relative clause sends kennen to the end. doch belongs to the solemn 1860 register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat elders niet het geval is","title":"Sentential relative wat","body":"wat here refers back to the whole preceding statement ('which is not the case elsewhere'), the sentence-relative use of wat. The verb is closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"hierby","lemma":"hierbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lezers","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"lezers","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of preposition voor","gloss":"readers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of kennen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"contrasts Java with Bantam","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kennen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on lezers","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opmerking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opmerking","lemma":"opmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bestaat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking residentie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residentie","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"residentie","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"residency"},{"surface":"persoonlyk","lemma":"persoonlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies grondeigendom","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"grondeigendom","lemma":"grondeigendom","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bestaat","gloss":"land ownership"},{"surface":"bestaat","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of content clause","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is; refers to preceding clause","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wat to geval","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h17-s6","source":"Saïdjah's vader nu was zeer bekommerd.","translation":"Saïdjah's father, then, was very anxious.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Saïdjah's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"marks narrative transition","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking vader to bekommerd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekommerd","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"bekommerd","lemma":"bekommerd","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"anxious"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h17-s7","source":"Hy vreesde dat zyn vrouw behoefte zou hebben aan ryst, en ook Saïdjah die nog een kind was, en de broertjes en zusjes van Saïdjah.","translation":"He feared that his wife would go short of rice, and Saïdjah too, who was still a child, and Saïdjah's little brothers and sisters.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy vreesde dat zyn vrouw behoefte zou hebben aan ryst","title":"Reported fear with conditional zou","body":"After vreesde ('feared'), the dat-clause uses zou hebben to express the feared future-in-the-past — 'that his wife would go short of rice.' The verb cluster stands at the end of the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de broertjes en zusjes","title":"Diminutive plurals","body":"broertjes and zusjes are diminutive plurals of broer and zus, formed with -tje/-je + -s. The diminutive conveys their smallness and the tenderness of the family scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vreesde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"vreesde","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hebben","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ryst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition aan","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Saïdjah","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated subject of hebben","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kind","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to kind","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of broertjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"broertjes","lemma":"broer","morphology":"diminutive noun, plural","role":"coordinated subject of hebben","gloss":"little brothers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zusjes","lemma":"zus","morphology":"diminutive noun, plural","role":"coordinated with broertjes","gloss":"little sisters"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Saïdjah","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"Saïdjah"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h17-s8","source":"Ook zou het distriktshoofd hem aanklagen by den adsistent-resident, als hy achterlyk was in de betaling van zyn landrenten.","translation":"The district chief, moreover, would denounce him to the assistant resident if he fell behind in the payment of his land taxes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook zou het distriktshoofd hem aanklagen ... als hy achterlyk was","title":"Conditional zou + separable aanklagen","body":"zou ... aanklagen frames the conditional ('would denounce'); the separable verb aanklagen keeps prefix and stem together as a bare infinitive at the end. Fronted Ook forces inversion (zou het distriktshoofd)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanklagen","gloss":"Also"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aanklagen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distriktshoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distriktshoofd","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of aanklagen","gloss":"district chief"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of aanklagen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aanklagen","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"denounce"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adsistent-resident","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic dative","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition by","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of was","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"achterlyk","lemma":"achterlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to achterlyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betaling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betaling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landrenten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of landrenten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"landrenten","lemma":"landrente","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"land taxes"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h17-s9","source":"Want daarop staat straf by de wet.","translation":"For the law lays down a penalty for that.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want daarop staat straf by de wet","title":"Pronominal adverb daarop + coordinating want","body":"daarop ('on that, for that') is a pronominal adverb fronted for emphasis, triggering inversion (staat straf). want is a coordinating conjunction, so it does NOT send the verb to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of staat","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is prescribed"},{"surface":"straf","lemma":"straf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"a penalty"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wet","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wet","lemma":"wet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of staat","gloss":"law"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h17-s10","source":"Toen nam Saïdjah's vader een kris die poesaka was van zyn vader.","translation":"Then Saïdjah's father took a kris that was a poesaka from his own father.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen nam Saïdjah's vader een kris","title":"Strong past nam + fronted Toen","body":"nam is the strong simple past of nemen ('to take'), the narrative past tense. Fronted Toen ('then') puts the verb in second position, before the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nam","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Saïdjah's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kris","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kris","lemma":"kris","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"kris"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"poesaka","lemma":"poesaka","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun linked by was","gloss":"an heirloom"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking kris to poesaka","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vader","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of was","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h17-s11","source":"De kris was niet zeer schoon, maar er waren zilveren banden om de scheede, en ook op de punt der scheede was een plaatje zilver.","translation":"The kris was not very fine, but there were silver bands around the sheath, and on the point of the sheath there was a little plate of silver as well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er waren zilveren banden om de scheede","title":"Existential er waren","body":"er waren ('there were') is the existential construction introducing what exists. zilveren ('silver') is one of the material adjectives that takes no extra -e in any position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op de punt der scheede","title":"Genitive der","body":"der scheede is the old feminine genitive 'of the sheath,' a frozen case form. Modern Dutch would write van de schede. scheede also shows period spelling with a doubled vowel."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kris","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"kris","lemma":"kris","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"kris"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to schoon","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schoon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schoon","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb of waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"zilveren","lemma":"zilveren","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies banden","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"banden","lemma":"band","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"bands"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schede","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of scheede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"scheede","lemma":"schede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of waren","gloss":"sheath"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking punt","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of punt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of was","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"marks schede as possessor of punt","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"scheede","lemma":"schede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of punt","gloss":"sheath"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaatje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"plaatje","lemma":"plaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"little plate"},{"surface":"zilver","lemma":"zilver","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"material complement of plaatje","gloss":"silver"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h17-s12","source":"Hy verkocht deze kris aan een Chinees die op de hoofdplaats woonde, en kwam te-huis met vier-en-twintig gulden, voor welk geld hy een anderen buffel kocht.","translation":"He sold this kris to a Chinese who lived in the chief town, and came home with twenty-four guilders, with which money he bought another buffalo.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor welk geld hy een anderen buffel kocht","title":"Formal relative welk","body":"voor welk geld ('with which money') uses the formal relative welk, agreeing with the neuter geld. The relative clause sends kocht to the end. anderen carries the old masculine accusative -en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verkocht and kwam","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"verkocht","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sold"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kris","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"kris","lemma":"kris","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verkocht","gloss":"kris"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Chinees","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Chinees","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Chinees","lemma":"Chinees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verkocht","gloss":"Chinese man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of woonde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdplaats","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of woonde","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"woonde","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on Chinees","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with verkocht","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"te-huis","lemma":"thuis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gulden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vier-en-twintig","lemma":"vierentwintig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies gulden","gloss":"twenty-four"},{"surface":"gulden","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of kwam","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition fronted with relative determiner welk","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"welk","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative determiner","role":"determiner of geld","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of kocht","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies buffel","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kocht","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"kocht","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on geld","gloss":"bought"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h17-s13","source":"Saïdjah, die toen omstreeks zeven jaar oud was, had met den nieuwen buffel spoedig vriendschap gesloten.","translation":"Saïdjah, who was then about seven years old, had quickly struck up a friendship with the new buffalo.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ... spoedig vriendschap gesloten","title":"Pluperfect","body":"had ... gesloten is the pluperfect (imperfect of hebben + participle) — 'had struck up.' vriendschap sluiten is a fixed collocation, 'to form a friendship.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Saïdjah, die toen omstreeks zeven jaar oud was","title":"Relative die for a de-word","body":"die relativizes the masculine name Saïdjah ('who was about seven'); the clause is verb-final with was. die is used for de-words, dat for het-words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"omstreeks","lemma":"omstreeks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeven","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"zeven","lemma":"zeven","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"measure complement of oud","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on Saïdjah","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesloten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nieuwen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical case form","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies buffel","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gesloten","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesloten","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"vriendschap","lemma":"vriendschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gesloten","gloss":"a friendship"},{"surface":"gesloten","lemma":"sluiten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"formed"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h17-s14","source":"Ik zeg niet zonder doel: vriendschap, want het is inderdaad treffend te zien hoe de Javasche kerbo zich hecht aan den kleinen jongen die hem bewaakt en verzorgt.","translation":"I do not say friendship without purpose, for it is indeed touching to see how the Javanese kerbo attaches itself to the little boy who watches over it and tends it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe de Javasche kerbo zich hecht aan den kleinen jongen","title":"Reflexive zich hechten","body":"zich hechten aan ('to attach itself to') is an inherently reflexive verb; zich is the third-person reflexive. The hoe-clause is a subordinate (indirect-question) clause with verb-final order: subject 'de Javasche kerbo' -> reflexive 'zich' -> finite verb 'hecht' -> PP complement; 'hecht' is in third position, not second."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het is ... treffend te zien hoe ...","title":"Dummy het + extraposed te-clause","body":"het is treffend te zien uses placeholder het, with the real subject the te-infinitive clause that follows ('it is touching to see how...'). This impersonal het points at nothing concrete."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doel","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zeg","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"vriendschap","lemma":"vriendschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zeg","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of is","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"dummy subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to treffend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies treffend","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"treffend","lemma":"treffend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"touching"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zien as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of treffend","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hecht","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kerbo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javasche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kerbo","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"kerbo","lemma":"kerbo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hecht","gloss":"water buffalo"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of hecht","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"hecht","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of clause complementing zien","gloss":"attaches"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jongen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jongen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies jongen","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of hecht","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bewaakt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bewaakt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"bewaakt","lemma":"bewaken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on jongen","gloss":"watches over"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verzorgt","lemma":"verzorgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with bewaakt","gloss":"tends"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h17-s15","source":"Het sterke dier buigt gewillig den zwaren kop rechts of links of omlaag naar den vingerdruk van 't kind, dat hy kent, dat hy verstaat, waarmede hy is opgegroeid.","translation":"The strong beast bends its heavy head obediently to the right or the left or downward at the touch of the child's finger — the child it knows, the child it understands, the child it grew up beside.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het sterke dier buigt ... den zwaren kop","title":"Adjective -e and dative den","body":"sterke and zwaren both show attributive -e agreement; zwaren additionally carries the old masculine accusative -en (den zwaren kop). The neuter article het matches dier (a het-word)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t kind, dat hy kent, dat hy verstaat, waarmede hy is opgegroeid","title":"Chain of relatives dat / waarmede","body":"dat relativizes the neuter kind ('that he knows... understands'); the third link switches to the pronominal adverb waarmede ('with which he grew up'). Each relative clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"sterke","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dier","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of buigt","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"buigt","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bends"},{"surface":"gewillig","lemma":"gewillig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies buigt","gloss":"obediently"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwaren","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kop","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"kop","lemma":"kop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of buigt","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"rechts","lemma":"rechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies buigt","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with rechts","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"omlaag","lemma":"omlaag","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with rechts and links","gloss":"downward"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vingerdruk","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical case form","role":"determiner of vingerdruk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vingerdruk","lemma":"vingerdruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of buigt","gloss":"finger pressure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kind","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"possessive complement of vingerdruk","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of kent","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kent","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on kind","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verstaat","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verstaat","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"verstaat","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on kind","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"waarmede","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"oblique complement of opgegroeid","gloss":"with whom","note":"Historical spelling of modern waarmee."},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is opgegroeid","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgegroeid","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"opgegroeid","lemma":"opgroeien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause on kind","gloss":"grown up"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h17-s16","source":"Zulke vriendschap dan had ook de kleine Saïdjah spoedig weten inteboezemen aan den nieuwen gast, en Saïdjah's aanmoedigende kinderstem scheen meer kracht nog te geven aan de krachtvolle schoften van 't sterke dier, als het den zwaren kleigrond opscheurde en zyn weg teekende in diepe scherpe voren.","translation":"Such a friendship, then, little Saïdjah had soon managed to inspire in his new companion too, and Saïdjah's encouraging child's voice seemed to lend yet more strength to the powerful withers of the strong beast as it tore open the heavy clay soil and marked out its path in deep, sharp furrows.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ook de kleine Saïdjah spoedig weten inteboezemen","title":"Pluperfect + weten te + infinitive","body":"had ... weten inteboezemen is a pluperfect with weten te ('to manage to'), where weten appears as an infinitive (IPP) rather than participle. inteboezemen is the period spelling of in te boezemen, written joined."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als het den zwaren kleigrond opscheurde","title":"Separable opscheuren in an als-clause","body":"opscheurde is the simple past of separable opscheuren ('to tear open'), here kept whole at the end of the als-clause. den zwaren kleigrond again shows the dative/accusative -en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vriendschap","gloss":"Such"},{"surface":"vriendschap","lemma":"vriendschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of inteboezemen","gloss":"a friendship"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Saïdjah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Saïdjah","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had governing inteboezemen","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"inteboezemen","lemma":"inboezemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of weten","gloss":"to inspire"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nieuwen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical case form","role":"determiner of gast","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies gast","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"gast","lemma":"gast","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of inteboezemen","gloss":"companion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of kinderstem","gloss":"Saïdjah's"},{"surface":"aanmoedigende","lemma":"aanmoedigen","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"modifies kinderstem","gloss":"encouraging"},{"surface":"kinderstem","lemma":"kinderstem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"child's voice"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"quantifies kracht","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meer","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks geven as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of scheen","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoften","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schoften","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"krachtvolle","lemma":"krachtvol","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies schoften","gloss":"powerful"},{"surface":"schoften","lemma":"schoft","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of geven","gloss":"withers"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dier","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sterke","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dier","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"possessive complement of schoften","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opscheurde","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opscheurde and teekende","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical case form","role":"determiner of kleigrond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwaren","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kleigrond","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"kleigrond","lemma":"kleigrond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opscheurde","gloss":"clay soil"},{"surface":"opscheurde","lemma":"opscheuren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of adverbial clause on geven","gloss":"tore open"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of teekende","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"teekende","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with opscheurde","gloss":"marked out"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"diepe","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voren","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"scherpe","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voren","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"voren","lemma":"voor","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of teekende","gloss":"furrows"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h17-s17","source":"De buffel keerde gewillig om als hy aan 't eind was van den akker, en verloor geen duimbreed gronds by het terugploegen van de nieuwe voor, die altyd naast de oude lag als ware de sawah een tuingrond geweest, geharkt door een reus.","translation":"The buffalo turned obediently when it reached the end of the field, and lost not a thumb's breadth of ground as it ploughed back the new furrow, which always lay beside the old one, as though the sawah were a garden plot raked by a giant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verloor geen duimbreed gronds","title":"Partitive genitive gronds","body":"gronds is an old partitive genitive ('of ground') after the measure duimbreed — 'not a thumb's breadth of ground.' geen negates the indefinite noun phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ware de sawah een tuingrond geweest","title":"Subjunctive ware in a comparison","body":"ware is the past subjunctive of zijn ('as though the sawah had been...'), an archaic counterfactual form. The inversion als ware (verb before subject) is itself a literary, elevated pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of keerde","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"keerde","lemma":"keren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence; finite part of keerde ... om","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"gewillig","lemma":"gewillig","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of keerde","gloss":"obediently"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of keerde ... om","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause headed by was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces aan het eind","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"the","note":"Contracted form of het."},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of eind","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of akker","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"akker","lemma":"akker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates keerde and verloor","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verloor","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with keerde","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of duimbreed","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"duimbreed","lemma":"duimbreed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verloor","gloss":"thumb’s breadth"},{"surface":"gronds","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic genitive","role":"partitive genitive modifying duimbreed","gloss":"of ground","note":"Archaic genitive singular of grond."},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces the circumstance of terugploegen","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"marks the nominalized infinitive terugploegen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"terugploegen","lemma":"terugploegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as a noun","role":"object of bij","gloss":"ploughing back"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of terugploegen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies voor","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"furrow"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of lag; refers to voor","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"adverbial modifier of lag","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces naast de oude","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized oude","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, substantivized","role":"object of naast; denotes the old furrow","gloss":"old one"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual comparison","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sawah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sawah","lemma":"sawah","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ware geweest","gloss":"sawah"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tuingrond","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tuingrond","lemma":"tuingrond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of sawah","gloss":"garden plot"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary ware","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"geharkt","lemma":"harken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"reduced passive clause modifying tuingrond","gloss":"raked"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of geharkt","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reus","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reus","lemma":"reus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of geharkt","gloss":"giant"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h17-s18","source":"Daarnaast lagen de sawahs van Adinda's vader, den vader van 't kind dat met Saïdjah huwen zou. En als Adinda's broertjes aankwamen aan de tusschenliggende grens, juist als ook Saïdjah dáár was met zyn ploeg, dan riepen zy elkander vroolyk toe, en roemden om-stryd de kracht en de gehoorzaamheid hunner buffels.","translation":"Next to it lay the sawahs of Adinda's father, the father of the child Saïdjah was to marry. And when Adinda's little brothers came up to the boundary between them, just as Saïdjah too was there with his plough, they would call out merrily to one another, and vie in praising the strength and the obedience of their buffaloes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het kind dat met Saïdjah huwen zou","title":"Future-in-the-past with zou","body":"huwen zou ('was to marry') places conditional/future zou after the infinitive at the end of the relative clause — the future seen from a past vantage. huwen is a literary verb for trouwen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan riepen zy elkander vroolyk toe","title":"Separable toeroepen + reciprocal elkander","body":"toeroepen ('to call out to') splits, with toe landing at the end; riepen is the strong past. elkander is the older form of elkaar ('one another'). Fronted dan triggers inversion (riepen zy)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de gehoorzaamheid hunner buffels","title":"Genitive hunner","body":"hunner is the archaic genitive of the possessive ('of their'), agreeing with the plural buffels. Modern Dutch would say van hun buffels. This inflected possessive belongs to solemn 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daarnaast","lemma":"daarnaast","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of lagen","gloss":"next to it"},{"surface":"lagen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sawahs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sawahs","lemma":"sawah","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of lagen","gloss":"sawahs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of sawahs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular, possessive","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Adinda’s"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of vader in apposition","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Adinda’s vader","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of vader","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"the","note":"Contracted form of het."},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of huwen zou; refers to kind","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the partner of huwen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"huwen","lemma":"huwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with auxiliary zou","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of huwen","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects the second sentence to the first","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause headed by aankwamen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular, possessive","role":"possessor of broertjes","gloss":"Adinda’s"},{"surface":"broertjes","lemma":"broertje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural, diminutive","role":"subject of aankwamen","gloss":"little brothers"},{"surface":"aankwamen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the goal of aankwamen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tusschenliggende","lemma":"tussenliggend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical spelling","role":"modifies grens","gloss":"intervening","note":"Historical spelling of modern tussenliggende."},{"surface":"grens","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"boundary"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the comparison introduced by als","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the simultaneous clause headed by was","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of Saïdjah","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"predicative location with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the simultaneous clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces an accompanying possession","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"determiner of ploeg","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ploeg","lemma":"ploeg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"plough"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"riepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb; finite part of riepen ... toe","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person plural, historical spelling","role":"subject of riepen and roemden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkander","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"indirect object of riepen ... toe","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"vroolyk","lemma":"vrolijk","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"adverbial modifier of riepen ... toe","gloss":"merrily"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of riepen ... toe","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates riepen and roemden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"roemden","lemma":"roemen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated main verb with riepen","gloss":"praised"},{"surface":"om-stryd","lemma":"om strijd","morphology":"adverbial phrase, historical spelling","role":"adverbial modifier of roemden","gloss":"in rivalry","note":"Historical spelling of the idiom om strijd, meaning competitively or vying with one another."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of roemden","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kracht and gehoorzaamheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gehoorzaamheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gehoorzaamheid","lemma":"gehoorzaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object with kracht","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"hunner","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun, archaic genitive plural","role":"possessive modifier of buffels","gloss":"of their"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"possessive complement modifying kracht and gehoorzaamheid","gloss":"buffaloes"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h17-s19","source":"Maar ik geloof dat die van Saïdjah de beste was, misschien wel omdat deze hem beter dan de anderen wisttoetespreken. Want buffels zyn zeer gevoelig voor goede toespraak.","translation":"But I believe that Saïdjah's was the best, perhaps because he knew how to speak to it better than the others. For buffaloes are very responsive to kind words.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat deze hem beter dan de anderen wisttoetespreken","title":"Comparative dan + weten te","body":"beter ... dan is the comparative with dan for 'than.' wisttoetespreken is period-spelling for wist toe te spreken (weten te + separable toespreken), all written joined — 'knew how to speak to it.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"deze","title":"Demonstrative deze as pronoun","body":"deze ('this one') stands in for Saïdjah, a near-demonstrative used pronominally. deze/die serve de-words; dit/dat serve het-words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrast with the preceding sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was; stands for buffel","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of die","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized beste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative, substantivized","role":"predicative complement of die","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die and de beste","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying the because-clause","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds tentative emphasis to misschien","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of wisttoetespreken; refers to Saïdjah","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"object of toespreken; refers to the buffalo","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"adverbial modifier of toespreken","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative complement","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized anderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, plural","role":"comparison complement of beter","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"wisttoetespreken","lemma":"weten toe te spreken","morphology":"verbal phrase, past singular with infinitive","role":"main predicate of the causal clause","gloss":"knew how to address","note":"The historically fused spelling represents wist toe te spreken."},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanation","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural, historical spelling","role":"copula linking buffels and gevoelig","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of gevoelig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"gevoelig","lemma":"gevoelig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of buffels","gloss":"responsive"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of gevoelig","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies toespraak","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"toespraak","lemma":"toespraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"words","note":"Here toespraak means speech addressed to the animal, not a formal address."}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h17-s20","source":"Saïdjah was negen jaar oud geworden, en Adinda reeds zes jaren, voor deze buffel aan Saïdjah's vader werd afgenomen door het distriktshoofd van Parang-Koedjang.","translation":"Saïdjah had reached nine years, and Adinda was already six, by the time this buffalo too was taken from Saïdjah's father by the district chief of Parang-Koedjang.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Saïdjah was negen jaar oud geworden","title":"Perfect of worden","body":"was ... geworden is the perfect of worden ('had become/turned'), built with zijn — Saïdjah 'had turned nine.' worden always takes zijn in the perfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor deze buffel ... werd afgenomen","title":"Passive with worden in a voor-clause","body":"werd afgenomen ('was taken away') is a process passive with worden in the past; the agent follows with door. voor here means 'before' and acts as a subordinator, sending the verb cluster to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of was geworden","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"negen","lemma":"negen","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular after numeral","role":"measure complement of oud","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Saïdjah","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary was","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses about Saïdjah and Adinda","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical was geworden","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of the elliptical predicate","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zes","lemma":"zes","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"measure complement in elliptical zes jaren oud","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause headed by werd afgenomen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of werd afgenomen","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the person from whom the buffalo was taken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular, possessive","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Saïdjah’s"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of afgenomen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"afgenomen","lemma":"afnemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive subordinate clause","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of afgenomen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distriktshoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distriktshoofd","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, historical spelling","role":"object of door; agent of afgenomen","gloss":"district chief","note":"Historical spelling of modern districtshoofd."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place complement of distriktshoofd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h17-s21","source":"Saïdjah's vader, die zeer arm was, verkocht nu aan een Chinees twee zilveren klamboe-haken, poesaka van de ouders zyner vrouw, voor achttien gulden. En voor dat geld kocht hy een nieuwen buffel.","translation":"Saïdjah's father, who was very poor, now sold to a Chinese two silver mosquito-net hooks, a poesaka from his wife's parents, for eighteen guilders. And with that money he bought a new buffalo.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"poesaka van de ouders zyner vrouw","title":"Genitive zyner","body":"zyner is the archaic genitive of zijn ('of his'), agreeing with vrouw — 'his wife's parents.' Modern Dutch flattens this to zijn vrouw. The inflected possessive marks the elevated register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular, possessive","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Saïdjah’s"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verkocht","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was; refers to vader","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of arm","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of die","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula in the relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"verkocht","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"sold"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of verkocht","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient of verkocht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Chinees","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Chinees","lemma":"Chinees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Chinese man"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies klamboe-haken","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"zilveren","lemma":"zilveren","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies klamboe-haken","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"klamboe-haken","lemma":"klamboe-haak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of verkocht","gloss":"mosquito-net hooks"},{"surface":"poesaka","lemma":"poesaka","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition describing klamboe-haken","gloss":"heirloom","note":"A poesaka is a sacred inherited family possession."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source of the poesaka","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ouders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouders","lemma":"ouder","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaic genitive singular","role":"possessive modifier linking vrouw to ouders","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of ouders","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the price of verkocht","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"achttien","lemma":"achttien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies gulden","gloss":"eighteen"},{"surface":"gulden","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects the second sentence to the first","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means used to buy","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of geld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"kocht","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"bought"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of kocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaically inflected","role":"modifies buffel","gloss":"new","note":"Archaic inflected form of nieuw."},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kocht","gloss":"buffalo"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h17-s22","source":"Maar Saïdjah was bedroefd.","translation":"But Saïdjah was sad.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s22.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrast with the preceding sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Saïdjah and bedroefd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Saïdjah","gloss":"sad"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h17-s23","source":"Want hy wist van Adinda's broertjes, dat de vorige buffel was heengedreven naar de hoofdplaats, en hy had zyn vader gevraagd of deze dat dier niet gezien had toen hy dáár was om de klamboe-haken te verkoopen? Op welke vraag Saïdjah's vader niet had willen antwoorden.","translation":"For he had learned from Adinda's little brothers that the previous buffalo had been driven off to the chief town, and he had asked his father whether he had not seen that animal when he was there to sell the mosquito-net hooks — a question to which Saïdjah's father had not been willing to give an answer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de vorige buffel was heengedreven naar de hoofdplaats","title":"Passive of state in reported speech","body":"was heengedreven ('had been driven off') is a zijn-passive reporting what the brothers said; heengedreven is the participle of separable heendrijven. The dat-clause is verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of deze dat dier niet gezien had","title":"Indirect question with of","body":"of opens the embedded yes/no question after gevraagd ('asked whether...'); the verb cluster gezien had goes to the end. deze ('this one, he') refers to the father."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Op welke vraag Saïdjah's vader niet had willen antwoorden","title":"Formal relative welke + IPP cluster","body":"Op welke vraag ('to which question') is the formal relative welke linking to the previous sentence. had willen antwoorden is a pluperfect with the modal willen as infinitive (IPP) — 'had not been willing to answer.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wist","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking broertjes","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of broertjes","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"broertjes","lemma":"broertje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"little brothers"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heengedreven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies buffel","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of heengedreven","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of heengedreven","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"heengedreven","lemma":"heendrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive clause introduced by dat","gloss":"driven off"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdplaats","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links wist and had gevraagd","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of gevraagd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevraagd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gevraagd","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with wist","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezien","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"animal"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of clause introduced by of","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"locative verb of temporal clause introduced by toen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of verkopen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klamboe-haken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klamboe-haken","lemma":"klamboehaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verkopen","gloss":"mosquito-net hooks"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verkopen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verkoopen","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause introduced by om","gloss":"sell"},{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vraag","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of op and antecedent of relative clause","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Saïdjah's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of had willen antwoorden","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates had willen antwoorden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of willen antwoorden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"antwoorden","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"answer"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h17-s24","source":"Daarom vreesde hy dat zyn buffel geslacht was, zooals de andere buffels die het distriktshoofd afnam aan de bevolking.","translation":"And so he feared that his buffalo had been slaughtered, like the other buffaloes the district chief took from the people.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daarom vreesde hy dat zyn buffel geslacht was","title":"Passive of state geslacht was","body":"geslacht was ('had been slaughtered') is the zijn-passive of the resulting state, in the verb-final dat-clause. Fronted Daarom triggers inversion in the main clause (vreesde hy)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die het distriktshoofd afnam aan de bevolking","title":"Relative die, verb-final","body":"die relativizes buffels ('the other buffaloes that the district chief took'); the contact relative is verb-final with afnam (past of separable afnemen). afnemen aan ('to take from') governs aan for the dispossessed party."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreesde","gloss":"And so"},{"surface":"vreesde","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of vreesde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geslacht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of buffel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of geslacht was","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"geslacht","lemma":"slachten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive clause introduced by dat","gloss":"slaughtered"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geslacht","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with buffels","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies buffels","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of comparative phrase introduced by zoals","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of afnam","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distriktshoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distriktshoofd","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of afnam","gloss":"district chief"},{"surface":"afnam","lemma":"afnemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on buffels","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the source from whom they were taken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h17-s25","source":"En Saïdjah schreide veel als hy dacht aan den armen buffel waarmede hy twee jaren zoo innig had omgegaan. En hy kon niet eten, langen tyd, want zyn keel was te nauw als hy slikte.","translation":"And Saïdjah wept much when he thought of the poor buffalo with which he had been so close for two years. And he could not eat, for a long while, for his throat was too tight when he tried to swallow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den armen buffel waarmede hy ... had omgegaan","title":"Pronominal adverb waarmede + pluperfect","body":"waarmede ('with which') relativizes buffel; the clause closes with the pluperfect had omgegaan (separable omgaan met, 'to associate/be close with'). den armen shows the dative/accusative -en."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy kon niet eten ... want zyn keel was te nauw","title":"Modal kon + coordinating want","body":"kon (past of kunnen) sends eten to the end as a bare infinitive, negated by niet. want ('for') is a coordinating conjunction and leaves its clause in main-clause order (was second)."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schreide","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schreide","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"schreide","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schreide","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dacht","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause introduced by als","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by dacht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armen","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"modifies buffel","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"waarmede","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"complement of omgegaan, referring to buffel","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of omgegaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"duration of omgegaan","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies innig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"innig","lemma":"innig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omgegaan","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of omgegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"omgegaan","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause modifying buffel","gloss":"associated"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of eten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of eten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"eten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"langen","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, accusative masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"modifies tijd","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial duration of niet eten","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of was","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of keel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"keel","lemma":"keel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links keel to nauw","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nauw","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"tight"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of slikte","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of slikte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"slikte","lemma":"slikken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause introduced by als","gloss":"swallowed"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h17-s26","source":"Men bedenke dat Saïdjah een kind was.","translation":"Let it be remembered that Saïdjah was a child.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men bedenke dat Saïdjah een kind was","title":"Hortative subjunctive bedenke","body":"bedenke is the third-person subjunctive ('let it be considered / let one remember'), used with men as a solemn appeal to the reader. This optative form is characteristic of the elevated 1860 register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bedenke","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"bedenke","lemma":"bedenken","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third person singular","role":"main verb expressing an exhortation","gloss":"should remember"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links Saïdjah to kind","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h17-s27","source":"De nieuwe buffel leerde Saïdjah kennen, en nam in de genegenheid van 't kind zeer spoedig de plaats in van zyn voorganger ... al te spoedig eigenlyk. Want, helaas, de wasindrukken van ons hart worden zoo licht gladgestreken, om plaats te maken voor later schrift.","translation":"The new buffalo came to know Saïdjah, and very soon took, in the child's affection, the place of its predecessor ... all too soon, really. For, alas, the wax impressions of our heart are so easily smoothed away to make room for later writing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nam ... zeer spoedig de plaats in van zyn voorganger","title":"Separable innemen, split wide","body":"innemen ('to take/occupy') splits across the whole clause: the prefix in lands far to the right, after the object — 'took the place of.' This wide separation is typical of Dutch main-clause order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de wasindrukken van ons hart worden zoo licht gladgestreken","title":"Present passive with worden","body":"worden ... gladgestreken is a present-tense process passive ('are so easily smoothed away'), with gladstreken's participle gladgestreken at the end. The metaphor of wax impressions is Multatuli's."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies buffel","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of leerde kennen and nam in","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"leerde","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of leerde kennen","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of leerde kennen","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of leerde","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links leerde kennen and nam in","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of nam ... in","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genegenheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of genegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"genegenheid","lemma":"genegenheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"affection"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kind","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spoedig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nam ... in","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object within nam ... in","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of nam ... in","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorganger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of voorganger","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies te spoedig","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spoedig","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptically modifies nam ... in","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"comments on the preceding statement","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory sentence","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"helaas","lemma":"helaas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies worden","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wasindrukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wasindrukken","lemma":"wasindruk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of worden gladgestreken","gloss":"wax impressions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hart","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"possessor of hart","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gladgestreken","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies licht","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gladgestreken","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"gladgestreken","lemma":"gladstrijken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"smoothed away"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of maken","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks maken as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause introduced by om","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schrift","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies schrift","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"schrift","lemma":"schrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"writing"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h17-s28","source":"Hoe dit zy, de nieuwe buffel was wel niet zoo sterk als de vorige ... wel was 't oude juk te ruim voor zyn schoft ... maar 't arme dier was gewillig als zyn voorganger die geslacht was, en al kon dan Saïdjah niet meer roemen op de kracht van zyn buffel by 't ontmoeten van Adinda's broertjes aan de grens, hy beweerde toch dat geen ander den zynen overtrof in goeden wil. En wanneer de vore niet zoo rechtlynig liep als voorheen, of als er aardklonten ondoorgesneden waren omgegaan, werkte hy dat gaarne by met zyn patjol, zooveel hy kon.","translation":"However that may be, the new buffalo was indeed not as strong as the last one ... indeed the old yoke was too wide for its withers ... but the poor beast was as willing as its predecessor that had been slaughtered, and though Saïdjah could no longer boast of his buffalo's strength when he met Adinda's little brothers at the boundary, he maintained nonetheless that no other surpassed his own in goodwill. And whenever the furrow did not run as straight as before, or whenever clods of earth had passed by uncut, he would gladly make it good with his patjol, as much as he could.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe dit zy","title":"Subjunctive zy","body":"Hoe dit zy ('however that may be') uses the present subjunctive zy of zijn, a fixed archaic concessive formula. zy is also the period spelling of zij."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al kon dan Saïdjah niet meer roemen","title":"Concessive al + inversion","body":"al ('even though') introduces a concession and, like fronting, triggers inversion: kon dan Saïdjah. The modal kon sends roemen to the end as a bare infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"geen ander den zynen overtrof in goeden wil","title":"Possessive den zynen + negation geen","body":"den zynen is the nominalized possessive 'his (one),' in old accusative form. geen ander ('no other') is the single negative; overtrof is the strong past of overtreffen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces concessive formula Hoe dit zij","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zij","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of concessive clause","gloss":"may be","note":"Historical subjunctive in the fixed phrase ‘hoe dit zij’: ‘however that may be’."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies buffel","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking buffel to sterk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the following negated comparison","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterk","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vorige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective used substantivally, singular","role":"object of comparison with buffel","gloss":"last one"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the clause","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking juk to ruim","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of juk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies juk","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"juk","lemma":"juk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"yoke"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ruim","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ruim","lemma":"ruim","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoft","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of schoft","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"schoft","lemma":"schoft","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"withers"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dier","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dier to gewillig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gewillig","lemma":"gewillig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"willing"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of voorganger","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of comparison with dier","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was geslacht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geslacht","lemma":"slachten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in passive was geslacht","gloss":"slaughtered"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geslacht","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of roemen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle in concessive clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kon roemen","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies roemen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet meer with niet","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"roemen","lemma":"roemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of concessive clause","gloss":"boast"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kracht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buffel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of buffel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing occasion","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontmoeten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontmoeten","lemma":"ontmoeten","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking broertjes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of broertjes","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"broertjes","lemma":"broer","morphology":"noun, diminutive plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"little brothers"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grens","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grens","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"boundary"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beweerde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"beweerde","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beweerde","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of overtrof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of overtrof","gloss":"other one"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of zijnen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zynen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, masculine accusative singular","role":"direct object of overtrof","gloss":"his own","note":"Archaic inflected form meaning ‘his own’, here his buffalo."},{"surface":"overtrof","lemma":"overtreffen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of beweerde","gloss":"surpassed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wil","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"goeden","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, masculine dative singular","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"wil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wanneer","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of liep","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vore","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vore","lemma":"vore","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of liep","gloss":"furrow"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rechtlynig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rechtlynig","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"rechtlynig","lemma":"rechtlijnig","morphology":"adverbial adjective","role":"modifies liep","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on werkte","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction of comparison","role":"introduces comparison with voorheen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"voorheen","lemma":"voorheen","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of comparison","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated temporal clause","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in subordinate clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"aardklonten","lemma":"aardklont","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of waren omgegaan","gloss":"earth clods"},{"surface":"ondoorgesneden","lemma":"doorsnijden","morphology":"verb, past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative supplement to aardklonten","gloss":"uncut"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of omgegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"omgegaan","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of coordinated temporal clause","gloss":"passed by"},{"surface":"werkte","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb werkte bij","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of werkte bij","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of werkte bij","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werkte bij","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of werkte ... bij","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zyn","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of patjol","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"patjol","lemma":"patjol","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"hoe","note":"A patjol is an Indonesian hoe."},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"adverbial quantifier","role":"head of extent clause zoveel hij kon","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"verb of elliptical clause zoveel hij kon","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h17-s29","source":"Bovendien, geen buffel had een oeser-oeseran als de zyne.","translation":"Besides, no buffalo had an oeser-oeseran like his.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"geen buffel had een oeser-oeseran als de zyne","title":"Negation geen + possessive de zyne","body":"geen negates the indefinite subject buffel ('no buffalo had...'); de zyne is the nominalized possessive 'his (one).' Fronted Bovendien triggers inversion in the original clause order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oeser-oeseran","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"oeser-oeseran","lemma":"oeser-oeseran","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"hair-whorl pattern","note":"Oeser-oeseran is a Javanese term for a particular pattern of hair whorls, treated as an omen."},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"conjunction of comparison","role":"introduces comparative phrase","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zyne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zyne","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, singular","role":"object of comparison","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h17-s30","source":"De penghoeloe zelf had gezegd dat er ontong was in den loop van die haarwervels op de achterschoften.","translation":"The penghoeloe himself had said that there was ontong in the course of those whorls of hair on its hindquarters.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had gezegd dat er ontong was in den loop van die haarwervels","title":"Existential er in reported speech","body":"er ... was ('there was') is the existential construction inside the dat-clause, which is verb-final. die haarwervels glosses the Javanese oeser-oeseran for the Dutch reader."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of penghoeloe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"penghoeloe","lemma":"penghoeloe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had gezegd","gloss":"religious official","note":"Penghoeloe is an Indonesian title for a local headman or religious official."},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes penghoeloe","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive subject of was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ontong","lemma":"ontong","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"notional subject of was","gloss":"good fortune","note":"Ontong is a local term for good fortune or an auspicious quality."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"existential verb in complement clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haarwervels","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of loop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loop","lemma":"loop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haarwervels","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of haarwervels","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"haarwervels","lemma":"haarwervel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"hair whorls"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking achterschoften","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of achterschoften","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"achterschoften","lemma":"achterschoft","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"hindquarters"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h17-s31","source":"Eens, in 't veld, riep Saïdjah tevergeefs zyn buffel toe, wat spoed te maken.","translation":"Once, out in the field, Saïdjah called to his buffalo in vain to make some haste.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"riep Saïdjah tevergeefs zyn buffel toe, wat spoed te maken","title":"Separable toeroepen + te-infinitive object","body":"toeroepen ('to call out to') splits, with toe at the end; riep is the strong past. The te-infinitive te maken ('to make haste') is the content of the call. Fronted Eens triggers inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies riep","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of veld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veld","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"tevergeefs","lemma":"tevergeefs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies riep toe","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of buffel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of riep toe","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of riep ... toe","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of spoed","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"spoed","lemma":"spoed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"haste"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of riep toe","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h17-s32","source":"Het dier stond pal.","translation":"The beast stood stock-still.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"stond pal","title":"pal staan","body":"pal staan is an idiom meaning to stand firm, immovable, stock-still. stond is the strong past of staan. The short sentence stops the narrative dead, like the beast itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"pal","lemma":"pal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"stock-still"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h17-s33","source":"Saïdjah, verstoord over zoo groote en vooral zoo ongewone weerspannigheid, kon zich niet weerhouden een beleediging te uiten. Hy riep: a.s.","translation":"Saïdjah, exasperated at such great and, above all, such unusual stubbornness, could not refrain from uttering an insult. He cried: etc.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kon zich niet weerhouden een beleediging te uiten","title":"Reflexive zich + modal kon","body":"zich weerhouden ('to restrain oneself') is reflexive; the modal kon sends weerhouden to the end, and te uiten is the te-infinitive complement. niet negates the whole."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"verstoord over zoo groote ... weerspannigheid","title":"Participial adjective verstoord","body":"verstoord ('exasperated, vexed') is a past participle used as a predicative adjective describing Saïdjah's state. It heads a long appositive phrase before the main clause resumes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kon weerhouden","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"verstoord","lemma":"verstoren","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"supplement modifying Saïdjah","gloss":"exasperated"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weerspannigheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies weerspannigheid","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ongewone","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ongewone","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ongewone","lemma":"ongewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies weerspannigheid","gloss":"unusual"},{"surface":"weerspannigheid","lemma":"weerspannigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"stubbornness"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of weerhouden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of weerhouden","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weerhouden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weerhouden","lemma":"weerhouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"refrain"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beleediging","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"beleediging","lemma":"belediging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uiten","gloss":"insult"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive uiten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"uiten","lemma":"uiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of weerhouden","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"a.s","lemma":"a.s.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"abbreviated insult uttered by Saïdjah","gloss":"a curse","note":"The initials abbreviate the coarse insult Saïdjah shouts at the buffalo."}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h17-s34","source":"Ieder die in Indie geweest is, zal my verstaan. En wie me niet verstaat, wint er by dat ik hem de uitlegging spaar van een grove uitdrukking.","translation":"Anyone who has been in the Indies will understand me. And whoever does not understand me gains by my sparing him the explanation of a coarse expression.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie me niet verstaat, wint er by","title":"Free relative wie + separable winnen + er","body":"wie ('whoever') opens a headless relative (verb verstaat at the end); the main clause winnen erbij ('to gain by it') uses the split pronominal er ... by. me verstaat negated by niet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verstaan","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is geweest","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of geweest","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in is geweest","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verstaan","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verstaan","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two sentences","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"subject of verstaat and wint","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verstaat","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstaat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verstaat","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on wie","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"wint","lemma":"winnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gains"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of er ... bij","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition in pronominal adverb","role":"second part of er ... bij","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause explaining the benefit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of spaar","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of spaar","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitlegging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitlegging","lemma":"uitlegging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of spaar","gloss":"explanation"},{"surface":"spaar","lemma":"sparen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"spare"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitdrukking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitdrukking","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grove","lemma":"grof","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uitdrukking","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"uitdrukking","lemma":"uitdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"expression"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h17-s35","source":"Saïdjah bedoelde evenwel niets kwaads daarmede.","translation":"Saïdjah meant nothing wicked by it, however.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s35.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bedoelde","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"bedoelde","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedoelde","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bedoelde","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"kwaads","lemma":"kwaad","morphology":"substantivized adjective, genitive singular","role":"partitive complement of niets","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"daarmede","lemma":"daarmee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of bedoelde","gloss":"by it"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h17-s36","source":"Hy zei 't maar omdat hy 't zoo dikwyls had hooren zeggen door anderen, als ze ontevreden waren over hun buffels.","translation":"He said it only because he had so often heard it said by others when they were displeased with their buffaloes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat hy 't zoo dikwyls had hooren zeggen door anderen","title":"Pluperfect + double infinitive (IPP)","body":"had hooren zeggen is a pluperfect where the perception verb horen and the verb zeggen both stay as infinitives (the 'infinitivus pro participio') rather than horen becoming gehoord. The whole stands at the end of the omdat-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zei","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hooren","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had horen zeggen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dikwijls","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had horen zeggen","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by had","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of horen","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anderen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"agent of zeggen","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontevreden","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ontevreden","lemma":"ontevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"displeased"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking ze to ontevreden","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buffels","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of buffels","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of ontevreden","gloss":"buffaloes"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h17-s37","source":"Maar hy had het niet behoeven te zeggen, want het baatte niets: zyn buffel deed geen stap verder.","translation":"But he need not have said it, for it did no good: his buffalo took not a step further.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy had het niet behoeven te zeggen","title":"behoeven te + infinitive in the pluperfect","body":"had ... behoeven te zeggen ('need not have said it') is a pluperfect; behoeven ('to need') appears as an infinitive (IPP) and itself governs te zeggen. niet negates the need."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want het baatte niets","title":"Coordinating want + negation niets","body":"want ('for') keeps main-clause order (baatte second). niets ('nothing') is the single negative word — 'it availed nothing.' baten ('to avail') is now mostly fixed in such negative phrases."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had behoeven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of behoeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, accusative","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates had behoeven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"behoeven","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"IPP infinitive governed by had","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of behoeven","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, nominative","role":"subject of baatte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"baatte","lemma":"baten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"did good"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"adverbial complement of baatte","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of stap","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"stap","lemma":"stap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies deed","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h17-s38","source":"Hy schudde den kop als om 't juk aftewerpen, men zag den adem uit zyn neusgaten ... hy blaasde, sidderde, rilde ... er was angst in zyn blauw oog, en de bovenlip was opgetrokken zoodat het tandvleesch bloot lag ...","translation":"It shook its head as if to throw off the yoke; one could see the breath from its nostrils ... it snorted, shuddered, trembled ... there was terror in its blue eye, and its upper lip was drawn back so that the gums lay bare ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy schudde den kop als om 't juk aftewerpen","title":"Purpose om ... te with separable verb","body":"als om ... aftewerpen frames purpose ('as if to throw off'); aftewerpen is the joined period spelling of af te werpen (separable afwerpen split by te). den kop again carries the dative/accusative -en."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de bovenlip was opgetrokken","title":"State passive opgetrokken","body":"was opgetrokken ('was drawn back') reads as a resulting-state passive with zijn; opgetrokken is the participle of separable optrekken. The line builds the beast's terror in a series of such states."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of schudde","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"schudde","lemma":"schudden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of kop","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"kop","lemma":"kop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schudde","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"forms als om, introducing a comparison","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces af te werpen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of juk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"juk","lemma":"juk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of aftewerpen","gloss":"yoke"},{"surface":"aftewerpen","lemma":"afwerpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical closed spelling","role":"infinitival complement of om","gloss":"throw off"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"could see"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of adem","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adem","lemma":"adem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement of adem","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of neusgaten","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"neusgaten","lemma":"neusgat","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"nostrils"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of blaasde, sidderde and rilde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"blaasde","lemma":"blazen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"snorted"},{"surface":"sidderde","lemma":"sidderen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with blaasde","gloss":"shuddered"},{"surface":"rilde","lemma":"rillen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with blaasde","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"angst","lemma":"angst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of was","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of angst","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"blauw","lemma":"blauw","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies oog","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bovenlip","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bovenlip","lemma":"bovenlip","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was opgetrokken","gloss":"upper lip"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula with opgetrokken","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"opgetrokken","lemma":"optrekken","morphology":"adjective, predicative, past-participial form","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"drawn back"},{"surface":"zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of tandvleesch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tandvleesch","lemma":"tandvlees","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"gums"},{"surface":"bloot","lemma":"bloot","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement with lag","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"lay"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h17-s39","source":"\"Vlucht, vlucht, riepen op-eenmaal Adinda's broertjes, Saïdjah, vlucht!","translation":"\"Flee, flee,\" Adinda's little brothers cried all at once, \"Saïdjah, flee!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vlucht, vlucht ... Saïdjah, vlucht!","title":"Imperative vlucht","body":"vlucht is the imperative (bare stem) of vluchten ('to flee') — a direct command, repeated for urgency. The imperative drops the subject entirely."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"riepen op-eenmaal Adinda's broertjes","title":"Quotative inversion","body":"After the fronted quoted speech, the verb riepen ('cried') precedes the subject Adinda's broertjes — verb-second applied to a quotative tag. riepen is the strong past of roepen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vlucht","lemma":"vluchten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"first imperative in direct speech","gloss":"Flee"},{"surface":"vlucht","lemma":"vluchten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"repeated imperative in direct speech","gloss":"flee"},{"surface":"riepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"opeenmaal","morphology":"adverb, historical form","role":"modifies riepen","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular, possessive","role":"possessor of broertjes","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"broertjes","lemma":"broertje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural, diminutive","role":"subject of riepen","gloss":"little brothers"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative in direct speech","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"vlucht","lemma":"vluchten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative addressed to Saïdjah","gloss":"flee"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h17-s40","source":"Daar is een tyger!\"","translation":"There is a tiger!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar is een tyger!","title":"Existential daar / er","body":"Daar is here functions like er — 'there is a tiger.' This locative-existential opener is common in exclamations of sudden danger."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of tyger","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tyger","lemma":"tijger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of is","gloss":"tiger"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h17-s41","source":"En allen ontdeden hun buffels van de ploegjukken, en slingerden zich op de breede ruggen, en galoppeerden weg door sawahs, over galangans, door modder, door kreupelhout en bosch en allang-allang, langs velden en wegen. En toen ze hygend en zweetend binnenrenden in het dorp Badoer, was Saïdjah niet by hen.","translation":"And they all freed their buffaloes from the plough yokes, and flung themselves onto the broad backs, and galloped away across sawahs, over galangans, through mud, through brushwood and forest and alang-alang, along fields and roads. And when, panting and sweating, they came rushing into the village of Badoer, Saïdjah was not among them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ontdeden hun buffels van de ploegjukken, en slingerden zich ... en galoppeerden weg","title":"Chained strong pasts + reflexive zich","body":"Three coordinated simple pasts (ontdeden, slingerden, galoppeerden) drive the action; slingerden zich ('flung themselves') is reflexive. ontdoen van means 'to rid/free of.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen ze ... binnenrenden in het dorp Badoer, was Saïdjah niet by hen","title":"Fronted toen-clause + inversion","body":"The toen-clause (verb binnenrenden, separable binnenrennen, at the end) is fronted, so the main clause inverts: was Saïdjah. niet negates the predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the coordinated sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of ontdeden, slingerden and galoppeerden","gloss":"they all"},{"surface":"ontdeden","lemma":"ontdoen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"freed"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person plural","role":"determiner of buffels","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of ontdeden","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of ontdeden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ploegjukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ploegjukken","lemma":"ploegjuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"plough yokes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated predicates","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"slingerden","lemma":"slingeren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with ontdeden","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of slingerden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the goal of slingerden","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ruggen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"breede","lemma":"breed","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies ruggen","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"ruggen","lemma":"rug","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"backs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated predicates","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"galoppeerden","lemma":"galopperen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with ontdeden","gloss":"galloped"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of galoppeerden","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a path complement of galoppeerden","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"sawahs","lemma":"sawah","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"sawahs"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a path complement of galoppeerden","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"galangans","lemma":"galangan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"paddy dikes"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a path complement of galoppeerden","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"modder","lemma":"modder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"mud"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a path complement of galoppeerden","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"kreupelhout","lemma":"kreupelhout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first object of door","gloss":"brushwood"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated objects of door","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bosch","lemma":"bos","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of door","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated objects of door","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"allang-allang","lemma":"alang-alang","morphology":"noun, neuter, collective","role":"coordinated object of door","gloss":"alang-alang"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a path complement of galoppeerden","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"velden","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"first object of langs","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated objects of langs","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wegen","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated object of langs","gloss":"roads"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the next sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person plural","role":"subject of binnenrenden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hygend","lemma":"hijgen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"depictive modifier of ze","gloss":"panting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated participles","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zweetend","lemma":"zweten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"coordinated with hygend","gloss":"sweating"},{"surface":"binnenrenden","lemma":"binnenrennen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"came rushing in"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the goal of binnenrenden","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of dorp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"apposition to dorp","gloss":"of Badoer"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula with bij hen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement of was","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third-person plural","role":"object of by","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h17-s42","source":"Want toen deze zyn buffel, bevryd van het juk, had bestegen als de anderen om te vluchten als zy, had een onverwachtte sprong van het dier hem 't evenwicht benomen en ter-aarde geworpen.","translation":"For when he had mounted his buffalo, freed of its yoke, like the others, in order to flee as they did, an unexpected leap of the animal had thrown him off balance and cast him to the ground.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had een onverwachtte sprong ... hem 't evenwicht benomen","title":"Pluperfect benemen","body":"had ... benomen is the pluperfect of benemen ('to take away from'); 't evenwicht benemen means 'to throw off balance.' The dative hem marks the person deprived."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"bevryd van het juk","title":"Participle as reduced clause","body":"bevryd ('freed') is the participle of bevrijden used adjectivally to modify zyn buffel — a compact reduced relative, 'his buffalo, freed of its yoke.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory sentence","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had bestegen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bestegen","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"bevryd","lemma":"bevrijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"reduced passive clause modifying buffel","gloss":"freed"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of bevryd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of juk","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"juk","lemma":"juk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"yoke"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bestegen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"bestegen","lemma":"bestijgen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"mounted"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a comparison with anderen","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of anderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"object of als","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive vluchten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vluchten","lemma":"vluchten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"flee"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an elliptical comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person plural","role":"subject of omitted deden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of benomen and geworpen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of sprong","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onverwachtte","lemma":"onverwacht","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies sprong","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"sprong","lemma":"sprong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had benomen and geworpen","gloss":"leap"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a possessive complement of sprong","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"animal"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative/dative, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of benomen and direct object of geworpen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of evenwicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"evenwicht","lemma":"evenwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of benomen","gloss":"balance"},{"surface":"benomen","lemma":"benemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first main participle governed by had","gloss":"taken away"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links benomen and geworpen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ter-aarde","lemma":"ter aarde","morphology":"adverbial phrase, archaic spelling","role":"directional complement of geworpen","gloss":"to the ground"},{"surface":"geworpen","lemma":"werpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with benomen and governed by had","gloss":"cast"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h17-s43","source":"De tyger was zeer na ...","translation":"The tiger was very near ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s43.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tyger","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"tyger","lemma":"tijger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"tiger"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking tyger to na","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies na","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"adjective, predicative, archaic form","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"near"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h17-s44","source":"Saïdjah's buffel, voortgedreven door eigen vaart, schoot eenige sprongen voorby de plek waar zyn kleine meester den dood wachtte.","translation":"Saïdjah's buffalo, carried on by its own momentum, shot a few bounds past the spot where its little master awaited death.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voortgedreven door eigen vaart","title":"Participle + door-agent","body":"voortgedreven ('carried on, driven forward') is the participle of separable voortdrijven, used as a reduced passive phrase with the agent marked by door — 'driven on by its own momentum.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de plek waar zyn kleine meester den dood wachtte","title":"Relative adverb waar","body":"waar ('where') relativizes plek; the clause is verb-final with wachtte (past of wachten). den dood again shows the old accusative -en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular, possessive","role":"possessor of buffel","gloss":"Saïdjah's"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schoot","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"voortgedreven","lemma":"voortdrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"reduced passive clause modifying buffel","gloss":"carried on"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause of voortgedreven","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies vaart","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"vaart","lemma":"vaart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"momentum"},{"surface":"schoot","lemma":"schieten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shot"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of sprongen","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"sprongen","lemma":"sprong","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"adverbial measure of schoot","gloss":"bounds"},{"surface":"voorby","lemma":"voorbij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the path complement of schoot","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plek","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voorby","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying plek","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of meester","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies meester","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"meester","lemma":"meester","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of dood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wachtte","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"awaited"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h17-s45","source":"Maar door eigen vaart alleen, en niet door eigen wil, was het dier verder gegaan dan Saïdjah. Want nauw had het de stuwing overwonnen die alle stof beheerscht, ook na 't ophouden van de oorzaak die haar voortstuwde, of 't keerde terug, zette zyn lomp lyf op zyn lompe pooten als een dak over het kind, en keerde zyn gehoornden kop naar den tyger.","translation":"But it was by its own momentum alone, and not by its own will, that the animal had gone further than Saïdjah. For scarcely had it overcome the impetus that governs all matter, even after the cause that drove it has ceased, than it turned back, set its clumsy body on its clumsy legs like a roof over the child, and turned its horned head toward the tiger.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nauw had het de stuwing overwonnen ... of 't keerde terug","title":"Correlative nauw ... of","body":"nauw ... of ('scarcely... when') is a correlative construction; fronting nauw inverts the first clause (had het), and of introduces the sudden follow-up. overwonnen is the participle of strong overwinnen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de oorzaak die haar voortstuwde","title":"Relative die, verb-final","body":"die relativizes oorzaak ('the cause that drove it on'); voortstuwde (separable voortstuwen) closes the clause. haar refers back to feminine stof/stuwing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gegaan","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vaart","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vaart","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"vaart","lemma":"vaart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"momentum"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase door eigen vaart","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordinated prepositional phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the phrase door eigen wil","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wil","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"wil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gegaan","gloss":"animal"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies gegaan","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary was","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction of comparison","role":"introduces the comparison with Saïdjah","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of comparative verder dan","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had overwonnen in the correlative nauw ... of","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of overwonnen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of overwonnen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuwing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stuwing","lemma":"stuwing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of overwonnen","gloss":"impetus"},{"surface":"overwonnen","lemma":"overwinnen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary had","gloss":"overcome"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of beheerscht; antecedent stuwing","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stof","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"stof","lemma":"stof","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beheerscht","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"beheerscht","lemma":"beheersen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying stuwing","gloss":"governs"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase na het ophouden","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ophouden","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of nominalized ophouden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ophouden","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"object of na","gloss":"cessation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorzaak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying ophouden","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voortstuwde; antecedent oorzaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voortstuwde; refers to stuwing","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"voortstuwde","lemma":"voortstuwen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying oorzaak","gloss":"drove onward"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with nauw; introduces the resulting clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular, elided","role":"subject of keerde and zette","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"keerde","lemma":"keren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable terugkeren","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of keerde ... terug","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"zette","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with keerde","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of lyf","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"lomp","lemma":"lomp","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies lyf","gloss":"clumsy"},{"surface":"lyf","lemma":"lijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zette","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pooten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of pooten","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"lompe","lemma":"lomp","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies pooten","gloss":"clumsy"},{"surface":"pooten","lemma":"poot","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces the comparison een dak","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dak","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dak","lemma":"dak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"roof"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kind","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links keerde with the preceding predicates","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"keerde","lemma":"keren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zette; transitive verb governing kop","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of kop","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"gehoornden","lemma":"gehoornd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kop","gloss":"horned"},{"surface":"kop","lemma":"kop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of keerde","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyger","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of tyger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyger","lemma":"tijger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"tiger"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h17-s46","source":"Deze sprong ... maar hy sprong voor 't laatst. De buffel ving hem op zyn hoornen, en verloor slechts wat vleesch dat de tyger hem uitsloeg aan den hals.","translation":"The tiger sprang ... but it sprang for the last time. The buffalo caught it on its horns, and lost only a little flesh, which the tiger tore from it at the neck.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Deze sprong ... maar hy sprong voor 't laatst","title":"Demonstrative Deze as subject","body":"Deze ('this one') points to the tiger as subject; sprong is the strong past of springen. maar is a coordinating conjunction, so hy sprong keeps main-clause order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat vleesch dat de tyger hem uitsloeg aan den hals","title":"Relative dat for a het-word","body":"dat relativizes the neuter vleesch ('flesh that the tiger tore'); the clause is verb-final with uitsloeg (separable uitslaan). Compare die, which would be used for a de-word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sprong; refers to the tiger","gloss":"This one"},{"surface":"sprong","lemma":"springen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of sprong","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sprong","lemma":"springen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase voor het laatst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner in voor het laatst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatst","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominalized","role":"object of voor in the phrase voor het laatst","gloss":"last time"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ving and verloor","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"ving","lemma":"vangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third-person singular","role":"direct object of ving","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoornen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of hoornen","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"hoornen","lemma":"hoorn","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"horns"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links ving and verloor","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verloor","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with ving","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses wat vleesch","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of vleesch","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"vleesch","lemma":"vlees","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, mass","role":"direct object of verloor and antecedent of dat","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uitsloeg; antecedent vleesch","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tyger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyger","lemma":"tijger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitsloeg","gloss":"tiger"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third-person singular","role":"affected object of uitsloeg; refers to the buffalo","gloss":"from it"},{"surface":"uitsloeg","lemma":"uitslaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying vleesch","gloss":"tore out"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hals","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of hals","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"neck"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h17-s47","source":"De aanvaller lag daar met opgescheurden buik, en Saïdjah was gered.","translation":"The attacker lay there with its belly ripped open, and Saïdjah was saved.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"met opgescheurden buik","title":"Participial adjective with dative -en","body":"opgescheurden is the participle of separable openscheuren/opscheuren used attributively ('with belly ripped open'), carrying the old dative -en after met. Saïdjah was gered is a zijn-passive of state ('was saved')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanvaller","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"aanvaller","lemma":"aanvaller","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"attacker"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buik","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"opgescheurden","lemma":"opscheuren","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally, inflected","role":"modifies buik","gloss":"ripped-open"},{"surface":"buik","lemma":"buik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses of lag and gered","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of passive gered","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gered","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gered","lemma":"redden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"saved"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h17-s48","source":"Wèl was er ontong, geweest in de oeser-oeseran van dien buffel!","translation":"There had indeed been ontong in the oeser-oeseran of that buffalo!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wèl was er ontong, geweest","title":"Existential er + perfect of zijn","body":"er ... geweest is the existential 'there had been' built on the pluperfect of zijn (was + geweest). Fronted Wèl ('indeed') triggers inversion (was er). The line ironically confirms the earlier omen of luck."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"emphasizes the existential assertion","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ontong","lemma":"ontong","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"subject of the existential construction","gloss":"good fortune","note":"Ontong is a Javanese term for auspicious power or good fortune."},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary was","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oeser-oeseran","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oeser-oeseran","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oeser-oeseran","lemma":"oeser-oeseran","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"hair whorl","note":"Oeser-oeseran is a Javanese term for the hair whorl whose form was read as an omen."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buffel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"buffalo"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h17-s49","source":"Toen deze buffel aan Saïdjah's vader was afgenomen, en geslacht ...","translation":"When this buffalo was taken from Saïdjah's father, and slaughtered ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen deze buffel ... was afgenomen, en geslacht","title":"Coordinated state passives","body":"was afgenomen ... en geslacht coordinates two zijn-passives ('was taken away and slaughtered') under one auxiliary. The toen-clause breaks off mid-thought — an emphatic narrative dash."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of afgenomen and geslacht","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive afgenomen and geslacht","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vader as source with afgenomen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, possessive, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Saïdjah's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of afgenomen and geslacht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"afgenomen","lemma":"afnemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive temporal clause","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links afgenomen and geslacht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geslacht","lemma":"slachten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with afgenomen under auxiliary was","gloss":"slaughtered"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h17-s50","source":"Ik heb u gezegd, lezer, dat myn verhaal eentonig is.","translation":"I have told you, reader, that my tale is monotonous.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb u gezegd, lezer, dat myn verhaal eentonig is","title":"Perfect + pronoun u","body":"heb ... gezegd is the perfect of zeggen. u is the polite second-person pronoun (dative 'to you'), the address the narrator uses to the reader throughout. The dat-clause is verb-final (is)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative, second-person singular or plural, formal","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary heb","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressing the reader","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of verhaal","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"eentonig","lemma":"eentonig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"monotonous"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links verhaal to eentonig","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h17-s51","source":"... toen deze buffel geslacht was, telde Saïdjah twaalf jaar, en Adinda weefde sarongs, en batikte die met puntige kapala.","translation":"... when this buffalo was slaughtered, Saïdjah numbered twelve years, and Adinda wove sarongs and patterned them with pointed kapala.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen deze buffel geslacht was, telde Saïdjah twaalf jaar","title":"Passive of state + fronted toen-clause","body":"geslacht was is the zijn-passive ('was slaughtered'), verb-final in the toen-clause; the main clause then inverts (telde Saïdjah). telde and weefde are weak simple pasts."}],"words":[{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of geslacht was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive geslacht","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"geslacht","lemma":"slachten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive temporal clause","gloss":"slaughtered"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geslacht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"telde","lemma":"tellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first principal clause","gloss":"numbered"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of telde","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"twaalf","lemma":"twaalf","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular after numeral","role":"measure complement of telde","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses of telde and weefde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of weefde and batikte","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"weefde","lemma":"weven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with telde","gloss":"wove"},{"surface":"sarongs","lemma":"sarong","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of weefde","gloss":"sarongs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links weefde and batikte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"batikte","lemma":"batikken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with weefde","gloss":"patterned"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of batikte; refers to sarongs","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kapala","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"puntige","lemma":"puntig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kapala","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"kapala","lemma":"kapala","morphology":"noun, plural, uninflected loanword","role":"object of met","gloss":"head panels","note":"Kapala are the decorated head panels of sarongs."}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h17-s52","source":"Ze had reeds gedachten te brengen in den loop van haar verfschuitje, en ze teekende droefheid op haar weefsel, want ze had Saïdjah zeer treurig gezien.","translation":"She had already learned to bring thoughts into the play of her dye-shuttle, and she traced sorrow upon her cloth, for she had seen Saïdjah very downcast.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze had reeds gedachten te brengen in den loop ... geleerd","title":"Pluperfect of hebben + te-infinitive","body":"had ... te brengen is the pluperfect of hebben with the noun object gedachten plus the te-infinitive te brengen: 'she already had thoughts to bring into the flow of her dye-shuttle.' No form of leren appears in the text."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want ze had Saïdjah zeer treurig gezien","title":"Coordinating want + pluperfect","body":"want keeps main-clause order; had ... gezien is the pluperfect of zien with treurig ('downcast') as a depictive — 'had seen Saïdjah very sorrowful.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing the infinitive phrase gedachten te brengen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of had","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loop","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of loop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loop","lemma":"loop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verfschuitje","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of verfschuitje","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"verfschuitje","lemma":"verfschuit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"object of van","gloss":"dye-shuttle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses of had and teekende","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of teekende","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"teekende","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"traced"},{"surface":"droefheid","lemma":"droefheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of teekende","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weefsel","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of weefsel","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"weefsel","lemma":"weefsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"cloth"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies treurig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"treurig","lemma":"treurig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement describing Saïdjah","gloss":"downcast"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary had","gloss":"seen"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h17-s53","source":"En ook Saïdjah's vader was bedroefd, doch zyn moeder het meest. Deze toch had de wonde genezen aan den hals van het trouwe dier dat haar kind ongedeerd had thuis-gebracht, nadat zy op de mare van Adinda's broertjes gemeend had dat het was weggevoerd door den tyger.","translation":"And Saïdjah's father too was grieved, but his mother most of all. For she it was who had healed the wound on the neck of the faithful beast that had brought her child home unharmed, after she had believed, from the news brought by Adinda's little brothers, that he had been carried off by the tiger.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"doch zyn moeder het meest","title":"Superlative het meest + archaic doch","body":"het meest is the superlative 'most of all.' doch ('but, yet') is the archaic adversative conjunction, lending the sentence its solemn 1860 colour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het trouwe dier dat haar kind ongedeerd had thuis-gebracht","title":"Relative dat + pluperfect","body":"dat relativizes the neuter dier ('the beast that had brought her child home'); had ... thuis-gebracht is a pluperfect of separable thuisbrengen, verb-final. ongedeerd ('unharmed') is a depictive."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bedroefd","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause was bedroefd","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Saïdjah's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking vader to bedroefd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of elliptical was bedroefd","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of the superlative phrase het meest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meest","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies elliptical was bedroefd","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of had genezen","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds explanatory emphasis to had genezen","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of genezen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wonde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wonde","lemma":"wond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of genezen","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"genezen","lemma":"genezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"healed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location aan den hals","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of hals","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of hals","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trouwe","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dier","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van and antecedent of dat","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of had thuis-gebracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of thuis-gebracht","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ongedeerd","lemma":"ongedeerd","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement describing kind","gloss":"unharmed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of thuis-gebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"thuis-gebracht","lemma":"thuisbrengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause","gloss":"brought home"},{"surface":"nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gemeend","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gemeend","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the occasion or basis de mare","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mare","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mare","lemma":"mare","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source of the news","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of broertjes","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"broertjes","lemma":"broertje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"little brothers"},{"surface":"gemeend","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemeend","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weggevoerd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was weggevoerd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of weggevoerd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"weggevoerd","lemma":"wegvoeren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the embedded passive clause","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent den tyger","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of tyger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyger","lemma":"tijger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"tiger"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h17-s54","source":"Ze had die wond zoo dikwyls bezien met de gedachte hoe diep de klauw die zóó ver indrong in de ruwe vezelen van den buffel, zou voortgedreven zyn in 't weeke lyf van haar kind, en telkens als ze versche geneeskruiden had gelegd op de wonde, streelde zy den buffel en sprak hem eenige vriendelyke woorden toe, dat het goede trouwe dier toch weten zou hoe dankbaar een moeder is!","translation":"She had looked at that wound so often, with the thought of how deep the claw that drove so far into the buffalo's rough fibres would have driven into the soft body of her child, and every time she had laid fresh healing herbs upon the wound, she stroked the buffalo and spoke a few kind words to it, that the good faithful beast might after all know how grateful a mother is!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe diep de klauw ... zou voortgedreven zyn in 't weeke lyf","title":"Conditional perfect with zou","body":"zou voortgedreven zyn ('would have driven') is a conditional perfect built on the passive/perfect of voortdrijven — a counterfactual: how deep the claw would have gone into the child's body. The hoe-clause is verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"telkens als ze versche geneeskruiden had gelegd ..., streelde zy den buffel","title":"Iterative als + inversion","body":"The fronted telkens als ('every time') clause (verb-final had gelegd) makes the main clause invert: streelde zy. den buffel carries the old accusative -en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bezien","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bezien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wond","lemma":"wond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezien","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezien","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezien","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"bezien","lemma":"bezien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gedachte","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedachte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gedachte","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met and head of the following content clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the degree phrase hoe diep","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree complement of voortgedreven zou zijn","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klauw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klauw","lemma":"klauw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou voortgedreven zijn","gloss":"claw"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of indrong","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies indrong","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"indrong","lemma":"indringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying klauw","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vezelen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vezelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ruwe","lemma":"ruw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vezelen","gloss":"rough"},{"surface":"vezelen","lemma":"vezel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"fibres"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor buffel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of voortgedreven zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"voortgedreven","lemma":"voortdrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle in the perfect construction","gloss":"penetrated"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of voortgedreven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination 't weeke lyf","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lyf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weeke","lemma":"week","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lyf","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"lyf","lemma":"lijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kind","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the subordinate clause had gelegd","gloss":"every time"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gelegd","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gelegd","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"versche","lemma":"vers","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geneeskruiden","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"geneeskruiden","lemma":"geneeskruid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gelegd","gloss":"healing herbs"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gelegd","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the temporal clause","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wonde","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wonde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wonde","lemma":"wond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gelegd","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"streelde","lemma":"strelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated main clause","gloss":"stroked"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of streelde and sprak","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of streelde","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with streelde","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of sprak ... toe","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"vriendelyke","lemma":"vriendelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies woorden","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of sprak","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing sprak ... toe","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of weten zou","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dier","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"trouwe","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dier","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weten","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the embedded clause hoe dankbaar een moeder is","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"dankbaar","lemma":"dankbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to dankbaar","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h17-s55","source":"Ze hoopte later dat de buffel haar toch mocht verstaan hebben, want dan had hy ook haar schreien begrepen toen hy werd weggevoerd om geslacht te worden, en hy had geweten dat het niet Saïdjah's moeder was, die hem slachten liet.","translation":"She hoped afterward that the buffalo had truly understood her, for then it would also have understood her weeping when it was led away to be slaughtered, and would have known that it was not Saïdjah's mother who had it killed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de buffel haar toch mocht verstaan hebben","title":"Modal mogen in a perfect infinitive cluster","body":"mocht verstaan hebben ('might have understood') stacks the modal mocht with a perfect infinitive (verstaan hebben) at the end of the dat-clause. This expresses a hoped-for possibility in the past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen hy werd weggevoerd om geslacht te worden","title":"worden-passive + passive om ... te","body":"werd weggevoerd is a past process passive ('was led away'); om geslacht te worden is a passive purpose clause ('in order to be slaughtered'), with te worden carrying the passive infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hoopte","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"hoopte","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hoped"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoopte","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause mocht verstaan hebben","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of mocht verstaan hebben","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verstaan","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds emphatic reassurance to verstaan","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of verstaan hebben","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the perfect construction","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of verstaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of begrepen","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had begrepen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrepen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of schreien","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"schreien","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of begrepen","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"begrepen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weggevoerd","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of werd weggevoerd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of weggevoerd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"weggevoerd","lemma":"wegvoeren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the temporal passive clause","gloss":"led away"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the purpose marker om ... te","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"geslacht","lemma":"slachten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the passive infinitive","gloss":"slaughtered"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"part of the purpose marker om ... te","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geslacht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had geweten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweten","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"geweten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle coordinated with begrepen","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause het ... was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the predicative complement Saïdjah's moeder","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"Saïdjah's"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to moeder","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of slachten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"slachten","lemma":"slachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of liet","gloss":"slaughter"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"causative verb of the relative clause","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h17-s56","source":"Eenigen tyd daarna vluchtte Saïdjah's vader uit het land. Want hy was zeer bevreesd voor de straf als hy zyn landrenten niet betalen zou, en hy had geen poesaka meer om een nieuwen buffel te koopen, daar zyn ouders altyd in Parang-Koedjang, woonden, en hem dus weinig hadden nagelaten.","translation":"Some time afterward Saïdjah's father fled the country. For he was greatly afraid of the punishment if he should not pay his land taxes, and he had no poesaka left with which to buy a new buffalo, since his parents had always lived in Parang-Koedjang and had thus left him little.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar zyn ouders altyd in Parang-Koedjang, woonden","title":"Causal daar (subordinator)","body":"daar here is the archaic causal conjunction 'since/because' (not the adverb 'there'), sending the verb woonden to the end. This causal daar is a literary, period feature."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hem dus weinig hadden nagelaten","title":"Pluperfect of separable nalaten","body":"hadden ... nagelaten is the pluperfect of separable nalaten ('to leave behind, bequeath'); the dative hem marks the heir — 'had left him little.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the temporal phrase Eenigen tyd daarna","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vluchtte","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"vluchtte","lemma":"vluchten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fled"},{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Saïdjah's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vluchtte","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bevreesd","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to bevreesd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevreesd","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"bevreesd","lemma":"bevreesd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking straf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of straf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"straf","lemma":"straf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betalen zou","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of landrenten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"landrenten","lemma":"landrent","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of betalen","gloss":"land taxes"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betalen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"betalen","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of betalen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with was","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of poesaka","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"poesaka","lemma":"poesaka","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"inherited property","note":"Poesaka is an inherited family possession or heirloom property in the Dutch East Indies."},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geen ... had","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the purpose marker om ... te","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nieuwen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies buffel","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of koopen","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"part of the purpose marker om ... te","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival purpose complement of poesaka","gloss":"buy"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"since","note":"Daar is used here in the literary sense 'since' or 'because'."},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ouders","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ouders","lemma":"ouder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of woonden and hadden nagelaten","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies woonden","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"woonden","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of nagelaten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nagelaten","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of nagelaten","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of nagelaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"nagelaten","lemma":"nalaten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle coordinated with woonden","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h17-s57","source":"Ook de ouders van zyn vrouw woonden altyd in hetzelfde distrikt.","translation":"His wife's parents, too, had always lived in the same district.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the subject ouders","gloss":"Too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ouders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouders","lemma":"ouder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of woonden","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor zyn vrouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"woonden","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies woonden","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distrikt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hetzelfde","lemma":"hetzelfde","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distrikt","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"distrikt","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"district"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h17-s58","source":"Na 't verlies van den laatsten buffel hield hy zich nog eenige jaren staande door te werken met gehuurde ploegdieren. Maar dit is een zeer ondankbare arbeid, en bovenal verdrietig voor iemand die in 't bezit van eigen buffels geweest is.","translation":"After the loss of the last buffalo he kept himself going for a few more years by working with hired draught animals. But this is very thankless labour, and above all distressing for someone who has been in possession of buffaloes of his own.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hield hy zich nog eenige jaren staande door te werken","title":"Reflexive zich staande houden + door te","body":"zich staande houden ('to keep oneself going, stay afloat') is a reflexive idiom; door te werken ('by working') is a means clause with door + te-infinitive. Fronted Na 't verlies triggers inversion (hield hy)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor iemand die in 't bezit ... geweest is","title":"Relative die + perfect of zijn","body":"die relativizes iemand ('someone who has been...'); geweest is is the perfect of zijn, verb-final. in het bezit zyn van means 'to be in possession of.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verlies","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verlies","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verlies","lemma":"verlies","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Na","gloss":"loss"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buffel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic inflected","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies buffel","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of hield","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenige jaren","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of jaren","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"duration adjunct of hield","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"staande","lemma":"staan","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"predicative complement of hield","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means clause te werken","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive werken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of door","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ploegdieren","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gehuurde","lemma":"huren","morphology":"adjective, past participial, inflected","role":"modifies ploegdieren","gloss":"hired"},{"surface":"ploegdieren","lemma":"ploegdier","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"draught animals"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the second sentence with the first","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to arbeid and verdrietig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ondankbare","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ondankbare","lemma":"ondankbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies arbeid","gloss":"thankless"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links arbeid and verdrietig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bovenal","lemma":"bovenal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verdrietig","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"verdrietig","lemma":"verdrietig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is, coordinated with arbeid","gloss":"distressing"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is geweest","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bezit","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"possession"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buffels","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies buffels","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h17-s59","source":"Saïdjah's moeder stierf van verdriet, en toen maakte zyn vader in een moedeloos oogenblik zich weg uit Lebak en uit Bantam, om werk te zoeken in 't Buitenzorgsche.","translation":"Saïdjah's mother died of grief, and then, in a moment of despair, his father took himself away from Lebak and from Bantam to look for work in the Buitenzorg district.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stierf van verdriet, en toen maakte zyn vader ... zich weg","title":"Strong past stierf + reflexive zich wegmaken","body":"stierf is the strong past of sterven ('to die'). zich wegmaken ('to take oneself off') is reflexive and separable (weg to the end). Fronted toen inverts the second clause (maakte zyn vader)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om werk te zoeken in 't Buitenzorgsche","title":"Purpose om ... te","body":"om ... te zoeken is a purpose clause ('to look for work'), closing with the te-infinitive. 't Buitenzorgsche is an adjectival place-name, 'the Buitenzorg district.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"Saïdjah's"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stierf","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"stierf","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdriet","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verdriet","lemma":"verdriet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of stierf","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses of stierf and maakte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakte","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"moedeloos","lemma":"moedeloos","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies oogenblik","gloss":"despairing"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of maakte","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of maakte ... weg","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of maakte ... weg","gloss":"went away"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of uit","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the phrases uit Lebak and uit Bantam","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of uit","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause te zoeken","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zoeken","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause dependent on maakte ... weg","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Buitenzorgsche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized Buitenzorgsche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Buitenzorgsche","lemma":"Buitenzorgs","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, neuter singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"Buitenzorg district","note":"Substantivized adjective referring to the Buitenzorg district."}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h17-s60","source":"Hy werd met rottingslagen gestraft omdat hy Lebak verlaten had zonder pas, en door de policie teruggebracht naar Badoer.","translation":"He was punished with strokes of the rattan because he had left Lebak without a pass, and was brought back by the police to Badoer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy werd met rottingslagen gestraft ... en ... teruggebracht","title":"worden-passive with coordinated participles","body":"werd ... gestraft ... en teruggebracht is a past process passive with worden, two participles sharing one auxiliary ('was punished... and brought back'). The means is marked by met, the agent of teruggebracht by door."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat hy Lebak verlaten had zonder pas","title":"omdat + pluperfect","body":"omdat ('because') sends the verb cluster verlaten had to the end. zonder pas ('without a pass') captures the colonial pass-laws restricting native movement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive gestraft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gestraft","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rottingslagen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rottingslagen","lemma":"rottingslag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"rattan strokes"},{"surface":"gestraft","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the first passive clause","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verlaten","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verlaten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the causal clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pas","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zonder","gloss":"a pass"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links passive participles gestraft and teruggebracht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking policie","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of policie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"policie","lemma":"politie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent complement of door","gloss":"police"},{"surface":"teruggebracht","lemma":"terugbrengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the second passive clause, coordinated with gestraft","gloss":"brought back"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of naar","gloss":"Badoer"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h17-s61","source":"Hier werd hy in de gevangenis geworpen omdat men hem voor krankzinnig hield, wat zoo onverklaarbaar niet zou geweest zyn, en omdat men vreesde dat hy in een oogenblik van matah-glap, misschien amokh maken of andere verkeerdheden begaan zou.","translation":"Here he was thrown into prison because he was thought to be insane — which would not have been so inexplicable — and because it was feared that in a moment of matah-glap he might run amok or commit some other wrongdoing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"werd hy in de gevangenis geworpen omdat men hem voor krankzinnig hield","title":"worden-passive + omdat-clause","body":"werd ... geworpen is the past process passive ('was thrown'); fronted Hier triggers inversion (werd hy). The omdat-clause sends hield to the end. iemand voor X houden means 'to take someone for X.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat zoo onverklaarbaar niet zou geweest zyn","title":"Sentential wat + conditional perfect","body":"wat refers back to the whole preceding clause ('which would not have been so inexplicable'); zou geweest zyn is a conditional perfect of zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geworpen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geworpen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive geworpen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevangenis","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevangenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevangenis","lemma":"gevangenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of geworpen","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"geworpen","lemma":"werpen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the passive clause","gloss":"thrown"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hield","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of hield ... voor","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"krankzinnig","lemma":"krankzinnig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of hield ... voor","gloss":"insane"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of geweest zijn","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onverklaarbaar","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"onverklaarbaar","lemma":"onverklaarbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of geweest zijn","gloss":"inexplicable"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates geweest zijn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geweest zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two causal clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vreesde","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vreesde","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"vreesde","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second causal clause","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause dependent on vreesde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maken and begaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking matah-glap","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"matah-glap","lemma":"matah-glap","morphology":"loan noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"blind rage","note":"Malay expression for a sudden fit of blind fury."},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"amokh","lemma":"amok","morphology":"noun","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"amok","note":"Historical spelling of amok in the expression amok maken, ‘run amok’."},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links maken and begaan","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies verkeerdheden","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"verkeerdheden","lemma":"verkeerdheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of begaan","gloss":"wrongdoings"},{"surface":"begaan","lemma":"begaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou, coordinated with maken","gloss":"commit"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of maken and begaan","gloss":"might"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h17-s62","source":"Maar hy was niet lang gevangen, wyl hy kort daarop stierf.","translation":"But he was not long imprisoned, for he died shortly afterward.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wyl hy kort daarop stierf","title":"Archaic causal wyl","body":"wyl (modern wijl) is an archaic causal/temporal conjunction, 'because/while,' sending stierf to the end. It belongs to the elevated literary register of 1860."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to gevangen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevangen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevangen","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"gevangen","lemma":"vangen","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"imprisoned"},{"surface":"wyl","lemma":"wijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of stierf","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stierf","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies daarop","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stierf","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"stierf","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"died"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h17-s63","source":"Wat er geworden is van de broertjes en zusjes van Saïdjah, weet ik niet.","translation":"What became of Saïdjah's little brothers and sisters, I do not know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat er geworden is van de broertjes ..., weet ik niet","title":"Fronted wat-clause + inversion","body":"The embedded question Wat er geworden is van... ('what became of...') is fronted as object, so the main clause inverts to weet ik. er ... van is the split pronominal; worden van means 'to become of.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of geworden","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in wat er geworden is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of embedded question","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking broertjes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of broertjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"broertjes","lemma":"broertje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"little brothers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zusjes","lemma":"zusje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive plural","role":"coordinated with broertjes","gloss":"little sisters"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Saïdjah","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"possessor of broertjes and zusjes","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb; embedded question is its object","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h17-s64","source":"Het huisje dat zy bewoonden te Badoer, stond eenigen tyd ledig, en spoedig viel het in, daar 't slechts van bamboe gebouwd was, en gedekt met atap.","translation":"The little house they had lived in at Badoer stood empty for a while, and soon collapsed, since it was built only of bamboo and roofed with atap.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het huisje dat zy bewoonden ... stond eenigen tyd ledig","title":"Diminutive huisje + relative dat","body":"huisje is the diminutive of huis (neuter), so its relative pronoun is dat ('the little house that they lived in'). The contact relative is verb-final with bewoonden."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar 't slechts van bamboe gebouwd was","title":"Causal daar + zijn-passive","body":"daar ('since') is the archaic causal conjunction; gebouwd was is the zijn-passive of state ('was built'), verb-final. The construction explains why the house collapsed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huisje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huisje","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"little house"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of bewoonden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bewoonden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"bewoonden","lemma":"bewonen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying huisje","gloss":"inhabited"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"duration adjunct of stond","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ledig","lemma":"ledig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of stond","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses of stond and viel ... in","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"separable particle","role":"separable particle of viel ... in","gloss":"collapsed"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gebouwd","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gebouwd was and gedekt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the phrase van bamboe","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bamboe","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bamboe","lemma":"bamboe","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"bamboo"},{"surface":"gebouwd","lemma":"bouwen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of causal passive clause","gloss":"built"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gebouwd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links passive participles gebouwd and gedekt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gedekt","lemma":"dekken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with gebouwd; shares auxiliary was","gloss":"roofed"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking atap","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"atap","lemma":"atap","morphology":"loan noun, mass","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"atap","note":"Atap is palm-leaf thatch used for roofing."}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h17-s65","source":"Een weinig stof en vuil dekte de plek waar veel geleden werd.","translation":"A little dust and dirt covered the spot where much had been suffered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de plek waar veel geleden werd","title":"Impersonal passive werd geleden","body":"geleden werd ('was suffered') is a subjectless process passive — there is no grammatical subject, only the action. The relative waar ('where') links it to plek. This impersonal passive lets the suffering stand alone, agentless."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"part of quantifier een weinig","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifier","role":"quantifies stof and vuil","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"stof","lemma":"stof","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of dekte","gloss":"dust"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated subjects stof and vuil","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vuil","lemma":"vuil","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass","role":"subject of dekte, coordinated with stof","gloss":"dirt"},{"surface":"dekte","lemma":"dekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plek","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of dekte","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement in relative clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive relative clause","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geleden","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h17-s66","source":"Er zyn veel zulke plekken in Lebak.","translation":"There are many such spots in Lebak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er zyn veel zulke plekken in Lebak","title":"Existential er zyn","body":"Er zyn ('there are') is the existential construction asserting the existence of many such spots. zulke ('such') is a determiner taking -e before the plural. The bare, flat statement lands the chapter's accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"quantifies plekken","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plekken","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"plekken","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"spots"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h17-s67","source":"Saïdjah was reeds vyftien jaar, toen zyn vader naar Buitenzorg vertrok. Hy had dezen niet daarheen vergezeld omdat hy grooter plannen in zyn gemoed omdroeg.","translation":"Saïdjah was already fifteen when his father set off for Buitenzorg. He had not gone there with him, because he carried greater plans in his heart.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Saïdjah was reeds vyftien jaar, toen zyn vader ... vertrok","title":"Strong past vertrok + toen-clause","body":"vertrok is the strong simple past of vertrekken ('to depart'); the toen-clause is verb-final. reeds ('already') is a literary equivalent of al."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had dezen niet daarheen vergezeld","title":"Demonstrative dezen (accusative)","body":"dezen is the old masculine accusative of deze ('this one, him'), object of vergezeld ('accompanied'). had ... vergezeld is a pluperfect, negated by niet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Saïdjah to jaar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vyftien jaar","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"vyftien","lemma":"vijftien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vertrok","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of vertrok","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks destination Buitenzorg","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Buitenzorg","lemma":"Buitenzorg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"prepositional complement of vertrok","gloss":"Buitenzorg"},{"surface":"vertrok","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of vergezeld","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vergezeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, accusative, masculine singular","role":"direct object of vergezeld; refers to vader","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates vergezeld","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"daarheen","lemma":"daarheen","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of vergezeld","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vergezeld","lemma":"vergezellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with had","gloss":"accompanied"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of omdroeg","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of omdroeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies plannen","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"plannen","lemma":"plan","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of omdroeg","gloss":"plans"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks location gemoed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gemoed","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional complement of omdroeg","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"omdroeg","lemma":"omdragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"carried"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h17-s68","source":"Men had hem gezegd dat er te Batavia zooveel heeren waren die in bendies reden, en dat er dus misschien voor hem een dienst zou te vinden zyn als bendie-jongen, waartoe men gewoonlyk iemand kiest, die nog jong is en onvolwassen, om niet door te veel zwaarte achter op het tweewielig rytuig, 't evenwicht te breken.","translation":"He had been told that at Batavia there were so many gentlemen who rode about in bendies, and that there might therefore be a place to be found for him as a bendie-boy — a post for which one usually chooses someone still young and not yet grown, so as not to upset the balance of the two-wheeled carriage by too much weight behind.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er ... voor hem een dienst zou te vinden zyn","title":"Existential er + zou te vinden zyn","body":"er ... zou te vinden zyn is an impersonal conditional ('there might be a place to be found'), combining existential er, conditional zou, and a passive te-infinitive (te vinden zyn). The verb cluster stands at the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om niet door te veel zwaarte ... 't evenwicht te breken","title":"Negated purpose om ... te","body":"om niet ... te breken is a purpose clause negated by niet ('so as not to upset the balance'). Note the long middle field between om and the closing te breken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with had","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive of waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks location Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"prepositional complement of waren","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite numeral","role":"quantifies heeren","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"heeren","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of reported content clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of reden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks vehicle bendies","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"bendies","lemma":"bendi","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"prepositional complement of reden","gloss":"bendies"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"rijden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying heeren","gloss":"rode about"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links two dat clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zou","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in passive construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou vinden zijn","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou vinden zijn","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks beneficiary hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third-person singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of dienst","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of zou te vinden zijn","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of te vinden zijn","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vinden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zijn","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of passive te vinden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks capacity bendie-jongen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"bendie-jongen","lemma":"bendi-jongen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of dienst","gloss":"bendie-boy"},{"surface":"waartoe","lemma":"waartoe","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"for which; modifies kiest","gloss":"for which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kiest","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kiest","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of kiest","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"kiest","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause introduced by waartoe","gloss":"chooses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jong","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking die to jong and onvolwassen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links jong and onvolwassen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onvolwassen","lemma":"onvolwassen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"not yet grown"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause of breken","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates breken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks cause zwaarte","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite numeral","role":"quantifies zwaarte","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"zwaarte","lemma":"zwaarte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies op het rytuig","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks location rytuig","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of rytuig","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tweewielig","lemma":"tweewielig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies rytuig","gloss":"two-wheeled"},{"surface":"rytuig","lemma":"rijtuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of evenwicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"evenwicht","lemma":"evenwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of breken","gloss":"balance"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive breken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"breken","lemma":"breken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"upset"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h17-s69","source":"Er was, had men hem verzekerd, by goed gedrag veel te winnen in zoodanige bediening. Misschien zelfs zou hy op deze wyze binnen drie jaren geld kunnen oversparen, genoeg om twee buffels te koopen.","translation":"There was, he had been assured, much to be gained by good conduct in such employment. Perhaps he might even, in this way, save up enough money within three years to buy two buffaloes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er was, had men hem verzekerd, ... veel te winnen","title":"Existential er + te-infinitive of possibility","body":"Er was ... veel te winnen ('there was much to be gained') combines existential er with a te-infinitive of possibility. The interpolated had men hem verzekerd ('he had been assured') is a parenthetical clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Misschien zelfs zou hy ... geld kunnen oversparen","title":"Conditional zou + modal kunnen","body":"zou ... kunnen oversparen stacks conditional zou with the modal kunnen and the separable infinitive oversparen ('to save up') — 'might be able to save up.' Fronted Misschien zelfs triggers inversion (zou hy)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive of was","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verzekerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzekerd","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third-person singular","role":"direct object of verzekerd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"verzekerd","lemma":"verzekeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of parenthetical clause with had","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks circumstance goed gedrag","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies gedrag","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"gedrag","lemma":"gedrag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of was te winnen","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive winnen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"winnen","lemma":"winnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of was","gloss":"be gained"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks sphere bediening","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"demonstrative adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bediening","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"bediening","lemma":"bediening","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"employment"},{"surface":"Misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou kunnen oversparen","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou kunnen oversparen","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of kunnen oversparen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of oversparen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks manner wyze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks time span jaren","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of binnen","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of oversparen","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou and auxiliary of oversparen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"oversparen","lemma":"oversparen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with zou kunnen","gloss":"save up"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"postpositive modifier of geld; licenses om-clause","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive complement of genoeg","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies buffels","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of koopen","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive koopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of infinitive complement licensed by genoeg","gloss":"buy"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h17-s70","source":"Dit vooruitzicht lachte hem toe.","translation":"This prospect smiled upon him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit vooruitzicht lachte hem toe","title":"Separable toelachen","body":"toelachen ('to smile upon, to appeal to') splits, with toe at the end — 'this prospect smiled upon him.' lachte is a weak simple past. The dative hem marks the one to whom it appeals."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of vooruitzicht","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"vooruitzicht","lemma":"vooruitzicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of lachte","gloss":"prospect"},{"surface":"lachte","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable toelachen","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third-person singular","role":"direct object of lachte toe","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of lachte toe","gloss":"smiled upon"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h17-s71","source":"Met fieren tred, zooals iemand gaat die groote zaken in den zin heeft, trad hy na 't vertrek zyns vaders by Adinda binnen, en deelde haar zyn plan mede.","translation":"With a proud step, like a man who has great matters in mind, he came in to Adinda after his father's departure, and told her his plan.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"na 't vertrek zyns vaders","title":"Genitive zyns vaders","body":"zyns vaders is a fully inflected old genitive ('of his father'), with both the possessive and the noun marked -s. Modern Dutch would say na het vertrek van zijn vader."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"trad hy ... by Adinda binnen, en deelde haar zyn plan mede","title":"Two separable verbs: binnentreden, mededelen","body":"binnentreden ('to enter') and mededelen ('to tell, communicate') both split, sending binnen and mede to their clause ends. trad is the strong past of treden. Fronted Met fieren tred triggers inversion (trad hy)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks manner fieren tred","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"fieren","lemma":"fier","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tred","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"tred","lemma":"tred","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Met","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause of gaat","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of comparative clause","gloss":"walks"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in den zin hebben","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of zin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zin","lemma":"zin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of in in idiom with heeft","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying iemand","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"trad","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of trad binnen","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of trad and deelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks time vertrek","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of vertrek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vertrek","lemma":"vertrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"zyns","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive, masculine singular","role":"possessor of vaders","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vaders","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"genitive dependent of vertrek","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks destination Adinda","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of by","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of trad binnen","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links trad and deelde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deelde","lemma":"delen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of deelde mede","gloss":"shared"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of deelde mede","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of plan","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plan","lemma":"plan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of deelde mede","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"mede","lemma":"mede","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of deelde mede","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h17-s72","source":"--Denk eens, zeide hy, als ik wederkom zullen wy oud genoeg zyn om te trouwen, en we zullen twee buffels hebben!","translation":"\"Only think,\" he said, \"when I come back we shall be old enough to marry, and we shall have two buffaloes!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Denk eens","title":"Imperative denk + softener eens","body":"Denk is the imperative of denken ('think!'); eens softens it to a gentle 'just think, only think.' The particle eens is a common imperative softener."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik wederkom zullen wy oud genoeg zyn om te trouwen","title":"Fronted als-clause + future zullen + om te","body":"The als-clause (verb wederkom, archaic for terugkom, at the end) is fronted, so the main clause inverts: zullen wy. zullen ... zyn is the future, and om te trouwen a purpose clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Denk","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of quoted imperative","gloss":"Think"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens imperative Denk","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular, archaic form","role":"verb of reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of wederkom","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of wederkom","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wederkom","lemma":"wederkomen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"come back"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of oud","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with zullen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of trouwen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive trouwen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"trouwen","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of oud genoeg","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links clauses of zyn and hebben","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies buffels","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with zullen","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h17-s73","source":"--Heel goed, Saïdjah! Ik wil gaarne met je trouwen als je terugkomt.","translation":"\"Very well, Saïdjah! I will gladly marry you when you come back.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wil gaarne met je trouwen als je terugkomt","title":"Modal wil + je / fronted als-clause","body":"wil (from willen) sends trouwen to the end as a bare infinitive. je is the informal 'you,' which Adinda uses with Saïdjah. gaarne is the literary 'gladly' (modern graag). The als-clause is verb-final (terugkomt)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"Very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"head of elliptical exclamation","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of trouwen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trouwen","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks partner je","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, second-person singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"trouwen","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of terugkomt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of terugkomt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"terugkomt","lemma":"terugkomen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"come back"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h17-s74","source":"Ik zal spinnen, en sarongs en slendangs weven, en batikken, en heel vlytig zyn al dien tyd.","translation":"I will spin, and weave sarongs and slendangs, and batik, and be very diligent all that time.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal spinnen, en ... weven, en batikken, en heel vlytig zyn","title":"Future zullen over a chain of infinitives","body":"A single zal ('I shall') governs four coordinated infinitives at the end (spinnen, weven, batikken, zyn). al dien tyd ('all that time') keeps the old accusative -en on the demonstrative and noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of coordinated infinitives","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of spinnen, weven, batikken, and zyn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"spinnen","lemma":"spinnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first main infinitive with zal","gloss":"spin"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links spinnen and weven","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sarongs","lemma":"sarong","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of weven","gloss":"sarongs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links sarongs and slendangs","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"slendangs","lemma":"slendang","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of weven","gloss":"slendangs"},{"surface":"weven","lemma":"weven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with spinnen","gloss":"weave"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links weven and batikken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"batikken","lemma":"batikken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with spinnen","gloss":"batik"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links batikken and zyn","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies vlytig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"vlytig","lemma":"vlijtig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"diligent"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with spinnen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"modifies dien tyd","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h17-s75","source":"--O, ik geloof je, Adinda! Maar ... als ik je getrouwd vind?","translation":"\"Oh, I believe you, Adinda! But ... what if I find you married?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik je getrouwd vind?","title":"Resultative participle getrouwd","body":"vind ... getrouwd uses the participle getrouwd as a resultative complement — 'find you married.' The als-clause has verb-final order in writing, though here it stands as an anxious half-question."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, second-person singular","role":"direct object of geloof","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting elliptical question","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hypothetical clause of vind","gloss":"what if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, second-person singular","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"getrouwd","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"object complement of je after vind","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of hypothetical question","gloss":"find"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h17-s76","source":"--Saïdjah, je weet immers wel dat ik met niemand trouwen zal. Myn vader heeft me toegezegd aan uw vader.","translation":"\"Saïdjah, you know perfectly well that I will marry no one. My father has promised me to your father.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je weet immers wel dat ik met niemand trouwen zal","title":"Negation niemand + future zal","body":"niemand ('no one') is the single negative; trouwen zal ('will marry') is the future, verb-final in the dat-clause. The particle immers ('after all, surely') appeals to shared knowledge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Myn vader heeft me toegezegd aan uw vader","title":"Perfect of separable toezeggen + pronoun uw","body":"heeft ... toegezegd is the perfect of separable toezeggen ('to promise'). uw is the polite/formal possessive 'your,' which the lovers use toward each other's elders. me is the dative 'me.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Saïdjah","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of trouwen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trouwen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking niemand","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of trouwen","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"trouwen","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of trouwen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of toegezegd","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of toegezegd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of toegezegd","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"toegezegd","lemma":"toezeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vader","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of toegezegd","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h17-s77","source":"--En jyzelf?","translation":"\"And you yourself?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En jyzelf?","title":"Emphatic pronoun jyzelf","body":"jyzelf is the emphatic 'you yourself' (jy = period spelling of jij, + zelf). The informal jy contrasts with the formal uw the lovers use of each other's parents."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"jyzelf","lemma":"jijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, emphatic","role":"subject of the implied predicate","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h17-s78","source":"--Ik zal trouwen met u, wees daar zeker van!","translation":"\"I will marry you — be sure of that!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal trouwen met u, wees daar zeker van!","title":"Future zal + imperative wees","body":"zal trouwen is the future. wees is the irregular imperative of zijn ('be!'); daar ... van is the split pronominal adverb 'of that.' Note Adinda switches to formal u here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trouwen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of trouwen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"trouwen","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of trouwen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wees","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of van in daar ... van","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wees","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of daar ... van, complement of zeker","gloss":"of"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h17-s79","source":"--Als ik terugkom, zal ik roepen in de verte ...","translation":"\"When I come back, I will call out from afar ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als ik terugkom, zal ik roepen in de verte","title":"Fronted als-clause + future inversion","body":"The als-clause (terugkom at the end) is fronted, so the main clause inverts to zal ik. zal ... roepen is the future of roepen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terugkom","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of terugkom","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"terugkom","lemma":"terugkomen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"come back"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of roepen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of roepen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call out"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verte","lemma":"verte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"distance"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h17-s80","source":"--Wie zal dat hooren, als we ryst stampen in 't dorp?","translation":"\"Who will hear that, when we are pounding rice in the village?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie zal dat hooren, als we ryst stampen in 't dorp?","title":"Interrogative wie + future + als-clause","body":"wie ('who') is the question word; zal ... hooren is the future. The als-clause sends stampen to the end. ryst stampen ('to pound rice') is the noisy daily work that would drown out his call."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hooren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stampen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stampen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of stampen","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"stampen","lemma":"stampen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"pound"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dorp","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"village"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h17-s81","source":"--Dat is waar. Maar Adinda ... o ja, dit is beter: wacht me by het djati-bosch, onder den ketapan waar je my de melatti hebt gegeven.","translation":"\"That is true. But Adinda ... oh yes, this is better: wait for me by the djati forest, under the ketapan where you gave me the melatti.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wacht me by het djati-bosch, onder den ketapan","title":"Imperative wacht","body":"wacht is the imperative of wachten ('wait!'); me is the object 'for me.' den ketapan keeps the old accusative -en after onder."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar je my de melatti hebt gegeven","title":"Relative adverb waar + perfect","body":"waar ('where') relativizes the place; hebt gegeven is the perfect of geven, verb-final. my is the dative 'to me.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the interrupted address","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Adinda","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the interjection o ja","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the interjection o ja","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to beter","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"wacht","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative","gloss":"wait for"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of wacht","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking djati-bos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of djati-bosch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"djati-bosch","lemma":"djatibos","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"djati forest"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ketapan","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"ketapan"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on ketapan","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gegeven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of melatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"melatti","lemma":"melatti","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"melatti"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"given"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h17-s82","source":"--Maar, Saïdjah, hoe kan ik weten wanneer ik moet heengaan om je te wachten by den ketapan?","translation":"\"But, Saïdjah, how can I know when I am to go out to wait for you by the ketapan?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe kan ik weten wanneer ik moet heengaan om je te wachten","title":"Modals kan / moet + om te","body":"kan sends weten to the end; the embedded wanneer-clause then has moet heengaan ('must go') verb-final. om je te wachten is a purpose clause ('to wait for you'). heengaan is separable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Saïdjah","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question of heengaan","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heengaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of heengaan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"heengaan","lemma":"heengaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of weten","gloss":"go out"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of wachten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks the infinitive wachten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"wait for"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ketapan","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"ketapan"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h17-s83","source":"Saïdjah bedacht zich een oogenblik, en zeide:","translation":"Saïdjah thought for a moment, and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Saïdjah bedacht zich een oogenblik, en zeide","title":"Reflexive zich bedenken + weak past zeide","body":"zich bedenken ('to reflect, think it over') is reflexive. zeide is the older literary form of the irregular weak past of zeggen ('said'), beside the more colloquial zei (zeggen is irregular weak: past zei/zeide, participle gezegd)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bedacht","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"bedacht","lemma":"bedenken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of bedacht","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial duration modifying bedacht","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with bedacht","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h17-s84","source":"--Tel de manen. Ik zal uitblyven driemaal twaalf manen ... deze maan rekent niet mee.","translation":"\"Count the moons. I shall be away three times twelve moons ... this moon does not count.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tel de manen","title":"Imperative tel","body":"Tel is the imperative of tellen ('count!'). manen is the plural of maan, here in the sense 'moons' = lunar months — the way Saïdjah measures the years of his absence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal uitblyven driemaal twaalf manen","title":"Future + separable uitblijven","body":"zal uitblyven ('shall stay away') is the future of separable uitblijven; here the prefix stays attached to the infinitive at the end. driemaal twaalf ('three times twelve') counts the thirty-six months."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tel","lemma":"tellen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of manen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manen","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of Tel","gloss":"moons"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitblyven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitblyven","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"uitblyven","lemma":"uitblijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"be away"},{"surface":"driemaal","lemma":"driemaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"multiplies the numeral twaalf","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"twaalf","lemma":"twaalf","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies manen","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"manen","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"adverbial duration modifying uitblijven","gloss":"moons"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maan","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"maan","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rekent","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"rekent","lemma":"rekenen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counts"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rekent","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of rekent ... mee","gloss":"toward the total"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h17-s85","source":"Zie, Adinda, kerf een streep in je rystblok by elke nieuwe maan.","translation":"See, Adinda, carve a notch in your rice-block at each new moon.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kerf een streep in je rystblok by elke nieuwe maan","title":"Imperative kerf","body":"kerf is the imperative of kerven ('carve, notch'). The middle field orders the adverbials: place in je rystblok before the time phrase by elke nieuwe maan, a typical Dutch arrangement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"discourse-opening imperative","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Adinda","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"kerf","lemma":"kerven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative","gloss":"carve"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of streep","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"streep","lemma":"streep","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kerf","gloss":"notch"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rystblok","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of rystblok","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"rystblok","lemma":"rijstblok","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"rice-block"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maan","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies maan","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"maan","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"moon"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h17-s86","source":"Als je driemaal twaalf strepen hebt ingesneden, zal ik den dag die dáárop volgt, aankomen onder den ketapan. Beloof je, dáár te zyn?","translation":"When you have cut three times twelve notches, I will arrive under the ketapan on the day that follows. Will you promise to be there?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als je driemaal twaalf strepen hebt ingesneden, zal ik ... aankomen","title":"Fronted als-clause + future inversion","body":"The als-clause (verb cluster hebt ingesneden, separable insnijden, at the end) is fronted, so the main clause inverts: zal ik. den dag die dáárop volgt is a relative clause, 'the day that follows it.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Beloof je, dáár te zyn?","title":"te-infinitive after beloven","body":"beloven ('to promise') governs a te-infinitive: dáár te zyn ('to be there'). The question inverts the verb beloof before the subject je."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ingesneden","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ingesneden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"driemaal","lemma":"driemaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"multiplies the numeral twaalf","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"twaalf","lemma":"twaalf","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies strepen","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"strepen","lemma":"streep","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of ingesneden","gloss":"notches"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of ingesneden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ingesneden","lemma":"insnijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of aankomen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aankomen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time modifying aankomen","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of volgt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dáárop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of volgt","gloss":"after that"},{"surface":"volgt","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"follows"},{"surface":"aankomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"arrive"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ketapan","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"ketapan"},{"surface":"Beloof","lemma":"beloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Beloof","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks the infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of Beloof","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h17-s87","source":"--Ja, Saïdjah! Ik zal onder den ketapan by het djatibosch wezen als je terugkomt.","translation":"\"Yes, Saïdjah! I will be under the ketapan by the djati forest when you come back.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal onder den ketapan ... wezen als je terugkomt","title":"Future + infinitive wezen","body":"zal ... wezen is the future, with wezen an older variant of the infinitive zijn. The als-clause is verb-final (terugkomt). den ketapan again keeps the accusative -en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Saïdjah","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"oblique complement of wezen","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"ketapan"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking djatibos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of djatibos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"djatibosch","lemma":"djatibos","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"djati forest"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terugkomt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of terugkomt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"terugkomt","lemma":"terugkomen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"come back"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h17-s88","source":"Nu scheurde Saïdjah een strook van zyn blauwen hoofddoek, die zeer versleten was, en hy gaf dat stukje lynwaad aan Adinda, dat ze 't bewaren zou als een pand. En toen verliet hy haar en Badoer.","translation":"Now Saïdjah tore a strip from his blue headcloth, which was very worn, and he gave that little piece of linen to Adinda, that she should keep it as a pledge. And then he left her, and Badoer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn blauwen hoofddoek","title":"Frozen -n on the adjective","body":"The masculine accusative -en ending survives here: 'zyn blauwen hoofddoek' (his blue headcloth) keeps the old -n where modern Dutch writes 'zijn blauwe hoofddoek'. It is a fossil of the case system, automatic before masculine de-words in 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die zeer versleten was","title":"Relative clause sends the verb to the end","body":"'die zeer versleten was' (which was very worn) is a relative clause introduced by 'die' for the de-word hoofddoek; note how the finite verb 'was' drops to the very end. Choose 'die' for de-words and 'dat' for het-words."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ze 't bewaren zou","title":"Purpose clause with future-in-the-past","body":"'dat ze 't bewaren zou als een pand' uses 'zou' (the past of zullen) for a wish or intention seen from the past — 'so that she should keep it'. In this subordinate clause the verbs cluster at the end as 'bewaren zou'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pand","title":"pand — a pledge","body":"Here 'pand' means a love-token or pledge of fidelity, not the modern sense of 'building/premises'. The little strip of cloth is given as a keepsake guaranteeing his return."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheurde","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"scheurde","lemma":"scheuren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"tore"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of scheurde","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of strook","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"strook","lemma":"strook","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of scheurde","gloss":"strip"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofddoek","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hoofddoek","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"blauwen","lemma":"blauw","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hoofddoek","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"hoofddoek","lemma":"hoofddoek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"headcloth"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies versleten","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"versleten","lemma":"versleten","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"worn"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die to versleten","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with scheurde","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stukje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stukje","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"little piece"},{"surface":"lynwaad","lemma":"lijnwaad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"appositional modifier of stukje","gloss":"linen"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adinda","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gaf","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bewaren","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter singular","role":"direct object of bewaren","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"bewaren","lemma":"bewaren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bewaren","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the predicative complement pand","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pand","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pand","lemma":"pand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of bewaren","gloss":"pledge"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verliet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verliet","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"verliet","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verliet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verliet","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated direct object with haar","gloss":"Badoer"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h17-s89","source":"Hy liep vele dagen voort.","translation":"He walked on for many days.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy liep vele dagen voort","title":"Separable verb: voortlopen","body":"'voortlopen' (to walk onward) is separable: in this main clause the prefix 'voort' splits off and lands at the end — 'Hy liep ... voort'. The verb 'liep' is the strong past of lopen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy","title":"Period spelling: Hy for hij","body":"Throughout this 1860 text 'y' stands for modern 'ij': 'hy' = hij, 'myn' = mijn, 'zyn' = zijn. The pronunciation is unchanged; only the spelling is older."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"adverbial duration modifying liep","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of liep ... voort","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h17-s90","source":"Hy ging Rangkas-Betoeng voorby, dat nog niet de hoofdplaats was van Lebak, en Waroeng-Goenoeng waar toen de adsistent-resident woonde, en den volgenden dag zag hy Pandeglang dat daar ligt als in een tuin.","translation":"He passed by Rangkas-Betoeng, which was not yet the chief town of Lebak, and Waroeng-Goenoeng, where the assistant resident lived at that time, and the next day he saw Pandeglang, which lies there as though in a garden.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ging ... voorby","title":"Separable verb voorbijgaan","body":"'voorbygaan' (to pass by) is separable; in the main clause the prefix breaks off to the end: 'Hy ging Rangkas-Betoeng voorby'. Modern spelling joins it as voorbij."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den volgenden dag","title":"Accusative -n on a time phrase","body":"'den volgenden dag' (the next day) shows the masculine accusative den + adjective -en, a case form used for definite time expressions in older Dutch. Modern Dutch flattens this to 'de volgende dag'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat daar ligt als in een tuin","title":"Relative 'dat' for a het-word place","body":"Pandeglang takes the relative pronoun 'dat' (which/that) rather than 'die', and the verb 'ligt' falls to the end of the clause. 'dat daar ligt' = 'which lies there'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of voorbijgaan","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of ging voorby","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"voorby","lemma":"voorbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of ging","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was, referring to Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet was","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dat to hoofdplaats","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of hoofdplaats","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Waroeng-Goenoeng with Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Waroeng-Goenoeng","lemma":"Waroeng-Goenoeng","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of ging voorby, coordinated with Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"Waroeng-Goenoeng"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of woonde, referring to Waroeng-Goenoeng","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"time adverb modifying woonde","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of woonde","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"woonde","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying Waroeng-Goenoeng","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zag with ging","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial of time modifying zag","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with ging","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Pandeglang","lemma":"Pandeglang","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"Pandeglang"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ligt, referring to Pandeglang","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying ligt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying Pandeglang","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase in een tuin","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparative complement of ligt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of tuin","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"garden"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h17-s91","source":"Weder een dag later kwam hy te Serang, aan, en stond verbaasd over de pracht van zulke groote plaats met vele huizen, gebouwd van steen, en gedekt met roode pannen.","translation":"A day later again he came to Serang, and stood amazed at the splendour of so large a town with its many houses, built of stone and roofed with red tiles.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwam hy te Serang, aan","title":"Separable aankomen, split across the clause","body":"'aankomen' (to arrive) splits: 'kwam hy ... aan'. The finite past 'kwam' stands second after the fronted time phrase 'Weder een dag later', pushing the subject 'hy' to third position — verb-second order in action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gebouwd van steen, en gedekt met roode pannen","title":"Past participles as adjectives","body":"'gebouwd' (built) and 'gedekt' (roofed) are past participles used adjectivally to describe the houses. Both are weak participles formed with ge- and a -t/-d ending."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zulke groote plaats","title":"zulk — 'such (a)'","body":"'zulke groote plaats' = 'so large a town / such a great place'. 'zulk(e)' is a quantifier of degree common in literary register; here it lacks the article, an archaic flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying kwam","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"measure complement of later","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"time adverb modifying kwam","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of aankomen","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of kwam and stond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place complement Serang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of kwam","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates stond with kwam","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with kwam","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"verbaasd","lemma":"verbazen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of stond","gloss":"amazed"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of verbaasd","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of pracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pracht","lemma":"pracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"splendour"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of pracht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies plaats","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of plaats","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, inflected","role":"modifies huizen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"gebouwd","lemma":"bouwen","morphology":"past participle","role":"participial clause modifying huizen","gloss":"built"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces material complement of gebouwd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"steen","lemma":"steen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates gedekt with gebouwd","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gedekt","lemma":"dekken","morphology":"past participle","role":"participial clause modifying huizen, coordinated with gebouwd","gloss":"roofed"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of gedekt","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"roode","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies pannen","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"pannen","lemma":"pan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"tiles"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h17-s92","source":"Saïdjah had nooit zoo-iets gezien.","translation":"Saïdjah had never seen anything like it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had nooit zoo-iets gezien","title":"Pluperfect: had + participle","body":"'had ... gezien' (had seen) is the pluperfect — the imperfect of hebben plus the participle 'gezien', placed at the end. It marks an event prior to the past narrative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"nooit zoo-iets","title":"One negative: nooit","body":"'nooit' (never) alone carries the negation — 'had never seen anything like it'. Dutch allows only one negative word per clause, so no further 'niet' is needed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"anything like it"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h17-s93","source":"Hy bleef daar een dag omdat hy vermoeid was, maar 's nachts in de koelte ging hy verder, en kwam tot Tangerang den volgenden dag, voor nog de schaduw gedaald was tot zyn lippen, hoewel hy den grooten toedoeng, droeg, dien zyn vader hem had achtergelaten.","translation":"He stayed there a day because he was weary, but at night, in the cool, he went on, and reached Tangerang the next day, before the shadow had yet fallen as far as his lips, even though he wore the great toedoeng that his father had left him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat hy vermoeid was","title":"omdat sends the verb to the end","body":"'omdat hy vermoeid was' (because he was weary) is a subordinate clause: the conjunction 'omdat' forces the finite verb 'was' to the very end, after the predicate adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'s nachts","title":"Genitive remnant in 's nachts","body":"'s nachts' (at night) is a frozen genitive: the 's is a shrunken 'des', and 'nachts' carries the old genitive -s. The same fossil appears in 's morgens, 's avonds."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoewel hy den grooten toedoeng droeg","title":"Concessive hoewel + verb-final","body":"'hoewel hy ... droeg' (even though he wore) is a concessive subordinate clause; 'hoewel' drives the verb 'droeg' to the end. Note 'den grooten' — accusative case marking on article and adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of bleef","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying bleef","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"duration complement of bleef","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause vermoeid was","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vermoeid","lemma":"vermoeid","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"weary"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to vermoeid","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates ging with bleef","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"contracted archaic genitive article","role":"fixed part of adverbial phrase 's nachts","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"nachts","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic genitive","role":"fixed part of adverbial phrase 's nachts","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces adverbial phrase de koelte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of koelte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koelte","lemma":"koelte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"cool"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with bleef","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of ging and kwam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of ging","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kwam with ging","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with ging","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces endpoint Tangerang","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"Tangerang","lemma":"Tangerang","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Tangerang"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial of time modifying kwam","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause gedaald was","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaald was","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of schaduw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schaduw","lemma":"schaduw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gedaald was","gloss":"shadow"},{"surface":"gedaald","lemma":"dalen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaald","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces endpoint of gedaald","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of lippen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"lippen","lemma":"lip","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of tot","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"hoewel","lemma":"hoewel","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause droeg","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of droeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of toedoeng","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies toedoeng","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"toedoeng","lemma":"toedoeng","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of droeg","gloss":"toedoeng","note":"A toedoeng is a broad Javanese sun hat."},{"surface":"droeg","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of concessive clause","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular, archaic inflected form","role":"direct object of achtergelaten, referring to toedoeng","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of achtergelaten","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of achtergelaten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of achtergelaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"achtergelaten","lemma":"achterlaten","morphology":"past participle","role":"verb of relative clause modifying toedoeng","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h17-s94","source":"Te Tangerang baadde hy zich in de rivier naby de overvaart, en hy rustte uit in 't huis van een bekende zyns vaders, die hem wees hoe men stroohoeden vlecht, even als die van Manilla komen.","translation":"At Tangerang he bathed in the river near the crossing, and rested in the house of an acquaintance of his father's, who showed him how one plaits straw hats, just like those that come from Manila.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"baadde hy zich","title":"Reflexive zich","body":"'baadde hy zich' (he bathed himself) uses the third-person reflexive pronoun 'zich' as the object of the reflexive verb 'zich baden'. 'baadde' is the weak past with -de."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"rustte uit","title":"Separable uitrusten","body":"'uitrusten' (to rest up) splits in the main clause: 'hy rustte uit'. The prefix 'uit' detaches and follows the finite verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een bekende zyns vaders","title":"True genitive: zyns vaders","body":"'een bekende zyns vaders' (an acquaintance of his father's) is a genuine inflected genitive: 'zyns' is the genitive of zijn and 'vaders' carries genitive -s. Modern Dutch would say 'een bekende van zijn vader'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe men stroohoeden vlecht","title":"Generic 'men' + present tense","body":"'hoe men stroohoeden vlecht' (how one plaits straw hats) uses 'men', the impersonal 'one', with a third-person present 'vlecht'. In this indirect question the verb still moves to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place complement Tangerang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Tangerang","lemma":"Tangerang","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Tangerang"},{"surface":"baadde","lemma":"baden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bathed"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of baadde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"reflexive object of baadde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place complement rivier","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of rivier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rivier","lemma":"rivier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"naby","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place complement overvaart","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of overvaart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overvaart","lemma":"overvaart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naby","gloss":"crossing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates rustte with baadde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of rustte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"rustte","lemma":"rusten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of uitrusten","gloss":"rested"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of rustte, together meaning rested","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place complement huis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of huis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of bekende","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"bekende","lemma":"bekende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"zyns","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular, archaic genitive","role":"possessor of vaders","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vaders","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of bekende","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of wees, referring to bekende","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of wees","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"wees","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying bekende","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces embedded clause men stroohoeden vlecht","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of vlecht","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"stroohoeden","lemma":"strohoed","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of vlecht","gloss":"straw hats"},{"surface":"vlecht","lemma":"vlechten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of embedded clause","gloss":"plaits"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies als in comparative phrase","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause die van Manilla komen","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of komen, referring to hats","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source Manilla","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Manilla","lemma":"Manilla","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Manila"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of comparative clause","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h17-s95","source":"Hy bleef daar een dag om dit te leeren, omdat hy bedacht hiermee later iets te kunnen verdienen, in-geval hy niet slagen mocht te Batavia.","translation":"He stayed there a day to learn this, because he reckoned he might later earn something by it, in case he should not succeed at Batavia.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om dit te leeren","title":"Purpose: om ... te + infinitive","body":"'om dit te leeren' (in order to learn this) is a purpose clause framed by 'om' and closed by 'te leeren'. The object 'dit' sits between om and te."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hiermee ... iets te kunnen verdienen","title":"te + modal + main infinitive","body":"'hiermee later iets te kunnen verdienen' stacks 'te kunnen verdienen' (to be able to earn): the marker 'te' attaches to the modal 'kunnen', which itself governs the bare infinitive 'verdienen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hiermee","title":"Pronominal adverb hiermee","body":"'hiermee' (with this) fuses 'hier' + 'mee' (= met). Dutch replaces 'met dit/dat' for things with a pronominal adverb, giving hiermee, daarmee, waarmee."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in-geval hy niet slagen mocht","title":"Conditional 'mocht' for a remote case","body":"'in-geval hy niet slagen mocht' (in case he should not succeed) uses 'mocht', the past of mogen, in a hypothetical sense — 'should he happen not to succeed'. The modal sends 'slagen' to the end as a bare infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of bleef","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying bleef","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"duration complement of bleef","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive te leeren","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of leeren","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive leeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause modifying bleef","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause bedacht","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of bedacht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bedacht","lemma":"bedenken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"hiermee","lemma":"hiermee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"instrumental complement of verdienen","gloss":"by it"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"time adverb modifying verdienen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of verdienen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive kunnen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of verdienen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"verdienen","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of bedacht","gloss":"earn"},{"surface":"in-geval","lemma":"ingeval","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause hy niet slagen mocht","gloss":"in case"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of slagen mocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates slagen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"slagen","lemma":"slagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"succeed"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of slagen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place complement Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Batavia"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h17-s96","source":"Den volgenden dag tegen den avend toen 't koel werd, bedankte hy zyn gastheer zeer, en ging verder.","translation":"The next day, toward evening, when it grew cool, he thanked his host warmly and went on.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Den volgenden dag tegen den avend","title":"Accusative time phrases up front","body":"'Den volgenden dag' and 'tegen den avend' both carry the old masculine accusative -en on article and adjective. Fronting the time phrase triggers verb-second: 'bedankte hy'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen 't koel werd","title":"toen + verb-final past","body":"'toen 't koel werd' (when it grew cool) is a subordinate clause: 'toen' (for a single past event) pushes the verb 'werd' to the end. The dummy subject ''t' (het) is impersonal here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial of time modifying bedankte","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces approximate time den avend","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of avend","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause 't koel werd","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, contracted","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"koel","lemma":"koel","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of werd","gloss":"cool"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking 't to koel","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"bedankte","lemma":"bedanken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thanked"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of bedankte and ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of gastheer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gastheer","lemma":"gastheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bedankte","gloss":"host"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying bedankte","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates ging with bedankte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with bedankte","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of ging","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h17-s97","source":"Zoodra 't geheel donker was, opdat niemand het zien zou, haalde hy het blad tevoorschyn, waarin hy de melatti bewaarde, die Adinda hem gegeven had onder den ketapan-boom. Want hy was bedroefd geworden omdat hy haar niet zien zou in zóó langen tyd.","translation":"As soon as it was wholly dark, so that no one should see it, he drew out the leaf in which he kept the melatti that Adinda had given him under the ketapan tree. For he had grown sad because he would not see her for so long a time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoodra 't geheel donker was","title":"Zoodra opens a verb-final clause","body":"'Zoodra 't geheel donker was' (as soon as it was wholly dark) is a temporal subordinate clause; the conjunction 'zoodra' sends 'was' to the end. The fronted clause then forces verb-second in the main clause: 'haalde hy'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"opdat niemand het zien zou","title":"opdat — literary purpose clause","body":"'opdat niemand het zien zou' (so that no one should see it) is a formal purpose clause with 'opdat'; the verbs cluster at the end as 'zien zou'. 'niemand' supplies the single negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"haalde ... tevoorschyn","title":"Separable tevoorschijn halen","body":"'tevoorschyn halen' (to draw out / produce) splits in the main clause: 'haalde hy het blad tevoorschyn'. The fixed adverbial particle lands at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die Adinda hem gegeven had","title":"Relative clause with pluperfect at the end","body":"'die Adinda hem gegeven had' (that Adinda had given him) is a relative clause for the de-word melatti; the verb cluster 'gegeven had' (pluperfect) sits at the very end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want hy was bedroefd geworden","title":"want does NOT invert; perfect with worden","body":"'Want hy was bedroefd geworden' (for he had grown sad) opens with the coordinating 'want', which keeps normal subject-verb order. 'was ... geworden' is the perfect of the worden-passive/inchoative — 'had become sad'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of donker","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies donker","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"donker","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject to donker","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"opdat","lemma":"opdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zien","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zien","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of purpose clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"haalde","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of haalde tevoorschijn","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of haalde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of blad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blad","lemma":"blad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of haalde","gloss":"leaf"},{"surface":"tevoorschyn","lemma":"tevoorschijn","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable element of haalde tevoorschijn","gloss":"out","note":"Historical spelling of tevoorschijn; with halen it means “bring or draw out.”"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of bewaarde referring to blad","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bewaarde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of melatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"melatti","lemma":"melati","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewaarde","gloss":"jasmine flower"},{"surface":"bewaarde","lemma":"bewaren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying blad","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven; antecedent melatti","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gegeven","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying melatti","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"oblique complement of gegeven","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of ketapan-boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan-boom","lemma":"ketapanboom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"ketapan tree"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geworden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of geworden","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zien","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zien","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking duration","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies langen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"langen","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h17-s98","source":"Den eersten dag, en ook den tweeden, had hy minder sterk gevoeld hoe alléén hy was, omdat zyn ziel geheel was ingenomen door 't groote denkbeeld geld te verdienen tot het koopen van twee buffels, daar zyn vader zelf nooit meer bezeten had dan één, en zyn gedachten richtten zich te veel op 't weerzien van Adinda, om plaats te bieden aan veel droefheids over 't afscheid.","translation":"On the first day, and the second too, he had felt less keenly how alone he was, because his soul was wholly taken up with the great idea of earning money to buy two buffaloes — since his father himself had never owned more than one — and his thoughts were too fixed on seeing Adinda again to leave room for much sorrow over the parting.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had hy minder sterk gevoeld","title":"Pluperfect after a fronted time phrase","body":"'Den eersten dag ... had hy minder sterk gevoeld' fronts the accusative time phrase, triggering verb-second 'had', with the participle 'gevoeld' at the end — the pluperfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn ziel geheel was ingenomen door","title":"Passive with door (the agent)","body":"'was ingenomen door 't groote denkbeeld' (was taken up by the great idea) is a passive: the agent is marked with 'door'. The state/perfect passive uses a form of zijn plus the participle 'ingenomen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"geld te verdienen tot het koopen van twee buffels","title":"Nominalised infinitive after a preposition","body":"'tot het koopen van twee buffels' (toward the buying of two buffaloes) turns the infinitive 'koopen' into a neuter noun with the article 'het', then links its object with 'van'. This is how Dutch makes a verb the object of a preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar zyn vader zelf nooit meer bezeten had dan één","title":"Causal 'daar' = since/because","body":"'daar zyn vader zelf nooit meer bezeten had' uses 'daar' in its literary causal sense ('since'), opening a verb-final clause with the pluperfect 'bezeten had'. This 'daar' is archaic for modern 'aangezien/omdat'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"richtten zich","title":"Reflexive zich richten op","body":"'zyn gedachten richtten zich te veel op 't weerzien' (his thoughts were fixed too much on the reunion) uses the reflexive 'zich richten op' — literally 'directed themselves at'. 'richtten' is the weak past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eersten","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal numeral, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of gevoeld","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies den tweeden","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of omitted dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tweeden","lemma":"tweede","morphology":"ordinal numeral, inflected","role":"elliptical noun phrase parallel to den eersten dag","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevoeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevoeld","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"minder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterk","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevoeld","gloss":"keenly"},{"surface":"gevoeld","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces embedded exclamative clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"alléén","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to alléén","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ingenomen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ziel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive ingenomen","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ingenomen","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ingenomen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ingenomen","lemma":"innemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of causal passive clause","gloss":"taken up"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking denkbeeld","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies denkbeeld","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verdienen","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verdienen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verdienen","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement modifying denkbeeld","gloss":"earn"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose phrase","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner used before nominalized infinitive","role":"nominalizes koopen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"object of tot","gloss":"buying"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buffels","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies buffels","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"since","note":"Here daar is causal: “since/because,” not locative “there.”"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bezeten had","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"emphasizes vader","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezeten had","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of direct object phrase meer dan één","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"bezeten","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"owned"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bezeten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces complement of meer","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"complement of dan; omitted buffel understood","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gedachten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of richtten","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"richtten","lemma":"richten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of richtten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies veel in te veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies richtten","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by richtten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weerzien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weerzien","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"reunion"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adinda","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces consequence infinitive with te bieden","gloss":"to","note":"The construction te veel … om te means “too … to.”"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bieden","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks bieden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bieden","lemma":"bieden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"consequence infinitive governed by om","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recipient of bieden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"determiner of droefheids","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"droefheids","lemma":"droefheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular, partitive genitive","role":"object of aan","gloss":"sorrow","note":"Droefheids is an older partitive-genitive form after veel."},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afscheid","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afscheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afscheid","lemma":"afscheid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"parting"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h17-s99","source":"Hy had dat afscheid genomen in overspannen hoop, en in zyn gedachten het vastgeknoopt aan 't eindelyk terugzien onder den ketapan.","translation":"He had taken that parting in a fever of hope, and had fastened it in his thoughts to the eventual reunion under the ketapan.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had dat afscheid genomen","title":"Pluperfect of nemen","body":"'had ... genomen' (had taken) is the pluperfect; 'genomen' is the strong participle of nemen, placed at the end after the object 'dat afscheid'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het vastgeknoopt aan 't eindelyk terugzien","title":"Separable vastknopen + nominalised infinitive","body":"'(had) het vastgeknoopt aan 't ... terugzien' joins it (in thought) to the reunion; 'vastknopen' is separable, and 'terugzien' is again an infinitive used as a neuter noun with ''t' (het)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of genomen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of genomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afscheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"afscheid","lemma":"afscheid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of genomen","gloss":"parting"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb shared with coordinated vastgeknoopt","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoop","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"overspannen","lemma":"overspannen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hoop","gloss":"feverish"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hoop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of genomen","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gedachten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gedachten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of vastgeknoopt","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vastgeknoopt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"vastgeknoopt","lemma":"vastknopen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated participle sharing had","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by vastgeknoopt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of terugzien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugzien","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"terugzien","lemma":"terugzien","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"reunion"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking location of terugzien","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"ketapan tree"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h17-s100","source":"Want zóó groote rol speelde het uitzicht op dat weerzien in zyn hart, dat hy, by 't verlaten van Badoer dien boom voorbygaande, iets vroolyks voelde, als waren ze reeds voorby, de zes-en-dertig manen die hem scheidden van dat oogenblik.","translation":"For so great a part did the prospect of that reunion play in his heart that, on leaving Badoer and passing by that tree, he felt something joyful, as if they were already past — the thirty-six moons that parted him from that moment.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zóó groote rol speelde het uitzicht","title":"Fronted object forces verb-second","body":"By fronting 'zóó groote rol' (so great a part), the writer triggers inversion: the finite verb 'speelde' comes second and the subject 'het uitzicht' follows — the verb-second rule."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"by 't verlaten van Badoer dien boom voorbygaande","title":"Present participle as adverbial","body":"'voorbygaande' (passing by) is a present participle in -ende, here used adverbially: 'on leaving Badoer, passing that tree'. Note the archaic accusative 'dien boom'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als waren ze reeds voorby","title":"Subjunctive 'waren' in an as-if clause","body":"'als waren ze reeds voorby' (as if they were already past) inverts the verb 'waren' to the front, a literary 'als + subjunctive' construction equivalent to 'alsof ze ... waren'. The verb form is the past subjunctive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de zes-en-dertig manen die hem scheidden","title":"Relative die + verb-final","body":"'die hem scheidden van dat oogenblik' (that parted him from that moment) is a relative clause for the plural de-word 'manen'; the verb 'scheidden' drops to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of speelde","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rol","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"rol","lemma":"rol","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in inversion with speelde","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"speelde","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitzicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitzicht","lemma":"uitzicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of speelde","gloss":"prospect"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking object of uitzicht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weerzien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"weerzien","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"reunion"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hart","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hart","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause correlated with zóó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal adjunct","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner used before nominalized infinitive","role":"nominalizes verlaten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"object of by","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorbygaande","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"voorbygaande","lemma":"voorbijgaan","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial adjunct modifying hy","gloss":"passing by"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of voelde","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"vroolyks","lemma":"vrolijk","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"complement of iets","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces counterfactual comparative clause","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, plural","role":"copula linking ze to voorby","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of voorby","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorby","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"voorby","lemma":"voorbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of manen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zes-en-dertig","lemma":"zesendertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies manen","gloss":"thirty-six"},{"surface":"manen","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition identifying ze","gloss":"moons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of scheidden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of scheidden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"scheidden","lemma":"scheiden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on manen","gloss":"separated"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of scheidden","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h17-s101","source":"Het was hem voorgekomen dat hy slechts omtekeeren had alsof hy reeds terugkwam van de reis, om Adinda te zien, hem wachtende onder dien boom.","translation":"It had seemed to him that he had only to turn around, as though he were already coming back from the journey, to see Adinda waiting for him under that tree.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was hem voorgekomen dat","title":"Impersonal voorkomen: 'it seemed'","body":"'Het was hem voorgekomen dat ...' (it had seemed to him that) uses dummy 'het' as subject with the experiencer in the dative-like 'hem'. 'voorkomen' here means 'to seem/appear', not 'to occur/prevent'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy slechts omtekeeren had","title":"Archaic 'te + infinitive' joined: omtekeeren","body":"In 1860 spelling the te-infinitive of a separable verb is written as one word: 'omtekeeren' = om te keren (to turn around). 'had ... omtekeeren' carries an obligation: 'had only to turn'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hem wachtende onder dien boom","title":"Present participle in apposition","body":"'(Adinda) ... hem wachtende' (Adinda waiting for him) again uses the -ende participle as a reduced clause. The accusative 'dien boom' marks the masculine de-word in the prepositional phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with voorgekomen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorgekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of voorgekomen","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"voorgekomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb meaning appeared/seemed","gloss":"seemed","note":"Voorkomen with an indirect object means “seem/appear to someone.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omtekeeren","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"omtekeeren","lemma":"omkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of had","gloss":"to turn around","note":"Historical spelling writes the infinitive phrase om te keeren together."},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb in modal construction had … om te keeren","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terugkwam","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of terugkwam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugkwam","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"terugkwam","lemma":"terugkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of comparative clause","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reis","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reis","lemma":"reis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of terugkwam","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying omtekeeren","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of wachtende","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"wachtende","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial complement modifying Adinda","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking location of wachtende","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"tree"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h17-s102","source":"Maar hoe verder hy zich verwyderde van Badoer, en hoe meer hy lette op den vreeselyken duur van één dag, hoe meer hy de zes-en-dertig manen die voor hem lagen, begon lang te vinden.","translation":"But the further he drew away from Badoer, and the more he marked the dreadful length of a single day, the longer he began to find the thirty-six moons that lay before him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe verder hy zich verwyderde ... hoe meer hy ... begon","title":"Correlative hoe ... hoe (the more ... the more)","body":"'hoe verder ... hoe meer ... hoe meer' is the correlative comparison 'the further ... the more ...'. Each 'hoe'-clause is subordinate, so its verb goes to the end ('verwyderde', 'lette', 'begon')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy zich verwyderde van Badoer","title":"Reflexive zich verwijderen","body":"'zich verwyderen van' (to draw away from) is reflexive; the 'zich' is required. 'verwyderde' is the weak past in -de."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den vreeselyken duur van één dag","title":"Accusative on object of 'op letten'","body":"'lette op den vreeselyken duur' shows the old accusative 'den ...-en' after the preposition op. Modern Dutch drops the case ending: 'op de vreselijke duur'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the correlative comparison","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparative phrase verder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies verwyderde","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of verwyderde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, third-person singular","role":"reflexive object of verwyderde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"verwyderde","lemma":"verwijderen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the first comparative clause","gloss":"drew away"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement Badoer","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the first two comparative clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparative phrase meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies lette","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of lette","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"lette","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the second comparative clause","gloss":"paid attention"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes the phrase letten op","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of duur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vreeselyken","lemma":"vreselijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies duur","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"duur","lemma":"duur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"length"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces dag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies dag","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result comparative phrase meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of manen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zes-en-dertig","lemma":"zesendertig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies manen","gloss":"thirty-six"},{"surface":"manen","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"moons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of lagen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hem","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object, third-person singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"lagen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on manen","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of manen with vinden","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive vinden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of begon","gloss":"find"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h17-s103","source":"Er was iets in zyn ziel, dat hem minder snel deed voortstappen. Hy voelde droefheid in zyn knieën, en al was 't geen moedeloosheid die hem overviel, het was toch weemoed die niet ver is van moedeloosheid.","translation":"There was something in his soul that made him step less briskly. He felt sorrow in his knees, and though it was not despair that came over him, it was nevertheless a melancholy not far from despair.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er was iets in zyn ziel","title":"Existential er","body":"'Er was iets in zyn ziel' (there was something in his soul) opens with existential 'er' plus a form of zijn — the standard Dutch way of asserting that something exists, like English 'there was'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hem minder snel deed voortstappen","title":"Causative doen + bare infinitive","body":"'dat hem minder snel deed voortstappen' (that made him step less quickly) uses 'doen' as a causative auxiliary taking a bare infinitive 'voortstappen' — 'made him step'. Like laten, doen needs no 'te'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al was 't geen moedeloosheid","title":"Concessive al + inversion","body":"'al was 't geen moedeloosheid' (though it was no despair) is a concessive with 'al' and front-placed verb 'was'. 'geen' negates the indefinite noun moedeloosheid — geen, not niet, because it negates a noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb, existential","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces ziel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object, third-person singular","role":"object of deed voortstappen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies snel","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"snel","lemma":"snel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voortstappen","gloss":"briskly"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on iets","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"voortstappen","lemma":"voortstappen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of deed","gloss":"step onward"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"droefheid","lemma":"droefheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of voelde","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces knieën","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of knieën","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"knieën","lemma":"knie","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula of the concessive clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner, negative","role":"determiner of moedeloosheid","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"moedeloosheid","lemma":"moedeloosheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, feminine singular","role":"subject of overviel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object, third-person singular","role":"direct object of overviel","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"overviel","lemma":"overvallen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on moedeloosheid","gloss":"came over"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking het and weemoed","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"weemoed","lemma":"weemoed","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates is ver","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on weemoed","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces moedeloosheid","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"moedeloosheid","lemma":"moedeloosheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h17-s104","source":"Hy dacht er aan, terugtekeeren, maar wat zou Adinda zeggen van zóó weinig hart?","translation":"He thought of turning back, but what would Adinda say of so little heart?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy dacht er aan, terugtekeeren","title":"Pronominal adverb eraan + infinitive","body":"'Hy dacht er aan' (he thought of it) splits the pronominal adverb 'eraan' into 'er ... aan' around the verb — a hallmark of Dutch. The afterthought 'terugtekeeren' (= terug te keren) names what he thought of."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat zou Adinda zeggen","title":"Conditional zou for speculation","body":"'wat zou Adinda zeggen' (what would Adinda say) uses 'zou' + infinitive 'zeggen' to express a hypothetical — the conditional. As a question, the verb 'zou' stands second after 'wat'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of aan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes the pronominal phrase eraan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"terugtekeeren","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"clausal complement of dacht eraan","gloss":"turning back","note":"Historical closed spelling of terug te keren."},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hart","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h17-s105","source":"Daarom liep hy door, al ging hy minder snel-dan den eersten dag.","translation":"And so he walked on, though he went less briskly than on the first day.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daarom liep hy door","title":"Fronted daarom + separable doorlopen","body":"'Daarom liep hy door' (therefore he walked on): the adverb 'daarom' is fronted, forcing verb-second 'liep', while the separable prefix 'door' goes to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al ging hy minder snel","title":"Comparative minder + concessive al","body":"'al ging hy minder snel dan den eersten dag' (though he went less quickly than the first day) pairs concessive 'al' (with inverted 'ging') and the comparative 'minder ... dan'. 'dan' is the Dutch 'than'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liep door","gloss":"Therefore"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb doorlopen","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of liep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of liep door","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies snel","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"snel-dan","lemma":"snel dan","morphology":"adverb plus conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with den eersten dag","gloss":"briskly than","note":"The hyphen unusually joins snel and dan."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eersten","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical time complement after dan","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h17-s106","source":"Hy had de melatti in de hand, en drukte die dikwyls tegen zyn borst.","translation":"He held the melatti in his hand, and pressed it often against his breast.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"drukte die dikwyls tegen zyn borst","title":"Demonstrative 'die' as object pronoun","body":"'drukte die ... tegen zyn borst' (pressed it against his breast): here 'die' is a demonstrative standing in for the de-word 'melatti' — Dutch often uses die/dat as a stressed 'it/that one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, singular","role":"determiner of melatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"melatti","lemma":"melati","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"jasmine","note":"Melati is the Malay name for jasmine."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, singular","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the","note":"Dutch uses the definite article in the idiom in de hand."},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links had and drukte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"drukte","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated verb with had","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of drukte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies drukte","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces borst","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of borst","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"borst","lemma":"borst","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"breast"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h17-s107","source":"Hy was veel ouder geworden sedert drie dagen, en begreep niet meer hoe hy vroeger zoo kalm geleefd had, daar toch Adinda zoo naby hem was en hy haar zien kon telkens en zoo lang hy wilde.","translation":"He had grown much older in three days, and no longer understood how he had once lived so calmly, when Adinda was so near him after all, and he could see her whenever and as long as he liked.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy was veel ouder geworden","title":"worden-perfect with zijn","body":"'was ... geworden' (had grown/become) is the perfect of worden, which takes zijn as auxiliary, not hebben. 'ouder' is the comparative of oud."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"begreep niet meer hoe hy ... geleefd had","title":"Indirect question goes verb-final","body":"'hoe hy vroeger zoo kalm geleefd had' (how he had once lived so calmly) is an embedded question; the pluperfect 'geleefd had' sits at the end. 'niet meer' = 'no longer'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"telkens en zoo lang hy wilde","title":"Modal willen with omitted infinitive","body":"'zoo lang hy wilde' (as long as he wanted) is a verb-final clause; the modal 'wilde' (past of willen) stands at the end, its infinitive 'zien' left understood from earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was geworden","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ouder","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ouder","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of geworden","gloss":"older"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"grown"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces drie dagen","gloss":"for the past"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies dagen","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of sedert","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links geworden and begreep","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with was geworden","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"forms niet meer with meer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the negative phrase niet meer","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the clause of geleefd had","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of geleefd had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleefd had","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kalm","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"kalm","lemma":"kalm","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleefd","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"geleefd","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of geleefd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nabij","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"naby","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object, third-person singular","role":"complement of nabij","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Adinda and nabij","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses of was and kon","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of kon zien","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, object, third-person singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of kon zien","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links telkens and zoo lang","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms zoo lang with lang","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective in conjunction","role":"forms the conjunction zoo lang","gloss":"long as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the elliptical clause zoo lang hy wilde","gloss":"wanted"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h17-s108","source":"Want nù zou hy niet kalm wezen als hy verwachten kon dat ze straks voor hem staan zou.","translation":"For now he would not be calm if he could expect that she was about to stand before him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nù zou hy niet kalm wezen","title":"Conditional zou + archaic 'wezen'","body":"'zou hy niet kalm wezen' (he would not be calm) is the conditional 'zou' + infinitive. 'wezen' is the older/colloquial infinitive of zijn (to be), common in 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als hy verwachten kon dat ze ... staan zou","title":"Stacked conditionals: kon ... zou","body":"'als hy verwachten kon dat ze straks voor hem staan zou' nests two clauses, each verb-final: the modal 'kon' closes the if-clause, and 'staan zou' (would stand) closes the inner dat-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory main clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"nù","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou wezen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zou wezen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates kalm wezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kalm","lemma":"kalm","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of kon verwachten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verwachten","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of verwachten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of staan zou","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of staan zou","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"straks","lemma":"straks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staan zou","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hem","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object, third-person singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of staan","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h17-s109","source":"En ook begreep hy niet dat hy na 't afscheid niet nogeens was teruggekeerd om haar nog éénmaal aantezien.","translation":"Nor did he understand how, after the parting, he had not turned back once more to look at her one last time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy ... niet ... was teruggekeerd","title":"Pluperfect of motion verb with zijn","body":"'niet nogeens was teruggekeerd' (had not turned back once more) is the pluperfect of 'terugkeren', a verb of motion that takes zijn (not hebben). The negation 'niet' precedes the verb cluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om haar nog éénmaal aantezien","title":"om ... te (joined: aantezien)","body":"'om haar nog éénmaal aantezien' = om ... aan te zien (in order to look at her once more). The separable 'aanzien' wraps 'te' inside it, all written as one word in period spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the additional negative clause","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates begreep","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was teruggekeerd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces afscheid","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of afscheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afscheid","lemma":"afscheid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"parting"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates was teruggekeerd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"nogeens","lemma":"nog eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was teruggekeerd","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of teruggekeerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"teruggekeerd","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"turned back"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, object, third-person singular","role":"direct object of aan te zien","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies éénmaal","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"éénmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aan te zien","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"aantezien","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"purpose complement of was teruggekeerd","gloss":"look at","note":"Historical closed spelling of aan te zien."}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h17-s110","source":"Ook kwam hem voor den geest hoe hy nog kort geleden met haar getwist had over de koord die ze spon voor den lalayang van haar broertjes, en die gebroken was omdat er, naar hy meende, een fout was in haar spinsel, waardoor een weddingschap was verloren gegaan tegen de kinderen uit Tjipoeroet. \"Hoe was 't mogelyk, dacht hy, hierover boos te worden op Adinda?","translation":"There came back to him too how, not long before, he had quarrelled with her over the cord she had spun for her brothers' lalayang, which had broken because, as he believed, there was a flaw in her spinning, by which a wager had been lost against the children of Tjipoeroet. \"How was it possible,\" he thought, \"to grow angry with Adinda over this?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwam hem voor den geest hoe hy ... getwist had","title":"Impersonal idiom: te binnen schieten / voor de geest komen","body":"'kwam hem voor den geest hoe ...' (there came to his mind how ...) is an idiom where the experiencer 'hem' precedes the subject clause. 'voor den geest komen' = to come to mind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de koord die ze spon","title":"Strong past 'spon'","body":"'die ze spon voor den lalayang' (the cord she spun) uses 'spon', the strong simple past of spinnen (modern: spon). Strong verbs change the stem vowel rather than adding -te/-de."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waardoor een weddingschap was verloren gegaan","title":"Pronominal adverb waardoor + passive-like perfect","body":"'waardoor een weddingschap was verloren gegaan' (by which a wager had been lost) opens a relative clause with 'waardoor' (= door welke). 'verloren gegaan' is the participle of verloren gaan, which takes zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam ... voor den geest","gloss":"Too"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of kwam ... voor den geest","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of kwam ... voor den geest","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom voor den geest komen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of voor in voor den geest komen","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the content clause of kwam ... voor den geest","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had getwist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kort geleden","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"geleden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had getwist","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, object, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"getwist","lemma":"twisten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"quarrelled"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of getwist","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koord","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koord","lemma":"koord","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"cord"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of spon, referring to koord","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of spon","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"spon","lemma":"spinnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on koord","gloss":"spun"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lalayang","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of lalayang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lalayang","lemma":"lalayang","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"kite","note":"Lalayang is a local term for a kite."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessive complement of lalayang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun, singular","role":"possessive determiner of broertjes","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"broertjes","lemma":"broertje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural, diminutive","role":"object of van","gloss":"little brothers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two relative clauses on koord","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was gebroken, referring to koord","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"gebroken","lemma":"breken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with was","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebroken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of was gebroken","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with een fout was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of parenthetical naar hij meende","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical naar hij meende","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of fout","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fout","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of was","gloss":"flaw"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spinsel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun, singular","role":"possessive determiner of spinsel","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"spinsel","lemma":"spinsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"spinning"},{"surface":"waardoor","lemma":"waardoor","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces result relative clause on fout","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of weddingschap","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"weddingschap","lemma":"weddenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was verloren gegaan","gloss":"wager","note":"Weddingschap is an older form of modern weddenschap."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verloren gegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verloren","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"part of verloren gegaan","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"part of was verloren gegaan","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kinderen","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kinderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces origin modifier of kinderen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Tjipoeroet","lemma":"Tjipoeroet","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of uit","gloss":"Tjipoeroet"},{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"question complement of was mogelijk","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula with mogelijk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was mogelijk","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hierover","lemma":"hierover","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of boos worden","gloss":"over this"},{"surface":"boos","lemma":"boos","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject complement of mogelijk","gloss":"grow"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adinda","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Adinda"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h17-s111","source":"Want al hàd zy een fout gesponnen in de koord, en al ware de weddingschap van Badoer tegen Tjipoeroet verloren dáárdoor, en niet door de glasscherf--zoo ondeugend en handig dan geworpen door den kleinen Djamien die zich verschool achter den pagger--had ik zelfs dàn zoo hard mogen wezen tegen haar, en haar noemen met onbehoorlyke namen?","translation":"For even had she spun a flaw into the cord, and even had the wager of Badoer against Tjipoeroet been lost by it, and not by the glass shard — so mischievously and deftly thrown by little Djamien, who hid behind the pagger — would I, even then, have had the right to be so harsh with her, and to call her by unseemly names?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al hàd zy een fout gesponnen","title":"Concessive 'al' + inverted pluperfect","body":"'al hàd zy een fout gesponnen' (even had she spun a flaw) is a concessive clause with 'al' and fronted auxiliary 'had' — equivalent to 'even though she had spun'. 'gesponnen' is the strong participle of spinnen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al ware de weddingschap ... verloren","title":"Past subjunctive 'ware'","body":"'al ware de weddingschap ... verloren' uses 'ware', the past subjunctive of zijn, in a hypothetical concessive — 'even had the wager been lost'. This subjunctive survives only in literary/archaic Dutch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ik ... zoo hard mogen wezen","title":"Modal mogen in the perfect (permission/right)","body":"'had ik ... zoo hard mogen wezen' (would I have had the right to be so harsh) shows the perfect of the modal 'mogen' as a bare infinitive next to the main 'wezen' — the so-called infinitivus pro participio (mogen, not gemogen)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die zich verschool achter den pagger","title":"Reflexive zich verschuilen + strong past","body":"'die zich verschool achter den pagger' (who hid behind the fence) is a relative clause; 'zich verschuilen' is reflexive and 'verschool' is its strong past. Note the accusative 'den pagger'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory question","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"concessive adverb","role":"introduces concessive clause with had gesponnen","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"hàd","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesponnen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had gesponnen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of fout","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fout","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gesponnen","gloss":"flaw"},{"surface":"gesponnen","lemma":"spinnen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with hàd","gloss":"spun"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koord","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koord","lemma":"koord","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"cord"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links concessive clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"concessive adverb","role":"introduces concessive clause with ware verloren","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of verloren","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weddingschap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weddingschap","lemma":"weddenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ware verloren","gloss":"wager"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of weddingschap","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces opponent of Badoer","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Tjipoeroet","lemma":"Tjipoeroet","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"Tjipoeroet"},{"surface":"verloren","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with ware","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"dáárdoor","lemma":"daardoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"causal adjunct of ware verloren","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links contrasting causal phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates door de glasscherf","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking glasscherf","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of glasscherf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"glasscherf","lemma":"glasscherf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"glass shard"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ondeugend and handig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ondeugend","lemma":"ondeugend","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geworpen","gloss":"mischievously"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links ondeugend and handig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"handig","lemma":"handig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geworpen","gloss":"deftly"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of geworpen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"geworpen","lemma":"werpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of glasscherf","gloss":"thrown"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of geworpen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Djamien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies Djamien","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Djamien","lemma":"Djamien","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of door; agent of geworpen","gloss":"Djamien"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verschool","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, object, singular","role":"reflexive object of verschool","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"verschool","lemma":"verschuilen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on Djamien","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pagger","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of pagger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pagger","lemma":"pagger","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of achter","gloss":"fence","note":"A pagger is a bamboo fence or enclosure in the Dutch East Indies."},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of mogen wezen and noemen","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had mogen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dàn","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dàn","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adjunct of had mogen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of hard","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hard","lemma":"hard","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"mogen","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen and noemen","gloss":"had the right"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first complement of mogen","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, object, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links wezen and noemen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, object, singular","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"second complement of mogen","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking namen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"onbehoorlyke","lemma":"onbehoorlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies namen","gloss":"unseemly"},{"surface":"namen","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"names"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h17-s112","source":"Wat zal 't zyn, als ik sterf te Batavia zonder haar vergeving te hebben gevraagd voor zóó groote ruwheid?","translation":"What will it be, if I die at Batavia without having asked her forgiveness for so great a rudeness?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s112.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik sterf te Batavia","title":"Present tense for a future condition","body":"'als ik sterf te Batavia' (if I die at Batavia) uses the present 'sterf' for a future possibility — Dutch routinely lets the present carry future meaning in conditional clauses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zonder haar vergeving te hebben gevraagd","title":"zonder te + perfect infinitive","body":"'zonder ... te hebben gevraagd' (without having asked) builds a perfect infinitive after 'zonder te': te + hebben + the participle 'gevraagd'. This expresses an action not completed before the main event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject complement of zijn","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zal zijn","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of zal zijn","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sterf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sterf","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of conditional clause","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitival adjunct of sterf","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of gevraagd","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"vergeving","lemma":"vergeving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gevraagd","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"part of te hebben gevraagd","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gevraagd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle in complement of zonder","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ruwheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of groote","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ruwheid","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ruwheid","lemma":"ruwheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"rudeness"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h17-s113","source":"Zal 't niet wezen alsof ik een slecht mensch ben die scheldwoorden werpt op een meisje?","translation":"Will it not be as though I were a bad man who flings abuse at a girl?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zal 't niet wezen alsof ik ... ben","title":"Future zullen + alsof clause","body":"'Zal 't niet wezen alsof ik een slecht mensch ben' (will it not be as though I am a bad man) uses the future 'zal ... wezen' and an 'alsof' clause that sends its verb 'ben' to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die scheldwoorden werpt op een meisje","title":"Relative die + present tense","body":"'die scheldwoorden werpt op een meisje' (who flings abuse at a girl) is a relative clause for 'mensch'; the present 'werpt' goes to the end. 'werpen op' = to hurl at."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"Will"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zal wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause of wezen","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject complement of ben","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik and mensch","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of werpt, referring to mensch","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"scheldwoorden","lemma":"scheldwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of werpt","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"werpt","lemma":"werpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on mensch","gloss":"flings"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meisje","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"object of op","gloss":"girl"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h17-s114","source":"En zal niet, als men hoort dat ik gestorven ben in een vreemd land, ieder te Badoer zeggen: het is goed dat Saïdjah stierf, want hy heeft een grooten mond gehad tegen Adinda?\"","translation":"And will not everyone at Badoer, when they hear that I have died in a foreign land, say: it is well that Saïdjah died, for he had a big mouth toward Adinda?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als men hoort dat ik gestorven ben","title":"Perfect of sterven with zijn","body":"'dat ik gestorven ben' (that I have died) is the present perfect of 'sterven', a verb that takes zijn. The participle 'gestorven' is strong, ending in -en."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy heeft een grooten mond gehad","title":"Idiom: een grote mond hebben","body":"'hy heeft een grooten mond gehad tegen Adinda' (he had a big mouth toward Adinda) is the idiom 'een grote mond hebben' — to speak insolently. Built as a present perfect with hebben + gehad."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een grooten mond gehad","title":"een grote mond — insolence","body":"Literally 'a big mouth', the idiom 'een grote mond hebben' means to be lippy or to talk back rudely — exactly Saïdjah's self-reproach for having scolded Adinda."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the coordinated question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zeggen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of zeggen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hoort","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hoort","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of temporal clause","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of hoort","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben gestorven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with ben","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies land","gloss":"foreign"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zal zeggen","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zal","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of is goed","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with goed","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces extraposed subject clause of is goed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of stierf","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"stierf","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of subject clause","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heeft gehad","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of mond","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies mond","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"mond","lemma":"mond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle in idiom een grooten mond hebben","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adinda","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"Adinda"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h17-s115","source":"Zoo namen zyn gedachten een loop die veel verschilde van de vorige overspanning, en onwillekeurig uitten ze zich, eerst in halve woorden binnen'smonds, weldra in een alleenspraak, en eindelyk in den weemoedigen zang waarvan ik hier de vertaling laat volgen.","translation":"So his thoughts took a course quite different from his earlier exaltation, and uttered themselves unbidden — first in half-words under his breath, soon in a soliloquy, and at last in the melancholy song of which I here give the translation that follows.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoo namen zyn gedachten een loop","title":"Fronted zoo + verb-second","body":"'Zoo namen zyn gedachten een loop' (so his thoughts took a course): fronting the adverb 'zoo' inverts subject and verb, giving 'namen zyn gedachten'. 'namen' is the strong past plural of nemen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"onwillekeurig uitten ze zich","title":"Reflexive zich uiten","body":"'uitten ze zich' (they uttered/expressed themselves) is the reflexive 'zich uiten'. Fronting the adverb 'onwillekeurig' again triggers verb-second."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den weemoedigen zang waarvan ik ... de vertaling laat volgen","title":"waarvan + causative laten","body":"'waarvan ik hier de vertaling laat volgen' (of which I here let the translation follow) opens with the pronominal relative 'waarvan' (= van welke) and uses causative 'laten' + the bare infinitive 'volgen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies namen","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"namen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of gedachten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of namen","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loop","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"loop","lemma":"loop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of namen","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of verschilde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verschilde","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"verschilde","lemma":"verschillen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying loop","gloss":"differed"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overspanning","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overspanning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies overspanning","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"overspanning","lemma":"overspanning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verschilde","gloss":"exaltation"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onwillekeurig","lemma":"onwillekeurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitten","gloss":"unbidden"},{"surface":"uitten","lemma":"uiten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated main verb with namen","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of uitten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive direct object of uitten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitten","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woorden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"halve","lemma":"half","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies woorden","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"binnen'smonds","lemma":"binnensmonds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitten","gloss":"under his breath","note":"Older spelling of binnensmonds, meaning in a low, barely audible voice."},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitten","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alleenspraak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alleenspraak","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"alleenspraak","lemma":"alleenspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"soliloquy"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitten","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zang","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of zang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weemoedigen","lemma":"weemoedig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zang","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"zang","lemma":"zang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"links zang to vertaling","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laat","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vertaling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vertaling","lemma":"vertaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"translation"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying zang","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"volgen","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laat","gloss":"follow"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h17-s116","source":"Eerst was myn voornemen wat maat en rym te brengen in die overzetting, doch evenals Havelaar vind ik beter dat keurslyf wegtelaten. \"Ik weet niet waar ik sterven zal.","translation":"At first it was my intention to bring some measure and rhyme into that rendering, but, like Havelaar, I find it better to leave that corset off. \"I do not know where I shall die.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Eerst was myn voornemen wat maat en rym te brengen","title":"te-infinitive as delayed subject","body":"'myn voornemen ... te brengen' (my intention to bring) governs an infinitive with 'te'. Fronting 'Eerst' inverts to 'was myn voornemen'; the bulky te-clause is extraposed to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"doch evenals Havelaar vind ik beter dat keurslyf wegtelaten","title":"Archaic 'doch' + joined wegtelaten","body":"'doch' is a literary 'but/yet'. 'wegtelaten' is the period one-word spelling of 'weg te laten' (to leave off), the te-infinitive of separable weglaten."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"keurslyf","title":"keurslijf — a corset, figuratively","body":"'keurslyf' literally names a bodice or corset; figuratively it is any rigid constraint. Multatuli means the straitjacket of metre and rhyme, which he chooses to discard in translating Saïdjah's song."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"At first"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking voornemen to infinitive clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of voornemen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of maat and rijm","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"maat","lemma":"maat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rym","lemma":"rijm","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated direct object with maat","gloss":"rhyme"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause serving as complement of voornemen","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overzetting","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overzetting","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"overzetting","lemma":"overzetting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of brengen","gloss":"rendering"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"evenals","lemma":"evenals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical comparison with Havelaar","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of elliptical comparative clause","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of vind","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of keurslijf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"keurslyf","lemma":"keurslijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of weglaten","gloss":"corset"},{"surface":"wegtelaten","lemma":"weglaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of vind","gloss":"to leave off","note":"Wegtelaten is the older solid spelling of weg te laten, meaning “to leave off.”"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterven","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sterven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sterven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of indirect question","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of sterven","gloss":"shall"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h17-s117","source":"Ik heb de groote zee gezien aan de Zuidkust, toen ik daar was met myn vader om zout te maken.","translation":"I have seen the great sea on the South coast, when I was there with my father to make salt.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb de groote zee gezien","title":"Present perfect for lived experience","body":"'Ik heb de groote zee gezien' (I have seen the great sea) is the present perfect with hebben + 'gezien'. Saïdjah's song uses the perfect to list what he has witnessed in his short life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen ik daar was met myn vader om zout te maken","title":"toen-clause + om ... te purpose","body":"'toen ik daar was' (when I was there) is a temporal clause with verb 'was' at the end; 'om zout te maken' (to make salt) is its purpose tail with om ... te."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zee","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Zuidkust","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Zuidkust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Zuidkust","lemma":"zuidkust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"South coast"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vader","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"zout","lemma":"zout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"salt"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h17-s118","source":"Als ik sterf op de zee, en men werpt myn lichaam in het diepe water, zullen er haaien komen. Ze zullen rondzwemmen om myn lyk, en vragen: \"wie van ons zal het lichaam verslinden dat daar daalt in het water?\"","translation":"If I die on the sea, and they cast my body into the deep water, sharks will come. They will swim round my corpse, and ask: \"which of us shall devour the body that sinks there in the water?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als ik sterf op de zee, en men werpt myn lichaam ... zullen er haaien komen","title":"Conditional present + future result","body":"The if-clauses use the present ('sterf', 'werpt'); the consequence uses the future 'zullen ... komen'. After the fronted condition the main clause inverts to 'zullen er haaien komen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zullen er haaien komen","title":"Quantitative/existential er with an indefinite subject","body":"'zullen er haaien komen' (sharks will come) inserts 'er' before an indefinite subject — Dutch routinely uses 'er' when the subject is non-specific, as in 'er komen haaien'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie van ons zal het lichaam verslinden dat daar daalt","title":"Interrogative wie + relative dat","body":"'wie van ons' (who of us) is the interrogative pronoun for persons; 'dat daar daalt in het water' is a relative clause for the het-word 'lichaam', verb 'daalt' at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sterf","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sterf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sterf","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of sterf","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of werpt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"werpt","lemma":"werpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with sterf","gloss":"casts"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of lichaam","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"lichaam","lemma":"lichaam","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of werpt","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking water","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of water","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diepe","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies water","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of werpt","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential subject haaien","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"haaien","lemma":"haai","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"sharks"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zullen","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of rondzwemmen and vragen","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of rondzwemmen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"rondzwemmen","lemma":"rondzwemmen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zullen","gloss":"swim around"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lijk","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of lijk","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"lyk","lemma":"lijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"corpse"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with rondzwemmen","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of verslinden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, object form, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verslinden","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lichaam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lichaam","lemma":"lichaam","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verslinden","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"verslinden","lemma":"verslinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of direct question","gloss":"devour"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of daalt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies daalt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"daalt","lemma":"dalen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on lichaam","gloss":"sinks"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking water","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of water","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of daalt","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h17-s119","source":"Ik zal 't niet hooren. Ik weet niet waar ik sterven zal.","translation":"I shall not hear it. I do not know where I shall die.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik weet niet waar ik sterven zal","title":"Embedded question: zal at the end","body":"'waar ik sterven zal' (where I shall die) is an indirect question; the future cluster 'sterven zal' falls to the end of the subordinate clause. This refrain anchors Saïdjah's whole song."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hooren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hooren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterven","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sterven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sterven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of indirect question","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of sterven","gloss":"shall"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h17-s120","source":"Ik heb het huis zien branden van Pa-ansoe, dat hyzelf had aangestoken omdat hy mata-glap was. Als ik sterf in een brandend huis, zullen er gloeiende stukken hout neervallen op myn lyk.","translation":"I have seen the house of Pa-ansoe burn, which he himself had set alight because he was mata-glap. If I die in a burning house, glowing pieces of wood will fall down upon my corpse.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hyzelf had aangestoken","title":"Relative dat + pluperfect of separable aansteken","body":"'dat hyzelf had aangestoken' (which he himself had set alight) is a relative clause for the het-word 'huis'; the pluperfect cluster 'had aangestoken' closes it, with the separable participle aangestoken."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zullen er gloeiende stukken hout neervallen","title":"Future + er + separable neervallen","body":"'zullen er gloeiende stukken hout neervallen op myn lyk' uses the future 'zullen ... neervallen', existential 'er' for the indefinite subject, and the separable verb neervallen whose infinitive joins the cluster at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verbal complement of heb","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"branden","lemma":"branden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of zien","gloss":"burn"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Pa-ansoe","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Pa-ansoe","lemma":"Pa-ansoe","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van modifying huis","gloss":"Pa-ansoe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of aangestoken","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"intensive pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had aangestoken","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangestoken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aangestoken","lemma":"aansteken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause modifying huis","gloss":"set alight"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"mata-glap","lemma":"mata-glap","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"in a frenzy","note":"Mata-glap is a Malay expression for being beside oneself or in a blind frenzy."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to mata-glap","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sterf","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sterf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sterf","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brandend","lemma":"branden","morphology":"present participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of sterf","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of neervallen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential subject stukken","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gloeiende","lemma":"gloeien","morphology":"present participle used adjectivally, inflected","role":"modifies stukken","gloss":"glowing"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of neervallen","gloss":"pieces"},{"surface":"hout","lemma":"hout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"partitive complement of stukken","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"neervallen","lemma":"neervallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zullen","gloss":"fall down"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lijk","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of lijk","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"lyk","lemma":"lijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"corpse"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h17-s121","source":"En buiten het huis zal een groot geroep zyn van menschen die water werpen om het vuur te dooden. Ik zal 't niet hooren.","translation":"And outside the house there will be a great clamor of people throwing water to put out the fire. I will not hear it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zal een groot geroep zyn van menschen","title":"Future with archaic infinitive zyn","body":"'zal een groot geroep zyn' (there will be a great clamour) puts the future 'zal ... zyn' around the subject. The fronted 'buiten het huis' triggers inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"menschen die water werpen om het vuur te dooden","title":"Relative die + om ... te purpose","body":"'die water werpen om het vuur te dooden' (who throw water to kill the fire) joins a relative clause (verb 'werpen' final) with a purpose tail 'om ... te dooden'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geroep","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of buiten","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geroep","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geroep","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"geroep","lemma":"geroep","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"clamor"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menschen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of werpen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of werpen","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"werpen","lemma":"werpen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on menschen","gloss":"throw"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of dooden","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dooden","lemma":"doden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"extinguish","note":"Here doden means to extinguish a fire."},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hooren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hooren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"hear"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h17-s122","source":"Ik weet niet waar ik sterven zal. Ik heb den kleinen Si-oenah zien vallen uit den klappa-boom, toen hy een klappa plukte voor zyne moeder.","translation":"I do not know where I shall die. I saw little Si-oenah fall from the coconut palm as he was picking a coconut for his mother.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb den kleinen Si-oenah zien vallen","title":"Perception verb + bare infinitive; IPP","body":"'Ik heb ... zien vallen' (I saw fall) chains two bare infinitives: 'zien' (a perception verb) governs 'vallen' with no 'te', and in the perfect 'zien' itself appears as an infinitive, not a participle (infinitivus pro participio)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen hy een klappa plukte voor zyne moeder","title":"toen-clause with weak past","body":"'toen hy een klappa plukte' (when he picked a coconut) is a temporal clause; 'plukte' is the weak simple past in -te, sitting at the end. 'zyne moeder' shows the archaic full possessive 'zyne'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterven","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sterven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sterven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of embedded interrogative clause","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of sterven","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Si-oenah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies Si-oenah","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Si-oenah","lemma":"Si-oenah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of zien and subject of vallen","gloss":"Si-oenah"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by heb","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zien","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klappa-boom","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of klappa-boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klappa-boom","lemma":"klappaboom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vallen","gloss":"coconut palm","note":"Historical spelling of klappaboom, a coconut palm."},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of plukte","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of plukte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klappa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klappa","lemma":"klappa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of plukte","gloss":"coconut","note":"A klappa is a coconut."},{"surface":"plukte","lemma":"plukken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"picked"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeder","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyne","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular, inflected","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of plukte","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h17-s123","source":"Als ik val uit een klappa-boom, zal ik dood nederliggen aan den voet, in de struiken, als Si-oenah. Dan zal myne moeder niet schreien, want zy is dood.","translation":"If I fall from a coconut palm, I shall lie dead at its foot, among the bushes, like Si-oenah. Then my mother will not weep, for she is dead.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zal ik dood nederliggen aan den voet","title":"Future + predicative 'dood'","body":"'zal ik dood nederliggen' (I shall lie dead) is the future of 'nederliggen' (archaic for neerliggen), with 'dood' as a predicative adjective. The condition 'Als ik val' fronts and forces inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan zal myne moeder niet schreien, want zy is dood","title":"Future + want (no inversion)","body":"'Dan zal myne moeder niet schreien' fronts 'Dan' for inversion; 'want zy is dood' (for she is dead) uses coordinating 'want', which keeps normal order. 'schreien' is to weep."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of val","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of val","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"val","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of conditional clause introduced by Als","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klappa-boom","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klappa-boom","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klappa-boom","lemma":"klappaboom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of val","gloss":"coconut palm"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of nederliggen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nederliggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of nederliggen","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"nederliggen","lemma":"nederliggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voet","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of voet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of nederliggen","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking struiken","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of struiken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"struiken","lemma":"struik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of nederliggen","gloss":"bushes"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Si-oenah","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Si-oenah","lemma":"Si-oenah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"comparative complement of als","gloss":"Si-oenah"},{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schreien","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of schreien","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular, inflected","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schreien","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schreien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"schreien","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking zy to dood","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"dead"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h17-s124","source":"Maar anderen zullen roepen: \"zie, daar ligt Saïdjah! met harde stem. Ik zal 't niet hooren.","translation":"But others will cry out: \"look, there lies Saïdjah!\" in a loud voice. I will not hear it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar anderen zullen roepen","title":"Coordinating maar + future","body":"'Maar anderen zullen roepen' (but others will cry) opens with coordinating 'maar', which does not invert. The future 'zullen ... roepen' brackets the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of roepen","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"subject of roepen","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of roepen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative introducing the quotation","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stem","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"harde","lemma":"hard","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stem","gloss":"loud"},{"surface":"stem","lemma":"stem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial complement of roepen","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hooren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hooren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"hear"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h17-s125","source":"Ik weet niet waar ik sterven zal. Ik heb het lyk gezien van Pa-lisoe, die gestorven was van hoogen ouderdom, want zyne haren waren wit.","translation":"I do not know where I shall die. I saw the body of Pa-lisoe, who had died of great old age, for his hair was white.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die gestorven was van hoogen ouderdom","title":"Relative die + pluperfect of sterven (zijn)","body":"'die gestorven was van hoogen ouderdom' (who had died of great old age) is a relative clause; the pluperfect uses zijn ('was gestorven') because sterven is a zijn-verb. 'hoogen' keeps the archaic genitive/dative -en (the preposition 'van' historically governs the genitive, not the accusative)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want zyne haren waren wit","title":"want + plural 'haren'","body":"'want zyne haren waren wit' (for his hair was white) uses coordinating 'want' (no inversion). Note 'haren', the plural of haar (hair), with archaic possessive 'zyne'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterven","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sterven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sterven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of embedded interrogative clause","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of sterven","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lyk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lyk","lemma":"lijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Pa-lisoe","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Pa-lisoe","lemma":"Pa-lisoe","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessive complement of lyk","gloss":"Pa-lisoe"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gestorven","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on Pa-lisoe","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ouderdom","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies ouderdom","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ouderdom","lemma":"ouderdom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gestorven","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyne","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular, inflected","role":"possessor of haren","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"hairs"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking haren to wit","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"wit","lemma":"wit","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"white"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h17-s126","source":"Als ik sterf van ouderdom, met witte haren, zullen de klaagvrouwen om myn lyk staan. En zy zullen misbaar maken als de klaagvrouwen by Pa-lisoe's lyk.","translation":"If I die of old age, with white hair, the mourning-women will stand about my body. And they will raise a wailing, as the mourning-women did beside Pa-lisoe's body.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zullen de klaagvrouwen om myn lyk staan","title":"Future + compound klaagvrouwen","body":"'zullen de klaagvrouwen ... staan' is the future bracketing the clause. 'klaagvrouwen' is a noun compound (klaag + vrouwen), the right-hand noun heading the whole — 'mourning-women'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zy zullen misbaar maken als de klaagvrouwen by Pa-lisoe's lyk","title":"Comparative als + apostrophe-s genitive","body":"'als de klaagvrouwen by Pa-lisoe's lyk' (like the mourning-women at Pa-lisoe's body) uses 'als' for comparison and the 's genitive on a name — 'Pa-lisoe's', the everyday possessive even in 1860."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sterf","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sterf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sterf","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of conditional clause introduced by Als","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ouderdom","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ouderdom","lemma":"ouderdom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of sterf","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haren","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"witte","lemma":"wit","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies haren","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"hairs"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of staan","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klaagvrouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klaagvrouwen","lemma":"klaagvrouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"mourning women"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lyk","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"possessor of lyk","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"lyk","lemma":"lijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of om","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maken","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person plural","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"misbaar","lemma":"misbaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"wailing","note":"Misbaar maken means to raise a loud lament."},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical comparative clause","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klaagvrouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klaagvrouwen","lemma":"klaagvrouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of omitted maakten","gloss":"mourning women"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lyk","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Pa-lisoe's","lemma":"Pa-lisoe","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of lyk","gloss":"Pa-lisoe's"},{"surface":"lyk","lemma":"lijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of by","gloss":"body"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h17-s127","source":"En ook de kleinkinderen zullen schreien, zeer luid. Ik zal 't niet hooren.","translation":"And the grandchildren too will weep, very loudly. I will not hear it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s127.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schreien","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kleinkinderen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleinkinderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleinkinderen","lemma":"kleinkind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of schreien","gloss":"grandchildren"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of schreien","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"schreien","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies luid","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"luid","lemma":"luid","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schreien","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hooren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hooren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"hear"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h17-s128","source":"Ik weet niet waar ik sterven zal. Ik heb velen gezien te Badoer, die gestorven waren.","translation":"I do not know where I shall die. I have seen many at Badoer who had died.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb velen gezien te Badoer, die gestorven waren","title":"Perfect main + pluperfect relative","body":"'Ik heb velen gezien' (I have seen many) is present perfect; the relative 'die gestorven waren' (who had died) is pluperfect with zijn. The tense shift sets the dead apart in time from the seeing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterven","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sterven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sterven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of embedded interrogative clause","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of sterven","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"many people"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of gezien","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gestorven","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on velen","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h17-s129","source":"Men kleedde hen in een wit kleed, en begroef hen in den grond. Als ik sterf te Badoer, en men begraaft my buiten de dessah, oostwaarts tegen den heuvel, waar 't gras hoog is, Dan zal Adinda daar voorbygaan, en de rand van haar sarong zal zachtkens voortschuiven langs het gras...","translation":"They dressed them in a white cloth and buried them in the ground. If I die at Badoer, and they bury me outside the village, eastward against the hill, where the grass grows tall, then Adinda will pass by there, and the edge of her sarong will glide softly along the grass...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men kleedde hen ... en begroef hen","title":"Generic men + weak/strong pasts","body":"'Men kleedde hen ... en begroef hen' (they clothed and buried them) uses 'men' for an unspecified subject. 'kleedde' is a weak past in -de; 'begroef' is the strong past of begraven."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als ik sterf te Badoer, en men begraaft my","title":"Conditional present chained with en","body":"The conditions stay in the present ('sterf', 'begraaft') and are joined by coordinating 'en'. The long if-block then fronts the consequence: 'Dan zal Adinda daar voorbygaan'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de rand van haar sarong zal ... voortschuiven langs het gras","title":"Future + separable voortschuiven","body":"'zal zachtkens voortschuiven' (will glide softly onward) is the future of separable 'voortschuiven'; its infinitive joins the future cluster. 'zachtkens' is an archaic adverb 'softly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kleedde","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"kleedde","lemma":"kleden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of kleedde","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kleed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleed","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wit","lemma":"wit","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kleed","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"kleed","lemma":"kleed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of kleedde","gloss":"cloth"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"begroef","lemma":"begraven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with kleedde","gloss":"buried"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of begroef","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grond","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of begroef","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sterf","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sterf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sterf","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of conditional clause introduced by Als","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of sterf","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begraaft","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"begraaft","lemma":"begraven","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with sterf","gloss":"bury"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, first-person singular","role":"direct object of begraaft","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dessah","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dessah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dessah","lemma":"desa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of buiten","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"oostwaarts","lemma":"oostwaarts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begraaft","gloss":"eastward"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking heuvel","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of heuvel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heuvel","lemma":"heuvel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of tegen","gloss":"hill"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying heuvel","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gras","lemma":"gras","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"grass"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking gras to hoog","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorbygaan","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorbygaan","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voorbygaan","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorbygaan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"voorbygaan","lemma":"voorbijgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"pass by"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rand","lemma":"rand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voortschuiven","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sarong","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of sarong","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"sarong","lemma":"sarong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"sarong"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of voortschuiven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zachtkens","lemma":"zachtkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voortschuiven","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"voortschuiven","lemma":"voortschuiven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"glide"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gras","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gras","lemma":"gras","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of langs","gloss":"grass"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h17-s130","source":"Ik zal het hooren.\"","translation":"I shall hear it.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal het hooren","title":"The song's reversal: 'I shall hear it'","body":"'Ik zal het hooren' (I shall hear it) is the future 'zal ... hooren'. It pointedly overturns the refrain 'Ik zal 't niet hooren': only Adinda's nearness, even at his grave, would reach him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hooren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"hear"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h17-s131","source":"Saïdjah kwam te Batavia aan.","translation":"Saïdjah arrived at Batavia.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Saïdjah kwam te Batavia aan","title":"Separable aankomen + place 'te'","body":"'kwam te Batavia aan' splits separable 'aankomen', with 'aan' at the end. The preposition 'te' (= at, in) marks place names in formal/older Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of aankomen","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of kwam","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle completing kwam ... aan","gloss":"arrived","note":"Kwam ... aan is the past tense of aankomen, “to arrive.”"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h17-s132","source":"Hy verzocht een heer hem in dienst te nemen, hetgeen die heer terstond deed omdat hy Saïdjah niet verstond. Want te Batavia heeft men gaarne bedienden die nog geen maleisch spreken en dus nog niet zoo bedorven zyn als anderen die langer in aanraking waren met europesche beschaving.","translation":"He asked a gentleman to take him into service, which that gentleman did at once, precisely because he could not understand Saïdjah. For at Batavia people gladly take servants who do not yet speak Malay and are therefore not yet so spoiled as others who have had longer contact with European civilization.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy verzocht een heer hem in dienst te nemen","title":"verzoeken + te-infinitive object clause","body":"'verzocht een heer hem in dienst te nemen' (asked a gentleman to take him into service) governs a 'te'-infinitive. 'in dienst nemen' (to hire) is a fixed expression with separable nemen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hetgeen die heer terstond deed","title":"Relative 'hetgeen' for a whole clause","body":"'hetgeen die heer terstond deed' (which that gentleman did at once) uses the formal relative 'hetgeen' to refer back to the entire preceding fact, not a single noun — a literary, period choice over modern 'wat'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die nog niet zoo bedorven zyn als anderen die langer in aanraking waren","title":"Stacked relatives + comparison als","body":"Two relatives chain here: 'bedienden die ... niet zoo bedorven zyn' and within it 'anderen die langer in aanraking waren'. The comparison 'zoo ... als' (so ... as) sets the two groups against each other."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verzocht and understood subject of nemen","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dienst","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of nemen","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces nemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of verzocht","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of deed; refers to the preceding request","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deed","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by hetgeen","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verstond","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verstond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of verstond","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verstond","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb with bedienden as direct object","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft","gloss":"gladly","note":"Gaarne is a formal or old-fashioned variant of modern graag."},{"surface":"bedienden","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of spreken and zijn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maleisch","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"maleisch","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"noun, proper, singular","role":"direct object of spreken","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying bedienden","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links spreken and zijn","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedorven","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedorven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of bedorven","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"bedorven","lemma":"bederven","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"spoiled"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated with spreken","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with anderen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"standard of comparison after als","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms in aanraking met","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"aanraking","lemma":"aanraking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"contact"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying anderen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement of aanraking","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies beschaving","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"civilization"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h17-s133","source":"Saïdjah leerde spoedig maleisch, maar paste braaf op want hy dacht altyd aan de twee buffels die hy koopen wilde, en aan Adinda.","translation":"Saïdjah soon learned Malay, but kept honestly to his duties, for he thought always of the two buffaloes he wished to buy, and of Adinda.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"paste braaf op","title":"Separable oppassen + 'braaf'","body":"'paste braaf op' (kept honestly to his duties) splits separable 'oppassen' (to behave / take care). 'braaf' here means dutifully/well-behaved, not 'brave'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de twee buffels die hy koopen wilde","title":"Relative clause + modal at the end","body":"'die hy koopen wilde' (that he wished to buy) is a relative clause; the modal 'wilde' (wanted) takes the bare infinitive 'koopen' and both close the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"braaf","title":"braaf — false friend","body":"'braaf' looks like English 'brave' but means 'good, honest, well-behaved, dutiful'. Saïdjah 'paste braaf op' — he behaved properly and stuck to his work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of leerde","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"leerde","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leerde","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"maleisch","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"noun, proper, singular","role":"direct object of leerde","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"paste","lemma":"oppassen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb oppassen","gloss":"fitted"},{"surface":"braaf","lemma":"braaf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies paste ... op","gloss":"dutifully","note":"Here braaf means dutifully or properly, not bravely."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes paste ... op","gloss":"kept to duties"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by want","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dacht","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buffels","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies buffels","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of kopen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"to buy"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying buffels","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adinda","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Adinda"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h17-s134","source":"Hy werd groot en sterk omdat hy alle dagen at, wat te Badoer niet altyd wezen kon.","translation":"He grew tall and strong, because he ate every day, which at Badoer had not always been possible.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy werd groot en sterk omdat hy alle dagen at","title":"Inchoative worden + omdat-clause","body":"'Hy werd groot en sterk' (he grew tall and strong) uses 'worden' for becoming. 'omdat hy alle dagen at' is a causal clause; 'at' is the strong past of eten, at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat te Badoer niet altyd wezen kon","title":"Relative 'wat' + modal kon","body":"'wat te Badoer niet altyd wezen kon' (which at Badoer was not always possible) uses 'wat' as a relative referring to the whole preceding fact. The modal 'kon' takes 'wezen' (to be) at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"linking verb of the main clause","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of werd","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with groot","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of at","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of at","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"adverbial expression of frequency","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"ate"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies altyd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kon","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause introduced by wat","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h17-s135","source":"Hy was bemind in den stal, en zou zeker niet afgewezen zyn als hy de dochter van den koetsier ten-huwelyk gevraagd had.","translation":"He was well liked in the stable, and would surely not have been refused had he asked the coachman's daughter in marriage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s135.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou ... niet afgewezen zyn als hy ... gevraagd had","title":"Conditional passive + counterfactual if-clause","body":"'zou zeker niet afgewezen zyn' (would surely not have been refused) is a conditional passive: zou + the participle 'afgewezen' + zyn. The if-clause 'als hy ... gevraagd had' uses the pluperfect — a counterfactual."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de dochter van den koetsier ten-huwelyk gevraagd had","title":"van-genitive + archaic 'ten-huwelyk'","body":"Possession is shown analytically with 'van den koetsier' (of the coachman), while 'ten-huwelyk' (= te + den, in marriage) is a frozen dative remnant in the idiom 'ten huwelijk vragen' (to ask in marriage)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was and zou","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bemind","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"bemind","lemma":"beminnen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate with was","gloss":"well liked"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of stal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stal","lemma":"stal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"stable"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of afgewezen zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou ... afgewezen zijn","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgewezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"afgewezen","lemma":"afwijzen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate governed by zou ... zijn","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of afgewezen","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevraagd had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gevraagd","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koetsier","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of koetsier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koetsier","lemma":"koetsier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"coachman"},{"surface":"ten-huwelyk","lemma":"ten huwelijk","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"complement of gevraagd","gloss":"in marriage","note":"Ten-huwelyk is the historical spelling of ten huwelijk, “in marriage.”"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevraagd","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h17-s136","source":"Zyn heer zelf hield zooveel van Saïdjah, dat deze spoedig werd verheven tot huisbediende. Men verhoogde zyn loon, en gaf hem bovendien gedurig geschenken, omdat men zoo byzonder tevreden was over zyn diensten.","translation":"His master himself was so fond of Saïdjah that he was soon raised to the post of house-servant. They increased his wages, and gave him besides continual gifts, because they were so particularly pleased with his service.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"deze spoedig werd verheven tot huisbediende","title":"Demonstrative 'deze' as subject + worden-passive","body":"'deze spoedig werd verheven' (he was soon raised): 'deze' picks up Saïdjah as 'this one/the latter'. 'werd verheven' is a worden-passive — the process of being promoted."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men verhoogde zyn loon, en gaf hem ... geschenken","title":"Generic men with two past verbs","body":"'Men verhoogde ... en gaf hem' (they raised ... and gave him) uses impersonal 'men' for 'they/people'. 'verhoogde' is weak past; 'gaf' is the strong past of geven."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat men zoo byzonder tevreden was over zyn diensten","title":"omdat-clause, verb to the end","body":"'omdat men zoo byzonder tevreden was over zyn diensten' (because they were so particularly pleased with his service) is causal; 'omdat' drives 'was' to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes heer","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of hield ... van","gloss":"was fond"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of hield ... van","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Saïdjah","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of hield","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive verheven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verheven","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verheven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"verheven","lemma":"verheffen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate of the result clause","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huisbediende","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"huisbediende","lemma":"huisbediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"house-servant"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verhoogde","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"verhoogde","lemma":"verhogen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"increased"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of loon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"loon","lemma":"loon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verhoogde","gloss":"wages"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with verhoogde","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaf","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaf","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"geschenken","lemma":"geschenk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tevreden","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of bijzonder","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"byzonder","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tevreden","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking men to tevreden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diensten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of diensten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"diensten","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of tevreden","gloss":"services"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h17-s137","source":"Mevrouw had den roman van Sue gelezen die zooveel kort gerucht maakte, en dacht altyd aan prins Djalma wanneer ze Saïdjah zag. Ook de jonge meisjes begrepen beter dan vroeger hoe de javaansche schilder Radhen Saleh zoo grooten opgang had gemaakt te Parys.","translation":"The lady of the house had read Sue's novel, which caused such a brief stir, and thought always of Prince Djalma whenever she looked at Saïdjah. The young girls too understood better than before how the Javanese painter Radhen Saleh had made such a great sensation at Paris.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die zooveel kort gerucht maakte","title":"Relative die + idiom gerucht maken","body":"'die zooveel ... gerucht maakte' (which caused such a stir) is a relative clause for 'roman'. 'gerucht maken' = to make a noise / cause a sensation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer ze Saïdjah zag","title":"wanneer + verb-final","body":"'wanneer ze Saïdjah zag' (whenever she saw Saïdjah) is a temporal subordinate clause; the conjunction 'wanneer' sends 'zag' (strong past of zien) to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe de javaansche schilder ... opgang had gemaakt","title":"Indirect question + pluperfect; adjective -e","body":"'hoe de javaansche schilder ... opgang had gemaakt' is an embedded question with the pluperfect 'had gemaakt' at the end. 'javaansche' takes the attributive -e (here -sche in old spelling)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had gelezen and dacht","gloss":"the lady"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of roman","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"roman","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"novel"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sue","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Sue","lemma":"Sue","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Sue"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"determiner","role":"quantifies gerucht","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gerucht","gloss":"brief"},{"surface":"gerucht","lemma":"gerucht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"stir"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying roman","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with had gelezen","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dacht","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prins","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"prins","lemma":"prins","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Prince"},{"surface":"Djalma","lemma":"Djalma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to prins","gloss":"Djalma"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zag","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on dacht","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the subject de jonge meisjes","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies meisjes","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of begrepen","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"begrepen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies begrepen","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the standard of comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the embedded clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schilder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"javaansche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schilder","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"schilder","lemma":"schilder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gemaakt","gloss":"painter"},{"surface":"Radhen","lemma":"Radhen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the name Radhen Saleh","gloss":"Radhen"},{"surface":"Saleh","lemma":"Saleh","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the name Radhen Saleh","gloss":"Saleh"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of grooten","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies opgang","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"opgang","lemma":"opgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gemaakt in the idiom opgang maken","gloss":"sensation","note":"Opgang maken is an idiom meaning to cause a sensation or become fashionable."},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the embedded clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Parys","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Parys","lemma":"Parijs","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Paris"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h17-s138","source":"Maar men vond Saïdjah ondankbaar toen hy, na byna drie jaren dienst, zyn ontslag vroeg en om een bewys verzocht dat hy zich goed gedragen had.","translation":"But they thought Saïdjah ungrateful when, after nearly three years of service, he asked for his discharge and for a certificate stating that he had conducted himself well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar men vond Saïdjah ondankbaar toen hy ... zyn ontslag vroeg","title":"maar + toen-clause","body":"'Maar men vond Saïdjah ondankbaar' (but they thought Saïdjah ungrateful) opens with non-inverting 'maar'; the 'toen'-clause that follows sends its verbs ('vroeg', 'verzocht') to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een bewys ... dat hy zich goed gedragen had","title":"Reflexive zich gedragen in the pluperfect","body":"'dat hy zich goed gedragen had' (that he had behaved well) is a content clause; 'zich gedragen' is reflexive, and 'gedragen had' is the pluperfect at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vond","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"ondankbaar","lemma":"ondankbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vond","gloss":"ungrateful"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vroeg","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg and verzocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies drie jaren","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"duration modifier of dienst","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of noun phrase governed by na","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of ontslag","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ontslag","lemma":"ontslag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vroeg","gloss":"discharge"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by toen","gloss":"asked for"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object requested","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewys","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bewys","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"certificate"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with vroeg","gloss":"requested"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gedragen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedragen had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of gedragen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedragen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"gedragen","lemma":"gedragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the content clause modifying bewys","gloss":"conducted"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedragen","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h17-s139","source":"Men kon hem dit echter niet weigeren, en Saïdjah ging met een vroolyk hart op reis.","translation":"They could not, however, refuse him this, and Saïdjah set out on his journey with a glad heart.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men kon hem dit echter niet weigeren","title":"Modal kon + double object","body":"'Men kon hem dit echter niet weigeren' (they could not, however, refuse him this) puts the modal 'kon' second and its infinitive 'weigeren' at the end, with two objects 'hem' (him) and 'dit' (this)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ging ... op reis","title":"Idiom op reis gaan","body":"'ging ... op reis' (set out on a journey) is the fixed phrase 'op reis gaan' — to go travelling. 'met een vroolyk hart' = with a cheerful heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon weigeren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weigeren","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, masculine singular","role":"indirect object of weigeren","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of weigeren","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kon weigeren","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kon weigeren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weigeren","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"refuse"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause; part of op reis gaan","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner phrase met een vroolyk hart","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vroolyk","lemma":"vrolijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter singular","role":"modifies hart","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom op reis gaan","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"reis","lemma":"reis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op; part of op reis gaan","gloss":"journey"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"h17-s140","source":"Hy ging voorby Pising, waar eens Havelaar woonde, lang geleden.","translation":"He passed by Pising, where Havelaar had once lived, long ago.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar eens Havelaar woonde","title":"Relative 'waar' for place","body":"'waar eens Havelaar woonde' (where Havelaar once lived) uses 'waar' as a relative adverb of place; the verb 'woonde' (weak past) goes to the end. 'eens' = once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; combines with voorby","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"voorby","lemma":"voorbij","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"particle of ging ... voorby","gloss":"passed by","note":"Historical spelling of voorbij; with ging it means ‘passed by.’"},{"surface":"Pising","lemma":"Pising","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"place passed by","gloss":"Pising"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces a relative clause modifying Pising","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies woonde","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of woonde","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"woonde","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"had lived"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"geleden","morphology":"postposition, temporal","role":"forms the temporal adjunct lang geleden","gloss":"ago"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"h17-s141","source":"Maar dit wist Saïdjah niet. En al had hy 't geweten, hy droeg heel iets anders in de ziel dat hem bezig hield.","translation":"But Saïdjah did not know this. And even had he known it, he carried something quite different in his soul that kept him occupied.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s141.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit wist Saïdjah niet","title":"Fronted object 'dit' + verb-second","body":"'Maar dit wist Saïdjah niet' (but Saïdjah did not know this): fronting the object 'dit' inverts to 'wist Saïdjah'. 'wist' is the strong past of weten."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al had hy 't geweten","title":"Concessive 'al' + counterfactual pluperfect","body":"'al had hy 't geweten' (even had he known it) is a concessive with 'al' and inverted pluperfect 'had ... geweten' — a counterfactual standing for 'even if he had known'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hem bezig hield","title":"Relative dat + separable bezighouden","body":"'dat hem bezig hield' (that kept him occupied) is a relative clause for the het-word 'iets'; 'bezighouden' is separable, splitting into 'bezig ... hield' at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting main clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the next sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"concessive adverb","role":"marks the concessive clause al had ...","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had geweten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, neuter singular, reduced form","role":"direct object of geweten","gloss":"it","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"geweten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of droeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"droeg","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies anders","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of droeg and antecedent of dat","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, partitive form","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement of droeg","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of hield; refers to iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, masculine singular","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"bezig","lemma":"bezig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement with hield","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"kept"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"h17-s142","source":"Hy telde de schatten die hy t'huisbracht.","translation":"He was counting the treasures he was bringing home.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de schatten die hy t'huisbracht","title":"Relative + separable thuisbrengen","body":"'die hy t'huisbracht' (that he was bringing home) is a relative clause; 'thuisbrengen' (here t'huisbracht) is separable, its parts joining at the end of the clause. ''t huis' = thuis, home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of telde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"telde","lemma":"tellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was counting"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of schatten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schatten","lemma":"schat","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of telde","gloss":"treasures"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of t'huisbracht; refers to schatten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of t'huisbracht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"t'huisbracht","lemma":"thuisbrengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was bringing home","note":"Historical spelling of thuisbracht, written here with an apostrophe."}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"h17-s143","source":"In een bamboezen rol had hy zyn pas en 't getuigschrift van goed gedrag.","translation":"In a roll of bamboo he had his pass and his certificate of good conduct.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s143.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"In een bamboezen rol had hy zyn pas","title":"Fronted place phrase + verb-second","body":"'In een bamboezen rol had hy zyn pas' fronts the place phrase, inverting to 'had hy'. 'bamboezen' is an adjective from bamboe (of bamboo) with the material-adjective -en."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of rol","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bamboezen","lemma":"bamboezen","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies rol","gloss":"bamboo"},{"surface":"rol","lemma":"rol","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"roll"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of pas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links pas and getuigschrift","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, reduced form","role":"determiner of getuigschrift","gloss":"the","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"getuigschrift","lemma":"getuigschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had, coordinated with pas","gloss":"certificate"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of getuigschrift","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter singular","role":"modifies gedrag","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"gedrag","lemma":"gedrag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"conduct"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"h17-s144","source":"In een koker die aan een lederen riem bevestigd was, scheen iets zwaars gedurig te slingeren tegen zyn schouder, maar hy voelde dit gaarne ... ik geloof 't wèl!","translation":"In a case fastened to a leather strap, something heavy kept swinging against his shoulder, but he was glad to feel it... I quite believe it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die aan een lederen riem bevestigd was","title":"Relative die + zijn-passive (state)","body":"'die aan een lederen riem bevestigd was' (which was fastened to a leather strap) is a relative clause whose verb cluster 'bevestigd was' is a state passive with zijn — the result of fastening."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"scheen iets zwaars gedurig te slingeren","title":"schijnen + te-infinitive","body":"'scheen iets zwaars gedurig te slingeren' (something heavy kept seeming to swing) uses 'schijnen' (to seem) governing 'te slingeren'. 'iets zwaars' (something heavy) shows the partitive genitive -s on the adjective after iets."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of koker","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"koker","lemma":"koker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of was bevestigd; refers to koker","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of bevestigd","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of riem","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lederen","lemma":"lederen","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies riem","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"riem","lemma":"riem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"strap"},{"surface":"bevestigd","lemma":"bevestigen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links die to bevestigd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing te slingeren","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of scheen te slingeren","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"zwaars","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, partitive form","role":"postpositive modifier of iets","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slingeren","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks slingeren as complement of scheen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"slingeren","lemma":"slingeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of scheen","gloss":"swing"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the directional complement of slingeren","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of schouder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schouder","lemma":"schouder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the contrasting clause of voelde","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of voelde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb, archaic form","role":"modifies voelde","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the final exclamation","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, neuter singular, reduced form","role":"direct object of geloof","gloss":"it","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"emphasizes geloof","gloss":"quite"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"h17-s145","source":"Dáárin waren dertig spaansche-matten, genoeg om drie buffels te koopen.","translation":"In it were thirty Spanish dollars, enough to buy three buffaloes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dáárin waren dertig spaansche-matten","title":"Pronominal adverb daarin + existential","body":"'Dáárin waren dertig spaansche-matten' (in it were thirty Spanish dollars): 'daarin' (= in it) is a pronominal adverb, fronted for emphasis and inverting the verb 'waren'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"genoeg om drie buffels te koopen","title":"genoeg + om ... te","body":"'genoeg om drie buffels te koopen' (enough to buy three buffaloes) shows 'om ... te' after 'genoeg' — the result/purpose construction 'enough to do X'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dáárin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb, emphatic","role":"locative complement of waren","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb agreeing with spaansche-matten","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"dertig","lemma":"dertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies spaansche-matten","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"spaansche-matten","lemma":"Spaanse mat","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"Spanish dollars","note":"Historical spelling of Spaanse mat, a silver dollar used in the Dutch East Indies."},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"supplement describing the quantity of money","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose/result infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies buffels","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of koopen","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks koopen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the infinitive clause","gloss":"buy"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"h17-s146","source":"Wat zou Adinda zeggen!","translation":"What would Adinda say!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s146.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat zou Adinda zeggen!","title":"Exclamatory conditional zou","body":"'Wat zou Adinda zeggen!' (what would Adinda say!) is the conditional 'zou + zeggen', used here as a joyful exclamation rather than a real question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zou zeggen","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"h17-s147","source":"En dit was nog niet alles.","translation":"And this was not yet all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s147.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links dit to alles","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet alles","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates alles as predicate","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"h17-s148","source":"Op zyn rug zag men de met zilver beslagen scheede van een kris dien hy in den gordel droeg.","translation":"On his back one could see the silver-mounted sheath of a kris that he wore in his sash.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s148.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Op zyn rug zag men de ... scheede van een kris dien hy ... droeg","title":"Fronted phrase + accusative relative 'dien'","body":"Fronting 'Op zyn rug' inverts to 'zag men'. The relative 'dien' (accusative of die) marks the masculine de-word 'kris' as the object — modern Dutch would use plain 'die'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de met zilver beslagen scheede","title":"Participial phrase before the noun","body":"'de met zilver beslagen scheede' (the silver-mounted sheath) packs a whole participial phrase ('met zilver beslagen') in front of the noun as one big adjective — a very Dutch, compact attributive construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement of zag","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of rug","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rug","lemma":"rug","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of scheede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the material complement of beslagen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zilver","lemma":"zilver","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"beslagen","lemma":"beslaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of scheede","gloss":"mounted"},{"surface":"scheede","lemma":"schede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"sheath","note":"Historical spelling of modern schede."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of scheede","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of kris","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kris","lemma":"kris","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van and antecedent of dien","gloss":"kris"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, masculine singular","role":"direct object of droeg; refers to kris","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of droeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement of droeg","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of gordel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gordel","lemma":"gordel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sash"},{"surface":"droeg","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"wore"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"h17-s149","source":"Het gevest was zeker van fyn uitgesneden kamoening, want hy had het met veel zorg gewikkeld in een zyden omhulsel.","translation":"The hilt was surely of finely carved kamoening wood, for he had wrapped it with great care in a silken covering.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s149.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het gevest was zeker van fyn uitgesneden kamoening","title":"Participle as adjective: uitgesneden","body":"'fyn uitgesneden kamoening' (finely carved kamoening wood) uses the past participle 'uitgesneden' (of separable uitsnijden) attributively, with adverb 'fyn' modifying it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want hy had het ... gewikkeld in een zyden omhulsel","title":"want + pluperfect of wikkelen","body":"'want hy had het met veel zorg gewikkeld' (for he had wrapped it with great care) uses coordinating 'want' (no inversion) plus the pluperfect 'had ... gewikkeld'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of gevest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevest","lemma":"gevest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"hilt"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links gevest to the van-phrase","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the material predicate of was","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fyn","lemma":"fijn","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitgesneden","gloss":"finely","note":"Historical spelling with y for modern ij."},{"surface":"uitgesneden","lemma":"uitsnijden","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies kamoening","gloss":"carved"},{"surface":"kamoening","lemma":"kamoening","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, mass","role":"object of van","gloss":"kamoening wood","note":"Kamoening is a fine-grained tropical wood used for carving."},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had gewikkeld","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gewikkeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gewikkeld","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner adjunct","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies zorg","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"gewikkeld","lemma":"wikkelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"wrapped"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the result/location complement of gewikkeld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of omhulsel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zyden","lemma":"zijden","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies omhulsel","gloss":"silken"},{"surface":"omhulsel","lemma":"omhulsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"covering"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"h17-s150","source":"En hy bezat nog meer schatten.","translation":"And he possessed still more treasures.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s150.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of bezat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bezat","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meer","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, comparative","role":"determiner of schatten","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"schatten","lemma":"schat","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of bezat","gloss":"treasures"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"h17-s151","source":"In de wrong van den kahin om zyn lendenen bewaarde hy een buikband van breede zilveren schakels, met gouden ikat-pendieng.","translation":"In the fold of the kahin about his loins he kept a girdle of broad silver links, with a golden ikat-pendieng.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s151.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"In de wrong van den kahin om zyn lendenen bewaarde hy een buikband","title":"Heavy fronted phrase + verb-second","body":"A long fronted prepositional phrase still leaves the finite verb second: 'bewaarde hy'. The verb 'bewaarde' (kept) is weak past."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement of bewaarde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of wrong","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wrong","lemma":"wrong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"fold"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of wrong","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of kahin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kahin","lemma":"kahin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"kahin","note":"A kahin is a wrapped cloth garment worn around the waist."},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase modifying kahin","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of lendenen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"lendenen","lemma":"lende","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of om","gloss":"loins"},{"surface":"bewaarde","lemma":"bewaren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of bewaarde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of buikband","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"buikband","lemma":"buikband","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewaarde","gloss":"girdle"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the material complement of buikband","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"breede","lemma":"breed","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies schakels","gloss":"broad","note":"Historical spelling of brede."},{"surface":"zilveren","lemma":"zilveren","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies schakels","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"schakels","lemma":"schakel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"links"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces an accompanying feature of buikband","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gouden","lemma":"gouden","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies ikat-pendieng","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"ikat-pendieng","lemma":"ikat-pendieng","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"ikat-pendieng","note":"An ikat-pendieng is an ornamental belt buckle or clasp."}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"h17-s152","source":"Het is waar dat de band kort was: maar ze was zoo slank ...","translation":"It is true the girdle was short: but she was so slender...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"maar ze was zoo slank","title":"'ze' = she, not it","body":"After saying the band was short, the narrator slips: 'maar ze was zoo slank' (but she was so slender) — 'ze' jumps from the de-word band to Adinda herself, a tender grammatical sleight that reveals his thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"expletive pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of is waar","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links het to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of is waar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of band","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"band","lemma":"band","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"girdle"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links band to kort","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person feminine singular","role":"subject of was; refers to Adinda","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links ze to slank","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies slank","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"slank","lemma":"slank","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"slender"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"h17-s153","source":"Adinda!","translation":"Adinda!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s153.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative exclamation","gloss":"Adinda"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"h17-s154","source":"En aan een koordjen om den hals, onder zyn voor-baadjoe droeg hy een zyden zakje, waarin eenige verdroogde melatti.","translation":"And on a little cord round his neck, beneath his outer baadjoe, he carried a small silken pouch, in which lay a few dried melatti blossoms.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan een koordjen","title":"Diminutive koordjen (= koordje)","body":"'koordjen' is the diminutive of koord (cord) — 'a little cord'. The -je/-jen suffix shrinks the noun and makes it neuter; the old spelling writes -jen for modern -je."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarin eenige verdroogde melatti","title":"Relative waarin + participle adjective","body":"'waarin eenige verdroogde melatti' (in which a few dried melatti) uses pronominal-relative 'waarin' (= in which). 'verdroogde' is a past participle used as an attributive adjective, taking -e."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means/support complement of droeg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of koordjen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"koordjen","lemma":"koordje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"object of aan","gloss":"little cord","note":"Older diminutive spelling of koordje."},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase modifying koordjen","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of hals","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative adjunct of droeg","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of voor-baadjoe","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voor-baadjoe","lemma":"voor-baadjoe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"outer baadjoe","note":"A baadjoe is a jacket or upper garment; voor- indicates the outer one."},{"surface":"droeg","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of droeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of zakje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zyden","lemma":"zijden","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies zakje","gloss":"silken"},{"surface":"zakje","lemma":"zakje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of droeg","gloss":"small pouch"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"introduces an elliptical relative clause modifying zakje","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"quantifies melatti","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"verdroogde","lemma":"verdrogen","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally, plural","role":"modifies melatti","gloss":"dried"},{"surface":"melatti","lemma":"melatti","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of an omitted verb in the elliptical relative clause","gloss":"melatti blossoms","note":"Melatti are jasmine blossoms; the clause leaves a verb such as lagen (‘lay’) understood."}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"h17-s155","source":"Was 't wonder dat hy te Tangerang zich niet langer ophield dan noodig was tot het bezoeken van den bekende zyns vaders, die zoo fyne stroohoeden vlocht?","translation":"Was it any wonder that at Tangerang he did not linger longer than was needed to visit his father's acquaintance, the man who plaited such fine straw hats?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s155.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Was 't wonder dat hy ... zich niet langer ophield","title":"Rhetorical 'Was 't wonder dat ...' + reflexive","body":"'Was 't wonder dat ...' (was it any wonder that ...) opens a string of rhetorical questions with dummy 't (het). 'zich ophouden' (to linger) is reflexive and separable; 'ophield' splits at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den bekende zyns vaders, die zoo fyne stroohoeden vlocht","title":"Genitive zyns vaders + strong past vlocht","body":"'zyns vaders' is the inflected genitive (of his father). The relative 'die ... vlocht' uses the strong past of vlechten (to plait), with attributive '-e' on 'fyne'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to wonder","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wonder","lemma":"wonder","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ophield","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of ophield","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking location","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Tangerang","lemma":"Tangerang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Tangerang"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of ophield","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ophield","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ophield","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"ophield","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of dat-clause","gloss":"lingered"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to nodig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose phrase","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"marks nominalized bezoeken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bezoeken","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of tot","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking object of bezoeken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of bekende","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bekende","lemma":"bekende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"zyns","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vaders","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vaders","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of bekende","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vlocht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of fijne","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"fyne","lemma":"fijn","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stroohoeden","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"stroohoeden","lemma":"stroohoed","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of vlocht","gloss":"straw hats"},{"surface":"vlocht","lemma":"vlechten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"plaited"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"h17-s156","source":"Was 't wonder dat hy weinig zeide tot de meisjes op zyn weg, die hem vroegen: \"waarheen, vanwaar?\" zooals de groet is in die streken? Was 't wonder dat hy Serang, niet meer zoo voornaam vond, hy die Batavia had leeren kennen?","translation":"Was it any wonder that he said little to the girls along his way who asked him: \"whither, and whence?\" as the greeting goes in those parts? Was it any wonder that he found Serang no longer so grand, he who had come to know Batavia?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s156.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die hem vroegen: waarheen, vanwaar?","title":"Pronominal interrogatives waarheen / vanwaar","body":"'waarheen' (whither, to where) and 'vanwaar' (whence, from where) are directional question-adverbs built on 'waar'. The relative 'die ... vroegen' (who asked) refers to the girls."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy die Batavia had leeren kennen","title":"Apposition 'hy die ...' + double infinitive","body":"'hy die Batavia had leeren kennen' (he who had come to know Batavia) appends an emphatic relative. The perfect 'had leeren kennen' chains two infinitives (leren + kennen) instead of a participle — the IPP construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to wonder","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wonder","lemma":"wonder","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeide","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"direct object of zeide","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of dat-clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meisjes","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tot","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking location","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of weg","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroegen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vroegen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"vroegen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on meisjes","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"waarheen","lemma":"waarheen","morphology":"adverb","role":"quoted interrogative complement of vroegen","gloss":"whither"},{"surface":"vanwaar","lemma":"vanwaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated interrogative with waarheen","gloss":"whence"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of is","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of groet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groet","lemma":"groet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"greeting"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of zoals-clause","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of streken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to wonder","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wonder","lemma":"wonder","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voornaam","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"voornaam","lemma":"voornaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vond","gloss":"grand"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of dat-clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"appositive subject emphasizing hy","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had leren kennen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of leren kennen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of had","gloss":"come to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of leren","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"h17-s157","source":"Dat hy niet meer wegkroop in de Pagger, zooals hy deed voor drie jaren, toen de resident kwam voorbyryden, hy die den veel grooteren heer had gezien, die te Buitenzorg woont en de grootvader is van den Soesoehoenan van Solo?","translation":"That he no longer slipped away into the hedge, as he had done three years before, when the resident came riding by, he who had seen the far greater lord who lives at Buitenzorg and is the grandfather of the Soesoehoenan of Solo?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat hy niet meer wegkroop in de Pagger","title":"Separable wegkruipen + 'niet meer'","body":"'wegkroop' is the strong past of separable 'wegkruipen' (to creep away); the prefix and stem rejoin only in the infinitive. 'niet meer' = no longer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen de resident kwam voorbyryden","title":"toen-clause + bare infinitive after komen","body":"'toen de resident kwam voorbyryden' (when the resident came riding by) uses 'komen' + a bare infinitive 'voorbyryden' — a motion verb taking another verb with no 'te'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wegkroop","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of wegkroop","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wegkroop","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"wegkroop","lemma":"wegkruipen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of dat-clause","gloss":"slipped away"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Pagger","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Pagger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Pagger","lemma":"pagger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"hedge","note":"Pagger is an older Dutch colonial spelling for a hedge or fence."},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of deed","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of zoals-clause","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elapsed time","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of toen-clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"voorbyryden","lemma":"voorbijrijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kwam","gloss":"riding by"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"appositive subject emphasizing hy","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gezien","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of grooteren","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"grooteren","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative, archaic inflection","role":"modifies heer","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of relative clause on hy","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of woont and is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Buitenzorg","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Buitenzorg","lemma":"Buitenzorg","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of woont","gloss":"Buitenzorg"},{"surface":"woont","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"first verb of relative clause","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates woont and is","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grootvader","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grootvader","lemma":"grootvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"grandfather"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"second verb of relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking possessor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Soesoehoenan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Soesoehoenan","lemma":"Soesoehoenan","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Soesoehoenan","note":"Soesoehoenan is a Javanese sovereign title, now usually spelled susuhunan."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Solo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Solo","lemma":"Solo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Solo"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"h17-s158","source":"Was 't wonder dat hy weinig acht sloeg op de vertellingen van wie een eind wegs met hem gingen en spraken van al 't nieuws in Bantan-Kidoel? Dat hy nauwelyks luisterde toen men hem verhaalde dat de koffikultuur na veel onbeloonde moeite geheel was ingetrokken?","translation":"Was it any wonder that he paid little heed to the tales of those who walked a stretch of the road with him and spoke of all the news in Bantan-Kidoel? That he scarcely listened when he was told that the coffee cultivation, after much unrewarded toil, had been wholly given up?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s158.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"weinig acht sloeg op de vertellingen","title":"Idiom acht slaan op","body":"'weinig acht sloeg op de vertellingen' (paid little heed to the tales) is the idiom 'acht slaan op' — to pay attention to. 'sloeg' is the strong past of slaan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"van wie een eind wegs met hem gingen","title":"Relative 'wie' without antecedent + genitive 'wegs'","body":"'van wie ... met hem gingen' (of those who went with him) uses 'wie' as a free relative for persons. 'een eind wegs' shows the old partitive genitive -s on weg (a stretch of road)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de koffikultuur ... geheel was ingetrokken","title":"Pluperfect passive: was ingetrokken","body":"'dat de koffikultuur ... geheel was ingetrokken' (that the coffee cultivation had been wholly withdrawn) is a content clause; 'was ingetrokken' reads as a state/passive perfect with separable intrekken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to wonder","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wonder","lemma":"wonder","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sloeg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of sloeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, indefinite","role":"quantifies acht","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"acht","lemma":"acht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of sloeg","gloss":"heed"},{"surface":"sloeg","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of dat-clause; forms acht slaan op","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes idiom acht slaan op","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vertellingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vertellingen","lemma":"vertelling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"tales"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of gingen and spraken","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"measure phrase modifying gingen","gloss":"stretch"},{"surface":"wegs","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, partitive genitive","role":"partitive modifier of eind","gloss":"of the way"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of met","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gingen","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"first verb of relative clause on wie","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"spraken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"second verb of relative clause on wie","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nieuws","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"quantifies nieuws","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nieuws","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuws","lemma":"nieuws","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantan-Kidoel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Bantan-Kidoel","lemma":"Bantan-Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Bantan-Kidoel"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of luisterde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of luisterde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nauwelyks","lemma":"nauwelijks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies luisterde","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"luisterde","lemma":"luisteren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of dat-clause","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verhaalde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verhaalde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of verhaalde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"verhaalde","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of toen-clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ingetrokken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koffikultuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koffikultuur","lemma":"koffiecultuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive was ingetrokken","gloss":"coffee cultivation"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeite","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"quantifies moeite","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"onbeloonde","lemma":"onbeloond","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies moeite","gloss":"unrewarded"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"toil"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ingetrokken","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ingetrokken","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"ingetrokken","lemma":"intrekken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of content clause","gloss":"given up"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"h17-s159","source":"Dat het distriktshoofd van Parang-Koedjang wegens roof op den publieken weg was veroordeeld tot veertien dagen arrest ten-huize van zyn schoonvader? Dat de hoofdplaats was verlegd naar Rangkas-Betoeng?","translation":"That the district chief of Parang-Koedjang had been sentenced, for robbery on the public road, to fourteen days' confinement at his father-in-law's house? That the chief town had been moved to Rangkas-Betoeng?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s159.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wegens roof op den publieken weg was veroordeeld","title":"Pluperfect passive: was veroordeeld","body":"'was veroordeeld tot veertien dagen arrest' (had been sentenced to fourteen days' arrest) is a passive in the past: zijn + participle 'veroordeeld'. 'wegens' (on account of) governs the cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat de hoofdplaats was verlegd naar Rangkas-Betoeng","title":"Passive with worden/zijn: was verlegd","body":"'Dat de hoofdplaats was verlegd' (that the chief town had been moved) is again a past passive with zijn + 'verlegd'. The whole sentence is one more 'Dat ...' echo in the rhetorical chain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of veroordeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distriktshoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distriktshoofd","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive veroordeeld","gloss":"district chief"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"wegens","lemma":"wegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roof","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"roof","lemma":"roof","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of wegens","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking location of roof","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"publieken","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"adjective, archaic inflection","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of veroordeeld","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"veroordeeld","lemma":"veroordelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of dat-clause","gloss":"sentenced"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arrest","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"veertien","lemma":"veertien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies dagen","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure modifier of arrest","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"arrest","lemma":"arrest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of sentence complement","gloss":"confinement"},{"surface":"ten-huize","lemma":"ten huize","morphology":"fixed adverbial phrase","role":"locative modifier of arrest","gloss":"at the house","note":"Ten huize van is a formal expression meaning “at the house of.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoonvader","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of schoonvader","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schoonvader","lemma":"schoonvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"father-in-law"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verlegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive verlegd","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verlegd","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"verlegd","lemma":"verleggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of dat-clause","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"h17-s160","source":"Dat er een nieuwe adsistent-resident gekomen was, omdat de vorige was gestorven, eenige maanden geleden? Hoe die nieuwe beambte gesproken had op de eerste sebah-vergadering?","translation":"That a new assistant-resident had come, because the former one had died some months ago? How that new official had spoken at the first sebah-gathering?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s160.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat er een nieuwe adsistent-resident gekomen was","title":"er + perfect of komen (zijn)","body":"'Dat er een nieuwe adsistent-resident gekomen was' (that a new assistant-resident had come) inserts existential 'er' before an indefinite subject, with the pluperfect 'gekomen was' (komen takes zijn)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat de vorige was gestorven","title":"omdat + pluperfect of sterven","body":"'omdat de vorige was gestorven, eenige maanden geleden' (because the previous one had died some months ago) is causal; 'was gestorven' is the pluperfect with zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gekomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential subject","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gekomen","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of was gekomen","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gestorven","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vorige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"subject of was gestorven","gloss":"former one"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of omdat-clause","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"adjective","role":"quantifies maanden","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"maanden","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"geleden","morphology":"adverb","role":"postposition modifying maanden","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative modifier of gesproken","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beambte","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gesproken","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of had gesproken","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sebah-vergadering","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sebah-vergadering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies sebah-vergadering","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"sebah-vergadering","lemma":"sebah-vergadering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gesproken","gloss":"sebah-gathering"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"h17-s161","source":"Hoe er sedert eenigen tyd niemand was gestraft wegens klachte, en hoe men onder de bevolking hoopte dat al 't gestolene zou worden weergegeven of vergoed? Neen, schooner beelden vertoonden zich voor 't oog zyner ziel.","translation":"How for some time past no one had been punished for lodging a complaint, and how among the people there was a hope that all that had been stolen would be restored or made good? No, fairer images rose before the eye of his soul.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s161.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe er sedert eenigen tyd niemand was gestraft","title":"er + passive + single negative niemand","body":"'Hoe er ... niemand was gestraft wegens klachte' (how no one had been punished for a complaint): existential 'er', the passive 'was gestraft', and 'niemand' as the sole negative word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat al 't gestolene zou worden weergegeven","title":"Conditional worden-passive: zou worden weergegeven","body":"'dat al 't gestolene zou worden weergegeven of vergoed' (that all the stolen goods would be restored or made good) stacks conditional 'zou' + passive 'worden' + the participle — a future-in-the-past passive. ''t gestolene' nominalises a participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schooner beelden vertoonden zich","title":"Comparative schooner + reflexive zich vertonen","body":"'schooner beelden vertoonden zich' (fairer images showed themselves) uses the comparative 'schooner' (more beautiful) and the reflexive 'zich vertonen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces interrogative content recalled by the narrator","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"some","note":"Older inflected spelling of modern enige."},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of sedert","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive gestraft","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gestraft","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"gestraft","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle forming the passive with was","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"wegens","lemma":"wegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klachte","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"klachte","lemma":"klacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of wegens","gloss":"complaint","note":"Klachte is an older singular form of modern klacht."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces coordinated interrogative content","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of hoopte","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"hoopte","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"hoped"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of hoopte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies 't gestolene","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of gestolene","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gestolene","lemma":"gestolen","morphology":"nominalized past participle, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou worden weergegeven","gloss":"stolen property","note":"The inflected nominalized participle means everything or all property that had been stolen."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden weergegeven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of weergegeven","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"weergegeven","lemma":"weergeven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"passive participle governed by worden","gloss":"restored"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"vergoed","lemma":"vergoeden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with weergegeven","gloss":"made good"},{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response rejecting the preceding thought","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"schooner","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies beelden","gloss":"fairer"},{"surface":"beelden","lemma":"beeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of vertoonden","gloss":"images"},{"surface":"vertoonden","lemma":"vertonen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vertoonden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oog","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive, feminine singular","role":"possessor of ziel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of oog","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"h17-s162","source":"Hy zocht den ketapan-boom in de wolken, te vèr nog als hy was om dien te zoeken by Badoer. Hy greep naar de lucht die hem omgaf, als wilde hy de gestalte omvatten die hem wachten zou onder dien boom.","translation":"He sought the ketapan tree among the clouds, far off as he still was, too far to seek it near Badoer. He grasped at the air around him, as though he would clasp the form that would be waiting for him beneath that tree.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s162.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"te vèr nog als hy was om dien te zoeken","title":"te + adjective + om ... te","body":"'te vèr nog ... om dien te zoeken' (still too far to seek it) is the 'te + adjective + om ... te' pattern — 'too far to do X'. 'dien' is the accusative of die for the masculine ketapan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als wilde hy de gestalte omvatten","title":"Literary 'als + inversion' = as if","body":"'als wilde hy de gestalte omvatten' (as though he would clasp the form) fronts the modal 'wilde' in an 'als'-clause meaning 'as if he wanted to'. The modal takes the bare infinitive 'omvatten'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de lucht die hem omgaf","title":"Relative die + separable/strong omgeven","body":"'de lucht die hem omgaf' (the air that surrounded him): 'die' for the de-word lucht, with 'omgaf', the strong past of omgeven, at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ketapan-boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan-boom","lemma":"ketapanboom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zocht","gloss":"ketapan tree"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wolken","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wolken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wolken","lemma":"wolk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies vèr","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"vèr","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"far","note":"The accent marks emphatic pronunciation; the modern spelling is ver."},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vèr","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause hy was","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula with vèr","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the degree-complement infinitival clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, accusative, masculine singular","role":"direct object of zoeken","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of om","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of by","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of greep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"greep","lemma":"grijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lucht","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of omgaf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of omgaf","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"omgaf","lemma":"omgeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on lucht","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual comparative clause","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"modal verb of omvatten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gestalte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gestalte","lemma":"gestalte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of omvatten","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"omvatten","lemma":"omvatten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wilde","gloss":"clasp"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of wachten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of wachten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"wait for"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wachten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boom","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"tree"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"h17-s163","source":"Hy teekende zich Adinda's gelaat, haar hoofd, haar schouder ... hy zag den zwaren kondeh, zoo glinsterend zwart, gevangen in eigen strik, afhangend in haar hals ... hy zag haar groot oog, schitterend in donkeren weerschyn ... de neusvleugels die ze zoo fier optrok als kind, wanneer hy--hoe was't mogelyk!--haar plaagde, en den hoek van haar lippen waarin zy een glimlach bewaarde. Hy zag hare borst, die nu zwellen zou onder de kabaai ... hy zag hoe de sarong, die zyzelf geweven had, haar heupen nauw omsloot, en, de dy volgend in gebogen lyn, langs de knie neerviel in heerlyke golving op den kleinen voet ...","translation":"He drew for himself Adinda's face, her head, her shoulder... he saw the heavy kondeh, so glistening black, caught in its own knot, hanging down at her neck... he saw her great eye, sparkling in dark reflection... the nostrils she used to draw up so proudly as a child, whenever he—how was it possible!—teased her, and the corner of her lips where she kept a smile. He saw her breast, which now would swell beneath the kabaai... he saw how the sarong she had woven herself clasped her hips close, and, following the thigh in a curving line, fell along the knee in a lovely flow down upon the small foot...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s163.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy teekende zich Adinda's gelaat","title":"Ethical dative zich + 's genitive","body":"'Hy teekende zich Adinda's gelaat' (he drew for himself Adinda's face) uses 'zich' as a benefactive/ethical dative ('for himself'). 'Adinda's' is the everyday 's genitive on a name."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de neusvleugels die ze zoo fier optrok als kind","title":"Relative + separable optrekken; period ze","body":"'die ze zoo fier optrok als kind' (which she drew up so proudly as a child) is a relative clause; 'optrekken' is separable, 'optrok' being its strong past placed at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de sarong, die zyzelf geweven had","title":"Relative die + pluperfect of weven","body":"'die zyzelf geweven had' (which she herself had woven) is a relative clause; 'geweven had' is the pluperfect of strong 'weven'. 'zyzelf' = zij zelf (she herself)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of teekende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"teekende","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pictured","note":"Teekende is the older spelling of modern tekende."},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, dative","role":"benefactive object of teekende","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of gelaat","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of teekende","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hoofd","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of teekende","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of schouder","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"schouder","lemma":"schouder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of teekende","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kondeh","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwaren","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kondeh","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"kondeh","lemma":"kondeh","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"hair bun"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies glinsterend","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"glinsterend","lemma":"glinsteren","morphology":"present participle","role":"adverbial modifier of zwart","gloss":"glistening"},{"surface":"zwart","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative modifier of kondeh","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"gevangen","lemma":"vangen","morphology":"past participle","role":"participial modifier of kondeh","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking strik","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies strik","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"strik","lemma":"strik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gevangen","gloss":"knot"},{"surface":"afhangend","lemma":"afhangen","morphology":"present participle","role":"participial modifier of kondeh","gloss":"hanging down"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hals","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hals","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of oog","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oog","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"schitterend","lemma":"schitteren","morphology":"present participle","role":"participial modifier of oog","gloss":"sparkling"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weerschyn","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"donkeren","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies weerschyn","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"weerschyn","lemma":"weerschijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"reflection","note":"Weerschyn is the older spelling of modern weerschijn, here meaning reflected light."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of neusvleugels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"neusvleugels","lemma":"neusvleugel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated direct object of zag","gloss":"nostrils"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of optrok","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of optrok","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fier","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"fier","lemma":"fier","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"modifies optrok","gloss":"proudly"},{"surface":"optrok","lemma":"optrekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on neusvleugels","gloss":"drew up"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase als kind","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of als","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of plaagde","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of plaagde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mogelyk in the parenthetical hoe was't mogelyk","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"was't","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular + enclitic pronoun","role":"copula and subject of mogelyk","gloss":"was it","note":"Was't contracts was het, ‘was it’."},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was't","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of plaagde","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"plaagde","lemma":"plagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the wanneer-clause","gloss":"teased"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates hoek with neusvleugels","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoek","lemma":"hoek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of zag","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lippen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of lippen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"lippen","lemma":"lip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on hoek","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of bewaarde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of glimlach","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"glimlach","lemma":"glimlach","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewaarde","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"bewaarde","lemma":"bewaren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on hoek","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected","role":"possessor of borst","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"borst","lemma":"borst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of zwellen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zwellen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"zwellen","lemma":"zwellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"swell"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zwellen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kabaai","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kabaai","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kabaai","lemma":"kabaai","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"blouse"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the content clause of zag","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sarong","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sarong","lemma":"sarong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of omsloot","gloss":"sarong"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of geweven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyzelf","lemma":"zijzelf","morphology":"emphatic personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of geweven","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"geweven","lemma":"weven","morphology":"past participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"woven"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of heupen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"heupen","lemma":"heup","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of omsloot","gloss":"hips"},{"surface":"nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omsloot","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"omsloot","lemma":"omsluiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"clasped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates neerviel with omsloot","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dy","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dy","lemma":"dij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of volgend","gloss":"thigh"},{"surface":"volgend","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"present participle","role":"participial modifier of sarong","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lyn","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gebogen","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies lyn","gloss":"curving"},{"surface":"lyn","lemma":"lijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"line","note":"Lyn is the older spelling of modern lijn."},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking knie","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of knie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"knie","lemma":"knie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of langs","gloss":"knee"},{"surface":"neerviel","lemma":"neervallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with omsloot","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking golving","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"heerlyke","lemma":"heerlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies golving","gloss":"lovely","note":"Heerlyke is the older spelling of modern heerlijke."},{"surface":"golving","lemma":"golving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"flow"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voet","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies voet","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"foot"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"h17-s164","source":"Neen, hy hoorde weinig van wat men hem zeide.","translation":"No, he heard little of what was said to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Neen, hy hoorde weinig van wat men hem zeide","title":"Free relative 'wat' + men","body":"'van wat men hem zeide' (of what was said to him) uses 'wat' as a headless relative ('that which'). 'zeide' is the older weak past of zeggen (modern: zei)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hoorde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of hoorde","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the source/content complement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of zeide","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of zeide","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"h17-s165","source":"Hy hoorde geheel andere tonen. Hy hoorde hoe Adinda zeggen zou: \"zy wèl gekomen, Saïdjah!","translation":"He heard quite other tones. He heard how Adinda would say: \"welcome, Saïdjah!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s165.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy hoorde hoe Adinda zeggen zou","title":"Indirect speech + conditional zou","body":"'hoe Adinda zeggen zou' (how Adinda would say) embeds an indirect clause whose verbs 'zeggen zou' fall to the end. 'zou' colours it as imagined/conditional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zy wèl gekomen","title":"'zij wèl gekomen' — a welcome","body":"'Zy wèl gekomen, Saïdjah' renders a Malay/Sundanese greeting of welcome word-for-word into Dutch ('be well come'). Multatuli keeps the calqued phrasing to preserve Adinda's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hoorde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies andere","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies tonen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"tonen","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of hoorde","gloss":"tones"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hoorde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the content clause of hoorde","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"optative auxiliary with gekomen","gloss":"be","note":"Zy wèl gekomen is an old welcome formula, literally ‘be well come’."},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekomen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the optative welcome formula","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Saïdjah"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"h17-s166","source":"Ik heb aan u gedacht by spinnen en by weven, en by 't stampen van de ryst in het blok dat driemaal twaalf kerven draagt van myne hand.","translation":"I have thought of you at the spinning and the weaving, and at the pounding of the rice in the block that bears three times twelve notches cut by my hand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s166.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb aan u gedacht by spinnen en by weven","title":"Perfect + pronominal verb denken aan","body":"'Ik heb aan u gedacht' (I have thought of you) is the present perfect of 'denken aan' (to think of). 'u' is the polite/literary 'you'. 'by spinnen ... by weven' nominalise the infinitives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het blok dat driemaal twaalf kerven draagt van myne hand","title":"Relative dat for a het-word","body":"'dat driemaal twaalf kerven draagt' (that bears three times twelve notches) is a relative clause for the het-word 'blok'; the verb 'draagt' goes to the end. 'myne hand' = mijn hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of gedacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of gedacht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement u","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, object form","role":"object of aan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gedacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with heb","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces spinnen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"spinnen","lemma":"spinnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, substantivized","role":"object of bij","gloss":"the spinning"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the bij-phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces weven","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"weven","lemma":"weven","morphology":"verb, infinitive, substantivized","role":"object of bij","gloss":"the weaving"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the bij-phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces stampen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of stampen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stampen","lemma":"stampen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, substantivized","role":"object of bij","gloss":"pounding"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces ryst","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of ryst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"object of van","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces het blok","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of blok","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blok","lemma":"blok","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"block"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of draagt; refers to blok","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"driemaal","lemma":"driemaal","morphology":"multiplicative numeral","role":"modifies twaalf","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"twaalf","lemma":"twaalf","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies kerven","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"kerven","lemma":"kerf","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"direct object of draagt","gloss":"notches"},{"surface":"draagt","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on blok","gloss":"bears"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces myne hand","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"h17-s167","source":"Hier ben ik onder den ketapan, den eersten dag der nieuwe maan.","translation":"Here I am beneath the ketapan, on the first day of the new moon.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s167.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hier ben ik onder den ketapan","title":"Fronted 'Hier' + verb-second","body":"'Hier ben ik onder den ketapan' (here I am beneath the ketapan): fronting 'Hier' inverts to 'ben ik'. 'den eersten dag der nieuwe maan' shows the genitive 'der' (of the)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"locative complement of ben","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main copular verb","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces den ketapan","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"ketapan"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eersten","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"temporal adjunct of ben","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, feminine singular, archaic genitive","role":"determiner of maan","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies maan","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"maan","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"genitive dependent of dag","gloss":"moon"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"h17-s168","source":"Zy wèl gekomen, Saïdjah: ik wil uw vrouw zyn!\"","translation":"Welcome, Saïdjah: I will be your wife!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s168.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik wil uw vrouw zyn","title":"Modal willen + bare infinitive","body":"'ik wil uw vrouw zyn' (I will be your wife) uses the modal 'willen' (to want/will) with the bare infinitive 'zyn' at the end. 'uw' is the possessive of 'u' — your."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular, historical spelling","role":"copular verb in the greeting","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb with emphatic accent","role":"modifies gekomen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle, predicative","role":"predicative complement of Zy","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"modal verb governing zyn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person singular","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"h17-s169","source":"Dàt was de muziek die in zyn ooren weerklonk, en hem belette te luisteren naar al 't nieuws dat men hem verhaalde op zyn weg.","translation":"That was the music that rang in his ears, and kept him from listening to all the news that was told him along his way.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s169.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dàt was de muziek die in zyn ooren weerklonk","title":"Demonstrative subject 'dat' + relative die","body":"'Dàt was de muziek die in zyn ooren weerklonk' (that was the music that rang in his ears): stressed 'dat' is the demonstrative subject; 'die ... weerklonk' is a relative clause for de-word muziek."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hem belette te luisteren naar al 't nieuws","title":"beletten + te-infinitive","body":"'(en) hem belette te luisteren' (and kept him from listening) governs a 'te'-infinitive. 'beletten' = to prevent; it takes te + infinitive 'luisteren'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular, emphatic","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main copular verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of muziek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muziek","lemma":"muziek","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"predicative complement of was; antecedent of die","gloss":"music"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of weerklonk and belette; refers to muziek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zyn ooren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"determiner of ooren","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ooren","lemma":"oor","morphology":"noun, neuter plural, historical spelling","role":"object of in","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"weerklonk","lemma":"weerklinken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on muziek","gloss":"rang"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates weerklonk and belette","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of belette","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"belette","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"coordinated predicate with weerklonk","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks luisteren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"luisteren","lemma":"luisteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of belette","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces al 't nieuws","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"quantifies nieuws","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of nieuws","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuws","lemma":"nieuws","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, mass noun","role":"object of naar; antecedent of dat","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of verhaalde; refers to nieuws","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verhaalde","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of verhaalde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"verhaalde","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on nieuws","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zyn weg","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"h17-s170","source":"Eindelyk zag hy den ketapan. Of liever hy zag een donkere plek die veel sterren bedekte voor zyn oog.","translation":"At last he saw the ketapan. Or rather, he saw a dark patch that hid many stars from his eye.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s170.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Eindelyk zag hy den ketapan","title":"Fronted adverb + accusative den ketapan","body":"'Eindelyk zag hy den ketapan' (at last he saw the ketapan): fronting 'Eindelyk' inverts to 'zag hy'; 'den' marks the masculine de-word as accusative object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een donkere plek die veel sterren bedekte","title":"Relative die + weak past bedekte","body":"'die veel sterren bedekte voor zyn oog' (that hid many stars from his eye) is a relative clause for the de-word 'plek'; weak past 'bedekte' lands at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"temporal adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies zag","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"ketapan"},{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the correction liever","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"lief","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"discourse modifier correcting the preceding statement","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of plek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"donkere","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies plek","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"plek","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of zag; antecedent of die","gloss":"patch"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of bedekte; refers to plek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"quantifies sterren","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"sterren","lemma":"ster","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"direct object of bedekte","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"bedekte","lemma":"bedekken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on plek","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zyn oog","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"eye"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"h17-s171","source":"Dat moest het Djati-bosch wezen, by den boom waar hy Adinda zou weerzien, den volgenden dag na 't opgaan van de zon.","translation":"That must be the Djati forest, by the tree where he would see Adinda again, the next day after the rising of the sun.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s171.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat moest het Djati-bosch wezen","title":"Epistemic modal moeten ('must be')","body":"'Dat moest het Djati-bosch wezen' (that must be the Djati forest) uses 'moeten' in an inferential sense — 'must be'. The modal 'moest' takes the bare infinitive 'wezen' (to be)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb governing wezen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of Djati-bosch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Djati-bosch","lemma":"Djati-bos","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"Djati forest"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moest","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces den boom","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic dative","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of by; antecedent of waar","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of weerzien; refers to boom","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of weerzien","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of weerzien","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of weerzien","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"weerzien","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicate of relative clause on boom","gloss":"see again"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"temporal adjunct of weerzien","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces het opgaan","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of opgaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opgaan","lemma":"opgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive, substantivized","role":"object of na","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de zon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"sun"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"h17-s172","source":"Hy zocht in het duister, en betastte vele stammen. Weldra vond hy een bekende oneffenheid aan de zuidzyde van een boom, en hy legde den vinger in een gleuf die Si-Panteh daarin gehakt had met zyn parang, om den pontianak te bezweren die schuld had aan de tandpyn van Panteh's moeder, kort voor de geboorte van zyn broertje.","translation":"He felt about in the dark, and ran his hands over many trunks. Before long he found a familiar unevenness on the south side of a tree, and laid his finger in a groove that Si-Panteh had hacked there with his parang, to ward off the pontianak who was to blame for the toothache of Panteh's mother, shortly before the birth of his little brother.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s172.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy zocht in het duister, en betastte vele stammen","title":"Strong past zocht + weak past betastte","body":"'zocht' is the strong/irregular past of zoeken (to seek); 'betastte' is the weak past of betasten (to feel/touch) with -te. The two coordinate with 'en'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een gleuf die Si-Panteh daarin gehakt had","title":"Relative die + pluperfect; daarin","body":"'die Si-Panteh daarin gehakt had' (that Si-Panteh had hacked in it) is a relative clause; 'gehakt had' is the pluperfect, and 'daarin' (= in it) a pronominal adverb pointing back to the groove/tree."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"felt about"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces het duister","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of duister","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duister","lemma":"duister","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zocht and betastte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"betastte","lemma":"betasten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"coordinated predicate with zocht","gloss":"felt over"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"quantifies stammen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"stammen","lemma":"stam","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"direct object of betastte","gloss":"trunks"},{"surface":"Weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"temporal adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"before long"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of oneffenheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bekende","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies oneffenheid","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"oneffenheid","lemma":"oneffenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"unevenness"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de zuidzyde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of zuidzyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zuidzyde","lemma":"zuidzijde","morphology":"noun, common gender singular, historical spelling","role":"object of aan","gloss":"south side"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces een boom","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates vond and legde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of legde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"legde","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"coordinated predicate with vond","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of vinger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vinger","lemma":"vinger","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of legde","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces een gleuf","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of gleuf","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gleuf","lemma":"gleuf","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of in; antecedent of die","gloss":"groove"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of gehakt; refers to gleuf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Si-Panteh","lemma":"Si-Panteh","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of had gehakt","gloss":"Si-Panteh"},{"surface":"daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of gehakt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gehakt","lemma":"hakken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with had","gloss":"hacked"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of gehakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zyn parang","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"determiner of parang","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"parang","lemma":"parang","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"parang"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive bezweren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of pontianak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pontianak","lemma":"pontianak","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of bezweren; antecedent of die","gloss":"pontianak"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks bezweren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bezweren","lemma":"bezweren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose adjunct of gehakt","gloss":"ward off"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of had; refers to pontianak","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"predicative complement of had","gloss":"to blame","note":"Schuld hebben aan means ‘to be to blame for.’"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on pontianak","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de tandpyn","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of tandpyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tandpyn","lemma":"tandpijn","morphology":"noun, common gender singular, historical spelling","role":"object of aan","gloss":"toothache"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Panteh's moeder","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Panteh's","lemma":"Panteh","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"Panteh's"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"temporal adverb","role":"modifies voor de geboorte","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de geboorte","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of geboorte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geboorte","lemma":"geboorte","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"birth"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zyn broertje","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"determiner of broertje","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"broertje","lemma":"broer","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, diminutive","role":"object of van","gloss":"little brother"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"h17-s173","source":"Dàt was de ketapan dien hy zocht.","translation":"That was the ketapan he was seeking.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s173.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dàt was de ketapan dien hy zocht","title":"Accusative relative 'dien'","body":"'de ketapan dien hy zocht' (the ketapan he was seeking) uses 'dien', the masculine accusative of die, because the tree is the object of 'zocht'. Modern Dutch flattens it to 'die'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular, emphatic","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main copular verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"predicative complement of was; antecedent of dien","gloss":"ketapan"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"direct object of zocht; refers to ketapan","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on ketapan","gloss":"was seeking"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"h17-s174","source":"Ja, wèl was dit de plek waar hy voor 't eerst Adinda anders had aangezien dan zyn overige speelnootjes, omdat ze daar voor 't eerst geweigerd had deeltenemen aan een spel dat ze toch had meegespeeld met alle kinderen, knapen en meisjes, nog kort te voren. Dáár had ze hem de melatti gegeven.","translation":"Yes, this was indeed the spot where for the first time he had looked at Adinda differently from his other playmates, because there, for the first time, she had refused to take part in a game she had nonetheless played with all the children, boys and girls, only a short while before. There she had given him the melatti.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s174.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wèl was dit de plek waar hy ... had aangezien","title":"Emphatic 'wèl' fronted + relative waar","body":"'wèl was dit de plek' fronts emphatic 'wèl', inverting to 'was dit'. 'waar hy voor 't eerst Adinda anders had aangezien' is a place-relative with the pluperfect 'had aangezien' (separable aanzien) at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ze daar voor 't eerst geweigerd had deeltenemen","title":"omdat + pluperfect + joined deeltenemen","body":"'omdat ze ... geweigerd had deeltenemen' (because she had refused to take part): causal omdat with pluperfect 'geweigerd had'; 'deeltenemen' is the period one-word spelling of 'deel te nemen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirms the statement","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"emphasizes the copular statement","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking dit and plek","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of plek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plek","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of aangezien; introduces relative clause on plek","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person masculine singular","role":"subject of had aangezien","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of temporal phrase voor 't eerst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner in voor 't eerst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"ordinal adjective, substantivized","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"first time"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of aangezien","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of aangezien","gloss":"differently"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of aangezien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aangezien","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with overige speelnootjes","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person masculine singular","role":"possessor of speelnootjes","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"overige","lemma":"overig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies speelnootjes","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"speelnootjes","lemma":"speelnoot","morphology":"noun, plural, diminutive","role":"object of comparative dan","gloss":"playmates"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of had geweigerd","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"locative modifier of had geweigerd","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of temporal phrase voor 't eerst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner in voor 't eerst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"ordinal adjective, substantivized","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"first time"},{"surface":"geweigerd","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of geweigerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"deeltenemen","lemma":"deelnemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical closed spelling","role":"infinitival complement of geweigerd","gloss":"to take part"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of deelnemen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of spel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"spel","lemma":"spel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional object of deelnemen","gloss":"game"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of had meegespeeld; introduces relative clause on spel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of had meegespeeld","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of had meegespeeld","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of meegespeeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"meegespeeld","lemma":"meespelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"played along"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comitative complement of meegespeeld","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner, plural","role":"determiner of kinderen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of met","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"knapen","lemma":"knaap","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition specifying kinderen","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates knapen and meisjes","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural, diminutive","role":"coordinated with knapen","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kort te voren","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of te voren","gloss":"a short while"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of temporal adverb te voren","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"voren","lemma":"voren","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of temporal adverb te voren","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"Dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"locative adverb, emphatic","role":"locative modifier of had gegeven","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of had gegeven","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person masculine singular, object form","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of melatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"melatti","lemma":"melati","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"jasmine flower","note":"A melati is an Arabian jasmine flower; the text uses the older spelling melatti."},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"given"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"h17-s175","source":"Hy zette zich neder aan den voet van den boom, en zag op naar de sterren. En als er een verschoot, nam hy dit aan als een groet by zyn wederkomst te Badoer.","translation":"He sat down at the foot of the tree, and gazed up at the stars. And when one shot across, he took it as a greeting on his return to Badoer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s175.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy zette zich neder","title":"Reflexive + separable nederzetten","body":"'Hy zette zich neder' (he sat himself down) combines the reflexive 'zich' with separable 'nederzetten' (archaic for neerzetten); 'neder' goes to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"En als er een verschoot, nam hy dit aan als een groet","title":"Conditional als + er + separable aannemen","body":"'als er een verschoot' (whenever one shot across) uses existential 'er' with the indefinite subject 'een'. The main clause inverts ('nam hy ... aan'), splitting separable aannemen (to take/accept)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person masculine singular","role":"subject of zette and zag","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"zette","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite base of zette zich neder","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"reflexive object of zette","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"neder","lemma":"neder","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"particle of zette zich neder","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative phrase aan den voet","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical dative form","role":"determiner of voet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessive complement of voet","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical form","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zette and zag","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite base of zag op","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"particle of zag op","gloss":"looked up"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of opzien","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of sterren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sterren","lemma":"ster","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects sentence to preceding sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with een verschoot","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of verschoot; refers to a star","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"verschoot","lemma":"verschieten","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"shot across"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite base of nam aan","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person masculine singular","role":"subject of nam aan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of nam aan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"particle of nam aan","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement of aannemen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of groet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groet","lemma":"groet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement introduced by als","gloss":"greeting"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces temporal circumstance of groet","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person masculine singular","role":"possessor of wederkomst","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"wederkomst","lemma":"wederkomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place name Badoer","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Badoer"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"h17-s176","source":"En hy dacht er aan, of Adinda nu slapen zou? En of ze wel goed de manen had ingesneden in haar rystblok?","translation":"And he wondered whether Adinda were sleeping now. And whether she had cut the moons correctly into her rice-block?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s176.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy dacht er aan, of Adinda nu slapen zou","title":"eraan + indirect yes/no question with of","body":"'Hy dacht er aan, of Adinda nu slapen zou' (he wondered whether Adinda was sleeping now): 'er ... aan' is the split pronominal adverb, and 'of' opens an indirect yes/no question with verbs 'slapen zou' at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of ze wel goed de manen had ingesneden","title":"of-question + pluperfect of insnijden","body":"'of ze wel goed de manen had ingesneden in haar rystblok' (whether she had cut the moons correctly) is a second 'of'-clause; 'had ingesneden' is the pluperfect of separable insnijden."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects sentence to preceding sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person masculine singular","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement combining with aan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes pronominal adverb eraan with dacht","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces indirect yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zou slapen","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of slapen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"slapen","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"be sleeping"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of slapen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second coordinated indirect question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces indirect yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of had ingesneden","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds tentative emphasis to goed","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner modifier of ingesneden","gloss":"correctly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of manen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manen","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of ingesneden","gloss":"moons"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of ingesneden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ingesneden","lemma":"insnijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of indirect question","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of ingesneden","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of rystblok","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"rystblok","lemma":"rijstblok","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"rice-block","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch rijstblok."}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"h17-s177","source":"Het zou hem zoo smarten wanneer zy een maan had overgeslagen, alsof 't niet genoeg ware ... zes-en-dertig! En of ze schoone sarongs en slendangs zou gebatikt hebben?","translation":"It would grieve him so if she had skipped a moon, as though it were not enough already... thirty-six! And whether she had batiked fine sarongs and slendangs?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s177.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het zou hem zoo smarten wanneer zy een maan had overgeslagen","title":"Impersonal het + conditional + counterfactual","body":"'Het zou hem zoo smarten' (it would grieve him so) uses dummy 'het' with the conditional 'zou ... smarten'. The 'wanneer'-clause carries the counterfactual pluperfect 'had overgeslagen' (separable overslaan, to skip)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alsof 't niet genoeg ware","title":"alsof + past subjunctive ware","body":"'alsof 't niet genoeg ware' (as though it were not enough) pairs 'alsof' with the past subjunctive 'ware' of zijn — the literary subjunctive of unreal comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou smarten; refers to the possibility stated next","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of smarten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person masculine singular, object form","role":"direct object of smarten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb, historical spelling","role":"degree modifier of smarten","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"smarten","lemma":"smarten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"grieve"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of had overgeslagen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of maan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"maan","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of overgeslagen","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of overgeslagen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"overgeslagen","lemma":"overslaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"skipped"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hypothetical comparative clause","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, elided","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negating adverb","role":"negates ware genoeg","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"subject complement of ware","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"copula linking 't and genoeg","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"zes-en-dertig","lemma":"zesendertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"elliptical specification of the number of moons","gloss":"thirty-six"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces another indirect question continuing h17-s176","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces indirect yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of zou gebatikt hebben","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected, historical spelling","role":"modifies sarongs and slendangs","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"sarongs","lemma":"sarong","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gebatikt","gloss":"sarongs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates sarongs and slendangs","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"slendangs","lemma":"slendang","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated direct object with sarongs","gloss":"slendangs","note":"A slendang is a long Javanese shoulder cloth or carrying shawl."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gebatikt hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gebatikt","lemma":"batikken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of indirect question","gloss":"batiked"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary governing gebatikt after zou","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"h17-s178","source":"En ook vroeg hy zich, wie er toch wel wonen zou in zyns vaders huis? En zyn jeugd kwam hem voor den geest, en zyne moeder, en hoe die buffel hem had gered van den tyger, en hy bepeinsde wat er toch zou geworden zyn van Adinda als die buffel minder trouw ware geweest?","translation":"And he wondered too who might be living in his father's house? And his childhood came back to his mind, and his mother, and how that buffalo had saved him from the tiger, and he pondered what would have become of Adinda had that buffalo been less faithful?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s178.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ook vroeg hy zich, wie er toch wel wonen zou","title":"Reflexive zich afvragen + embedded wie","body":"'vroeg hy zich' (he asked himself / wondered) is the reflexive 'zich afvragen'. The embedded question 'wie er toch wel wonen zou' uses 'wie' for persons, 'er' as a place-filler, and final 'wonen zou'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe die buffel hem had gered van den tyger","title":"Indirect question + pluperfect redden","body":"'hoe die buffel hem had gered van den tyger' (how that buffalo had saved him from the tiger) is an embedded clause with the pluperfect 'had gered' at the end. 'den tyger' keeps the accusative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat er ... zou geworden zyn van Adinda als die buffel minder trouw ware geweest","title":"Conditional perfect + counterfactual ware geweest","body":"'wat er ... zou geworden zyn van Adinda' is a conditional perfect ('what would have become of Adinda'); the if-clause 'als die buffel minder trouw ware geweest' uses the subjunctive pluperfect 'ware geweest'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects sentence to preceding sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vroeg","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person masculine singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"indirect reflexive object of vroeg","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of zou wonen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative-presentative modifier in indirect question","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds wondering emphasis to indirect question","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds uncertainty to indirect question","gloss":"possibly"},{"surface":"wonen","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"be living"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of wonen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of wonen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyns","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular, historical genitive form","role":"possessor within zyns vaders","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vaders","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, genitive","role":"genitive possessor of huis","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces next main clause","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person masculine singular","role":"possessor of jeugd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of kwam voor den geest","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person masculine singular, object form","role":"experiencer with kwam voor den geest","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom voor den geest komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical dative form","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of voor in idiom voor den geest komen","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"adds moeder to what came to mind","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyne","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person masculine singular, inflected historical form","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptically coordinated subject with jeugd","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"adds embedded clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces remembered content clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had gered","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person masculine singular, object form","role":"direct object of gered","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gered","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gered","lemma":"redden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source-of-danger complement of gered","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical form","role":"determiner of tyger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyger","lemma":"tijger","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"tiger"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates bepeinsde with preceding main clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person masculine singular","role":"subject of bepeinsde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bepeinsde","lemma":"bepeinzen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"pondered"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject complement of geworden zijn; introduces indirect question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentative element in indirect question","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds wondering emphasis","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geworden zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"perfect participle governed by zijn","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"perfect auxiliary of geworden after zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement in wat is er van ... geworden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces counterfactual conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ware geweest","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"minder","morphology":"comparative degree adverb","role":"degree modifier of trouw","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"subject complement of ware geweest","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary with geweest in counterfactual clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"copular participle linking buffel and trouw","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"h17-s179","source":"Hy lette zeer op het dalen van de sterren in 't Westen, en by elke ster die aan de kim verdween, berekende hy hoe de zon weer iets nader was aan haren Opgang in het oosten, en hoeveel nader hyzelf aan 't weerzien van Adinda.","translation":"He watched closely the setting of the stars in the West, and with each star that vanished at the horizon he reckoned how the sun was a little nearer to its rising in the east, and how much nearer he himself was to seeing Adinda again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"by elke ster die aan de kim verdween, berekende hy hoe ...","title":"Fronted phrase + relative + embedded question","body":"A fronted phrase ('by elke ster die ... verdween') forces verb-second 'berekende hy'. The relative 'die ... verdween' (strong past of verdwijnen) and the embedded 'hoe ... was' both go verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"haren Opgang","title":"Archaic accusative possessive haren","body":"'haren Opgang' (its rising) shows the old inflected possessive 'haren' (feminine/accusative of haar), agreeing with the sun. Modern Dutch uses plain 'haar'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of lette","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"lette","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb, with op","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lette","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of lette","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dalen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dalen","lemma":"dalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"object of op","gloss":"setting"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sterren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sterren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sterren","lemma":"ster","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"possessive complement of dalen","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 't","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of Westen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Westen","lemma":"westen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"West"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ster","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ster","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"ster","lemma":"ster","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"star"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verdween","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kim","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kim","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kim","lemma":"kim","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"horizon"},{"surface":"verdween","lemma":"verdwijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on ster","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"berekende","lemma":"berekenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with lette","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of berekende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nader","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, adverbial","role":"degree modifier of nader","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"nader","lemma":"na","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking zon to nader","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, feminine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Opgang","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"Opgang","lemma":"opgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oosten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oosten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oosten","lemma":"oosten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"east"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoeveel","lemma":"hoeveel","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"degree modifier of nader","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"nader","lemma":"na","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of elided was","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of elided was","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weerzien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weerzien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weerzien","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"object of aan","gloss":"seeing again"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adinda","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Adinda"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"h17-s180","source":"Want zeker zou ze komen by den eersten straal, ja, by 't schemeren reeds zou ze daar zyn ... ach, waarom was ze niet reeds gekomen den vorigen dag?","translation":"For surely she would come at the first ray, yes, at the very dawn she would already be there... ah, why had she not come the day before?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s180.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want zeker zou ze komen by den eersten straal","title":"want + conditional zou komen","body":"'Want zeker zou ze komen' (for surely she would come): coordinating 'want' (no inversion) with the conditional 'zou ... komen'. Fronted 'zeker' then inverts within the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom was ze niet reeds gekomen den vorigen dag","title":"Question + pluperfect of komen (zijn)","body":"'waarom was ze niet reeds gekomen den vorigen dag?' (why had she not already come the day before?) is a pluperfect question with 'was ... gekomen' (komen takes zijn). 'den vorigen dag' is the accusative time phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of komen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou komen","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main lexical verb with zou","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking straal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case inflection","role":"determiner of straal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eersten","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, archaic case inflection","role":"modifies straal","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"straal","lemma":"straal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of komen","gloss":"ray"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to komen","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schemeren","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"nominalizes schemeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schemeren","lemma":"schemeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"object of bij","gloss":"dawning"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main lexical verb with zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ach","lemma":"ach","morphology":"interjection","role":"expresses lament","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekomen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gekomen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekomen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekomen","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb with was","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case inflection","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorigen","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, archaic case inflection","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial of time","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"h17-s181","source":"Het bedroefde hem dat ze 't niet was vooruitgeloopen, het schoone oogenblik dat hem drie jaren lang de ziel had voorgelicht met onbeschryfelyken glans.","translation":"It saddened him that she had not run ahead to meet it, that beautiful moment which for three long years had lit his soul with an indescribable radiance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het bedroefde hem dat ze 't niet was vooruitgeloopen","title":"Impersonal het + extraposed dat-clause","body":"'Het bedroefde hem dat ...' (it saddened him that ...) uses anticipatory 'het' with the real subject in the 'dat'-clause. 'was vooruitgeloopen' is the pluperfect of separable vooruitlopen (vooruitlopen takes zijn)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hem drie jaren lang de ziel had voorgelicht","title":"Relative-like dat + separable voorlichten","body":"'dat hem drie jaren lang de ziel had voorgelicht' (which had lit his soul for three years) is a relative clause for 'oogenblik'; pluperfect 'had voorgelicht' (separable voorlichten) closes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with bedroefde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"bedroefde","lemma":"bedroeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saddened"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bedroefde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vooruitgeloopen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vooruitgeloopen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, accusative, contracted","role":"direct object of vooruitgeloopen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vooruitgeloopen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vooruitgeloopen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vooruitgeloopen","lemma":"vooruitlopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"run ahead"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schoone","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies oogenblik","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition explaining 't","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of voorgelicht","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"benefactive complement of voorgelicht","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"measure phrase with lang","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgelicht","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorgelicht","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorgelicht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"voorgelicht","lemma":"voorlichten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking glans","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"onbeschryfelyken","lemma":"onbeschrijfelijk","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, archaic case inflection","role":"modifies glans","gloss":"indescribable"},{"surface":"glans","lemma":"glans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"radiance"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"h17-s182","source":"En, onbillyk als hy was in de zelfzucht zyner liefde, scheen 't hem toe dat Adinda had moeten dáár zyn, wachtende op hèm, hy die zich nu beklaagde--vóór den tyd reeds!--dat hy te wachten had op háár. Maar hy beklaagde zich ten-onrechte.","translation":"And, unjust as he was in the selfishness of his love, it seemed to him that Adinda ought to have been there, waiting for him, he who now complained—before the time, already!—that he had to wait for her. But he complained without cause.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s182.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"onbillyk als hy was in de zelfzucht zyner liefde","title":"Concessive 'als hy was' + genitive zyner","body":"'onbillyk als hy was' (unjust as he was) is a concessive comparison. 'zyner liefde' is the inflected genitive 'of his love' — feminine genitive 'zyner', archaic for 'van zijn liefde'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"scheen 't hem toe dat Adinda had moeten dáár zyn","title":"Impersonal toeschijnen + modal moeten in perfect","body":"'scheen 't hem toe dat ...' (it seemed to him that ...) is impersonal 'toeschijnen' with dummy 't. 'had moeten dáár zyn' shows the perfect of modal 'moeten' as a bare infinitive (IPP) governing 'zyn'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar hy beklaagde zich ten-onrechte","title":"Reflexive zich beklagen","body":"'hy beklaagde zich ten-onrechte' (he complained without cause) is the reflexive 'zich beklagen' (to complain). 'ten-onrechte' = wrongly, is a frozen dative idiom (te + den)."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of scheen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onbillyk","lemma":"onbillijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"unjust"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hy","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to onbillyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zelfzucht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zelfzucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zelfzucht","lemma":"zelfzucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"selfishness"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of zelfzucht","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb, with toe","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, nominative, contracted","role":"expletive subject of scheen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer complement of scheen toe","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of scheen ... toe","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of moeten zyn","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"locative complement of zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical complement of moeten","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"wachtende","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"supplementary clause modifying Adinda","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hèm","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hèm","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, emphatic","role":"object of op","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"apposition to hèm","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"subject of beklaagde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of beklaagde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beklaagde","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"beklaagde","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition, emphatic","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case inflection","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of beklaagde","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks wachten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of had","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking háár","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"háár","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, emphatic","role":"object of op","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beklaagde","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beklaagde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"beklaagde","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of beklaagde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ten-onrechte","lemma":"ten onrechte","morphology":"adverb, fixed expression","role":"modifies beklaagde","gloss":"without cause"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"h17-s183","source":"Want nog was de zon niet opgegaan, nog had het oog van den dag geen blik geworpen op de vlakte.","translation":"For the sun had not yet risen, the eye of day had not yet cast a glance over the plain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s183.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want nog was de zon niet opgegaan","title":"want + fronted nog + pluperfect opgaan","body":"'Want nog was de zon niet opgegaan' (for the sun had not yet risen): 'want' does not invert, but fronting 'nog' does, giving 'was de zon'. 'was opgegaan' is the pluperfect of opgaan (zijn-verb)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had het oog van den dag geen blik geworpen","title":"geen negating an indefinite noun","body":"'had ... geen blik geworpen' (had cast no glance) negates the indefinite noun 'blik' with 'geen' rather than 'niet'. The pluperfect 'had ... geworpen' brackets it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opgegaan","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgegaan","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of opgegaan","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgegaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"opgegaan","lemma":"opgaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb with was","gloss":"risen"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geworpen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of geworpen","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case inflection","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of blik","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geworpen","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"geworpen","lemma":"werpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb with had","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vlakte","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vlakte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vlakte","lemma":"vlakte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"plain"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"h17-s184","source":"Wel verbleekten de sterren daar omhoog, beschaamd dat er spoedig een eind komen zou aan haar heerschappy ... wel vloeiden er vreemde kleuren over de toppen der bergen, die donkerder schenen naarmate ze scherper afstaken op lichteren grond ... wel vloog er hier-en-daar door de wolken in het oosten iets gloeiends--pylen van goud en van vuur die heen-en-weer werden geschoten, evenwydig aan de kim--maar ze verdwenen weer en schenen neertevallen achter de ondoordringbare gordyn die nog altyd den dag bleef verbergen voor de oogen van Saïdjah.","translation":"True, the stars up above were paling, ashamed that their dominion would soon come to an end... true, strange colors flowed over the mountaintops, which seemed darker the more sharply they stood out against a lighter ground... true, here and there through the clouds in the east something glowing flew—arrows of gold and of fire shot back and forth, parallel to the horizon—but they vanished again and seemed to fall down behind the impenetrable curtain that still kept the day hidden from Saïdjah's eyes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s184.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wel verbleekten de sterren ... beschaamd dat er spoedig een eind komen zou","title":"Anaphoric 'wel' + er + komen zou","body":"Each clause opens with concessive 'wel' (true/indeed), inverting the verb. 'dat er spoedig een eind komen zou aan haar heerschappy' uses 'er' and final 'komen zou' — 'that an end would soon come'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die donkerder schenen naarmate ze scherper afstaken","title":"Comparatives with naarmate (the more ...)","body":"'die donkerder schenen naarmate ze scherper afstaken' (which seemed darker the more sharply they stood out) pairs two comparatives ('donkerder', 'scherper') with 'naarmate' (in proportion as). Separable afsteken closes its clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"pylen ... die heen-en-weer werden geschoten","title":"worden-passive in the past: werden geschoten","body":"'die heen-en-weer werden geschoten' (which were shot back and forth) is a process passive in the past: 'werden' (past of worden) + participle 'geschoten'. The arrows undergo the action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den dag bleef verbergen voor de oogen van Saïdjah","title":"blijven + bare infinitive","body":"'bleef verbergen' (kept hiding) uses 'blijven' (to keep/remain) + a bare infinitive 'verbergen' — an aspectual auxiliary needing no 'te'. 'den dag' is the accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying verbleekten","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"verbleekten","lemma":"verbleken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of first parallel clause","gloss":"were paling"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sterren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sterren","lemma":"ster","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of verbleekten","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omhoog","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"omhoog","lemma":"omhoog","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of verbleekten","gloss":"up above"},{"surface":"beschaamd","lemma":"beschaamd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative supplement to sterren","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of beschaamd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in the clause of komen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of komen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition completing een eind komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of heerschappij","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"heerschappy","lemma":"heerschappij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"dominion"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying vloeiden","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"vloeiden","lemma":"vloeien","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of second parallel clause","gloss":"flowed"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in the clause of vloeiden","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vreemde","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kleuren","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"kleuren","lemma":"kleur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of vloeiden","gloss":"colors"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toppen","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toppen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toppen","lemma":"top","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"peaks"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of bergen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bergen","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of toppen","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of schenen; refers to toppen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"donkerder","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of schenen","gloss":"darker"},{"surface":"schenen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on toppen","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"naarmate","lemma":"naarmate","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces proportional clause of afstaken","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of afstaken","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"scherper","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies afstaken","gloss":"more sharply"},{"surface":"afstaken","lemma":"afsteken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of proportional clause","gloss":"stood out"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lichteren","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"lichteren","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies grond","gloss":"lighter"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying vloog","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"vloog","lemma":"vliegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of third parallel clause","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in the clause of vloog","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"hier-en-daar","lemma":"hier en daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vloog","gloss":"here and there"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wolken","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wolken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wolken","lemma":"wolk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oosten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oosten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oosten","lemma":"oosten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"east"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vloog","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"gloeiends","lemma":"gloeiend","morphology":"nominalized adjective, partitive -s","role":"partitive modifier of iets","gloss":"glowing"},{"surface":"pylen","lemma":"pijl","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to iets gloeiends","gloss":"arrows"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking goud","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"goud","lemma":"goud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links van goud and van vuur","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vuur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of werden geschoten; refers to pylen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"heen-en-weer","lemma":"heen en weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschoten","gloss":"back and forth"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geschoten","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"geschoten","lemma":"schieten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of relative clause on pylen","gloss":"shot"},{"surface":"evenwydig","lemma":"evenwijdig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative supplement to pylen","gloss":"parallel"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kim","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kim","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kim","lemma":"kim","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"horizon"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links vloog and verdwenen","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verdwenen and schenen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"verdwenen","lemma":"verdwijnen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb coordinated with vloog","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verdwenen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links verdwenen and schenen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schenen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb coordinated with verdwenen","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"neertevallen","lemma":"neervallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of schenen","gloss":"to fall down"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gordyn","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gordyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ondoordringbare","lemma":"ondoordringbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gordyn","gloss":"impenetrable"},{"surface":"gordyn","lemma":"gordijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of achter","gloss":"curtain"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of bleef; refers to gordyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bleef verbergen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bleef verbergen","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verbergen","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"aspectual verb governing verbergen","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"verbergen","lemma":"verbergen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of bleef","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the viewpoint denied sight","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Saïdjah","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"possessive modifier of oogen","gloss":"Saïdjah"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"h17-s185","source":"Toch werd het allengs lichter en lichter om hem heen. Hy zag reeds het landschap, en reeds kon hy de kuif onderscheiden van het klappa-boschje waarin Badoer verscholen ligt ... daar sliep Adinda.","translation":"Yet it grew lighter and lighter around him. He could already see the landscape, and already he could make out the crest of the little coconut grove in which Badoer lies hidden... there slept Adinda.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s185.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toch werd het allengs lichter en lichter","title":"Impersonal het + worden + comparative","body":"'Toch werd het allengs lichter en lichter' (yet it grew lighter and lighter) uses dummy weather-'het' with 'worden' and the doubled comparative 'lichter en lichter'. Fronted 'Toch' inverts to 'werd het'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het klappa-boschje waarin Badoer verscholen ligt","title":"Diminutive boschje + relative waarin","body":"'boschje' is the diminutive of bosch (grove) — 'little grove'. 'waarin Badoer verscholen ligt' (in which Badoer lies hidden) is a relative with 'waarin' and verb 'ligt' at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werd","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"allengs","lemma":"allengs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werd","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"lichter","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of werd","gloss":"lighter"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lichter","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with lichter","gloss":"lighter"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of circumposition om ... heen","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of circumposition om ... heen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"second part of circumposition om ... heen","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zag","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landschap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landschap","lemma":"landschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"landscape"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links zag and kon onderscheiden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderscheiden","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of onderscheiden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of onderscheiden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kuif","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kuif","lemma":"kuif","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of onderscheiden","gloss":"crest"},{"surface":"onderscheiden","lemma":"onderscheiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klappa-boschje","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klappa-boschje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klappa-boschje","lemma":"klappabosje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"little coconut grove","note":"Klappa is a colonial-era spelling of Malay kelapa, ‘coconut.’"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of ligt; refers to klappa-boschje","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"verscholen","lemma":"verscholen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"predicative complement of ligt","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on klappa-boschje","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sliep","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"sliep","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sliep","gloss":"Adinda"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"h17-s186","source":"Neen, ze sliep niet meer! Hoe zou ze kunnen slapen?","translation":"No, she slept no longer! How could she sleep?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s186.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze sliep niet meer","title":"Strong past sliep + 'niet meer'","body":"'ze sliep niet meer' (she slept no longer) uses 'sliep', the strong past of slapen, with 'niet meer' = no longer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe zou ze kunnen slapen?","title":"Conditional zou + modal kunnen","body":"'Hoe zou ze kunnen slapen?' (how could she sleep?) stacks conditional 'zou' over modal 'kunnen', which governs the bare infinitive 'slapen' — a rhetorical question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sliep","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"sliep","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of niet meer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"second part of niet meer","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slapen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of kunnen slapen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of slapen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival auxiliary of slapen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"slapen","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"h17-s187","source":"Wist ze niet dat Saïdjah haar wachten zou?","translation":"Did she not know that Saïdjah would be waiting for her?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s187.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wist ze niet dat Saïdjah haar wachten zou?","title":"Inverted question + embedded conditional","body":"'Wist ze niet dat ...?' (did she not know that ...?) inverts the verb 'wist' to first position for a yes/no question. The 'dat'-clause closes with conditional 'wachten zou' (would wait)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did know"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wachten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of wachten","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of wachten","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"be waiting"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wachten","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"h17-s188","source":"Gewis, ze had niet geslapen den ganschen nacht! Zeker had de dorpswacht geklopt aan hare deur, om te vragen waarom de pelitah voortbrandde in haar huisjen, en met lieven lach had ze gezegd dat een gelofte haar wakker hield om den slendang afteweven waaraan ze bezig was, en die gereed moest zyn voor den eersten dag der nieuwe maan ...","translation":"Surely she had not slept the whole night through! Surely the village watchman had knocked at her door, to ask why the pelitah lamp burned on in her little house, and with a gentle laugh she had said that a vow kept her awake, to weave to the end the slendang she was working on, which had to be ready for the first day of the new moon...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s188.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Gewis, ze had niet geslapen den ganschen nacht","title":"Pluperfect + accusative time phrase","body":"'ze had niet geslapen den ganschen nacht' (she had not slept the whole night) is a pluperfect; 'den ganschen nacht' keeps the accusative -n on article and adjective for the duration phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om te vragen waarom de pelitah voortbrandde","title":"om te + embedded question","body":"'om te vragen waarom de pelitah voortbrandde' (to ask why the lamp burned on) is an om-te purpose clause containing an embedded 'waarom'-question; separable 'voortbranden' ends it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat een gelofte haar wakker hield om den slendang afteweven","title":"Separable wakker houden + joined afteweven","body":"'dat een gelofte haar wakker hield' (that a vow kept her awake) splits 'wakker houden'. 'afteweven' is the period spelling of 'af te weven' (to finish weaving), the te-infinitive of separable afweven."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gewis","lemma":"gewis","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying had geslapen","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geslapen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geslapen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geslapen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geslapen","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of first sentence","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of nacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ganschen","lemma":"gans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies nacht","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"nacht","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial of duration modifying geslapen","gloss":"night through"},{"surface":"Zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying had geklopt","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geklopt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorpswacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorpswacht","lemma":"dorpswacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geklopt","gloss":"village watchman"},{"surface":"geklopt","lemma":"kloppen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knocked"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deur","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of deur","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"deur","lemma":"deur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive te vragen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vragen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying geklopt","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voortbrandde","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pelitah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pelitah","lemma":"pelita","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voortbrandde","gloss":"pelitah lamp","note":"A pelitah is a small oil lamp used in the Dutch East Indies."},{"surface":"voortbrandde","lemma":"voortbranden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of indirect question introduced by waarom","gloss":"burned on"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huisjen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of huisjen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"huisjen","lemma":"huisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"little house"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links had geklopt and had gezegd","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lieven","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"lieven","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies lach","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"lach","lemma":"lach","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb coordinated with had geklopt","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hield","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelofte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gelofte","lemma":"gelofte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"vow"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"wakker","lemma":"wakker","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of hield","gloss":"awake"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive afteweven","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of slendang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slendang","lemma":"slendang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afteweven","gloss":"slendang","note":"A slendang is a long Indonesian shoulder cloth or sash."},{"surface":"afteweven","lemma":"afweven","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"purpose infinitive modifying hield","gloss":"weave to the end"},{"surface":"waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of bezig; refers to slendang","gloss":"on which"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"bezig","lemma":"bezig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"working"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ze and bezig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links relative clauses waaraan and die","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of moest zijn; refers to slendang","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"gereed","lemma":"gereed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dag","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eersten","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of maan","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies maan","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"maan","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of dag","gloss":"moon"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"h17-s189","source":"Of ze had den nacht doorgebracht in 't donker, zittend op haar rystblok, en tellende met begeerigen vinger dat er wel waarlyk daarin zes-en-dertig diepe strepen stonden gekorven naast elkander.","translation":"Or she had passed the night in the dark, sitting on her rice-block, counting with eager finger whether there were truly thirty-six deep notches carved there side by side.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s189.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Of ze had den nacht doorgebracht in 't donker","title":"Pluperfect of separable doorbrengen","body":"'had den nacht doorgebracht' (had passed the night) is the pluperfect of separable 'doorbrengen' (to spend time); the participle 'doorgebracht' closes the cluster. 'den nacht' is accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"tellende met begeerigen vinger","title":"Present participle tellende","body":"'tellende met begeerigen vinger' (counting with eager finger) is the -ende present participle used as an adverbial of accompanying action. 'begeerigen' keeps the accusative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of er wel waarlyk daarin zes-en-dertig diepe strepen stonden gekorven","title":"of-question + er + state participle gekorven","body":"An indirect 'of'-question with existential 'er': 'stonden gekorven' combines 'staan' with the participle 'gekorven' (carved) to express a settled state — 'stood carved'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this alternative to the preceding sentence","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of doorgebracht","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doorgebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of nacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nacht","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doorgebracht","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"doorgebracht","lemma":"doorbrengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with had","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking donker","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of donker","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"donker","lemma":"donker","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"zittend","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial participle modifying ze","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rijstblok","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of rijstblok","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"rystblok","lemma":"rijstblok","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"rice-block"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zittend and tellende","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tellende","lemma":"tellen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"coordinated with zittend","gloss":"counting"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vinger","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"begeerigen","lemma":"begerig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vinger","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"vinger","lemma":"vinger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of tellende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause of stonden","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes stonden","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stonden","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of stonden","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"zes-en-dertig","lemma":"zesendertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies strepen","gloss":"thirty-six"},{"surface":"diepe","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies strepen","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"strepen","lemma":"streep","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of stonden","gloss":"notches"},{"surface":"stonden","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of the content clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"gekorven","lemma":"kerven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"secondary predicate of strepen","gloss":"carved"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elkander","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkander","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"object of naast","gloss":"one another"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"h17-s190","source":"En ze had zich vermaakt met kunstigen schrik of ze zich misschien verrekende, of er wellicht nog eene ontbrak, om nogeens, en nogeens, en telkens weder te genieten van de heerlyke zekerheid dat er wel degelyk driemaal twaalf manen waren voorbygegaan sedert Saïdjah haar zag voor het laatst.","translation":"And she had amused herself with a feigned alarm that perhaps she had miscounted, that perhaps one was still missing, so as again, and again, and each time anew to relish the lovely certainty that three times twelve moons had indeed and truly passed since Saïdjah last saw her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s190.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze had zich vermaakt met kunstigen schrik","title":"Reflexive zich vermaken in the pluperfect","body":"'ze had zich vermaakt' (she had amused herself) is the pluperfect of reflexive 'zich vermaken'. 'kunstigen' keeps the archaic accusative -n after 'met'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of er wellicht nog eene ontbrak","title":"of + er + impersonal ontbreken","body":"'of er wellicht nog eene ontbrak' (whether perhaps one was still missing) is an indirect 'of'-question; 'ontbreken' (to be lacking) takes 'er' and an indefinite subject 'eene'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om ... te genieten van de heerlyke zekerheid","title":"om ... te + pronominal verb genieten van","body":"'om ... te genieten van de heerlyke zekerheid' (so as to relish the lovely certainty) is an om-te purpose clause. 'genieten van' = to enjoy/relish, a fixed prepositional verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding one","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of vermaakt","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vermaakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"reflexive object of vermaakt","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"vermaakt","lemma":"vermaken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with had","gloss":"amused"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schrik","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"kunstigen","lemma":"kunstig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schrik","gloss":"feigned","note":"Kunstig literally means “artful” here and conveys that the alarm was deliberately feigned."},{"surface":"schrik","lemma":"schrik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"alarm"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verrekende","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of verrekende","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"reflexive object of verrekende","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verrekende","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"verrekende","lemma":"verrekenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the first whether-clause","gloss":"miscounted"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontbrak","gloss":"or whether"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause of ontbrak","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"wellicht","lemma":"wellicht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontbrak","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontbrak","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"eene","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of ontbrak","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ontbrak","lemma":"ontbreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the second whether-clause","gloss":"was missing"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive genieten","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"nogeens","lemma":"nog eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genieten","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links repeated adverbials","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nogeens","lemma":"nog eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with nogeens","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the final adverbial","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genieten","gloss":"each time"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genieten","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival marker","role":"marks the infinitive genieten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"genieten","lemma":"genieten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the purpose clause","gloss":"relish"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zekerheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of zekerheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heerlyke","lemma":"heerlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zekerheid","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"zekerheid","lemma":"zekerheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"certainty"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of zekerheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in the clause of voorbygegaan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms an emphatic phrase with degelyk","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"degelyk","lemma":"degelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorbygegaan","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"driemaal","lemma":"driemaal","morphology":"multiplicative numeral","role":"modifies twaalf","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"twaalf","lemma":"twaalf","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies manen","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"manen","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren voorbygegaan","gloss":"moons"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of voorbygegaan","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"voorbygegaan","lemma":"voorbijgaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with waren","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zag","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the sedert-clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the adverbial phrase voor het laatst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"part of the adverbial phrase voor het laatst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatst","lemma":"laat","morphology":"substantivized adjective, superlative","role":"object of voor in voor het laatst","gloss":"last time"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"h17-s191","source":"Ook zy zou thans, nu 't al zoo licht werd, haar oogen inspannen met vruchtelooze vermoeienis om de blikken te buigen òver de kim, opdat ze de zon zouden ontmoeten, de trage zon, die wegbleef ... wegbleef ...","translation":"She too would now, as it grew so light, strain her eyes in fruitless weariness to bend her gaze beyond the horizon, that they might meet the sun, the slow sun, that stayed away... stayed away...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s191.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook zy zou thans ... haar oogen inspannen","title":"Conditional zou + separable inspannen","body":"'zou ... haar oogen inspannen' (would strain her eyes) is conditional 'zou' + the infinitive of separable 'inspannen' at the end. Fronted 'Ook zy' inverts to 'zou ... zy'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"opdat ze de zon zouden ontmoeten","title":"opdat + conditional purpose","body":"'opdat ze de zon zouden ontmoeten' (that they might meet the sun) is a formal purpose clause with 'opdat'; the verbs 'zouden ontmoeten' go to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of zy","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of inspannen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of inspannen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inspannen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of werd","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies licht","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies licht","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"predicative complement of werd","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of oogen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of inspannen","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"inspannen","lemma":"inspannen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zou","gloss":"strain"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vermoeienis","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vruchtelooze","lemma":"vruchteloos","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vermoeienis","gloss":"fruitless"},{"surface":"vermoeienis","lemma":"vermoeienis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"weariness"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive buigen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of blikken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blikken","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of buigen","gloss":"gazes"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival marker","role":"marks the infinitive buigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"buigen","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the purpose clause","gloss":"bend"},{"surface":"òver","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kim","gloss":"beyond","note":"The accent marks contrastive stress: beyond the horizon."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of kim","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kim","lemma":"kim","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"horizon"},{"surface":"opdat","lemma":"opdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of ontmoeten","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of ontmoeten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontmoeten","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of ontmoeten","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ontmoeten","lemma":"ontmoeten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zouden","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trage","lemma":"traag","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zon","gloss":"slow"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to the preceding zon","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common singular","role":"subject of wegbleef","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wegbleef","lemma":"wegblijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying zon","gloss":"stayed away"},{"surface":"wegbleef","lemma":"wegblijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"emphatic repetition of wegbleef","gloss":"stayed away"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"h17-s192","source":"Daar kwam een streep van blauwig rood die zich vastklemde aan de wolken, en de randen werden licht en gloeiend, en 't begon te bliksemen, en weer schoten er pylen van vuur door het luchtruim, maar ze vielen niet neder ditmaal, ze hechtten zich vast op den donkeren grond, en deelden hun gloed mede in grooter en grootere kringen, en ontmoetten elkander, kruisend, slingerend, wendend, dwalend, en ze vereenigden zich tot vuurbundels, en weerlichtten in gouden glans op een grond van paarlemoer, en er was rood, en blauw, en geel, en zilver, en purper, en azuur in dat alles ... o God, dat was de dageraad: dat was het weerzien van Adinda!","translation":"There came a streak of bluish red that clung to the clouds, and the edges grew bright and glowing, and it began to flash like lightning, and again arrows of fire shot through the vault of the sky, but this time they did not fall down, they fastened themselves upon the dark ground, and spread their glow in larger and larger rings, and met one another, crossing, winding, turning, wandering, and they joined into sheaves of fire, and flashed with a golden brilliance upon a ground of mother-of-pearl, and there was red, and blue, and yellow, and silver, and purple, and azure in it all... oh God, that was the dawn: that was the seeing-again of Adinda!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s192.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een streep van blauwig rood die zich vastklemde","title":"Relative die + reflexive zich vastklemmen","body":"'die zich vastklemde aan de wolken' (that clung to the clouds) is a relative clause; 'zich vastklemmen' is reflexive and separable, 'vastklemde' the weak past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t begon te bliksemen","title":"Impersonal weather het + te-infinitive","body":"''t begon te bliksemen' (it began to flash/lightning) uses impersonal weather-'het' with 'beginnen te' + infinitive. Weather verbs always take dummy het as subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze hechtten zich vast op den donkeren grond","title":"Reflexive + separable zich vasthechten","body":"'ze hechtten zich vast' (they fastened themselves) is reflexive 'zich vasthechten', separable, with 'vast' at the end. The string of verbs (kruisend, slingerend, wendend, dwalend) are present participles."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze vereenigden zich tot vuurbundels","title":"Reflexive zich verenigen","body":"'ze vereenigden zich tot vuurbundels' (they joined into sheaves of fire) uses reflexive 'zich verenigen' (to unite). 'vuurbundels' is a compound (vuur + bundels)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of streep","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"streep","lemma":"streep","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"streak"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the material complement of streep","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"blauwig","lemma":"blauwig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies rood","gloss":"bluish"},{"surface":"rood","lemma":"rood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vastklemde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vastklemde","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"vastklemde","lemma":"vastklemmen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying streep","gloss":"clung"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wolken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wolken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wolken","lemma":"wolk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of randen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"randen","lemma":"rand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of werden","gloss":"edges"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of werden","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gloeiend","lemma":"gloeien","morphology":"verb, present participle used adjectivally","role":"predicative complement of werden, coordinated with licht","gloss":"glowing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular, contracted","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with kwam","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive bliksemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bliksemen","lemma":"bliksemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of begon","gloss":"flash lightning"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schoten","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"schoten","lemma":"schieten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"shot"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"presentational element with schoten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"pylen","lemma":"pijl","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of schoten","gloss":"arrows","note":"Pylen is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern pijlen."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vuur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van, modifying pylen","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luchtruim","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of luchtruim","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luchtruim","lemma":"luchtruim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"sky vault"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vielen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"vielen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vielen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"neder","lemma":"neder","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"separable particle completing vielen","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"ditmaal","lemma":"ditmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vielen","gloss":"this time"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hechtten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hechtten","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the parallel clause","gloss":"attached"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of hechtten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"vast","lemma":"vast","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"separable particle completing hechtten","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place complement of hechtten zich vast","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique archaic form","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"donkeren","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective, inflected, masculine singular","role":"modifies grond","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deelden","lemma":"delen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"shared"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gloed","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"gloed","lemma":"gloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of deelden","gloss":"glow"},{"surface":"mede","lemma":"mede","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"separable particle completing deelden","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grooter","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative, uninflected","role":"first modifier in the coordinated phrase grooter en grootere kringen","gloss":"larger"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"grootere","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies kringen","gloss":"larger"},{"surface":"kringen","lemma":"kring","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"rings"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ontmoetten","lemma":"ontmoeten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkander","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"direct object of ontmoetten","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"kruisend","lemma":"kruisen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial modifier describing ze","gloss":"crossing"},{"surface":"slingerend","lemma":"slingeren","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial modifier coordinated with kruisend","gloss":"winding"},{"surface":"wendend","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial modifier coordinated with kruisend","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"dwalend","lemma":"dwalen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial modifier coordinated with kruisend","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vereenigden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"vereenigden","lemma":"verenigen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"joined","note":"Vereenigden is the older spelling of modern verenigden."},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vereenigden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vuurbundels","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"vuurbundels","lemma":"vuurbundel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tot","gloss":"sheaves of fire"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"weerlichtten","lemma":"weerlichten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking glans","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gouden","lemma":"gouden","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies glans","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"glans","lemma":"glans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"brilliance"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grond","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paarlemoer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"paarlemoer","lemma":"parelmoer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van, modifying grond","gloss":"mother-of-pearl","note":"Paarlemoer is an older spelling of modern parelmoer."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"presentational element with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"rood","lemma":"rood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first subject complement of was","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"blauw","lemma":"blauw","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement coordinated with rood","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geel","lemma":"geel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement coordinated with rood","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zilver","lemma":"zilver","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement coordinated with rood","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"purper","lemma":"purper","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement coordinated with rood","gloss":"purple"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"azuur","lemma":"azuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement coordinated with rood","gloss":"azure"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of in","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation addressed to God","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun","role":"term of address after o","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dat and dageraad","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dageraad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dageraad","lemma":"dageraad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"dawn"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dat and weerzien","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weerzien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weerzien","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"reunion"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adinda","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van, modifying weerzien","gloss":"Adinda"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"h17-s193","source":"Saïdjah had niet geleerd te bidden, en 't ware ook jammer geweest hem dat te leeren want heiliger gebeden vuriger dank dan er lag in de sprakelooze opgetogenheid zyner ziel, was niet te vatten in menschelyke taal.","translation":"Saïdjah had not been taught to pray, and it would have been a pity besides to teach him, for holier prayers, more fervent thanks than lay in the speechless rapture of his soul, could not be captured in human language.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s193.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Saïdjah had niet geleerd te bidden","title":"Pluperfect + te-infinitive object","body":"'had niet geleerd te bidden' (had not been taught / learned to pray) is the pluperfect 'had ... geleerd' governing the 'te'-infinitive 'te bidden'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t ware ook jammer geweest hem dat te leeren","title":"Subjunctive 'ware ... geweest' + te-infinitive","body":"''t ware ook jammer geweest hem dat te leeren' (it would have been a pity, too, to teach him that) uses the past subjunctive 'ware ... geweest' (would have been) with impersonal 't and a 'te'-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"was niet te vatten in menschelyke taal","title":"zijn + te + infinitive (potential passive)","body":"'was niet te vatten in menschelyke taal' (could not be captured in human language) is the 'zijn + te + infinitive' construction expressing possibility/necessity — equivalent to 'kon niet gevat worden'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had geleerd","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geleerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleerd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geleerd","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive bidden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bidden","lemma":"bidden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of geleerd","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with jammer","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest in the counterfactual clause","gloss":"would have","note":"Ware is a literary past subjunctive: here it means “would have been.”"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jammer","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"jammer","lemma":"jammer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ware geweest","gloss":"a pity"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle completing ware","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of leeren","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of leeren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive leeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause dependent on jammer","gloss":"teach"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"heiliger","lemma":"heilig","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies gebeden","gloss":"holier"},{"surface":"gebeden","lemma":"gebed","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"first part of the compound subject of was te vatten","gloss":"prayers"},{"surface":"vuriger","lemma":"vurig","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies dank","gloss":"more fervent"},{"surface":"dank","lemma":"dank","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second part of the compound subject of was te vatten","gloss":"thanks"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause modifying heiliger gebeden, vuriger dank","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"presentational element with lag","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opgetogenheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgetogenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sprakelooze","lemma":"sprakeloos","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies opgetogenheid","gloss":"speechless","note":"Sprakelooze is the older spelling of modern sprakeloze."},{"surface":"opgetogenheid","lemma":"opgetogenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive singular, archaic","role":"possessor of ziel","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessed noun governed by zyner","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing te vatten","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vatten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive vatten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vatten","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of was, with passive possibility sense","gloss":"capture"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taal","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"menschelyke","lemma":"menselijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies taal","gloss":"human","note":"Menschelyke is the older spelling of modern menselijke."},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"language"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"h17-s194","source":"Hy wilde niet naar Badoer gaan. Het weerzien zelf van Adinda kwam hem minder schoon voor, dan de zekerheid haar straks te zullen weerzien.","translation":"He did not want to go to Badoer. The seeing again of Adinda herself seemed less beautiful to him than the certainty of seeing her again in a little while.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s194.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy wilde niet naar Badoer gaan","title":"Modal willen + niet + infinitive","body":"'Hy wilde niet naar Badoer gaan' (he did not want to go to Badoer): modal 'wilde' second, negation 'niet', and the bare infinitive 'gaan' at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwam hem minder schoon voor, dan de zekerheid ... te zullen weerzien","title":"Comparison minder ... dan + te zullen + infinitive","body":"'kwam hem minder schoon voor, dan de zekerheid haar straks te zullen weerzien' compares with 'minder ... dan'. 'te zullen weerzien' stacks the te-marker on the future auxiliary zullen — 'to be going to see again'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wilde gaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weerzien","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"weerzien","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"seeing again"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes weerzien","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adinda","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van, modifying weerzien","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb voorkomen","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer with kwam ... voor","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"degree modifier of schoon","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of kwam ... voor","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"separable particle completing kwam; together kwam ... voor means seemed","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the standard of comparison after minder","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zekerheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zekerheid","lemma":"zekerheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"certainty"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of weerzien","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"straks","lemma":"straks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weerzien","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitival clause governed by zekerheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of weerzien","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"weerzien","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the infinitival clause complementing zekerheid","gloss":"see again"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"h17-s195","source":"Hy zette zich aan den voet van den ketapan, en liet zyn oogen dwalen over de landstreek.","translation":"He sat down at the foot of the ketapan, and let his eyes wander over the countryside.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s195.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy zette zich aan den voet van den ketapan","title":"Reflexive + accusative den","body":"'Hy zette zich' (he sat himself down) is reflexive 'zich zetten'. 'aan den voet van den ketapan' shows two accusative/dative 'den's marking the masculine de-words."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"liet zyn oogen dwalen over de landstreek","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"'liet zyn oogen dwalen' (let his eyes wander) uses causative 'laten' with the bare infinitive 'dwalen'. The construction 'laten + infinitive' means to let/have something happen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zette","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"zette","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of zette","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location complement of zette zich","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique archaic form","role":"determiner of voet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement modifying voet","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique archaic form","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"ketapan"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zette","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of dwalen and object of liet","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"dwalen","lemma":"dwalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of liet","gloss":"wander"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landstreek","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landstreek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landstreek","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"countryside"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"h17-s196","source":"De natuur lachte hem toe en scheen hem welkom te heeten als een moeder haar teruggekeerd kind. En even als deze haar vreugde schildert door eigenwillige herinnering aan de voorbygegane smart, by 't vertoonen van wat ze bewaarde als aandenken gedurende het afzyn, liet ook Saïdjah zich vermaken door 't weerzien van zoovele plekken die getuigen waren van zyn kort leven.","translation":"Nature smiled upon him and seemed to bid him welcome like a mother her returning child. And just as a mother paints her joy by willfully recalling the sorrow now past, in showing what she has kept as a keepsake through the absence, so Saïdjah too let himself be cheered by the sight again of so many spots that had been witnesses of his short life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s196.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De natuur lachte hem toe en scheen hem welkom te heeten","title":"Separable toelachen + schijnen + te","body":"'lachte hem toe' splits separable 'toelachen' (to smile at). 'scheen hem welkom te heeten' uses 'schijnen' (to seem) + the te-infinitive idiom 'welkom heten' (to bid welcome)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"even als deze haar vreugde schildert ... liet ook Saïdjah zich vermaken","title":"Comparative even als + causative laten + reflexive","body":"'even als deze ... schildert' (just as she paints) sets up a comparison; the main clause 'liet ook Saïdjah zich vermaken' uses causative 'laten' with reflexive 'zich' — 'let himself be cheered'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"plekken die getuigen waren van zyn kort leven","title":"Relative die + adjective without -e","body":"'die getuigen waren van zyn kort leven' (that were witnesses of his short life) is a relative clause. 'zyn kort leven' — the adjective 'kort' lacks -e because 'leven' is a het-word with the indefinite-like 'zyn'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of natuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"natuur","lemma":"natuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of lachte","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"lachte","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, masculine singular","role":"direct object of lachte ... toe","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"separable particle of lachte","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with lachte","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine singular","role":"direct object of heeten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"welkom","lemma":"welkom","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of heeten","gloss":"welcome"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive heeten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"heeten","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of scheen","gloss":"bid"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with een moeder","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of understood welcome-bidding verb","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"teruggekeerd","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies kind","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of understood verb","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding one","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of comparison even als","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schildert","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schildert; refers to moeder","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vreugde","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"vreugde","lemma":"vreugde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schildert","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"schildert","lemma":"schilderen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of subordinate comparison clause","gloss":"paints"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means: herinnering","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"eigenwillige","lemma":"eigenwillig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies herinnering","gloss":"willful"},{"surface":"herinnering","lemma":"herinnering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"recollection"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement preposition of herinnering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of smart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorbygegane","lemma":"voorbijgaan","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies smart","gloss":"past","note":"Historical y in voorbygegane corresponds to modern ij."},{"surface":"smart","lemma":"smart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces circumstance: het vertoonen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of vertoonen","gloss":"the","note":"’t is a contraction of het."},{"surface":"vertoonen","lemma":"vertonen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"showing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object clause of vertoonen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of bewaarde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of bewaarde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"bewaarde","lemma":"bewaren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause introduced by wat","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"marks the capacity of aandenken","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"aandenken","lemma":"aandenken","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of bewaarde","gloss":"keepsake"},{"surface":"gedurende","lemma":"gedurende","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces duration: het afzijn","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afzyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afzyn","lemma":"afzijn","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of gedurende","gloss":"absence","note":"Historical afzyn is modern afzijn, “being away; absence.”"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of comparison’s principal clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liet","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive direct object of vermaken","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"vermaken","lemma":"vermaken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of liet","gloss":"be cheered"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces cause or means: het weerzien","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of weerzien","gloss":"the","note":"’t is a contraction of het."},{"surface":"weerzien","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"sight again"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of weerzien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoovele","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, plural","role":"quantifies plekken","gloss":"so many","note":"Historical zoovele is modern zovele."},{"surface":"plekken","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"spots"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicate noun linked by waren","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking die to getuigen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of getuigen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of leven","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"h17-s197","source":"Maar hoe ook zyn oogen of zyn gedachten ronddwaalden, telkens viel zyn blik en zyn verlangen terug op het pad dat van Badoer leidt naar den ketapan.","translation":"But however his eyes or his thoughts wandered about, again and again his gaze and his longing fell back upon the path that leads from Badoer to the ketapan.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s197.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe ook zyn oogen of zyn gedachten ronddwaalden, telkens viel zyn blik ... terug","title":"Concessive 'hoe ook' + separable terugvallen","body":"'hoe ook ... ronddwaalden' (however ... wandered) is a concessive clause sending the verb to the end. The main clause inverts after 'telkens', splitting separable 'terugvallen' — 'viel ... terug'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het pad dat van Badoer leidt naar den ketapan","title":"Relative dat + present 'leidt'","body":"'dat van Badoer leidt naar den ketapan' (that leads from Badoer to the ketapan) is a relative clause for the het-word 'pad'; present 'leidt' goes to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links sentence contrastively to preceding context","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces concessive manner clause with ook","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive particle paired with hoe","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of oogen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"first coordinated subject of ronddwaalden","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gedachten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second coordinated subject of ronddwaalden","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"ronddwaalden","lemma":"ronddwalen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of concessive subordinate clause","gloss":"wandered about"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of blik","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of viel","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verlangen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verlangen","lemma":"verlangen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of viel","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of viel","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pad","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pad","lemma":"pad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of leidt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"leidt","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying pad","gloss":"leads"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination: den ketapan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"ketapan"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"h17-s198","source":"Alles wat zyn zinnen waarnamen, heette Adinda.","translation":"Everything his senses took in was named Adinda.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s198.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Alles wat zyn zinnen waarnamen, heette Adinda","title":"Free relative 'wat' after 'alles'","body":"'Alles wat zyn zinnen waarnamen' (everything his senses took in) uses 'wat' as the relative after 'alles'; the verb 'waarnamen' (strong past of separable waarnemen) goes to the end. 'heette' = was called."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of heette","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of waarnamen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zinnen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zinnen","lemma":"zin","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waarnamen","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"waarnamen","lemma":"waarnemen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying Alles","gloss":"perceived"},{"surface":"heette","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb linking Alles to Adinda","gloss":"was called"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of heette","gloss":"Adinda"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"h17-s199","source":"Hy zag den afgrond links, waar de aarde zoo geel is, waar eens een jonge buffel verzonk in de diepte: daar hadden de dorpelingen zich verzameld om het dier te redden--want het is geen geringe zaak een jongen buffel te verliezen--en ze hadden zich neergelaten aan sterke rottan-koorden.","translation":"He saw the ravine to the left, where the earth is so yellow, where once a young buffalo sank into the depths: there the villagers had gathered to rescue the animal—for it is no small matter to lose a young buffalo—and they had let themselves down on strong rattan ropes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s199.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar eens een jonge buffel verzonk in de diepte","title":"Relative waar + strong past verzinken","body":"'waar eens een jonge buffel verzonk' (where once a young buffalo sank) uses place-relative 'waar'; 'verzonk' is the strong past of verzinken. 'een jonge buffel' shows attributive -e on jonge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want het is geen geringe zaak een jongen buffel te verliezen","title":"geen + te-infinitive subject","body":"'het is geen geringe zaak ... te verliezen' (it is no small matter to lose) negates the noun 'zaak' with 'geen', with dummy 'het' anticipating the 'te'-infinitive subject. 'een jongen buffel' keeps the accusative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze hadden zich neergelaten aan sterke rottan-koorden","title":"Reflexive zich neerlaten in the pluperfect","body":"'ze hadden zich neergelaten' (they had let themselves down) is the pluperfect of reflexive, separable 'zich neerlaten'. 'rottan-koorden' is a compound (rotan + koorden), rattan ropes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of afgrond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afgrond","lemma":"afgrond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"ravine"},{"surface":"links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of zag","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying afgrond","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aarde","lemma":"aarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geel","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"geel","lemma":"geel","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective linked by is","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking aarde to geel","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces second relative clause modifying afgrond","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzonk","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies buffel","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verzonk","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"verzonk","lemma":"verzinken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause introduced by waar","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diepte","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of diepte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diepte","lemma":"diepte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of hadden verzameld","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of verzameld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorpelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorpelingen","lemma":"dorpeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hadden verzameld","gloss":"villagers"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive direct object of verzameld","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"verzameld","lemma":"verzamelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle forming pluperfect with hadden","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive with te redden","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of redden","gloss":"animal"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive redden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"redden","lemma":"redden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of verzameld","gloss":"rescue"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory coordinate clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to zaak","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"geringe","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaak","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun linked by is","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies buffel","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verliezen","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verliezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verliezen","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject associated with impersonal het","gloss":"lose"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links hadden neergelaten with hadden verzameld","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person plural","role":"subject of hadden neergelaten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of neergelaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive direct object of neergelaten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"neergelaten","lemma":"neerlaten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle forming pluperfect with hadden","gloss":"let down"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rottan-koorden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"sterke","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rottan-koorden","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"rottan-koorden","lemma":"rottankoord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"rattan ropes"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"h17-s200","source":"Adinda's vader was de moedigste geweest ...","translation":"Adinda's father had been the bravest of all...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s200.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was geweest","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moedigste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moedigste","lemma":"moedig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, superlative, singular","role":"predicate complement of was geweest","gloss":"bravest"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"past participle","role":"past participle forming pluperfect with was","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"h17-s201","source":"O, hoe zy in de handen klapte, Adinda! En daarginds, aan de andere zyde, waar 't kokosboschje wuift over de hutten van het dorp, daar ergens was Si-Oenah uit een boom gevallen, en gestorven.","translation":"Oh, how she clapped her hands, Adinda! And over yonder, on the other side, where the little coconut grove waves above the huts of the village, somewhere there Si-Oenah had fallen from a tree, and died.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s201.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"O, hoe zy in de handen klapte, Adinda!","title":"Exclamatory 'hoe' + dislocated subject","body":"'hoe zy in de handen klapte' (how she clapped her hands) is an exclamatory 'hoe'-clause with the verb 'klapte' at the end; 'Adinda' is added in apposition, a dislocation for emotional emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar 't kokosboschje wuift over de hutten","title":"Relative waar + diminutive kokosboschje","body":"'waar 't kokosboschje wuift over de hutten' (where the little coconut grove waves over the huts) is a place-relative. 'kokosboschje' is a diminutive compound (kokos + bosch + -je)."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klapte","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of klapte","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in de handen klappen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handen","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in; part of idiom in de handen klappen","gloss":"hands","note":"In de handen klappen means “to clap one’s hands.”"},{"surface":"klapte","lemma":"klappen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clapped"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"right-dislocated apposition identifying zy","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links sentence to preceding exclamation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarginds","lemma":"daarginds","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of was gevallen","gloss":"over yonder"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location: de andere zyde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of andere","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zyde","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"zyde","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying zyde","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of kokosboschje","gloss":"the","note":"’t is a contraction of het."},{"surface":"kokosboschje","lemma":"kokosbosje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wuift","gloss":"little coconut grove","note":"Historical bosch corresponds to modern bos."},{"surface":"wuift","lemma":"wuiven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause introduced by waar","gloss":"waves"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hutten","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hutten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hutten","lemma":"hut","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"huts"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dorp","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of was gevallen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ergens","lemma":"ergens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies daar","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary shared by gevallen and gestorven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Si-Oenah","lemma":"Si-Oenah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gevallen","gloss":"Si-Oenah"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boom","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gevallen","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle forming perfect with was","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated participle sharing auxiliary was","gloss":"died"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"h17-s202","source":"Hoe schreide zyn moeder: \"omdat Si-Oenah nog zoo klein was\" jammerde zy ... alsof ze minder bedroefd zou geweest zyn als Si-Oenah grooter geweest ware.","translation":"How his mother wept: \"because Si-Oenah was still so little,\" she lamented... as if she would have grieved any less had Si-Oenah been bigger.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s202.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe schreide zyn moeder","title":"Exclamatory 'Hoe' + inversion","body":"'Hoe schreide zyn moeder' (how his mother wept) fronts exclamatory 'Hoe', inverting to 'schreide zyn moeder'. 'schreien' = to weep, an archaic/literary verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alsof ze minder bedroefd zou geweest zyn als Si-Oenah grooter geweest ware","title":"Counterfactual: alsof + zou + subjunctive ware","body":"'alsof ze minder bedroefd zou geweest zyn als Si-Oenah grooter geweest ware' is a double counterfactual: 'alsof ... zou geweest zyn' (as if she would have been) with the if-clause 'als ... geweest ware' (had been) in the subjunctive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schreide","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"schreide","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schreide","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces quoted causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Si-Oenah","lemma":"Si-Oenah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Si-Oenah"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klein","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klein","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective linked by was","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Si-Oenah to klein","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"jammerde","lemma":"jammeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb of quoted speech","gloss":"lamented"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of jammerde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces counterfactual comparison clause","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zou geweest zijn","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies bedroefd","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective linked by zou geweest zijn","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geweest zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"past participle","role":"past participle in zou geweest zijn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces counterfactual condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Si-Oenah","lemma":"Si-Oenah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"Si-Oenah"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective linked by ware","gloss":"bigger"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"past participle","role":"past participle forming pluperfect subjunctive with ware","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"h17-s203","source":"Maar klein was hy, dàt is waar, want hy was kleiner en zwakker nog dan Adinda ...","translation":"But little he was, that is true, for he was smaller and weaker even than Adinda...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s203.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar klein was hy, dàt is waar","title":"Fronted predicate + verb-second","body":"'Maar klein was hy' (but little he was): fronting the predicate adjective 'klein' inverts to 'was hy'. 'dàt is waar' = that is true."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want hy was kleiner en zwakker nog dan Adinda","title":"Comparatives kleiner / zwakker + dan","body":"'kleiner en zwakker ... dan Adinda' (smaller and weaker than Adinda) uses two comparatives in -er with 'dan' for 'than'. Coordinating 'want' keeps normal order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting main clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to klein","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dàt to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to kleiner and zwakker","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"kleiner","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"smaller"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kleiner and zwakker","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zwakker","lemma":"zwak","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"weaker"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the comparison","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the standard of comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"Adinda"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"h17-s204","source":"Niemand betrad het wegje dat van Badoer leidde naar den boom.","translation":"No one set foot on the little path that led from Badoer to the tree.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s204.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Niemand betrad het wegje","title":"Single negative niemand + diminutive wegje","body":"'Niemand betrad het wegje' (no one trod the little path): 'niemand' alone carries the negation. 'wegje' is the diminutive of weg — a little path. 'betrad' is the strong past of betreden."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het wegje dat van Badoer leidde naar den boom","title":"Relative dat for het-word wegje","body":"'dat van Badoer leidde naar den boom' (that led from Badoer to the tree) is a relative clause for the diminutive het-word 'wegje'; 'leidde' (weak past) at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of betrad","gloss":"No one"},{"surface":"betrad","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set foot on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of wegje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wegje","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of betrad","gloss":"little path"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of leidde, referring to wegje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source complement Badoer","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"leidde","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying wegje","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the goal complement den boom","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"tree"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"h17-s205","source":"Straks zou ze komen: o, zeker.. 't was nog zoo vroeg!","translation":"Soon she would come: oh, surely.. it was still so early!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s205.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Straks zou ze komen","title":"Fronted 'Straks' + conditional zou komen","body":"'Straks zou ze komen' (soon she would come): fronting 'Straks' inverts to 'zou ze'. 'zou ... komen' is the conditional/expectational future. ''t was nog zoo vroeg' uses impersonal 't."}],"words":[{"surface":"Straks","lemma":"straks","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of komen","gloss":"Soon"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of komen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zou komen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the emphatic aside","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb expressing certainty","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, contracted","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking 't to vroeg","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of was vroeg","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"degree modifier of vroeg","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"early"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"h17-s206","source":"Saïdjah zag een badjing die met dartele vlugheid heen-en-weersprong tegen den stam van een klappa-boom.","translation":"Saïdjah saw a badjing that with playful nimbleness sprang up and down the trunk of a coconut palm.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s206.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een badjing die ... heen-en-weersprong","title":"Relative die + separable heen-en-weer springen","body":"'een badjing die met dartele vlugheid heen-en-weersprong' (a squirrel that sprang to and fro) is a relative clause; the verb 'sprong' (strong past of springen) joins the directional 'heen-en-weer' at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of badjing","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"badjing","lemma":"bajing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"squirrel","note":"Badjing is a Malay-derived word for a squirrel."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of heen-en-weersprong, referring to badjing","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner phrase dartele vlugheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dartele","lemma":"dartel","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies vlugheid","gloss":"playful"},{"surface":"vlugheid","lemma":"vlugheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"nimbleness"},{"surface":"heen-en-weersprong","lemma":"heen-en-weerspringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying badjing","gloss":"sprang back and forth"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the path complement den stam","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of stam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stam","lemma":"stam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"trunk"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement een klappa-boom","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of klappa-boom","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klappa-boom","lemma":"klapperboom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"coconut palm"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"h17-s207","source":"Het diertje--de ergernis van den eigenaar des booms, maar lief toch in gedaante en beweging--klauterde onvermoeid op-en-neder.","translation":"The little creature—the vexation of the tree's owner, yet charming in shape and movement all the same—clambered tirelessly up and down.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s207.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den eigenaar des booms","title":"Frozen genitive: des booms","body":"Both den (an old strong-masculine ending) and des booms ('of the tree', genitive des + noun + -s) are inflected case-remnants kept alive in 1860 literary prose. Modern Dutch would write de eigenaar van de boom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"diertje","title":"Diminutive -tje","body":"Het diertje ('the little creature') is the diminutive of dier with the -tje suffix, which also forces neuter gender and the article het."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"op-en-neder","title":"op-en-neder","body":"An archaic, hyphenated form of op en neer, 'up and down'; neder is the older literary variant of neer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of diertje","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"diertje","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"subject of klauterde","gloss":"little creature"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of ergernis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ergernis","lemma":"ergernis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to diertje","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor den eigenaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of eigenaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigenaar","lemma":"eigenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"owner"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of booms","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"booms","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"genitive dependent of eigenaar","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrast within the parenthetical apposition","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"lief","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative description of diertje in a verbless aside","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of lief","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the respect phrase gedaante en beweging","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gedaante","lemma":"gedaante","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"shape"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates gedaante and beweging","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"beweging","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of in","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"klauterde","lemma":"klauteren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clambered"},{"surface":"onvermoeid","lemma":"onvermoeid","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner modifier of klauterde","gloss":"tirelessly"},{"surface":"op-en-neder","lemma":"op-en-neder","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional modifier of klauterde","gloss":"up and down"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"h17-s208","source":"Saïdjah zag het, en dwong zich er naar te blyven zien, wyl dit aan zyn gedachten rust gaf van den zwaren arbeid dien ze verrichtten sedert het opgaan der zon ... rust na 't afmattend wachten.","translation":"Saïdjah saw it, and forced himself to keep watching it, since this gave his thoughts rest from the heavy labor they had been performing since the rising of the sun... rest after the wearying wait.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s208.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dwong zich er naar te blyven zien","title":"Reflexive zich + pronominal adverb","body":"dwong zich is the reflexive 'forced himself' (3rd-person zich), and er naar is a split pronominal adverb (ernaar, 'at it') with the preposition pulled to the end before the te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den zwaren arbeid dien ze verrichtten","title":"Inflected relative dien","body":"dien is the old accusative masculine form of the relative die ('which/that'), agreeing with the masculine den zwaren arbeid; modern Dutch uses die throughout."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"wyl","title":"wyl = omdat","body":"wyl (modern wijl) is an archaic causal conjunction, 'because / since', spelled here with period y for ij."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zag and dwong","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zag and dwong","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dwong","lemma":"dwingen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with zag","gloss":"forced"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"direct object of dwong, referring to Saïdjah","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement combined with naar, referring to het","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"prepositional adverb component","role":"combines with er as the complement of zien","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitival complement blyven zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"aspectual complement of dwong and auxiliary-like governor of zien","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of blyven","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"wyl","lemma":"wijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of gaf","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks zyn gedachten as recipient of rust","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of gedachten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan and antecedent of ze","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of the causal clause introduced by wyl","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source-of-relief phrase den zwaren arbeid","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwaren","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies arbeid","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van and antecedent of dien","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of verrichtten, referring to arbeid","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person plural","role":"subject of verrichtten, referring to gedachten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"verrichtten","lemma":"verrichten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying arbeid","gloss":"were performing"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal phrase het opgaan der zon","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of nominalized opgaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opgaan","lemma":"opgaan","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of sedert","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of opgaan","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"appositional restatement of rust earlier in the sentence","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal complement 't afmattend wachten","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of nominalized wachten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afmattend","lemma":"afmatten","morphology":"present participle used attributively","role":"modifies wachten","gloss":"wearying"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of na","gloss":"wait"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"h17-s209","source":"Welhaast uitten zich zyn indrukken in woorden, en hy zong wat er omging in zyn ziel.","translation":"Soon his impressions found voice in words, and he sang what was passing within his soul.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s209.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"uitten zich zyn indrukken","title":"Inversion after Welhaast (V2)","body":"The clause opens with the adverb Welhaast ('soon'), so the finite verb uitten comes second and the subject zyn indrukken follows it — the verb-second rule. The verb is also reflexive: zich uiten, 'to express themselves'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat er omging in zyn ziel","title":"Free relative wat + er","body":"wat here is a headless relative pronoun ('what / that which'), and er supports the impersonal omging ('was going on') — the separable verb omgaan with its prefix split off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welhaast","lemma":"welhaast","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of uitten","gloss":"Soon"},{"surface":"uitten","lemma":"uiten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person plural","role":"reflexive object of uitten, referring to indrukken","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of indrukken","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"indrukken","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of uitten","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the form-of-expression complement woorden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses of uitten and zong","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zong","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zong","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"sang"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"direct object of zong and subject of omging","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative-existential modifier of omging","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"omging","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of the free relative clause headed by wat","gloss":"was passing"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement zyn ziel","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"h17-s210","source":"Het ware my liever u zyn lied te kunnen voorlezen in 't maleisch, dat italiaansch van het Oosten doch ziehier de vertaling:","translation":"I would rather be able to read you his song in Malay, that Italian of the East, but here is the translation:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s210.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het ware my liever ... te kunnen voorlezen","title":"Subjunctive ware + dative my","body":"ware is the archaic past-subjunctive of zijn ('it would be'), and my ('to me') here carries an old dative sense — together a solemn 'I would rather'. The construction governs a te-infinitive, voorlezen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"formal subject of ware","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"copula linking the infinitival clause to liever","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, oblique","role":"experiencer complement of ware liever","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicative preference complement of ware","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular or plural, oblique","role":"indirect object of voorlezen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of lied","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"lied","lemma":"lied","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of voorlezen","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitival complement kunnen voorlezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"governs the infinitive voorlezen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"voorlezen","lemma":"voorlezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kunnen","gloss":"read aloud"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the language complement 't maleisch","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of maleisch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maleisch","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of nominalized italiaansch","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"italiaansch","lemma":"Italiaans","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"apposition to maleisch","gloss":"Italian"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement het Oosten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of Oosten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Oosten","lemma":"oosten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"East"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting presentative clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ziehier","lemma":"ziehier","morphology":"presentative particle","role":"introduces de vertaling","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of vertaling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vertaling","lemma":"vertaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"presented noun phrase after ziehier","gloss":"translation"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"h17-s211","source":"\"Zie hoe de badjing zyn levensonderhoud zoekt Op den klappa-boom.","translation":"\"See how the badjing seeks his living On the coconut palm.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s211.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zie hoe ... zoekt","title":"Imperative Zie","body":"Zie ('See!') is the bare-stem imperative opening the song; the dependent question hoe ... zoekt pushes its finite verb to the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb governing the content clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"See"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the embedded clause and modifies zoekt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of badjing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"badjing","lemma":"bajing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zoekt","gloss":"squirrel"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of levensonderhoud","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"levensonderhoud","lemma":"levensonderhoud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zoekt","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of the embedded clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement den klappa-boom","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of klappa-boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klappa-boom","lemma":"klapperboom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"coconut palm"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"h17-s212","source":"Hy stygt, daalt, dartelt links en rechts, Hy draait om den boom, springt, valt, klimt, en valt weder: Hy heeft geen vleugels, en is toch zoo vlug als een vogel.","translation":"He climbs, descends, frolics left and right, He circles the tree, springs, falls, climbs, and falls again: He has no wings, and yet is as nimble as a bird.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s212.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy heeft geen vleugels","title":"geen for an indefinite plural","body":"geen negates an indefinite noun ('no wings'), where niet could not be used; it covers both singular and plural indefinites."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om den boom","title":"Old accusative den","body":"den boom keeps the strong masculine accusative ending -en after the preposition om, a case-remnant standard in 1860 print but gone from modern de boom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"weder","title":"weder = weer","body":"weder is the literary/archaic form of weer, 'again'; valt weder = 'falls again'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of stygt, daalt, and dartelt","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"stygt","lemma":"stijgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"first predicate coordinated with daalt and dartelt","gloss":"climbs"},{"surface":"daalt","lemma":"dalen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate coordinated with stygt and dartelt","gloss":"descends"},{"surface":"dartelt","lemma":"dartelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate coordinated with stygt and daalt","gloss":"frolics"},{"surface":"links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional modifier of dartelt","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates links and rechts","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rechts","lemma":"rechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated directional modifier of dartelt","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of draait, springt, valt, klimt, and valt","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"draait","lemma":"draaien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"first predicate in the second clause","gloss":"circles"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the path complement den boom","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"springt","lemma":"springen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate coordinated with draait","gloss":"springs"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate coordinated with draait","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"klimt","lemma":"klimmen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate coordinated with draait","gloss":"climbs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the final valt with the preceding predicates","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"final predicate coordinated with draait","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"repetitive modifier of valt","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of heeft and is","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"first predicate of the third clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of vleugels","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"vleugels","lemma":"vleugel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"wings"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates heeft and is","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Hy to vlug","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of is vlug","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"degree modifier of vlug in the equality comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"vlug","lemma":"vlug","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"nimble"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the standard of equality een vogel","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of vogel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vogel","lemma":"vogel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"standard of comparison after als","gloss":"bird"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"h17-s213","source":"Veel geluk, myn badjing, ik wensch u heil!","translation":"Much good fortune, my badjing, I wish you well!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s213.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik wensch u heil","title":"Pronoun u + period spelling wensch","body":"u is the polite/elevated 'you' addressed to the squirrel, and wensch keeps the 1860 sch-spelling where modern Dutch has wens."}],"words":[{"surface":"Veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of geluk","gloss":"Much"},{"surface":"geluk","lemma":"geluk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of an elliptical good-wish expression","gloss":"good fortune"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of badjing","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"badjing","lemma":"badjing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressed by the speaker","gloss":"squirrel"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of wensch","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wensch","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular, oblique","role":"indirect object of wensch","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"heil","lemma":"heil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of wensch","gloss":"good fortune"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"h17-s214","source":"Ge zult gewis vinden het levensonderhoud dat ge zoekt...","translation":"You will surely find the living that you seek...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s214.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge zult gewis vinden","title":"Future with zullen + archaic ge","body":"zult (from zullen) builds the explicit future with the infinitive vinden at the end; ge is the literary 2nd-person subject pronoun of 1860."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of zult vinden","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"future auxiliary of vinden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"gewis","lemma":"gewis","morphology":"adverb","role":"certainty modifier of zult vinden","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main lexical verb governed by zult","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of levensonderhoud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"levensonderhoud","lemma":"levensonderhoud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vinden and antecedent of dat","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of zoekt, referring to levensonderhoud","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of zoekt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying levensonderhoud","gloss":"seek"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"h17-s215","source":"Maar ik zit alleen by het djati-bosch, Wachtende op levensonderhoud van myn hart. Reeds lang is het buikje van myn badjing verzadigd...","translation":"But I sit alone by the djati forest, Waiting for the living of my heart. Long since has the little belly of my badjing been filled...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s215.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"buikje","title":"Diminutive buikje","body":"buikje is the diminutive of buik ('belly'), the -je adding tenderness — 'the little belly' of the badjing — and making the noun neuter (het buikje)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"verzadigd","title":"verzadigd = sated","body":"verzadigd means 'sated, filled to satisfaction'; here the squirrel's belly is already full while the singer's heart still hungers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zit","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zit","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zit","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zit","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking djati-bosch","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of djati-bosch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"djati-bosch","lemma":"djati-bos","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zit","gloss":"teak forest","note":"“Djati” is teak; “bosch” is the historical spelling of modern “bos.”"},{"surface":"Wachtende","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying ik","gloss":"Waiting"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking levensonderhoud","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"levensonderhoud","lemma":"levensonderhoud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hart","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"Already"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzadigd","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verzadigd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buikje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buikje","lemma":"buik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"subject of is verzadigd","gloss":"little belly"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking badjing","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of badjing","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"badjing","lemma":"badjing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"squirrel","note":"Malay “badjing” denotes a squirrel."},{"surface":"verzadigd","lemma":"verzadigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate with is","gloss":"filled"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"h17-s216","source":"Reeds lang is hy teruggekeerd in zyn nestje... Maar nog altyd is myn ziel En myn hart bitter bedroefd..","translation":"Long since has he returned to his little nest... But still my soul And my heart are bitterly grieved..","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s216.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is hy teruggekeerd","title":"Perfect with zijn","body":"Verbs of motion/change like terugkeren form the perfect with zijn, not hebben: is ... teruggekeerd = 'has returned'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"nestje","title":"Diminutive nestje","body":"nestje, diminutive of nest, here connotes a small, cosy 'little nest'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"Already"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies teruggekeerd","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of teruggekeerd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of teruggekeerd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"teruggekeerd","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nestje","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of nestje","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"nestje","lemma":"nest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"object of in","gloss":"little nest"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of nog altijd","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedroefd","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links ziel and hart to bedroefd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ziel","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of is","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ziel and hart","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of is","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"bitter","lemma":"bitter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedroefd","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"grieved"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"h17-s217","source":"Adinda!\"","translation":"Adinda!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s217.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Adinda"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"h17-s218","source":"Nog was er niemand op het pad dat van Badoer leidde naar den ketapan.","translation":"Still there was no one on the path that led from Badoer to the ketapan.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s218.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nog was er niemand op het pad","title":"er-existential with inversion","body":"The refrain fronts the adverb Nog, so the verb was comes second (V2) and er marks existence: 'there was still no one'. niemand is the single negative word standing in for a subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het pad dat ... leidde naar den ketapan","title":"Relative dat for a het-word","body":"het pad is neuter, so the relative pronoun is dat (not die); the verb leidde sits at the end of the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"Still"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pad","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pad","lemma":"pad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of leidde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"leidde","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on pad","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ketapan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Indian almond tree","note":"A ketapan is the tropical-almond tree."}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"h17-s219","source":"Saïdjah's oog viel op een kapel die zich scheen te verheugen omdat het begon warm te worden.","translation":"Saïdjah's eye fell on a butterfly that seemed to rejoice because it was beginning to grow warm.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s219.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een kapel die zich scheen te verheugen","title":"Reflexive zich verheugen + te-infinitive","body":"zich verheugen ('to rejoice') is a reflexive verb; scheen te verheugen uses schijnen 'to seem' governing a te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat het begon warm te worden","title":"Impersonal het + subordinate order","body":"het is a dummy subject for the temperature ('it was growing warm'), and omdat sends the verbs to the clause end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kapel","title":"kapel = butterfly","body":"kapel is an older/regional word for 'butterfly' (modern vlinder, used in the next stanza); not the false friend 'chapel'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of oog","gloss":"Saïdjah's"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kapel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kapel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kapel","lemma":"kapel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"butterfly","note":"Here “kapel” is an archaic or regional word for a butterfly."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of verheugen","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on kapel","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verheugen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verheugen","lemma":"verheugen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of scheen","gloss":"rejoice"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of begon","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of causal clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"warm","lemma":"warm","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of worden","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks worden as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of begon","gloss":"grow"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"h17-s220","source":"\"Zie hoe de vlinder daar rondfladdert. Zyn vlerkjes schitteren als een veelkleurige bloem.","translation":"\"See how the butterfly flutters about there. His little wings glitter like a many-colored flower.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s220.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"rondfladdert","title":"Separable verb rondfladderen","body":"rondfladderen ('to flutter about') is separable; in this main clause within the hoe-question the prefix rond stays fused at the end with the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vlerkjes","title":"Diminutive plural vlerkjes","body":"vlerkjes is the diminutive plural of vlerk ('wing'), 'little wings'; the diminutive plural always takes -s."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"See"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rondfladdert","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vlinder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vlinder","lemma":"vlinder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rondfladdert","gloss":"butterfly"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rondfladdert","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"rondfladdert","lemma":"rondfladderen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of object clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"flutters about"},{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vlerkjes","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"vlerkjes","lemma":"vlerk","morphology":"noun, plural, diminutive","role":"subject of schitteren","gloss":"little wings"},{"surface":"schitteren","lemma":"schitteren","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"glitter"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces comparison with bloem","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bloem","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"veelkleurige","lemma":"veelkleurig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bloem","gloss":"many-colored"},{"surface":"bloem","lemma":"bloem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"flower"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"h17-s221","source":"Zyn hartjen is verliefd op den bloesem der kenari.","translation":"His little heart is in love with the blossom of the kenari.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s221.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyn hartjen is verliefd op den bloesem der kenari","title":"Diminutive hartjen + genitive der kenari","body":"hartjen is an archaic spelling of hartje ('little heart'), and der kenari is the feminine genitive 'of the kenari', der being an old case-form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hartjen","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"hartjen","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"subject of is","gloss":"little heart","note":"“Hartjen” is an older diminutive form of modern “hartje.”"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links hartjen to verliefd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"verliefd","lemma":"verliefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement of verliefd","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of bloesem","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bloesem","lemma":"bloesem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"blossom"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"marks kenari as possessor of bloesem","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"kenari","lemma":"kenari","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of bloesem","gloss":"canarium tree","note":"The kenari is the Java almond or canarium tree."}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"h17-s222","source":"Zeker zoekt hy zyn welriekende geliefde. Veel geluk, myn vlinder, ik wensch u heil!","translation":"Surely he is seeking his sweet-scented beloved. Much good fortune, my butterfly, I wish you well!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s222.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zeker zoekt hy","title":"Inversion after fronted Zeker","body":"Fronting the adverb Zeker ('surely') puts the finite verb zoekt in second position before the subject hy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"welriekende","title":"Present participle as adjective","body":"welriekend ('sweet-scented') is a present participle in -end used attributively, hence the adjectival -e: zyn welriekende geliefde."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zoekt","gloss":"Surely"},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zoekt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of geliefde","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"welriekende","lemma":"welriekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geliefde","gloss":"sweet-scented","note":"Literary “welriekend” means pleasantly fragrant."},{"surface":"geliefde","lemma":"geliefde","morphology":"substantivized adjective, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zoekt","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"Veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geluk","gloss":"Much"},{"surface":"geluk","lemma":"geluk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical good wish","gloss":"good fortune"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"modifies vocative vlinder","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vlinder","lemma":"vlinder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"butterfly"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wensch","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wensch","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, indirect object","role":"indirect object of wensch","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"heil","lemma":"heil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of wensch","gloss":"well-being"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"h17-s223","source":"Ge zult gewis vinden wat gy zoekt...","translation":"You will surely find what you seek...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s223.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat gy zoekt","title":"Headless relative wat + verb-final","body":"wat ('what') opens a free relative clause with no antecedent, and gy zoekt places the verb at the end. gy is the literary 2nd-person of 1860."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zult vinden","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vinden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"gewis","lemma":"gewis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vinden","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"direct object of zoekt and free-relative object of vinden","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zoekt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause headed by wat","gloss":"seek"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"h17-s224","source":"Maar ik zit alleen by het djati-bosch, Wachtende op wat myn hart liefheeft.","translation":"But I sit alone by the djati forest, Waiting for what my heart loves.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s224.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wachtende op wat myn hart liefheeft","title":"Present participle Wachtende","body":"Wachtende is the -ende present participle of wachten, used absolutely ('waiting'); liefheeft is the separable verb liefhebben fused at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zit","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zit","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zit","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zit","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking djati-bosch","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of djati-bosch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"djati-bosch","lemma":"djati-bos","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"teak forest","note":"“Djati” is teak; “bosch” is the historical spelling of modern “bos.”"},{"surface":"Wachtende","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying ik","gloss":"Waiting"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking free relative wat","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"object of liefheeft and of op","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of liefheeft","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"liefheeft","lemma":"liefhebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause headed by wat","gloss":"loves"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"h17-s225","source":"Reeds lang heeft de vlinder gekust Den kenari-bloesem die hy zoozeer bemint...","translation":"Long since has the butterfly kissed The kenari blossom that he loves so dearly...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s225.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heeft ... gekust","title":"Perfect with hebben","body":"gekust is the past participle (ge- + kus + -t) of the weak verb kussen, forming the present perfect with heeft."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Den kenari-bloesem die hy zoozeer bemint","title":"Accusative den + relative die","body":"Den kenari-bloesem carries the old masculine accusative -en, and die is the relative for this de-word; bemint is the literary verb beminnen, 'to love'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"Already"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekust","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekust","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vlinder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vlinder","lemma":"vlinder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gekust","gloss":"butterfly"},{"surface":"gekust","lemma":"kussen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kenari-bloesem","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"kenari-bloesem","lemma":"kenari-bloesem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gekust","gloss":"canarium blossom"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bemint","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of bemint","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zoozeer","lemma":"zozeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bemint","gloss":"so dearly","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch “zozeer.”"},{"surface":"bemint","lemma":"beminnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on kenari-bloesem","gloss":"loves"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"h17-s226","source":"Maar nog altyd is myn ziel En myn hart bitter bedroefd... Adinda!\"","translation":"But still my soul And my heart are bitterly grieved... Adinda!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s226.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of nog altijd","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedroefd","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links ziel and hart to bedroefd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ziel","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of is","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ziel and hart","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of is","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"bitter","lemma":"bitter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedroefd","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Adinda"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"h17-s227","source":"En er was niemand op het pad dat van Badoer leidde naar den boom.","translation":"And there was no one on the path that led from Badoer to the tree.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s227.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En er was niemand","title":"Coordinating En keeps V2","body":"En ('and') is a coordinating conjunction: unlike a subordinator, it does not count as a clause element, so the verb was still falls in second position with er."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pad","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pad","lemma":"pad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of leidde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"leidde","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on pad","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boom","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"tree"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"h17-s228","source":"De zon begon reeds hoog te staan ... er was al hitte in de lucht.","translation":"The sun had already begun to stand high ... there was warmth in the air now.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s228.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De zon begon reeds hoog te staan","title":"beginnen + te-infinitive","body":"beginnen governs a te-infinitive (te staan); the adverb reeds ('already') sits in the middle field before it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er was al hitte in de lucht","title":"Existential er","body":"er was hitte = 'there was heat'; er introduces the existence of an indefinite subject, hitte."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begon te staan","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staan","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks staan as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of begon","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"now","note":"Here “al” means “already/by now.”"},{"surface":"hitte","lemma":"hitte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lucht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"air"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"h17-s229","source":"\"Zie, hoe de zon schittert daar omhoog, Hoog boven den waringi-heuvel! Ze voelt zich te warm, en wenscht neertedalen, Om te slapen in zee, als in de armen van een gade.","translation":"\"See how the sun glitters up there, High above the waringi hill! She feels herself too warm, and longs to descend, To sleep in the sea, as in the arms of a spouse.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s229.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze voelt zich te warm, en wenscht neertedalen","title":"Reflexive zich + te-infinitive neertedalen","body":"zich voelen ('to feel oneself') is reflexive; neertedalen is the period spelling of neer te dalen, the separable verb's prefix, te, and infinitive written as one word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Om te slapen in zee","title":"Purpose clause om ... te","body":"Om te slapen frames a purpose, 'in order to sleep'; om opens it and te + infinitive closes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"See"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces object clause of Zie","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schittert","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"schittert","lemma":"schitteren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of object clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"glitters"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schittert","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"omhoog","lemma":"omhoog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schittert","gloss":"up high"},{"surface":"Hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schittert","gloss":"High"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waringi-heuvel","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of waringi-heuvel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waringi-heuvel","lemma":"waringi-heuvel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of boven","gloss":"banyan hill","note":"A waringi is a banyan tree."},{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voelt","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"voelt","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of voelt","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of warm","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"warm","lemma":"warm","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of voelt","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates voelt and wenscht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wenscht","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with voelt","gloss":"longs","note":"Historical spelling “wenscht” corresponds to modern “wenst.”"},{"surface":"neertedalen","lemma":"neerdalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"direct complement of wenscht","gloss":"to descend","note":"Historical spelling writes the infinitive marker into “neertedalen”; modern Dutch has “neer te dalen.”"},{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause om te slapen","gloss":"In order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks slapen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"slapen","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces comparison with in de armen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking armen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of armen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armen","lemma":"arm","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gade","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gade","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gade","lemma":"gade","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"spouse","note":"Literary “gade” means a spouse or mate."}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"h17-s230","source":"Veel geluk, o zon, ik wensch u heil!","translation":"Much good fortune, O sun, I wish you well!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s230.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"o zon, ik wensch u heil","title":"Apostrophe with u","body":"The sun is addressed directly (apostrophe) and given the elevated pronoun u, sustaining the litany 'I wish you well' across squirrel, butterfly, and sun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geluk","gloss":"Much"},{"surface":"geluk","lemma":"geluk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical good wish","gloss":"good fortune"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces vocative zon","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wensch","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wensch","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, indirect object","role":"indirect object of wensch","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"heil","lemma":"heil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of wensch","gloss":"well-being"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"h17-s231","source":"Wat gy zoekt, zult ge gewis vinden... Maar ik zit alleen by het djati-bosch, Wachtende op rust voor myn hart.","translation":"What you seek, you will surely find... But I sit alone by the djati forest, Waiting for rest for my heart.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s231.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat gy zoekt, zult ge gewis vinden","title":"Fronted object clause forces inversion","body":"The whole clause Wat gy zoekt is fronted as the first element, so the main verb zult comes second before the subject ge — verb-second over a clausal topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zoekt","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zoekt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause functioning as object of vinden","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vinden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vinden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gewis","lemma":"gewis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vinden","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zit","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zit","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zit","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zit","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking djati-bosch","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of djati-bosch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"djati-bosch","lemma":"djatibos","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zit","gloss":"djati forest","note":"Historical spelling of djatibos, a teak forest."},{"surface":"Wachtende","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"supplementary clause modifying ik","gloss":"Waiting"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement marker of Wachtende","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of Wachtende","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hart","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"h17-s232","source":"Reeds lang zal de zon ondergegaan wezen, En slapen in de zee, als alles duister is... En nog altyd zal myn ziel En myn hart bitter bedroefd zyn....","translation":"Long since will the sun have set, And be sleeping in the sea, when all is dark... And still my soul And my heart will be bitterly grieved....","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s232.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zal de zon ondergegaan wezen","title":"Future perfect: zal ... ondergegaan wezen","body":"zal + the participle ondergegaan + the infinitive wezen builds a future perfect, 'will have set'; wezen is the archaic infinitive of zijn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als alles duister is","title":"Subordinator als sends verb to end","body":"als ('when') opens a subordinate clause, so the verb is goes to the very end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"Already"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ondergegaan","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of ondergegaan wezen and slapen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common singular","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ondergegaan wezen and slapen","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"ondergegaan","lemma":"ondergaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with wezen","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of ondergegaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links slapen to ondergegaan wezen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"slapen","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with ondergegaan wezen","gloss":"be sleeping"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common singular","role":"determiner of zee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of slapen","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"duister","lemma":"duister","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking alles to duister","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies altyd","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of zyn","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links hart to ziel","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of zyn","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"bitter","lemma":"bitter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedroefd","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking ziel and hart to bedroefd","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"h17-s233","source":"Adinda!","translation":"Adinda!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s233.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Adinda"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"h17-s234","source":"Nog was er niemand op den weg die er leidt van Badoer naar den ketapan.","translation":"Still there was no one on the road that leads from Badoer to the ketapan.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s234.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"op den weg die er leidt van Badoer","title":"Old dative den + relative die","body":"den weg keeps the masculine -en after op; die is the relative pronoun for this de-word, and er ... leidt marks the path 'that leads' there."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"Still"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common singular, archaic oblique","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of was","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of leidt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leidt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"leidt","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying weg","gloss":"leads"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ketapan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common singular, archaic oblique","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of naar","gloss":"ketapan","note":"A ketapan is a tropical almond tree."}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"h17-s235","source":"\"Als er niet langer vlinders zullen rondfladderen, Als de sterren niet meer zullen schitteren, Als de melatti niet meer welriekend zal wezen, Als er niet langer bedroefde harten zyn, Noch wild gedierte in het woud... Als de zon verkeerd zal loopen, En de maan vergeten wat oost en west is...","translation":"\"When there will be no more butterflies fluttering about, When the stars will glitter no more, When the melatti will be sweet-scented no more, When there are no longer grieving hearts, Nor wild beasts in the forest... When the sun will run its course awry, And the moon forget what east and west are...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s235.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als er niet langer vlinders zullen rondfladderen","title":"Conditional als-clauses with future","body":"A stacked series of als-clauses ('when/if...') each push their verbs to the end; zullen rondfladderen is the future of the separable verb rondfladderen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Noch wild gedierte in het woud","title":"Negative coordinator noch","body":"noch ('nor') continues the negation across the list; Dutch keeps one negation logic and noch links further negated items."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rondfladderen","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive with rondfladderen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet langer with langer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"forms niet langer with niet","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"vlinders","lemma":"vlinder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of rondfladderen","gloss":"butterflies"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of rondfladderen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"rondfladderen","lemma":"rondfladderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"flutter about"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schitteren","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of sterren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sterren","lemma":"ster","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of schitteren","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet meer with meer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet meer with niet","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of schitteren","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"schitteren","lemma":"schitteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"glitter"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common singular","role":"determiner of melatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"melatti","lemma":"melati","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"melati","note":"Historical spelling of melati, the Arabian jasmine."},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet meer with meer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet meer with niet","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"welriekend","lemma":"welriekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"sweet-scented"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking melatti to welriekend","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive with zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet langer with langer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"forms niet langer with niet","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"bedroefde","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies harten","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"harten","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"Noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an elliptical coordination with harten","gloss":"Nor"},{"surface":"wild","lemma":"wild","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies gedierte","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"gedierte","lemma":"gedierte","morphology":"noun, neuter, collective singular","role":"elliptical coordinated subject of zyn","gloss":"beasts"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woud","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of woud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woud","lemma":"woud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of loopen","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common singular","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of loopen","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies loopen","gloss":"awry"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary shared by loopen and vergeten","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"loopen","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"run its course","note":"Historical spelling of lopen (to run or walk)."},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links vergeten to loopen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common singular","role":"determiner of maan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maan","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vergeten","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"vergeten","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with loopen under zal","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"oost","lemma":"oost","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first coordinated predicative complement of is","gloss":"east"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links west to oost","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"west","lemma":"west","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second coordinated predicative complement of is","gloss":"west"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula in embedded question governed by vergeten","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"h17-s236","source":"Als dàn Adinda nog niet gekomen is, Dan zal een engel met blinkende vleugelen Neerdalen op aarde, om te zoeken wat daar achterbleef.","translation":"If then Adinda has still not come, Then an angel with shining wings Will descend to earth, to seek what was left behind there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s236.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als dàn Adinda nog niet gekomen is","title":"Conditional with verb-final perfect","body":"The als-clause closes with the perfect gekomen is (motion verb, so zijn-auxiliary), and the main clause then opens with Dan zal — a textbook 'if X, then Y'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om te zoeken wat daar achterbleef","title":"Purpose om te + separable achterblijven","body":"om te zoeken states purpose; the embedded free relative wat daar achterbleef uses the separable verb achterblijven ('was left behind') at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of gekomen is","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"dàn","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekomen is","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of gekomen is","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet gekomen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gekomen is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary is","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Neerdalen","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of Neerdalen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of engel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"engel","lemma":"engel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of Neerdalen","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vleugelen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"blinkende","lemma":"blinken","morphology":"verb, present participle, attributive","role":"modifies vleugelen","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"vleugelen","lemma":"vleugel","morphology":"noun, plural, archaic form","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"wings","note":"An older plural form of vleugel; modern Dutch usually has vleugels."},{"surface":"Neerdalen","lemma":"neerdalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"descend"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aarde","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"aarde","lemma":"aarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of Neerdalen","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces purpose clause with te zoeken","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zoeken as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying Neerdalen","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of achterbleef","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achterbleef","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"achterbleef","lemma":"achterblijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of free relative clause object of zoeken","gloss":"was left behind"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"h17-s237","source":"Dan zal myn lyk hier liggen onder den ketapan...","translation":"Then my body will lie here beneath the ketapan...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s237.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan zal myn lyk hier liggen","title":"Future zullen + bare infinitive","body":"After the fronted Dan, zal stands second and the bare infinitive liggen goes to the end: 'then my body will lie here'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"lyk","title":"lyk = corpse","body":"lyk (modern lijk) is 'corpse/body'; not the English false friend 'like'. The y is the period spelling of ij."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liggen","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of liggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of lyk","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"lyk","lemma":"lijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liggen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ketapan","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common singular, archaic oblique","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of onder","gloss":"ketapan"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"h17-s238","source":"Myn ziel is bitter bedroefd...","translation":"My soul is bitterly grieved...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s238.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Myn ziel is bitter bedroefd","title":"Predicative adjective + adverb bitter","body":"bedroefd ('grieved') is a predicative adjective (no -e ending in predicate position), modified by the adverb bitter, 'bitterly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ziel to bedroefd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"bitter","lemma":"bitter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedroefd","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"grieved"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"h17-s239","source":"Adinda!\" Nog was er niemand op het pad dat van Badoer leidde naar den ketapan.","translation":"Adinda!\" Still there was no one on the path that led from Badoer to the ketapan.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s239.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het pad dat van Badoer leidde naar den ketapan","title":"Refrain: relative dat + verb-final","body":"The recurring refrain pairs neuter het pad with the relative dat and pushes leidde to the clause end — the structural anchor that returns after every stanza."}],"words":[{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"Nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"Still"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pad","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of pad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pad","lemma":"pad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of was","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of leidde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"leidde","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying pad","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ketapan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common singular, archaic oblique","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of naar","gloss":"ketapan"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"h17-s240","source":"\"Dan zal myn lyk door den engel gezien worden. Hy zal het zyn broederen aanwyzen met den vinger:","translation":"\"Then my body will be seen by the angel. He will point it out to his brothers with his finger:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s240.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zal myn lyk ... gezien worden","title":"Future passive with worden","body":"gezien worden is the process-passive (worden + past participle); with zal it becomes a future passive, 'will be seen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy zal het zyn broederen aanwyzen met den vinger","title":"Separable aanwijzen at the end","body":"aanwijzen ('to point out') is separable; under the future zal the whole infinitive aanwyzen lands at the clause end. broederen is an archaic plural of broeder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien worden","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien worden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of lyk","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"lyk","lemma":"lijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive gezien worden","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of gezien worden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common singular, archaic oblique","role":"determiner of engel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"engel","lemma":"engel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of gezien worden","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive construction","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of aanwyzen","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of aanwyzen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of aanwyzen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of broederen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"broederen","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, plural, archaic form","role":"indirect object of aanwyzen","gloss":"brothers","note":"An older plural of broeder; modern Dutch usually has broeders."},{"surface":"aanwyzen","lemma":"aanwijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"point out"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vinger","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common singular, archaic oblique","role":"determiner of vinger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vinger","lemma":"vinger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"finger"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"h17-s241","source":"\"Ziet, daar is een gestorven mensch vergeten, Zyn verstyfde mond kust een melatti-bloem.","translation":"\"See, here a dead man lies forgotten, his stiffened mouth kisses a melati blossom.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s241.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ziet, daar is een gestorven mensch vergeten","title":"Plural imperative Ziet","body":"Ziet ('Behold, all of you') is the older plural/solemn imperative; gestorven is a past participle used attributively, 'a dead man'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyn verstyfde mond","title":"Participle as adjective: verstyfde","body":"verstyfd ('stiffened', from verstijven) is a past participle used attributively and so takes the adjectival -e: verstyfde mond."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural or formal","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"See"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of clause complementing Ziet","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past participle, attributive","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"vergeten","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, past participle, predicative","role":"predicative supplement to mensch","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of mond","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verstyfde","lemma":"verstijven","morphology":"verb, past participle, attributive","role":"modifies mond","gloss":"stiffened","note":"Historical spelling of verstijfde (stiffened)."},{"surface":"mond","lemma":"mond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kust","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"kust","lemma":"kussen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"kisses"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of melatti-bloem","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"melatti-bloem","lemma":"melatibloem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kust","gloss":"melati blossom","note":"Historical spelling of melatibloem, a jasmine flower."}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"h17-s242","source":"Komt, dat wy hem opnemen en ten-hemel dragen, Hem, die op Adinda gewacht heeft tot hy dood was.","translation":"Come, let us take him up and bear him to heaven, him who waited for Adinda until he was dead.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s242.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Komt, dat wy hem opnemen en ten-hemel dragen","title":"Hortative dat wy + plural imperative Komt","body":"Komt is the solemn plural imperative ('Come'); the dat-clause works as a hortative ('let us take him up...'), with the separable opnemen split at the clause end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ten-hemel","title":"ten-hemel = to heaven","body":"ten is a fossilized contraction of te + den (old dative); ten hemel = 'to heaven', a frozen prepositional phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural or formal","role":"main verb introducing the exhortation","gloss":"Come"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hortative clause of opnemen and dragen","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of opnemen and dragen","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of opnemen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"opnemen","lemma":"opnemen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"first verb of hortative clause","gloss":"take up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links dragen to opnemen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ten-hemel","lemma":"ten hemel","morphology":"prepositional phrase, archaic fused spelling","role":"directional complement of dragen","gloss":"to heaven"},{"surface":"dragen","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated with opnemen","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"Hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"resumptive apposition to hem","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of gewacht heeft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement marker of gewacht","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of gewacht","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"gewacht","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause with heeft","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gewacht","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to dood","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"h17-s243","source":"Gewis, hy mag niet daar achterblyven, Wiens hart de kracht had zóó te beminnen!\"","translation":"Surely he may not be left behind there, he whose heart had the strength to love so!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s243.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wiens hart de kracht had","title":"Genitive relative wiens","body":"wiens is the genitive masculine relative, 'whose': 'he whose heart had the strength'. It is the high-register counterpart of van wie."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy mag niet daar achterblyven","title":"Modal mag + bare infinitive","body":"mag (from mogen) is a modal sending the bare infinitive achterblyven to the end; niet negates the verb, not a noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gewis","lemma":"gewis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achterblyven","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of achterblyven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of achterblyven","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates achterblyven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achterblyven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"achterblyven","lemma":"achterblijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by mag","gloss":"remain behind"},{"surface":"Wiens","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessive determiner of hart","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beminnen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces beminnen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beminnen","lemma":"beminnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kracht","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"h17-s244","source":"Dan zal nog ééns myn verstyfde mond zich openen Om Adinda te roepen, die myn hart lief heeft...","translation":"Then once more shall my stiffened mouth open to call Adinda, who holds my heart dear...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s244.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan zal nog ééns myn verstyfde mond zich openen","title":"Reflexive zich openen in the future","body":"zich openen ('to open' intransitively) is reflexive; under zal the reflexive and infinitive sit together at the end of the fronted-Dan clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Om Adinda te roepen, die myn hart lief heeft","title":"om te + relative die","body":"Om ... te roepen states purpose; the relative die (for the person Adinda) introduces 'who holds my heart dear', with the separable liefhebben at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies openen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of openen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ééns","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ééns","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies openen","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessive determiner of mond","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verstyfde","lemma":"verstijven","morphology":"past participle used as adjective, inflected","role":"modifies mond","gloss":"stiffened"},{"surface":"mond","lemma":"mond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of openen","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of openen","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"openen","lemma":"openen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause with roepen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of roepen","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces roepen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessive determiner of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of lief heeft","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"lief","lemma":"lief","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of liefhebben","gloss":"holds dear"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of liefhebben","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"h17-s245","source":"Nog éénmaal zal ik de melatti kussen Die zy me gaf...","translation":"Once again shall I kiss the melati that she gave me...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s245.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die zy me gaf","title":"Relative die + past gaf","body":"die ('which') refers back to the melatti; zy ('she') is the subject and gaf is the strong simple past of geven, with the verb at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies éénmaal","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"éénmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kussen","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of kussen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of kussen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of melatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"melatti","lemma":"melati","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kussen","gloss":"melati"},{"surface":"kussen","lemma":"kussen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative, first person singular","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"h17-s246","source":"Adinda... Adinda!\"","translation":"Adinda... Adinda!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"repeated vocative","gloss":"Adinda"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"h17-s247","source":"En nog altyd was er niemand op het pad dat van Badoer leidde naar den boom.","translation":"And still there was no one on the path that led from Badoer to the tree.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s247.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links sentence to preceding context","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies altyd","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"all along"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pad","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pad","lemma":"pad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of leidde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"leidde","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on pad","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boom","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"tree"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"h17-s248","source":"O, ze was gewis tegen den morgenstond in slaap gevallen, vermoeid van 't waken gedurende den nacht, van 't waken vele lange nachten door! Zeker had ze niet geslapen sedert weken: zóó was het!","translation":"Oh, surely she had fallen asleep toward the break of morning, worn out from keeping watch through the night, from keeping watch through many a long night! Surely she had not slept for weeks: that was it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s248.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze was gewis ... in slaap gevallen","title":"Pluperfect with zijn","body":"was ... gevallen is the pluperfect ('she had fallen'); in slaap vallen uses zijn because it is a change of state, and the participle gevallen closes the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vermoeid van 't waken","title":"Nominalized infinitive 't waken","body":"het waken is an infinitive used as a noun, 'the keeping watch'; vermoeid is a participle-adjective, 'worn out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gevallen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevallen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gewis","lemma":"gewis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevallen","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking morgenstond","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of morgenstond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"morgenstond","lemma":"morgenstond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"break of morning"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of phrase in slaap vallen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"slaap","lemma":"slaap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary was","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"vermoeid","lemma":"vermoeien","morphology":"past participle used as adjective","role":"depictive modifier of ze","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of waken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waken","lemma":"waken","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"keeping watch"},{"surface":"gedurende","lemma":"gedurende","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nacht","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of nacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nacht","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of gedurende","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of waken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waken","lemma":"waken","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"keeping watch"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, plural","role":"modifies nachten","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"lange","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies nachten","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"nachten","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"temporal complement of waken","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition governing nachten","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geslapen","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geslapen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of geslapen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates geslapen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geslapen","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary had","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"weken","lemma":"week","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of sedert","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het and zóó","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"h17-s249","source":"Zou hy opstaan en naar Badoer gaan? Neen!","translation":"Should he get up and go to Badoer? No!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s249.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zou hy opstaan en naar Badoer gaan?","title":"Conditional/deliberative zou","body":"zou (from zullen) here frames a deliberative question ('should he get up...?'); the separable opstaan and the infinitive gaan land at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opstaan and gaan","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of opstaan and gaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"opstaan","lemma":"opstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"get up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates opstaan and gaan","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with opstaan","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"answer to preceding question","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"h17-s250","source":"Mocht het schynen alsof er twyfel was aan haar komst? Als hy den man riep die daarginds zyn buffel naar 't veld dreef?","translation":"Should it seem as though there were any doubt about her coming? If he were to call the man who, off in the distance there, was driving his buffalo out to the field?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s250.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Mocht het schynen alsof er twyfel was","title":"Modal mocht + impersonal het","body":"mocht is the past/conditional of mogen ('should it'), het is the dummy subject of schynen ('to seem'), and alsof ('as if') opens a subordinate clause sending was to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die daarginds zyn buffel naar 't veld dreef","title":"Relative die + middle-field order","body":"die opens the relative clause; the adverbials order place/direction before the verb-final dreef ('drove'), illustrating Dutch middle-field ordering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of schynen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"dummy subject of schynen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"schynen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by mocht","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of was","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"twyfel","lemma":"twijfel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking komst","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of komst","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"komst","lemma":"komst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hypothetical clause of riep","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of riep","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of hypothetical clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of dreef","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"daarginds","lemma":"daarginds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dreef","gloss":"off there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of buffel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of dreef","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veld","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of veld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veld","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"dreef","lemma":"drijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on man","gloss":"was driving"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"h17-s251","source":"Die man was te ver. En bovendien Saïdjah wilde niet spreken over Adinda, niet vragen naar Adinda ... hy wilde haar weerzien, háár alleen, háár het eerst!","translation":"That man was too far away. And besides, Saïdjah did not want to speak about Adinda, did not want to ask after Adinda... he wanted to see her again, her alone, her first of all!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s251.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Saïdjah wilde niet spreken over Adinda","title":"Modal wilde + bare infinitive","body":"wilde (from willen) is a modal taking the bare infinitive spreken; niet negates the action ('did not want to speak')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"weerzien","title":"weerzien = to see again","body":"weerzien ('to see again, reunite with') is a separable verb here used as an infinitive after wilde; the emphatic háár marks the longed-for object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking man and ver","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links sentence to preceding context","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb governing spreken and vragen","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates spreken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adinda","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates vragen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated complement of wilde","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adinda","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb governing weerzien","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of weerzien","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"weerzien","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"to see again"},{"surface":"háár","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, emphatic","role":"emphatic restatement of object haar","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of háár","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"háár","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, emphatic","role":"emphatic restatement of object haar","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of adverbial phrase het eerst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"superlative adverb","role":"modifies weerzien in phrase het eerst","gloss":"first of all"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"h17-s252","source":"O zeker, zéker zou ze nu spoedig komen! Hy zou wachten, wachten ...","translation":"Oh surely, surely she would come soon now! He would wait, wait...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s252.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou ze nu spoedig komen","title":"Conditional zou for expectation","body":"zou + komen here voices Saïdjah's hopeful expectation ('she would come soon'); after the fronted O zeker, zéker the verb zou stands second."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"zéker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"repeats and emphasizes zeker","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wachten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wachten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"repetition of preceding wachten","gloss":"wait"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"h17-s253","source":"Maar als ze ziek was, of ... dood?","translation":"But what if she were ill, or... dead?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s253.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar als ze ziek was, of ... dood?","title":"Conditional als-clause","body":"als ('if') opens the conditional; was sits at the clause end and the elliptical of ... dood leaves the verb understood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting hypothetical question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hypothetical clause","gloss":"what if"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ziek","lemma":"ziek","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ze and ziek or dood","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ziek and dood","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"dead"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"h17-s254","source":"Als een aangeschoten hert vloog Saïdjah 't pad op, dat van den ketapan leidt naar het dorp waar Adinda woonde.","translation":"Like a wounded deer Saïdjah flew up the path that runs from the ketapan to the village where Adinda lived.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s254.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als een aangeschoten hert vloog Saïdjah 't pad op","title":"Fronted simile + separable opvliegen","body":"The simile Als een aangeschoten hert ('like a wounded deer') is fronted, so vloog comes second; op is the separable prefix of opvliegen, stranded at the end ('flew up the path')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat van den ketapan leidt naar het dorp waar Adinda woonde","title":"Stacked relatives dat ... waar","body":"dat relates to neuter 't pad, and waar ('where') opens a locative relative clause whose verb woonde goes to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with hert","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hert","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"aangeschoten","lemma":"aanschieten","morphology":"past participle used as adjective","role":"modifies hert","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"hert","lemma":"hert","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of comparative als","gloss":"deer"},{"surface":"vloog","lemma":"vliegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of vloog","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of pad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pad","lemma":"pad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of directional postposition op","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"postposition","role":"marks direction along pad","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of leidt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ketapan","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"ketapan"},{"surface":"leidt","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on pad","gloss":"runs"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dorp","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative modifier of woonde","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of woonde","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"woonde","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on dorp","gloss":"lived"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"h17-s255","source":"Hy zag niets en hoorde niets, en toch had hy iets kunnen hooren, want er stonden menschen op den weg by den ingang van het dorp, die riepen: \"Saïdjah, Saïdjah!\"","translation":"He saw nothing and heard nothing, and yet there had been something he might have heard, for there were people standing on the road at the entrance to the village, who called out: \"Saïdjah, Saïdjah!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s255.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toch had hy iets kunnen hooren","title":"Modal in the perfect: kunnen hooren","body":"With a modal, the perfect uses the bare infinitive (the 'infinitivus pro participio'): had ... kunnen hooren, not gekund — 'might have heard'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er stonden menschen op den weg","title":"Existential er + plural verb","body":"er stonden menschen = 'there stood people'; er introduces the indefinite plural subject, and the verb agrees in number (stonden)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zag and hoorde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zag","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of hoorde","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had kunnen hooren","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen hooren","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had kunnen hooren","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the infinitive cluster","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"stonden","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"were standing"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of stonden","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location op den weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historically inflected","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location by den ingang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historically inflected","role":"determiner of ingang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ingang","lemma":"ingang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement van het dorp","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of dorp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of riepen; refers to menschen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"riepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying menschen","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative addressed by riepen","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"repeated vocative addressed by riepen","gloss":"Saïdjah"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"h17-s256","source":"Maar ... was 't zyn haast, zyn drift, die hem belette Adinda's huis te vinden?","translation":"But... was it his haste, his frenzy, that kept him from finding Adinda's house?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s256.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die hem belette Adinda's huis te vinden","title":"Relative die + te-infinitive complement","body":"die refers to zyn haast, zyn drift; beletten ('to prevent') governs a te-infinitive, te vinden, placed last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Adinda's huis","title":"Possessive -'s (genitive)","body":"Adinda's huis uses the -'s possessive, the surviving Dutch counterpart of an English genitive; period prose also keeps fuller inflected genitives elsewhere."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of the question","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of haast","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"haast","lemma":"haast","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first predicate nominative of was","gloss":"haste"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of drift","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"drift","lemma":"drift","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second predicate nominative of was","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of belette; refers to haast and drift","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"direct object of belette","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"belette","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"prevented"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, possessive, singular","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive vinden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of belette","gloss":"find"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"h17-s257","source":"Hy was reeds voortgevlogen tot aan 't einde van den weg waar het dorp ophoudt, en als dolzinnig keerde hy terug, en sloeg zich voor 't hoofd omdat hy háár huis had kunnen voorbygaan zonder het te zien. Maar weer was hy aan den ingang, en--myn God, was 't een droom?--weer had hy Adinda's huis niet gevonden!","translation":"He had already rushed onward to the end of the road where the village leaves off, and like one possessed he turned back, and struck himself on the head because he might have passed by her house without seeing it. But again he was at the entrance, and—my God, was it a dream?—again he had not found Adinda's house!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s257.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy was reeds voortgevlogen","title":"Pluperfect of separable voortvliegen","body":"was ... voortgevlogen is the pluperfect of the separable verb voortvliegen; with motion + zijn, the ge- of the participle sits inside, voort-ge-vlogen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat hy háár huis had kunnen voorbygaan zonder het te zien","title":"omdat-clause with modal perfect","body":"omdat sends the verb cluster to the end, where the modal perfect had kunnen voorbygaan ('might have passed by') uses bare infinitives; zonder ... te zien adds a te-infinitive of accompanying circumstance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of was voortgevlogen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of voortgevlogen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was voortgevlogen","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"voortgevlogen","lemma":"voortvliegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the pluperfect clause","gloss":"rushed onward"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of the compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"second part of the compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of einde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"einde","lemma":"einde","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot aan","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces van den weg","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historically inflected","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying weg","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of dorp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ophoudt","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"ophoudt","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"leaves off"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates voortgevlogen and keerde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison als dolzinnig","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"dolzinnig","lemma":"dolzinnig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"comparative manner adjunct modifying keerde","gloss":"insane"},{"surface":"keerde","lemma":"keren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with was voortgevlogen","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of keerde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"particle of keerde, forming keerde terug","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates keerde and sloeg","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sloeg","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with keerde","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"direct object of sloeg","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces voor het hoofd","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had kunnen voorbygaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"háár","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, emphatic, third person singular","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of voorbygaan","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen voorbygaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of voorbygaan","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"voorbygaan","lemma":"voorbijgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the infinitive cluster","gloss":"pass by"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause zonder het te zien","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main copular verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces aan den ingang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historically inflected","role":"determiner of ingang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ingang","lemma":"ingang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical exclamation and question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of God","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative in the exclamation","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of the parenthetical question","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of droom","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"droom","lemma":"droom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate nominative of was","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had gevonden","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had gevonden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, possessive, singular","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates had gevonden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the pluperfect clause","gloss":"found"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"h17-s258","source":"Nogeens vloog hy terug, en op-eenmaal bleef hy staan, greep met beide handen zyn hoofd, als om daaruit den waanzin wegtepersen die hem beving, en riep luide: \"dronken, dronken, ik ben dronken!\"","translation":"Once more he flew back, and all at once he stopped, gripped his head with both hands, as if to wring out of it the madness that was overtaking him, and cried aloud: \"drunk, drunk, I am drunk!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s258.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"op-eenmaal bleef hy staan, greep ... zyn hoofd","title":"Inversion after op-eenmaal","body":"The fronted adverb op-eenmaal ('all at once') triggers V2: bleef stands second, and the following coordinated verbs greep and riep keep main-clause order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als om daaruit den waanzin wegtepersen","title":"als om ... te (pseudo-purpose)","body":"als om ... te wegtepersen means 'as if to wring out'; wegtepersen is the period one-word spelling of weg te persen, the separable verb wegpersen wrapped around te. daaruit is a pronominal adverb, 'out of it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nogeens","lemma":"nog eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vloog","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"vloog","lemma":"vliegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of vloog","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vloog","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates vloog and bleef","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bleef staan","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb in bleef staan","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of bleef staan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of bleef","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"greep","lemma":"grijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with bleef staan","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces met beide handen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of handen","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"handen","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of greep","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"first part of als om, expressing apparent purpose","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive wegtepersen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"daaruit","lemma":"daaruit","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of wegtepersen","gloss":"out of it"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historically inflected","role":"determiner of waanzin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waanzin","lemma":"waanzin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wegtepersen","gloss":"madness"},{"surface":"wegtepersen","lemma":"wegpersen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of als om","gloss":"wring out","note":"Historical wegtepersen represents modern weg te persen."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of beving; refers to waanzin","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"direct object of beving","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"beving","lemma":"bevangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying waanzin","gloss":"was overtaking"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates greep and riep","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with greep","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"luide","lemma":"luid","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies riep","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"dronken","lemma":"dronken","morphology":"adjective","role":"first shouted predicate adjective","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"dronken","lemma":"dronken","morphology":"adjective","role":"repeated shouted predicate adjective","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"copula linking ik and dronken","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"dronken","lemma":"dronken","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective of ben","gloss":"drunk"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"h17-s259","source":"En de vrouwen van Badoer kwamen uit hare huizen, en zagen met deernis den armen Saïdjah daar staan, want zy herkenden hem, en begrepen dat hy Adinda's huis zocht, en wisten dat er geen huis van Adinda was in het dorp Badoer.","translation":"And the women of Badoer came out of their houses, and with pity watched poor Saïdjah standing there, for they recognized him, and understood that he was looking for Adinda's house, and knew that there was no house of Adinda's in the village of Badoer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s259.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwamen uit hare huizen","title":"Possessive hare + plural","body":"hare is the archaic inflected form of haar ('their', referring to de vrouwen); modern Dutch drops the -e. The verb kwamen agrees with the plural subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want zy herkenden hem, en ... wisten dat er geen huis van Adinda was","title":"Coordinator want vs subordinator dat","body":"want ('for') coordinates and keeps normal V2 order, while the embedded dat-clause sends its verb was to the end; geen negates the indefinite huis."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of vrouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of kwamen and zagen","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces van Badoer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces uit hare huizen","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"determiner of huizen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kwamen and zagen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zagen","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with kwamen","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces met deernis","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"deernis","lemma":"deernis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historically inflected","role":"determiner of Saïdjah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armen","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies Saïdjah","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of zagen","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative complement of zagen with Saïdjah as subject","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clauses","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person plural","role":"subject of herkenden, begrepen, and wisten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"herkenden","lemma":"herkennen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the first explanatory clause","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"direct object of herkenden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates herkenden and begrepen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"begrepen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with herkenden","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of begrepen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, possessive, singular","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zocht","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the object clause of begrepen","gloss":"was looking for"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates begrepen and wisten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wisten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with herkenden and begrepen","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of wisten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces van Adinda","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van; modifies huis","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces in het dorp Badoer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of dorp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to dorp","gloss":"Badoer"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"h17-s260","source":"Want, toen het distriktshoofd van Parang-Koedjan den buffel van Adinda's vader had weggenomen ... Ik heb u gezegd, lezer, dat myn verhaal eentonig is.","translation":"For, when the district chief of Parang-Koedjang had taken away the buffalo belonging to Adinda's father... I have told you, reader, that my tale is monotonous.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s260.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb u gezegd, lezer, dat myn verhaal eentonig is","title":"Perfect heb ... gezegd + dat-clause","body":"heb ... gezegd is the present perfect; the direct address lezer ('reader') breaks the narrative, and dat opens a subordinate clause with is at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an unfinished explanatory sentence","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the unfinished temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of distriktshoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distriktshoofd","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of had weggenomen","gloss":"district chief"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces van Parang-Koedjan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjan","lemma":"Parang-Koedjan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historically inflected","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weggenomen","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces van Adinda's vader","gloss":"belonging to"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, possessive, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of weggenomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"weggenomen","lemma":"wegnemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the unfinished temporal clause","gloss":"taken away"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of heb gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object form, second person formal","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the perfect clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative of direct address","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of verhaal","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"eentonig","lemma":"eentonig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective of is","gloss":"monotonous"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking verhaal and eentonig","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"h17-s261","source":"... toen was Adinda's moeder gestorven van verdriet. En haar jongste zusje was gestorven omdat het geen moeder had die 't zoogde.","translation":"... then Adinda's mother had died of grief. And her youngest little sister had died because she had no mother to suckle her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s261.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen was Adinda's moeder gestorven van verdriet","title":"toen + pluperfect with inversion","body":"Fronted toen ('then') gives V2 (was second); gestorven (change of state, so zijn) makes the pluperfect 'had died of grief'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat het geen moeder had die 't zoogde","title":"omdat + geen + relative die","body":"omdat sends had to the end; geen moeder negates the indefinite noun, and die opens a relative clause ('who suckled it'). Note het for the baby (neuter zusje)."}],"words":[{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestorven","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gestorven","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdriet","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verdriet","lemma":"verdriet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gestorven","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gestorven","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of zusje","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"jongste","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies zusje","gloss":"youngest"},{"surface":"zusje","lemma":"zusje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gestorven","gloss":"little sister"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter","role":"subject of had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on gestorven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zoogde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter","role":"direct object of zoogde","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"zoogde","lemma":"zogen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on moeder","gloss":"suckled"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"h17-s262","source":"En Adinda's vader, die vreesde voor de straf als hy zyn landrenten niet betaalde ...","translation":"And Adinda's father, who dreaded the punishment if he did not pay his land rents...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s262.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die vreesde voor de straf als hy zyn landrenten niet betaalde","title":"Relative die + conditional als","body":"die opens the relative clause about Adinda's father; the embedded als-clause ('if he did not pay') sends betaalde to the end, with niet negating the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this clause to the preceding sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the unfinished noun phrase","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vreesde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vreesde","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on vader","gloss":"dreaded"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking straf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of straf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"straf","lemma":"straf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vreesde","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of betaalde","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betaalde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of landrenten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"landrenten","lemma":"landrent","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of betaalde","gloss":"land rents"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betaalde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"betaalde","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"paid"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"h17-s263","source":"Ik weet het wel, ik weet het wel, dat myn verhaal eentonig is! ...","translation":"I know it well, I know it well, that my tale is monotonous! ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parallel clause to weet","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of eentonig","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of verhaal","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"eentonig","lemma":"eentonig","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement linked by is","gloss":"monotonous"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking verhaal to eentonig","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"h17-s264","source":"Adinda's vader was heengegaan uit het land. Hy had Adinda meegenomen, met hare broeders.","translation":"Adinda's father had gone away out of the land. He had taken Adinda with him, along with her brothers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s264.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was heengegaan uit het land","title":"Pluperfect of separable heengaan","body":"was heengegaan ('had gone away') is the pluperfect of the separable motion verb heengaan, taking zijn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met hare broeders","title":"Archaic possessive hare","body":"hare is again the older inflected haar ('her'), 'with her brothers'; the -e ending is a period feature dropped in modern Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heengegaan","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of heengegaan","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"heengegaan","lemma":"heengaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone away"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of heengegaan","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meegenomen","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of meegenomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of meegenomen","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"meegenomen","lemma":"meenemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taken along"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking broeders","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of broeders","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"broeders","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of meegenomen","gloss":"brothers"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"h17-s265","source":"Maar hy had vernomen hoe de vader van Saïdjah te Buitenzorg was gestraft met rottingslagen omdat hy Badoer verlaten had zonder pas.","translation":"But he had learned how Saïdjah's father had been punished at Buitenzorg with strokes of the rattan because he had left Badoer without a pass.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s265.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe de vader van Saïdjah ... was gestraft","title":"Indirect question + passive pluperfect","body":"hoe opens an embedded question (verb to the end), and was gestraft is a passive pluperfect: 'how Saïdjah's father had been punished'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vernomen","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vernomen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vernomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vernomen","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the manner/content clause of gestraft","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gestraft","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Saïdjah","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Buitenzorg","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Buitenzorg","lemma":"Buitenzorg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of gestraft","gloss":"Buitenzorg"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gestraft","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gestraft","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of vernomen","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rottingslagen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rottingslagen","lemma":"rottingslag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gestraft","gloss":"rattan strokes"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verlaten","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verlaten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pas","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verlaten","gloss":"a pass"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"h17-s266","source":"En daarom was Adinda's vader niet gegaan naar Buitenzorg, noch naar Krawang, noch naar de Preanger, noch naar de Bataviasche Ommelanden ... hy was gegaan naar Tjilang-kahan, het distrikt van Lebak, dat aan de zee grenst.","translation":"And so Adinda's father had not gone to Buitenzorg, nor to Krawang, nor to the Preanger, nor to the Batavian Ommelanden... he had gone to Tjilangkahan, the district of Lebak that borders the sea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s266.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet gegaan naar Buitenzorg, noch naar Krawang, noch ...","title":"niet ... noch ... noch (negative series)","body":"A single niet is extended by repeated noch ('nor') across the list of places — one negation logic carried through coordinated items, not a double negative."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this clause to the preceding sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegaan","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gegaan","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Buitenzorg","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Buitenzorg","lemma":"Buitenzorg","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gegaan","gloss":"Buitenzorg"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Krawang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Krawang","lemma":"Krawang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated destination with Buitenzorg","gloss":"Krawang"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Preanger","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Preanger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Preanger","lemma":"Preanger","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated destination with Krawang","gloss":"Preanger"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ommelanden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Ommelanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bataviasche","lemma":"Batavias","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Ommelanden","gloss":"Batavian"},{"surface":"Ommelanden","lemma":"ommeland","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"coordinated destination with Preanger","gloss":"Ommelanden"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gegaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tjilang-kahan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Tjilang-kahan","lemma":"Tjilang-kahan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of gegaan","gloss":"Tjilangkahan"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distrikt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distrikt","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to Tjilang-kahan","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter","role":"subject of grenst","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of grenst","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"grenst","lemma":"grenzen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on distrikt","gloss":"borders"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"h17-s267","source":"Daar had hy zich verscholen in de bosschen, en gewacht op de komst van Pa-Ento, Pa-Lontah, Si-Oeniah, Pa-Ansioe, Abdoel-Isma en nog eenige anderen die door het distriktshoofd van Parang-Koedjang beroofd waren van hun buffels, en die allen vreesden voor straf als ze hun landrenten niet betaalden. Daar hadden ze zich by-nacht meester gemaakt van een visschersprauw, en waren in zee gestoken.","translation":"There he had hidden himself in the forests, and waited for the coming of Pa-Ento, Pa-Lontah, Si-Oeniah, Pa-Ansioe, Abdoel-Isma and several others who had been robbed of their buffaloes by the district chief of Parang-Koedjang, and who all dreaded punishment if they did not pay their land rents. There, by night, they had seized a fishing prau, and had put out to sea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s267.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die door het distriktshoofd ... beroofd waren van hun buffels","title":"Passive relative with door (agent)","body":"beroofd waren is a passive ('had been robbed'); door marks the agent, the district chief. The relative die introduces the men so robbed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hadden ze zich ... meester gemaakt van een visschersprauw","title":"Reflexive idiom zich meester maken van","body":"zich meester maken van ('to take possession of, seize') is a reflexive idiom; hadden ... gemaakt is the pluperfect. waren in zee gestoken ('had put out to sea') again takes zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verscholen","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verscholen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verscholen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of verscholen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"verscholen","lemma":"verschuilen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bosschen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bosschen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bosschen","lemma":"bos","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of verscholen","gloss":"forests"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gewacht","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with verscholen","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking komst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of komst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"komst","lemma":"komst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gewacht","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Pa-Ento","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Pa-Ento","lemma":"Pa-Ento","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Pa-Ento"},{"surface":"Pa-Lontah","lemma":"Pa-Lontah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Pa-Ento","gloss":"Pa-Lontah"},{"surface":"Si-Oeniah","lemma":"Si-Oeniah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Pa-Ento","gloss":"Si-Oeniah"},{"surface":"Pa-Ansioe","lemma":"Pa-Ansioe","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Pa-Ento","gloss":"Pa-Ansioe"},{"surface":"Abdoel-Isma","lemma":"Abdoel-Isma","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Pa-Ento","gloss":"Abdoel-Isma"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenige anderen","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of anderen","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with Pa-Ento and the others","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive beroofd","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distriktshoofd","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distriktshoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distriktshoofd","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agent of beroofd","gloss":"district chief"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"beroofd","lemma":"beroven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on Pa-Ento and the others","gloss":"robbed"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of beroofd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buffels","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of buffels","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of beroofd","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vreesden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"emphasizes subject die","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"vreesden","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with beroofd","gloss":"dreaded"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking straf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"straf","lemma":"straf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vreesden","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of betaalden","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betaalden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of landrenten","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"landrenten","lemma":"landrent","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of betaalden","gloss":"land rents"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betaalden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"betaalden","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"adverbial clause on vreesden","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemaakt","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gemaakt","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object in zich meester maken","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"by-nacht","lemma":"bij nacht","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies gemaakt","gloss":"by night"},{"surface":"meester","lemma":"meester","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement in zich meester maken","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb in zich meester maken","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking visschersprauw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of visschersprauw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"visschersprauw","lemma":"vissersprauw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gemaakt","gloss":"fishing prau"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gestoken","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in zee steken","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom in zee steken","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"gestoken","lemma":"steken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with gemaakt; in zee steken means put out to sea","gloss":"put out"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"h17-s268","source":"Ze hadden westelyk gestuurd, en hielden het land rechts van zich, tot aan Java-punt.","translation":"They had steered westward, keeping the land to their right, as far as the point of Java.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s268.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze hadden westelyk gestuurd, en hielden het land rechts van zich","title":"Pluperfect then imperfect; reflexive zich","body":"hadden gestuurd is pluperfect, then the narrative shifts to the simple past hielden; van zich ('to their right') uses the reflexive zich for the subject's own side."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gestuurd","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gestuurd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"westelyk","lemma":"westelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestuurd","gloss":"westward"},{"surface":"gestuurd","lemma":"sturen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"steered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hielden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with gestuurd","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hielden","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"rechts","lemma":"rechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of hielden","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"complement of van","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Java-punt","lemma":"Java-punt","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of tot aan","gloss":"Java Point"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"h17-s269","source":"Vanhier waren zy noordwaarts gestevend tot ze Tanahitam voor zich zagen, dat de europesche zeelieden Prinsen-eiland noemen. Zy waren dat eiland omgezeild aan de oostzyde, en hadden toen aangehouden op de Keizersbaai, zich richtende op den hoogen piek in de Lampongs.","translation":"From here they had headed northward until they saw Tanahitam before them, which the European seamen call Princes' Island. They had sailed around that island on its eastern side, and had then held course for the Keizersbaai, taking their bearing on the high peak in the Lampongs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s269.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zy waren dat eiland omgezeild ... en hadden toen aangehouden","title":"zijn vs hebben in the pluperfect","body":"Motion across (omzeilen) takes zijn (waren ... omgezeild), while aanhouden ('to hold course') takes hebben (hadden ... aangehouden) — both separable participles split around ge-."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vanhier","lemma":"vanhier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestevend","gloss":"From here"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gestevend","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of gestevend","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"noordwaarts","lemma":"noordwaarts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestevend","gloss":"northward"},{"surface":"gestevend","lemma":"stevenen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary waren","gloss":"headed"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zagen","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zagen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"Tanahitam","lemma":"Tanahitam","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zagen","gloss":"Tanahitam"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of voor zich, modifying zagen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, plural","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"zagen","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of temporal clause introduced by tot","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of noemen; refers to Tanahitam","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zeelieden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies zeelieden","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"zeelieden","lemma":"zeeman","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of noemen","gloss":"seamen"},{"surface":"Prinsen-eiland","lemma":"Prinseneiland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object complement of dat with noemen","gloss":"Princes' Island"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying Tanahitam","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of omgezeild and hadden aangehouden","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of omgezeild","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of eiland","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eiland","lemma":"eiland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of omgezeild","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"omgezeild","lemma":"omzeilen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary waren","gloss":"sailed around"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location phrase modifying omgezeild","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oostzyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oostzyde","lemma":"oostzijde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"eastern side"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates omgezeild and aangehouden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of aangehouden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangehouden","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"aangehouden","lemma":"aanhouden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated main verb with omgezeild","gloss":"held course"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces course complement of aangehouden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Keizersbaai","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Keizersbaai","lemma":"Keizersbaai","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"Keizersbaai"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, plural","role":"reflexive object of richtende","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"richtende","lemma":"richten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying zij","gloss":"directing"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of richtende","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of piek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic masculine singular accusative","role":"modifies piek","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"piek","lemma":"piek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"peak"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location phrase modifying piek","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lampongs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lampongs","lemma":"Lampongs","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"Lampongs"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"h17-s270","source":"Zóó althans was de weg dien men elkander fluisterend vóórzei in 't Lebaksche, wanneer er gesproken werd over officieelen buffelroof en onbetaalde landrenten.","translation":"Such, at least, was the route that men whispered to one another in the Lebak country, whenever there was talk of official buffalo-theft and unpaid land rents.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s270.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de weg dien men ... vóórzei","title":"Inflected relative dien + indefinite men","body":"dien is the old accusative masculine relative agreeing with de weg, and men ('one, people') is the impersonal subject 'that people whispered'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer er gesproken werd over officieelen buffelroof","title":"Impersonal passive with werd","body":"er gesproken werd is an impersonal worden-passive ('there was talk of'), with no real subject; wanneer sends the verb to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"Such"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying was","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking weg and zo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"route"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"direct object of vóórzei; refers to weg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vóórzei","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"indirect object of vóórzei","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"fluisterend","lemma":"fluisteren","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial modifier of vóórzei","gloss":"whispering"},{"surface":"vóórzei","lemma":"voorzeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying weg","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location phrase modifying vóórzei","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lebaksche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Lebak country"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gesproken","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with passive auxiliary werd","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of gesproken","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"officieelen","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic masculine singular","role":"modifies buffelroof","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"buffelroof","lemma":"buffelroof","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"buffalo theft"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates buffelroof and landrenten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onbetaalde","lemma":"onbetaald","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies landrenten","gloss":"unpaid"},{"surface":"landrenten","lemma":"landrente","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated object of over","gloss":"land rents"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"h17-s271","source":"Maar de verbysterde Saïdjah verstond niet duidelyk wat men hem zeide. Zelfs begreep hy niet goed het bericht van den dood zyn vaders.","translation":"But the bewildered Saïdjah did not clearly understand what they were telling him. He did not even rightly grasp the news of his father's death.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s271.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verstond niet duidelyk wat men hem zeide","title":"niet + headless relative wat","body":"niet negates the verb verstond ('did not understand'); wat opens a free relative ('what they told him') with zeide at the end. men is again the impersonal 'they/people'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het bericht van den dood zyn vaders","title":"Genitive zyn vaders","body":"zyn vaders is an inflected genitive, 'of his father' (modern van zijn vader); den dood keeps the old masculine accusative -en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verstond","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Saïdjah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verbysterde","lemma":"verbijsterd","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Saïdjah","gloss":"bewildered"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verstond","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"verstond","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on verstond","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of zeide and clausal object of verstond","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeide","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of free relative clause headed by wat","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"Zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"Even"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bericht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bericht","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of begreep","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of bericht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic dative","role":"determiner of dood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of vaders","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vaders","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of dood","gloss":"father's"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"h17-s272","source":"Er was een gegons in zyn ooren als had men op een gong geslagen in zyn hoofd. Hy voelde hoe 't bloed met schokken werd gewrongen door de aderen aan zyn slapen, die dreigden te bezwyken onder den druk van zoo zware uitzetting.","translation":"There was a humming in his ears as though a gong had been struck inside his head. He felt how the blood was forced in jolts through the veins at his temples, which threatened to give way under the pressure of so heavy a swelling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s272.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er was een gegons ... als had men op een gong geslagen","title":"Existential er + inverted als-simile","body":"er was een gegons introduces the humming; the comparison als had men ... geslagen inverts the verb to the front (a literary 'as if'), an elevated alternative to alsof men ... had."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe 't bloed met schokken werd gewrongen","title":"Process passive werd gewrongen","body":"werd gewrongen is the worden-passive in the past, 'was forced/wrung'; hoe opens an embedded clause sending the verb cluster to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with was","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gegons","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gegons","lemma":"gegons","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"humming"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ooren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of ooren","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ooren","lemma":"oor","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces counterfactual comparative clause","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geslagen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geslagen","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of geslagen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gong","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gong","lemma":"gong","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"gong"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of comparative clause with auxiliary had","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location phrase modifying geslagen","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular","role":"possessor of hoofd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gewrongen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bloed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bloed","lemma":"bloed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive gewrongen","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase modifying gewrongen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"schokken","lemma":"schok","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"jolts"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gewrongen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gewrongen","lemma":"wringen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate clause with passive auxiliary werd","gloss":"forced"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces path phrase modifying gewrongen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aderen","lemma":"ader","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"veins"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location phrase modifying aderen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of slapen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"slapen","lemma":"slaap","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"temples"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of dreigden; refers to slapen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"dreigden","lemma":"dreigen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying slapen","gloss":"threatened"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bezwyken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bezwyken","lemma":"bezwijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dreigden","gloss":"give way"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking druk","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic dative","role":"determiner of druk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"druk","lemma":"druk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bezwyken","gloss":"pressure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of druk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zware","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zware","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uitzetting","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"uitzetting","lemma":"uitzetting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"swelling"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"h17-s273","source":"Hy sprak niet, en staarde met verdoofden blik rond zonder te zien wat om en by hem was, en berstte eindelyk uit in akelig gelach.","translation":"He did not speak, and stared with a dulled gaze about him without seeing what was around and beside him, and at last burst out in a ghastly laugh.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s273.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"staarde ... rond zonder te zien wat om en by hem was","title":"zonder te + headless relative","body":"zonder te zien ('without seeing') uses a te-infinitive of accompanying circumstance; wat ... was is a free relative, 'what was around him'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"berstte eindelyk uit","title":"Separable uitbersten","body":"uitbersten ('to burst out') is separable; in this simple-past main clause the prefix uit strands at the end: berstte ... uit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"staarde","lemma":"staren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with sprak","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase modifying staarde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"verdoofden","lemma":"verdoofd","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic masculine singular dative","role":"modifies blik","gloss":"dulled"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"rond","lemma":"rond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staarde","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitive clause of zien","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on staarde","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was and direct object of zien","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"first element of coordinated predicate om en by hem","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates om and by","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"second element of coordinated predicate om en by hem","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of om and by","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of free relative clause headed by wat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates staarde and berstte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"berstte","lemma":"barsten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with staarde","gloss":"burst"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies berstte","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of berstte ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces result phrase of berstte uit","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"akelig","lemma":"akelig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gelach","gloss":"ghastly"},{"surface":"gelach","lemma":"gelach","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"laughter"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"h17-s274","source":"Een oude vrouw nam hem mede naar haar huisjen en verpleegde den armen dwaas.","translation":"An old woman took him along to her little house and nursed the poor fool.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s274.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nam hem mede naar haar huisjen","title":"Separable medenemen + diminutive huisjen","body":"mede (modern mee) is the stranded prefix of medenemen ('to take along'); huisjen is an archaic spelling of huisje, the diminutive of huis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"verpleegde den armen dwaas","title":"Old accusative den armen dwaas","body":"den armen carries the masculine accusative -en on both article and adjective, an 1860 case-remnant; modern Dutch: de arme dwaas."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"An"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vrouw","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"mede","lemma":"mee","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of nam ... mede","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination phrase modifying nam mede","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, feminine singular","role":"possessor of huisjen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"huisjen","lemma":"huisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"object of naar","gloss":"little house"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates nam and verpleegde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verpleegde","lemma":"verplegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with nam","gloss":"nursed"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of dwaas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armen","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic masculine singular accusative","role":"modifies dwaas","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"dwaas","lemma":"dwaas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verpleegde","gloss":"fool"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"h17-s275","source":"Weldra lachte hy niet meer zoo akelig, maar toch sprak hy niet.","translation":"Before long he no longer laughed so ghastly, but still he did not speak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s275.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Weldra lachte hy niet meer zoo akelig, maar toch sprak hy niet","title":"Inversion after Weldra; coordinator maar","body":"Fronted Weldra ('before long') triggers V2 (lachte second); maar ('but') coordinates without sending the verb to the end, but toch then re-fronts and inverts sprak."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lachte","gloss":"Before long"},{"surface":"lachte","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of lachte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lachte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"with niet: no longer","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies akelig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"akelig","lemma":"akelig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lachte","gloss":"ghastly"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with lachte","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"h17-s276","source":"Alleen 's nachts werden de hutgenooten opgeschrikt door zyn stem, als hy toonloos zong: \"ik weet niet waar ik sterven zal\" en eenige bewoners van Badoer legden geld tezamen, om een offer te brengen aan de boaja's van den Tjioedjoeng voor de genezing van Saïdjah, dien men voor zinneloos hield.","translation":"Only at night were the others in the hut startled by his voice, when he sang in a toneless way: \"I do not know where I shall die,\" and several of the people of Badoer pooled their money together to bring an offering to the boajas of the Tjioedjoeng for the healing of Saïdjah, whom they took to be out of his senses.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s276.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Alleen 's nachts werden de hutgenooten opgeschrikt","title":"Process passive werden ... opgeschrikt","body":"werden ... opgeschrikt is the worden-passive in the past ('were startled'); 's nachts is a frozen genitive of time ('at night'), and the fronted adverbial forces inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om een offer te brengen aan de boaja's","title":"Purpose om ... te brengen","body":"om ... te brengen states the villagers' purpose; dien men voor zinneloos hield is a relative clause with old accusative dien ('whom they held to be mad')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the temporal phrase 's nachts","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of nachts","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"nachts","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying opgeschrikt","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of opgeschrikt","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hutgenooten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hutgenooten","lemma":"hutgenoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of passive opgeschrikt","gloss":"hutmates"},{"surface":"opgeschrikt","lemma":"opschrikken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"startled"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stem","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of stem","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"stem","lemma":"stem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of opgeschrikt","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zong","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zong","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"toonloos","lemma":"toonloos","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zong","gloss":"tonelessly"},{"surface":"zong","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"sang"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative adverb modifying sterven","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sterven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sterven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of sterven","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of bewoners","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"bewoners","lemma":"bewoner","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of legden","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Badoer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"legden","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb coordinated with werden opgeschrikt","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of legden","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"tezamen","lemma":"tezamen","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of legden","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause te brengen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of offer","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"offer","lemma":"offer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"offering"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying legden tezamen","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boaja's","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boaja's","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boaja's","lemma":"boaja","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"boajas"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tjioedjoeng","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of Tjioedjoeng","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Tjioedjoeng","lemma":"Tjioedjoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Tjioedjoeng"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genezing","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of genezing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"genezing","lemma":"genezing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"healing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Saïdjah","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"predicative marker in hield voor","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zinneloos","lemma":"zinneloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of dien","gloss":"out of his senses"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying Saïdjah","gloss":"considered"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"h17-s277","source":"Maar zinneloos was hy niet.","translation":"But out of his senses he was not.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s277.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this clause to the preceding sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zinneloos","lemma":"zinneloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"out of his senses"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to zinneloos","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zinneloos was","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"h17-s278","source":"Want eens by nacht, toen de maan helder lichtte, stond hy op van de baleh-baleh, en verliet zachtkens het huis, en zocht naar de plek waar Adinda gewoond had.","translation":"For one night, when the moon shone bright, he rose from the baleh-baleh, and quietly left the house, and sought out the spot where Adinda had lived.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s278.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen de maan helder lichtte, stond hy op","title":"toen-clause + main-clause separable opstaan","body":"toen ('when') sends lichtte to the end of the time-clause; the main clause then inverts (verb second) with the separable op stranded: stond hy op."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zocht naar de plek waar Adinda gewoond had","title":"Locative relative waar + pluperfect","body":"waar ('where') opens a relative clause; gewoond had is the pluperfect ('had lived') with the verb cluster at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverb modifying stond op","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nacht","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"nacht","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal complement of bij","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lichtte","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maan","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of lichtte","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"helder","lemma":"helder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lichtte","gloss":"brightly"},{"surface":"lichtte","lemma":"lichten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb stond op","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stond, verliet, and zocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of stond","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baleh-baleh","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of baleh-baleh","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"baleh-baleh","lemma":"baleh-baleh","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"baleh-baleh"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verliet","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with stond","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"zachtkens","lemma":"zachtkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verliet","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verliet","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with stond and verliet","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plek","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plek","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative adverb introducing the clause modifying plek","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gewoond","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"gewoond","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying plek","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewoond","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"h17-s279","source":"Het was niet gemakkelyk die te vinden, omdat er zoovéél huizen waren ingestort. Doch hy scheen de plaats te herkennen aan de wydte van den hoek dien sommige lichtlynen door 't geboomte vormden by haar ontmoeting in zyn oog, zooals de zeeman peiling neemt op vuurtorens of uitstekende bergpunten.","translation":"It was not easy to find it, because so many houses had fallen in. Yet he seemed to recognize the place by the width of the angle that certain shafts of light had formed through the trees as they met in his eye, the way a sailor takes his bearing on lighthouses or jutting mountain peaks.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s279.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat er zoovéél huizen waren ingestort","title":"omdat + er + pluperfect of instorten","body":"omdat sends the cluster to the end; er supports the indefinite plural subject huizen, and waren ingestort is the zijn-pluperfect of separable instorten ('had collapsed')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den hoek dien sommige lichtlynen ... vormden","title":"Inflected relative dien (accusative)","body":"dien is the old accusative masculine relative agreeing with den hoek ('the angle that...'); vormden ('formed') closes the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of was gemakkelyk","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Het to gemakkelyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemakkelyk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive vinden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gemakkelyk","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ingestort","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in the subordinate clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zoovéél","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of huizen","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of ingestort","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of ingestort","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ingestort","lemma":"instorten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"fallen in"},{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of scheen","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of herkennen","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive herkennen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"herkennen","lemma":"herkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of scheen","gloss":"recognize"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wydte","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wydte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wydte","lemma":"wijdte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"width"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of hoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoek","lemma":"hoek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"angle"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vormden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lichtlynen","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"lichtlynen","lemma":"lichtlijn","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of vormden","gloss":"shafts of light"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geboomte","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geboomte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geboomte","lemma":"geboomte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"vormden","lemma":"vormen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying hoek","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontmoeting","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ontmoeting","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ontmoeting","lemma":"ontmoeting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oog","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of oog","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of neemt","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zeeman","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zeeman","lemma":"zeeman","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of neemt","gloss":"sailor"},{"surface":"peiling","lemma":"peiling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of neemt","gloss":"a bearing"},{"surface":"neemt","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vuurtorens","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"vuurtorens","lemma":"vuurtoren","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of op","gloss":"lighthouses"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"uitstekende","lemma":"uitstekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bergpunten","gloss":"jutting"},{"surface":"bergpunten","lemma":"bergpunt","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated complement of op","gloss":"mountain peaks"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"h17-s280","source":"Ja, dáár moest het zyn ...dáár had Adinda gewoond!","translation":"Yes, it must have been there... there Adinda had lived!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s280.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dáár moest het zyn ...dáár had Adinda gewoond","title":"Modal moest + fronted dáár","body":"moest (from moeten) is an epistemic modal, 'it must have been'; the stressed dáár ('there') is fronted twice, each time forcing inversion of the finite verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative locative complement of zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying gewoond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewoond","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gewoond","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"gewoond","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"h17-s281","source":"Struikelend over halfvergane bamboe en over stukken van 't neergevallen dak, baande hy zich een weg naar 't heiligdom dat hy zocht.","translation":"Stumbling over half-rotted bamboo and over pieces of the fallen-in roof, he forced his way to the sanctuary that he sought.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s281.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Struikelend over halfvergane bamboe ..., baande hy zich een weg","title":"Fronted present participle Struikelend","body":"The participial phrase Struikelend ('stumbling') is fronted, so the finite baande comes second; zich een weg banen ('to force one's way') is a reflexive idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t heiligdom dat hy zocht","title":"Relative dat for a het-word","body":"het heiligdom is neuter, so the relative is dat; zocht goes to the end of the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Struikelend","lemma":"struikelen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying hy","gloss":"stumbling"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bamboe","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"halfvergane","lemma":"halfvergaan","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bamboe","gloss":"half-rotted"},{"surface":"bamboe","lemma":"bamboe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over","gloss":"bamboo"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stukken","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with bamboe","gloss":"pieces"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"neergevallen","lemma":"neervallen","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"modifies dak","gloss":"fallen-in"},{"surface":"dak","lemma":"dak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"roof"},{"surface":"baande","lemma":"banen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forced"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of baande","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive indirect object of baande","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of baande","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking heiligdom","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heiligdom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heiligdom","lemma":"heiligdom","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"sanctuary"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of zocht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying heiligdom","gloss":"sought"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"h17-s282","source":"En, waarlyk, hy vond nog iets terug van den opstaanden Pagger waarnaast Adinda's baleh-baleh gestaan had, en zelfs stak in dien pagger nog de bamboezen pin, waaraan ze haar kleed hing als ze zich te slapen legde ...","translation":"And, truly, he found something still left of the standing pagger beside which Adinda's baleh-baleh had stood, and there even still stuck in that pagger the bamboo pin on which she had hung her dress when she lay down to sleep...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s282.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den opstaanden Pagger waarnaast Adinda's baleh-baleh gestaan had","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative waarnaast","body":"waarnaast ('beside which') is a pronominal-adverb relative (waar + naast) referring to the pagger; gestaan had is the pluperfect at the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"stak in dien pagger nog de bamboezen pin, waaraan ze haar kleed hing","title":"Inversion + waaraan","body":"The locative in dien pagger is fronted (verb stak second), and waaraan ('on which') opens a relative clause; als ze zich te slapen legde uses reflexive zich + te-infinitive ('when she lay down to sleep')."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vond","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying vond","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of vond","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opstaanden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of Pagger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opstaanden","lemma":"opstaand","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Pagger","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"Pagger","lemma":"pagger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"pagger"},{"surface":"waarnaast","lemma":"waarnaast","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying Pagger","gloss":"beside which"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of baleh-baleh","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"baleh-baleh","lemma":"baleh-baleh","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gestaan","gloss":"baleh-baleh"},{"surface":"gestaan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying Pagger","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stak","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"stak","lemma":"steken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with vond","gloss":"stuck"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pagger","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of pagger","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pagger","lemma":"pagger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"pagger"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stak","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bamboezen","lemma":"bamboezen","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies pin","gloss":"bamboo"},{"surface":"pin","lemma":"pin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stak","gloss":"pin"},{"surface":"waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying pin","gloss":"on which"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hing","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kleed","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kleed","lemma":"kleed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hing","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"hing","lemma":"hangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying pin","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of legde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of legde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive direct object of legde","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive slapen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"slapen","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of legde","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"legde","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"lay down"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"h17-s283","source":"Maar de baleh-baleh was ingestort als het huis, en byna vergaan tot stof.","translation":"But the baleh-baleh had fallen in like the house, and had nearly crumbled away to dust.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s283.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was ingestort als het huis, en byna vergaan tot stof","title":"Pluperfect with zijn (collapse/decay)","body":"was ingestort and (was) vergaan are both zijn-pluperfects, since instorten and vergaan are changes of state; als het huis means 'like the house'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this clause to the preceding sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of baleh-baleh","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"baleh-baleh","lemma":"baleh-baleh","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was ingestort and vergaan","gloss":"baleh-baleh"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of ingestort and vergaan","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ingestort","lemma":"instorten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fallen in"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition of comparison marking huis","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vergaan","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"vergaan","lemma":"vergaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb coordinated with ingestort","gloss":"crumbled away"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stof","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stof","lemma":"stof","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vergaan","gloss":"dust"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"h17-s284","source":"Hy nam een handvol daarvan, drukte het aan zyn geopende lippen, en ademde zeer diep ...","translation":"He took up a handful of it, pressed it to his parted lips, and breathed very deeply...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s284.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy nam een handvol daarvan, drukte het ..., en ademde","title":"Pronominal adverb daarvan + coordinated past","body":"daarvan ('of it') is a pronominal adverb replacing van + the dust; the three coordinated simple-past verbs nam, drukte, ademde keep main-clause order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of handvol","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"handvol","lemma":"handvol","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"handful"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"postmodifier of handvol","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"drukte","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with nam","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, personal, neuter singular","role":"direct object of drukte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement lippen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of lippen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geopende","lemma":"geopend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies lippen","gloss":"parted"},{"surface":"lippen","lemma":"lip","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links drukte and ademde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ademde","lemma":"ademen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with drukte","gloss":"breathed"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies diep","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ademde","gloss":"deeply"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"h17-s285","source":"Den volgenden dag vroeg hy aan de oude vrouw die hem verpleegd had, waar 't rystblok was dat er gestaan had op het erf van Adinda's huis?","translation":"The next day he asked the old woman who had nursed him, where the rice-block was that had stood in the yard of Adinda's house?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s285.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vroeg hy aan de oude vrouw ..., waar 't rystblok was dat er gestaan had","title":"Embedded question waar + relative dat","body":"waar opens an indirect question (verb was at the end), and dat er gestaan had is a relative pluperfect, 'that had stood there'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of vroeg","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces indirect object vrouw","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vrouw","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of had verpleegd","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of verpleegd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"verpleegd","lemma":"verplegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on vrouw","gloss":"nursed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verpleegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"locative complement of was","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of rijstblok","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rystblok","lemma":"rijstblok","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"rice-block"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of embedded question","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of had gestaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"modifies gestaan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gestaan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on rijstblok","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location erf","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor huis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, possessive singular","role":"possessive determiner of huis","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"h17-s286","source":"De vrouw was verheugd dat ze hem hoorde spreken, en liep het dorp rond om dat blok te zoeken.","translation":"The woman was glad to hear him speak, and ran round the village to look for that block.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s286.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De vrouw was verheugd dat ze hem hoorde spreken","title":"Perception verb hooren + bare infinitive","body":"hoorde spreken uses a bare infinitive (no te) after the perception verb hooren: 'heard him speak'. The dat-clause sends the verb cluster to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was and liep","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links vrouw to verheugd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"verheugd","lemma":"verheugd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of verheugd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of hoorde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, object form","role":"object of hoorde and understood subject of spreken","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of complement clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of hoorde","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links was and liep","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with was","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of dorp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of rondliep","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"rond","lemma":"rond","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of liep ... rond","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of blok","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"blok","lemma":"blok","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zoeken","gloss":"block"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose adjunct of liep ... rond","gloss":"look for"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"h17-s287","source":"Toen zy den nieuwen eigenaar aan Saïdjah kon aanwyzen, volgde deze haar zwygend, en by 't rystblok gebracht, telde hy daarop twee en dertig ingekorven strepen ...","translation":"When she could point out the new owner to Saïdjah, he followed her in silence, and once brought to the rice-block, he counted upon it thirty-two notched marks...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s287.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen zy den nieuwen eigenaar aan Saïdjah kon aanwyzen","title":"toen + modal kon + bare infinitive","body":"toen sends the cluster kon aanwyzen to the end; kon (from kunnen) is a modal with the bare infinitive aanwyzen ('could point out'). den nieuwen eigenaar shows the old accusative -en."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"by 't rystblok gebracht, telde hy ... twee en dertig ingekorven strepen","title":"Fronted past-participle clause + inversion","body":"The reduced clause by 't rystblok gebracht ('once brought to the block') fronts a participle, so telde comes second; ingekorven is a participle-adjective, 'notched'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of kon aanwyzen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of kon aanwyzen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of eigenaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies eigenaar","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"eigenaar","lemma":"eigenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanwyzen","gloss":"owner"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces indirect object Saïdjah","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of aan and indirect object of aanwyzen","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of aanwyzen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"aanwyzen","lemma":"aanwijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"point out"},{"surface":"volgde","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of volgde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of volgde","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"zwygend","lemma":"zwijgen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial modifier of volgde","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links volgde and telde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location rijstblok","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of rijstblok","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rystblok","lemma":"rijstblok","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"rice-block"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past participle, passive","role":"supplementary clause modifying hy","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"telde","lemma":"tellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with volgde","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of telde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative adjunct of telde","gloss":"upon it"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"first part of twee en dertig","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links parts of compound numeral","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dertig","lemma":"dertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"second part of twee en dertig","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"ingekorven","lemma":"inkerven","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies strepen","gloss":"notched"},{"surface":"strepen","lemma":"streep","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of telde","gloss":"marks"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"h17-s288","source":"Toen gaf hy die vrouw zooveel Spaansche-matten als noodig was tot het koopen van een buffel, en verliet Badoer.","translation":"Then he gave that woman as many Spanish dollars as were needed for the buying of a buffalo, and left Badoer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s288.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zooveel Spaansche-matten als noodig was tot het koopen van een buffel","title":"Comparative correlative zooveel ... als + nominalized koopen","body":"zooveel ... als ('as many ... as') is a comparative correlative; het koopen ('the buying') is an infinitive nominalized as a noun after tot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adjunct of gaf","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of gaf and verliet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of Spaansche-matten","gloss":"as many"},{"surface":"Spaansche-matten","lemma":"Spaanse mat","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"Spanish dollars"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"verb of comparative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose het koopen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"marks nominalized infinitive koopen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of tot","gloss":"buying"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object buffel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gaf and verliet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verliet","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with gaf","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of verliet","gloss":"Badoer"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"h17-s289","source":"Te Tjilang-Kahan kocht hy een visschersprauw, en kwam daarmede na eenige dagen zeilens in de Lampongs aan, waar de opstandelingen zich verzetten tegen het nederlandsch gezag.","translation":"At Tjilangkahan he bought a fishing prau, and arrived in it after several days' sailing in the Lampongs, where the insurgents were resisting Dutch authority.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s289.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwam daarmede na eenige dagen zeilens in de Lampongs aan","title":"Pronominal adverb daarmede + separable aankomen","body":"daarmede ('with it', archaic for daarmee) is a pronominal adverb; aankomen is separable, so aan strands at the end (kwam ... aan). zeilens is an old genitive of the gerund, 'of sailing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar de opstandelingen zich verzetten tegen het nederlandsch gezag","title":"Locative waar + reflexive zich verzetten","body":"waar opens a relative clause; zich verzetten ('to resist') is reflexive, and the verb sits in clause-final position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location Tjilang-Kahan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Tjilang-Kahan","lemma":"Tjilang-Kahan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Tjilangkahan"},{"surface":"kocht","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bought"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of kocht and kwam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of visschersprauw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"visschersprauw","lemma":"vissersprauw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kocht","gloss":"fishing prau"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links kocht and kwam ... aan","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of kwam ... aan","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"daarmede","lemma":"daarmee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"instrumental adjunct of kwam ... aan","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal phrase dagen zeilens","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite adjective, inflected plural","role":"modifies dagen","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of na","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"zeilens","lemma":"zeilen","morphology":"verbal noun, archaic genitive singular","role":"postmodifier of dagen","gloss":"sailing","note":"The archaic genitive is used adverbially in the phrase eenige dagen zeilens."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination Lampongs","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Lampongs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lampongs","lemma":"Lampongs","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"Lampongs"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of kwam ... aan","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on Lampongs","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of opstandelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opstandelingen","lemma":"opstandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of verzetten","gloss":"insurgents"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person plural","role":"reflexive object of verzetten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"verzetten","lemma":"verzetten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"were resisting"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object gezag","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of gezag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies gezag","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"authority"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"h17-s290","source":"Hy sloot zich aan by een bende Bantammers, niet om te stryden zoozeer als om Adinda te zoeken. Want hy was zacht van aard, en meer ontvankelyk voor droefenis dan voor bitterheid.","translation":"He joined a band of Bantammers, not so much to fight as to seek out Adinda. For he was gentle by nature, and more given to sorrow than to bitterness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s290.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy sloot zich aan ... niet om te stryden zoozeer als om Adinda te zoeken","title":"Reflexive aansluiten + paired om te clauses","body":"zich aansluiten bij ('to join') is reflexive and separable; the contrast niet om te stryden ... als om ... te zoeken sets two purpose-clauses against each other."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of sloot ... aan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sloot","lemma":"sluiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of sloot ... aan","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"reflexive object of sloot ... aan","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of sloot ... aan","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement bende","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of bende","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bende","lemma":"bende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"band"},{"surface":"Bantammers","lemma":"Bantammer","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"postmodifier of bende","gloss":"of Bantammers"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates purpose om te stryden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive stryden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive stryden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stryden","lemma":"strijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first purpose adjunct of sloot ... aan","gloss":"fight"},{"surface":"zoozeer","lemma":"zozeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies purpose contrast","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting purpose","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of zoeken","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"contrasting purpose adjunct","gloss":"seek out"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links hy to zacht and ontvankelyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zacht","lemma":"zacht","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces respect aard","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zacht and ontvankelyk","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies ontvankelyk","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ontvankelyk","lemma":"ontvankelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement coordinated with zacht","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement droefenis","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"droefenis","lemma":"droefenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative complement","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement bitterheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bitterheid","lemma":"bitterheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"bitterness"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"h17-s291","source":"Op zekeren dag dat de opstandelingen op-nieuw waren geslagen, doolde hy rond in een dorp dat pas veroverd was door het nederlandsche leger, en dus in brand stond.","translation":"One day when the insurgents had again been beaten, he wandered about in a village that had just been taken by the Dutch army, and was therefore in flames.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s291.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Op zekeren dag dat de opstandelingen op-nieuw waren geslagen","title":"Old dative op zekeren dag + passive pluperfect","body":"op zekeren dag keeps the masculine dative -en after op; waren geslagen is a passive pluperfect ('had been beaten')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een dorp dat pas veroverd was ... en dus in brand stond","title":"Relative dat + coordinator dus","body":"dat relates to neuter dorp; veroverd was is a passive ('had just been taken'), and dus ('so, therefore') coordinates the consequence without verb-final order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal phrase dag","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zekeren","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"indefinite adjective, inflected, archaic masculine dative singular","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces relative clause modifying dag","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of opstandelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opstandelingen","lemma":"opstandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of waren geslagen","gloss":"insurgents"},{"surface":"op-nieuw","lemma":"opnieuw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geslagen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geslagen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past participle, passive","role":"main verb of relative clause on dag","gloss":"beaten"},{"surface":"doolde","lemma":"dolen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wandered"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of doolde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"rond","lemma":"rond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doolde","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location dorp","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of dorp","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was veroverd and stond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veroverd","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"veroverd","lemma":"veroveren","morphology":"verb, past participle, passive","role":"main verb of relative clause on dorp","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of veroverd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent leger","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of leger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsche","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies leger","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"leger","lemma":"leger","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links was veroverd and stond","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative phrase brand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"brand","lemma":"brand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"flames"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with was veroverd","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"h17-s292","source":"Saïdjah wist dat de bende die daar vernietigd was geworden, grootendeels uit Bantammers had bestaan.","translation":"Saïdjah knew that the band which had been destroyed there had consisted largely of Bantammers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s292.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de bende die daar vernietigd was geworden","title":"Perfect passive: was geworden","body":"vernietigd was geworden is the perfect of the worden-passive ('had been destroyed'), where the participle of worden appears as geworden — the full process-passive in the past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"grootendeels uit Bantammers had bestaan","title":"bestaan uit + pluperfect","body":"had bestaan is the pluperfect of bestaan ('to consist'); uit governs the source, 'consisted largely of Bantammers'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of wist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of bende","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bende","lemma":"bende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had bestaan","gloss":"band"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of was vernietigd geworden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adjunct of vernietigd","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vernietigd","lemma":"vernietigen","morphology":"verb, past participle, passive","role":"main verb of relative clause on bende","gloss":"destroyed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle, passive auxiliary","role":"passive auxiliary of vernietigd","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"grootendeels","lemma":"grotendeels","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had bestaan","gloss":"largely"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement Bantammers","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantammers","lemma":"Bantammer","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"Bantammers"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bestaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"consisted"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"h17-s293","source":"Als een spook waarde hy rond in de huizen die nog niet geheel verbrand waren, en vond het lyk van Adinda's vader met een klewang-bajonetwonde in de borst.","translation":"Like a ghost he roamed about in the houses that had not yet wholly burned, and found the body of Adinda's father with a klewang-bayonet wound in the chest.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s293.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als een spook waarde hy rond in de huizen die nog niet geheel verbrand waren","title":"Fronted simile + relative die","body":"The simile Als een spook is fronted, so waarde comes second; rondwaren ('to roam') is separable, and die ... verbrand waren is a relative passive clause ('that had not yet wholly burned')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spook","gloss":"Like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spook","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"spook","lemma":"spook","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique comparison modifying waarde","gloss":"ghost"},{"surface":"waarde","lemma":"waren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"roamed"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of waarde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"rond","lemma":"rond","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of waarde ... rond","gloss":"roamed about"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huizen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huizen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of waarde","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verbrand","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verbrand","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verbrand","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"verbrand","lemma":"verbranden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with waren","gloss":"burned"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of verbrand","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with waarde","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lyk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lyk","lemma":"lijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vader","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"Adinda's"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; identifies lyk","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klewang-bajonetwonde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klewang-bajonetwonde","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klewang-bajonetwonde","lemma":"klewang-bajonetwond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifier of lyk","gloss":"klewang-bayonet wound","note":"A klewang is a short Indonesian sword; the compound describes a wound from a klewang bayonet."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking borst","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of borst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"borst","lemma":"borst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies klewang-bajonetwonde","gloss":"chest"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"h17-s294","source":"Naast hem zag Saïdjah de drie vermoorde broeders van Adinda, jongelingen, byna kinderen nog, en een weinig verder lag het lyk van Adinda, naakt, afschuwelyk mishandeld ...","translation":"Beside him Saïdjah saw the three murdered brothers of Adinda, mere youths, scarcely more than children still, and a little farther off lay the body of Adinda, naked, hideously abused...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s294.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"byna kinderen nog ... naakt, afschuwelyk mishandeld","title":"Predicative participle mishandeld","body":"mishandeld ('abused') is a past participle used predicatively about Adinda's corpse; naakt is a bare predicative adjective. Multatuli's clipped phrasing leaves the horror unembellished."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een weinig verder lag het lyk van Adinda","title":"Inversion after fronted adverbial","body":"The fronted phrase een weinig verder ('a little farther') forces V2, so lag stands before its subject het lyk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"Beside"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, singular","role":"object of Naast","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of broeders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies broeders","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"vermoorde","lemma":"vermoorden","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies broeders","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"broeders","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adinda","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies broeders","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"jongelingen","lemma":"jongeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"in apposition to broeders","gloss":"youths"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kinderen","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"in apposition to broeders","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kinderen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner used adverbially","role":"part of een weinig","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifier used adverbially","role":"part of een weinig; modifies verder","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"farther off"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zag","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lyk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lyk","lemma":"lijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adinda","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies lyk","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"naakt","lemma":"naakt","morphology":"adjective","role":"depictive modifier of lyk","gloss":"naked"},{"surface":"afschuwelyk","lemma":"afschuwelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mishandeld","gloss":"hideously"},{"surface":"mishandeld","lemma":"mishandelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"depictive modifier of lyk","gloss":"abused"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"h17-s295","source":"Er was een smal strookje blauw lynwaad gedrongen in de gapende borstwond die een eind scheen gemaakt te hebben aan lange worsteling ...","translation":"A narrow strip of blue linen had been thrust into the gaping wound in her breast, which seemed to have put an end to a long struggle...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s295.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er was een smal strookje blauw lynwaad gedrongen","title":"Existential er + passive gedrongen","body":"Er was ... gedrongen is a passive with er ('a strip had been thrust'); strookje is the diminutive of strook, 'a narrow little strip'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die een eind scheen gemaakt te hebben aan lange worsteling","title":"Relative die + perfect te-infinitive","body":"die relates to the wound; scheen ... te hebben governs a te-infinitive, and gemaakt te hebben is a perfect infinitive, 'seemed to have made an end'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive of was","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gedrongen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of strookje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"smal","lemma":"smal","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies strookje","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"strookje","lemma":"strook","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was gedrongen","gloss":"strip"},{"surface":"blauw","lemma":"blauw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lynwaad","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"lynwaad","lemma":"lijnwaad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"partitive complement of strookje","gloss":"linen"},{"surface":"gedrongen","lemma":"dringen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with was","gloss":"thrust"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking borstwond","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of borstwond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gapende","lemma":"gapen","morphology":"adjective, present participial","role":"modifies borstwond","gloss":"gaping"},{"surface":"borstwond","lemma":"borstwond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gedrongen","gloss":"breast wound"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on borstwond","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of te hebben","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks hebben as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of een eind gemaakt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lange","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies worsteling","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"worsteling","lemma":"worsteling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"struggle"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"h17-s296","source":"Toen liep Saïdjah eenige soldaten te-gemoet, die met geveld geweer de laatstlevende opstandelingen in 't vuur dreven van de brandende huizen. Hy omvademde de breede zwaardbajonetten, drukte zich voorwaarts met kracht, en drong nog de soldaten terug met een laatste inspanning toen de gevesten stuitten tegen zyn borst.","translation":"Then Saïdjah ran toward some soldiers who, with leveled rifles, were driving the last surviving insurgents into the fire of the burning houses. He clasped his arms around the broad sword-bayonets, pressed himself forward with all his strength, and with one last effort drove the soldiers back still farther when the hilts struck against his chest.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s296.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die met geveld geweer de laatstlevende opstandelingen ... dreven","title":"Relative die + middle-field; participle geveld","body":"die opens the relative clause about the soldiers; met geveld geweer ('with leveled rifle') uses a participle-adjective, and the manner/object adverbials precede the verb-final dreven."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen de gevesten stuitten tegen zyn borst","title":"toen-clause sends stuitten to the end","body":"toen ('when') opens a time-clause; its verb stuitten ('struck against') goes to the very end. The coordinated main verbs omvademde, drukte, drong keep V2."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liep","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of liep","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of soldaten","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"soldaten","lemma":"soldaat","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object associated with te-gemoet","gloss":"soldiers"},{"surface":"te-gemoet","lemma":"tegemoet","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of liep ... te-gemoet","gloss":"ran toward"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of dreven","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geweer","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"geveld","lemma":"vellen","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"modifies geweer","gloss":"leveled"},{"surface":"geweer","lemma":"geweer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"rifle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opstandelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatstlevende","lemma":"laatstlevend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies opstandelingen","gloss":"last surviving"},{"surface":"opstandelingen","lemma":"opstandeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of dreven","gloss":"insurgents"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vuur","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of dreven","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"dreven","lemma":"drijven","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying soldaten","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huizen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huizen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brandende","lemma":"branden","morphology":"adjective, present participial","role":"modifies huizen","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; modifies vuur","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of omvademde, drukte, and drong","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"omvademde","lemma":"omvademen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"embraced"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of breede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"breede","lemma":"breed","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies zwaardbajonetten","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"zwaardbajonetten","lemma":"zwaardbajonet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of omvademde","gloss":"sword-bayonets"},{"surface":"drukte","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with omvademde","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of drukte","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"voorwaarts","lemma":"voorwaarts","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of drukte","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kracht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of drukte","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"drong","lemma":"dringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with drukte","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terug; adds further degree","gloss":"still farther"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soldaten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soldaten","lemma":"soldaat","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of drong","gloss":"soldiers"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of drong ... terug","gloss":"drove back"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inspanning","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inspanning","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laatste","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies inspanning","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"inspanning","lemma":"inspanning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of drong","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stuitten","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevesten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevesten","lemma":"gevest","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of stuitten","gloss":"hilts"},{"surface":"stuitten","lemma":"stuiten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"adverbial clause on drong","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking borst","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of borst","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"borst","lemma":"borst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of stuitten","gloss":"chest"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"h17-s297","source":"En weinig tyds later was er te Batavia groot gejubel over de nieuwe overwinning die weer zooveel lauweren had gevoegd by de lauweren van 't nederlandsch-indisch leger.","translation":"And a little while later there was great jubilation at Batavia over the new victory that had once more added so many laurels to the laurels of the Dutch-Indian army.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s297.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was er ... groot gejubel over de nieuwe overwinning die ... had gevoegd","title":"Existential er + relative die","body":"After the fronted weinig tyds later, V2 puts was second with er ('there was great jubilation'); die ... had gevoegd is a relative pluperfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding narrative","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies tyds","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"tyds","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"part of temporal expression weinig tyds later","gloss":"time","note":"Tijds is an old genitive form used in the expression weinig tijds later."},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies was","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive of was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gejubel","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"gejubel","lemma":"gejubel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"jubilation"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overwinning","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overwinning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies overwinning","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"overwinning","lemma":"overwinning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over; modifies gejubel","gloss":"victory"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of had gevoegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevoegd","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies lauweren","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"lauweren","lemma":"lauwer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gevoegd","gloss":"laurels"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevoegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gevoegd","lemma":"voegen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on overwinning","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lauweren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lauweren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lauweren","lemma":"lauwer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of by","gloss":"laurels"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsch-indisch","lemma":"Nederlands-Indisch","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies leger","gloss":"Dutch-Indian"},{"surface":"leger","lemma":"leger","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies lauweren","gloss":"army"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"h17-s298","source":"En de Landvoogd schreef naar 't Moederland dat de rust in de Lampongs hersteld was. En de Koning van Nederland, voorgelicht door zyn Staatsdienaren, beloonde wederom zooveel heldenmoed met vele ridderkruisen.","translation":"And the Governor-General wrote to the Mother Country that peace in the Lampongs had been restored. And the King of the Netherlands, advised by his Ministers of State, rewarded so much heroism once again with many crosses of knighthood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s298.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schreef naar 't Moederland dat de rust ... hersteld was","title":"dat-clause + passive hersteld was","body":"dat opens reported speech (verb to the end); hersteld was is a passive ('had been restored'). The capitalized Moederland heightens the official register."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding narrative","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Landvoogd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Landvoogd","lemma":"landvoogd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Moederland","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Moederland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Moederland","lemma":"moederland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Mother Country"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of schreef","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive hersteld","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lampongs","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lampongs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lampongs","lemma":"Lampongs","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of in; modifies rust","gloss":"Lampongs"},{"surface":"hersteld","lemma":"herstellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"restored"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of hersteld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two sentences","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of beloonde","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies Koning","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"voorgelicht","lemma":"voorlichten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of Koning","gloss":"advised"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Staatsdienaren","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of Staatsdienaren","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Staatsdienaren","lemma":"staatsdienaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of voorgelicht","gloss":"Ministers of State"},{"surface":"beloonde","lemma":"belonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rewarded"},{"surface":"wederom","lemma":"wederom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beloonde","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies heldenmoed","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"heldenmoed","lemma":"heldenmoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of beloonde","gloss":"heroism"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ridderkruisen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies ridderkruisen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ridderkruisen","lemma":"ridderkruis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"crosses of knighthood"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"h17-s299","source":"En waarschynlyk stegen er in zondagskerk of bidstond uit de harten der vromen dankgebeden ten-hemel, by 't vernemen dat \"de Heer der heirscharen\" weer had meegestreden onder de banier van Nederland ...","translation":"And probably, in Sunday church or at prayer meetings, prayers of thanksgiving rose to heaven from the hearts of the pious, on learning that \"the Lord of Hosts\" had once more fought on the side of the Netherlands under her banner...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s299.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stegen er ... dankgebeden ten-hemel","title":"Inversion + er + frozen ten-hemel","body":"Fronting waarschynlyk gives V2 (stegen second) with existential er; ten-hemel ('to heaven') is a fossilized te + den dative phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stegen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"waarschynlyk","lemma":"waarschijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stegen","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"stegen","lemma":"stijgen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive of stegen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zondagskerk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zondagskerk","lemma":"zondagskerk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of stegen","gloss":"Sunday church"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"bidstond","lemma":"bidstond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with zondagskerk; object understood after in","gloss":"prayer meeting"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking harten","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of harten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"harten","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of vromen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vromen","lemma":"vroom","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"genitive modifier of harten","gloss":"pious"},{"surface":"dankgebeden","lemma":"dankgebed","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of stegen","gloss":"thanksgiving prayers"},{"surface":"ten-hemel","lemma":"ten hemel","morphology":"adverbial prepositional phrase","role":"directional complement of stegen","gloss":"to heaven"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vernemen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vernemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vernemen","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of meegestreden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"Heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had meegestreden","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of heirscharen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"heirscharen","lemma":"heerschaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of Heer","gloss":"Hosts"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meegestreden","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of meegestreden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"meegestreden","lemma":"meestrijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of object clause","gloss":"fought alongside"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking banier","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of banier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"banier","lemma":"banier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of meegestreden","gloss":"banner"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies banier","gloss":"the Netherlands"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"h17-s300","source":"\"Maar God, met zooveel wee begaan, Nam de offers van dien dag niet aan!\" * * * * *","translation":"\"But God, moved with so much woe, would not accept the offerings of that day!\" * * * * *","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s300.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nam de offers van dien dag niet aan","title":"Separable aannemen split by niet","body":"aannemen ('to accept') is separable; the prefix aan strands at the end after the negated object, Nam ... niet aan — 'would not accept'. dien dag keeps the old accusative -en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of Nam ... aan","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of begaan","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies wee","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"wee","lemma":"wee","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"woe"},{"surface":"begaan","lemma":"begaan","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"supplementary predicate modifying God","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"Nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable aannemen","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of offers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"offers","lemma":"offer","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of Nam ... aan","gloss":"offerings"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a modifier of offers","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Nam ... aan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of Nam ... aan","gloss":"accepted"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"h17-s301","source":"Ik heb 't slot der geschiedenis van Saïdjah korter gemaakt, dan ik had kunnen doen wanneer ik lust gevoeld had in 't schetsen van iets akeligs.","translation":"I have made the close of Saïdjah's story shorter than I might have done had I felt any appetite for sketching something gruesome.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s301.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan ik had kunnen doen wanneer ik lust gevoeld had","title":"Comparative dan + modal perfect","body":"dan ('than') marks the comparison after korter; had kunnen doen is a modal perfect with a bare infinitive, and the wanneer-clause sends gevoeld had to the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"akeligs","title":"iets akeligs (-s genitive)","body":"After iets/niets/wat, an adjective takes -s: iets akeligs = 'something gruesome'. A small frozen genitive pattern still standard in modern Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gemaakt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of slot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slot","lemma":"slot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of slot","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor Saïdjah","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"korter","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"object complement of slot","gloss":"shorter"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with heb","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had kunnen doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen doen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of doen","gloss":"been able to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of comparative clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had gevoeld","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"lust","lemma":"lust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gevoeld","gloss":"appetite"},{"surface":"gevoeld","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with had","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of gevoeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of lust","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of nominalized schetsen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schetsen","lemma":"schetsen","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"complement of in","gloss":"sketching"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of schetsen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"akeligs","lemma":"akelig","morphology":"adjective, neuter singular, nominalized","role":"postmodifies iets","gloss":"gruesome"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"h17-s302","source":"De lezer zal opgemerkt hebben hoe ik verwylde by de beschryving van het wachten onder den ketapan, als schrikte ik terug voor de treurige ontknooping, en hoe ik over deze ben heengegleden met afkeer.","translation":"The reader will have noticed how I lingered over the description of the waiting beneath the ketapan, as if I shrank back from the sorrowful denouement, and how I slid over it with revulsion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s302.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De lezer zal opgemerkt hebben hoe ik verwylde","title":"Future perfect + embedded hoe","body":"zal opgemerkt hebben is a future perfect ('will have noticed'); hoe ik verwylde opens an embedded clause with the verb at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als schrikte ik terug voor de treurige ontknooping","title":"Inverted als + separable terugschrikken","body":"als schrikte ik terug ('as if I shrank back') inverts the verb for an elevated 'as if'; terugschrikken is separable, with terug stranded."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zal hebben opgemerkt","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of hebben opgemerkt","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"opgemerkt","lemma":"opmerken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with zal hebben","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of opgemerkt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the clause of verwijlde","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of verwijlde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verwylde","lemma":"verwijlen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the first hoe-clause","gloss":"lingered"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of verwijlde","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of beschrijving","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschryving","lemma":"beschrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"description"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a modifier of beschrijving","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of nominalized wachten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"complement of van","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a modifier of wachten","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of ketapan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ketapan","lemma":"ketapan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"ketapan tree"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a hypothetical comparative clause","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"schrikte","lemma":"schrikken","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"finite base of separable schrikte ... terug","gloss":"shrank"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of schrikte ... terug","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of schrikte ... terug","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of terugschrikken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of ontknoping","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"treurige","lemma":"treurig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ontknoping","gloss":"sorrowful"},{"surface":"ontknooping","lemma":"ontknoping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"denouement"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two hoe-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the clause of ben heengegleden","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben heengegleden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of heengegleden","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common singular","role":"complement of over; refers to ontknooping","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of heengegleden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"heengegleden","lemma":"heenglijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second hoe-clause","gloss":"slid"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a manner adjunct","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"afkeer","lemma":"afkeer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"revulsion"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"h17-s303","source":"En toch was dit myn voornemen niet, toen ik begon over Saïdjah te spreken.","translation":"And yet this was not my intention when I began to speak of Saïdjah.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s303.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen ik begon over Saïdjah te spreken","title":"toen + beginnen te + infinitive","body":"toen opens the time-clause; beginnen governs te spreken, and the whole verb cluster sits at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person singular","role":"links dit to voornemen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of voornemen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of spreken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of over","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of begon","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"h17-s304","source":"Want aanvankelyk vreesde ik, sterker kleuren noodig te hebben om den lezer te treffen by 't beschryven van zoo vreemde toestanden.","translation":"For at first I feared I should need stronger colors to move the reader in describing such strange conditions.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s304.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vreesde ik, sterker kleuren noodig te hebben","title":"vrezen + te-infinitive; comparative sterker","body":"vreesde ... te hebben uses a te-infinitive after vrezen ('feared I should need'); sterker is the comparative of sterk, 'stronger colors'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"aanvankelyk","lemma":"aanvankelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreesde","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"vreesde","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vreesde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sterker","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies kleuren","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"kleuren","lemma":"kleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of nodig te hebben","gloss":"colors"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of kleuren","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of vreesde","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitival conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of treffen","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive treffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"treffen","lemma":"treffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of purpose clause","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces an attendant-circumstance adjunct","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of nominalized beschrijven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschryven","lemma":"beschrijven","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"describing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of beschrijven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies vreemde","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"vreemde","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toestanden","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"toestanden","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"conditions"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"h17-s305","source":"Gaande-weg echter gevoelde ik dat het een beleediging voor myn publiek wezen zou, te gelooven dat ik meer bloed had moeten brengen in myn schildery.","translation":"Little by little, however, I came to feel that it would be an insult to my public to believe that I ought to have brought more blood into my painting.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s305.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat het een beleediging ... wezen zou, te gelooven dat ...","title":"Conditional zou + subject te-clause","body":"wezen zou is conditional ('would be'); the extraposed te gelooven dat ... is a te-infinitive clause functioning as the real subject of 'it would be an insult'. wezen is the archaic infinitive of zijn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik meer bloed had moeten brengen","title":"Modal perfect had moeten brengen","body":"had moeten brengen ('ought to have brought') is a modal in the perfect with bare infinitives; meer is the comparative 'more'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gaande-weg","lemma":"gaandeweg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevoelde","gloss":"Little by little"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevoelde","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"gevoelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to feel"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of gevoelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of wezen zou","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of belediging","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"beleediging","lemma":"belediging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"insult"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a modifier of belediging","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of publiek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"publiek","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive gelooven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed subject complementing het","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement of gelooven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had moeten brengen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, comparative","role":"modifies bloed","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"bloed","lemma":"bloed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of moeten brengen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of brengen","gloss":"been supposed to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a directional complement of brengen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of schilderij","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schildery","lemma":"schilderij","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"painting"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"h17-s306","source":"Toch had ik dit kùnnen doen, want ik heb stukken voor my liggen ... doch neen: liever een bekentenis.","translation":"I could have done so, though, for I have documents lying before me... but no: rather a confession.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s306.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ik dit kùnnen doen","title":"Modal perfect kunnen doen","body":"had ... kunnen doen is the modal perfect ('could have done so') with a bare infinitive; the inversion follows fronted Toch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb stukken voor my liggen","title":"Verb of position + bare infinitive liggen","body":"hebben ... liggen ('to have lying') uses a bare positional infinitive: 'I have documents lying before me' — a construction with no te."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had kunnen doen","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen doen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had kunnen doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"kùnnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of doen","gloss":"been able to","note":"The grave accent marks emphatic stress on kunnen."},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite verb governing stukken liggen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of heb and understood subject of liggen","gloss":"documents"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement of liggen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, oblique","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"secondary predicate of stukken","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting correction","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"rejects the preceding course","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies the elliptical proposal een bekentenis","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of bekentenis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bekentenis","lemma":"bekentenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of elliptical proposal after liever","gloss":"confession"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"h17-s307","source":"Ja, een bekentenis, lezer! Ik weet niet of Saïdjah Adinda lief had.","translation":"Yes, a confession, reader! I do not know whether Saïdjah loved Adinda.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s307.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik weet niet of Saïdjah Adinda lief had","title":"Indirect yes/no question with of","body":"of ('whether') opens an embedded yes/no question, sending lief had to the end. The separable liefhebben fuses there. This is the start of Multatuli's famous 'confession'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirms the elliptical phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of bekentenis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bekentenis","lemma":"bekentenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of elliptical phrase","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an embedded yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of lief had","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of lief had","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"lief","lemma":"lief","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of lief had","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite base of separable lief had","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"h17-s308","source":"Niet of hy naar Batavia ging. Niet of hy in de Lampongs werd vermoord met nederlandsche bajonetten.","translation":"Nor whether he went to Batavia. Nor whether he was murdered in the Lampongs with Dutch bayonets.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s308.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Niet of hy in de Lampongs werd vermoord met nederlandsche bajonetten","title":"Elliptical of-clause + worden-passive","body":"The fragments continue the Ik weet niet of ... pattern elliptically; werd vermoord is the worden-passive ('was murdered'), with the verb at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptically negates weet from the preceding sentence","gloss":"Nor"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an embedded yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination of ging","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"Niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptically negates weet from the preceding sentence","gloss":"Nor"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an embedded yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of werd vermoord","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of vermoord","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Lampongs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lampongs","lemma":"Lampongs","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"Lampongs"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vermoord","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vermoord","lemma":"vermoorden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the instrument of vermoord","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"nederlandsche","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bajonetten","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"bajonetten","lemma":"bajonet","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of met","gloss":"bayonets"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"h17-s309","source":"Ik weet niet of zyn vader bezweek ten-gevolge van de rottingslagen die hem werden gegeven omdat hy Badoer had verlaten zonder pas. Ik weet niet of Adinda de manen telde door kerven in haar rystblok ...","translation":"I do not know whether his father died as a result of the rattan-strokes given him because he had left Badoer without a pass. I do not know whether Adinda counted the moons by notches in her rice-block...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s309.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"of zyn vader bezweek ten-gevolge van de rottingslagen die hem werden gegeven","title":"of-clause + passive relative werden gegeven","body":"of opens the embedded question (bezweek at the end); die ... werden gegeven is a worden-passive relative ('that were given him'). ten-gevolge van is a fixed prepositional idiom, 'as a result of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an embedded yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bezweek","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"bezweek","lemma":"bezwijken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"ten-gevolge","lemma":"ten gevolge","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"head of the causal phrase ten-gevolge van","gloss":"as a result"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes ten-gevolge van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of rottingslagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rottingslagen","lemma":"rottingslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"rattan-strokes"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of werden gegeven; refers to rottingslagen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had verlaten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a manner adjunct of verlaten","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an embedded yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of telde","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of manen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manen","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of telde","gloss":"moons"},{"surface":"telde","lemma":"tellen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means of telde","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"kerven","lemma":"kerf","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of door","gloss":"notches"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of kerven","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of rijstblok","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"rystblok","lemma":"rijstblok","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"rice-block"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"h17-s310","source":"Dit alles weet ik niet!","translation":"All this I do not know!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s310.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"h17-s311","source":"Maar ik weet meer dan dat alles.","translation":"But I know more than all that.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s311.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar ik weet meer dan dat alles","title":"Comparative meer ... dan","body":"meer ... dan ('more ... than') is the comparative; the pivot from the litany of 'I do not know' to 'I know more' turns the confession into Multatuli's central claim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weet","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, comparative","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with meer","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of comparison introduced by dan","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"h17-s312","source":"Ik weet en kan bewyzen dat er veel Adinda's waren en veel Saïdjah's, en dat, wat verdichtsel is in 't byzonder, waarheid wordt in 't algemeen.","translation":"I know and can prove that there were many Adindas and many Saïdjahs, and that what is fiction in the particular becomes truth in the general.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s312.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er veel Adinda's waren en veel Saïdjah's","title":"Existential er + plural -s on names","body":"dat opens the content-clause; er + waren expresses 'there were many'; proper names pluralize with -'s (Adinda's, Saïdjah's), making the point general."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat verdichtsel is in 't byzonder, waarheid wordt in 't algemeen","title":"Headless wat + worden","body":"wat ... is is a free relative subject, and wordt (the linking verb 'becomes') drives the famous antithesis: 'what is fiction in the particular becomes truth in the general'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of bewijzen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated main verb with weet","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adinda's","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"Adinda's","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"Adindas"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the first dat-clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Saïdjah's","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"Saïdjah's","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"coordinated subject of waren","gloss":"Saïdjahs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two dat-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wordt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is in free relative clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"verdichtsel","lemma":"verdichtsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"fiction"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to verdichtsel","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking byzonder","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of byzonder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"byzonder","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wordt","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second dat-clause","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking algemeen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of algemeen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"algemeen","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"general"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"h17-s313","source":"Ik zeide reeds dat ik de namen kan opgeven van personen die, zooals de ouders van Saïdjah en Adinda, door onderdrukking werden verdreven uit hun land.","translation":"I have said already that I can give the names of persons who, like the parents of Saïdjah and Adinda, were driven out of their land by oppression.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s313.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"personen die ... door onderdrukking werden verdreven uit hun land","title":"Relative die + passive with door","body":"die opens the relative clause; werden verdreven is the worden-passive past ('were driven out'), with door onderdrukking ('by oppression') marking the agent/cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zeide reeds dat ik de namen kan opgeven","title":"dat-clause + modal kan opgeven","body":"dat sends the cluster to the end, where the modal kan takes the separable infinitive opgeven ('can give'). zeide is the literary simple past of zeggen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeide","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opgeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opgeven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of namen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"namen","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of opgeven","gloss":"names"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgeven","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"opgeven","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of opgeven","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive verdreven","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with de ouders","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ouders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouders","lemma":"ouder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of comparison introduced by zoals","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Saïdjah","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies ouders","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Saïdjah","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderdrukking","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"onderdrukking","lemma":"onderdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"cause of verdreven","gloss":"oppression"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of verdreven","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"verdreven","lemma":"verdrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on personen","gloss":"driven"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of land","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of verdreven","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"h17-s314","source":"Het is myn doel niet, in dit werk mededeelingen te geven als voegen zouden voor een vierschaar die uitspraak te doen had over de wyze waarop 't nederlandsch gezag in Indie wordt uitgeoefend, mededeelingen die slechts kracht van bewys zouden hebben voor wien het geduld had die met aandacht en belangstelling doortelezen, zooals niet verwacht kan worden van een publiek dat verstroojing zoekt in zyn lektuur.","translation":"It is not my aim, in this work, to set down the kind of disclosures that would suit a tribunal called to pronounce on the manner in which Dutch authority is exercised in the Indies—disclosures that would carry weight as proof only for one who had the patience to read them through with attention and concern, such as cannot be expected of a public that seeks diversion in its reading.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s314.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een vierschaar die uitspraak te doen had over de wyze waarop ...","title":"Relative die + te-infinitive obligation; waarop","body":"die opens the relative; uitspraak te doen had is a te-infinitive of obligation ('had to pronounce'), and waarop ('on which') is a pronominal-adverb relative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t nederlandsch gezag in Indie wordt uitgeoefend","title":"Process passive wordt uitgeoefend","body":"wordt uitgeoefend is the worden-passive ('is exercised'); the separable uitoefenen splits with its participle at the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor wien het geduld had die ... doortelezen","title":"Inflected relative wien + period te-form","body":"wien is the old dative/object relative ('for whom'); doortelezen is the 1860 one-word spelling of door te lezen, the separable doorlezen wrapped around te."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Het to doel","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of doel","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is mijn doel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"mededeelingen","lemma":"mededeeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"disclosures"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject complement expressing the aim","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on mededeelingen","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"voegen","lemma":"voegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zouden","gloss":"suit"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of voegen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing vierschaar","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vierschaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vierschaar","lemma":"vierschaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"tribunal"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of had","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"uitspraak","lemma":"uitspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by had","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on vierschaar","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wyze","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"modifies uitgeoefend and refers to wijze","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gezag","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive uitgeoefend","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of uitgeoefend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"uitgeoefend","lemma":"uitoefenen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on wijze","gloss":"exercised"},{"surface":"mededeelingen","lemma":"mededeeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to the earlier mededeelingen","gloss":"disclosures"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zouden hebben","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kracht","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bewys","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bewys","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zouden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wien","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, dative","role":"object of voor and subject of had","gloss":"whomever"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geduld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geduld","lemma":"geduld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"patience"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause introduced by wien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of doortelezen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aandacht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"aandacht","lemma":"aandacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of doortelezen","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"belangstelling","lemma":"belangstelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with aandacht","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"doortelezen","lemma":"doorlezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement to geduld had","gloss":"read through"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces comment on such patience","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwacht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verwacht","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of passive infinitive clause","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verwacht","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of verwacht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking publiek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of publiek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"publiek","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zoekt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"verstroojing","lemma":"verstrooiing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zoekt","gloss":"diversion"},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on publiek","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lektuur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of lektuur","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"lektuur","lemma":"lectuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"reading"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"h17-s315","source":"Daarom heb ik, in-plaats van dorre namen van personen en plaatsen, met de dagteekening er by, in-plaats van een afschrift der lyst van diefstallen en afpersingen, die voor me ligt getracht een schets te geven van wat er kàn omgaan in de harten der arme lieden die men berooft van wat dienen moet tot onderhoud van hun leven, of zelfs: ik heb dit slechts laten gissen, vreezende my te zeer te bedriegen in het teekenen der omtrekken van aandoeningen die ik nooit ondervond.","translation":"That is why, instead of dry names of persons and places, with the dating attached, instead of a copy of the list of thefts and extortions that lies before me, I have tried to give a sketch of what may go on in the hearts of the poor folk who are robbed of what is needed to sustain their lives, or rather: I have only let it be guessed at, fearing to deceive myself too badly in tracing the outlines of feelings I have never undergone.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s315.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in-plaats van dorre namen ..., in-plaats van een afschrift ..., heb ik ... getracht een schets te geven","title":"Fronted in-plaats-van phrases + perfect","body":"The doubled fronted in-plaats van ('instead of') phrases push the subject after the verb (heb ... getracht), a long periodic build typical of Multatuli; trachten governs te geven."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat er kàn omgaan in de harten der arme lieden die men berooft","title":"Headless wat + modal kan + genitive der","body":"wat opens a free relative, kàn omgaan is a modal with the separable infinitive omgaan, and der arme lieden is a genitive plural ('of the poor folk'); die men berooft is a relative ('whom one robs')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb dit slechts laten gissen","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"laten gissen ('to let be guessed at') is the causative laten with a bare infinitive; vreezende is a fronted present participle, 'fearing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of getracht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in-plaats","lemma":"in plaats","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"head of in plaats van namen","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking namen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dorre","lemma":"dor","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies namen","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"namen","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van in in plaats van","gloss":"names"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies namen","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with personen","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagteekening","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dagteekening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dagteekening","lemma":"dagtekening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"dating"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of bij","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms er bij, modifying dagteekening","gloss":"attached"},{"surface":"in-plaats","lemma":"in plaats","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"head of in plaats van afschrift","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afschrift","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afschrift","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"afschrift","lemma":"afschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van in in plaats van","gloss":"copy"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"genitive determiner","role":"determiner of lyst","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"lyst","lemma":"lijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of afschrift","gloss":"list"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diefstallen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"diefstallen","lemma":"diefstal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies lyst","gloss":"thefts"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"afpersingen","lemma":"afpersing","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with diefstallen","gloss":"extortions"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ligt and refers to lyst","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, object","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on lyst","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"getracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by heb","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schets","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schets","lemma":"schets","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"sketch"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of getracht","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omgaan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"subject of omgaan","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb with omgaan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kàn","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of omgaan","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"omgaan","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kàn","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking harten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of harten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"harten","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"genitive determiner","role":"determiner of lieden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lieden","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of harten","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of berooft","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of berooft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"berooft","lemma":"beroven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on lieden","gloss":"robs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dienen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"subject of dienen moet","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of dienen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderhoud","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"onderhoud","lemma":"onderhoud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"sustenance"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of leven","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a self-correcting alternative","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the correction introduced by of","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of laten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gissen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gissen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by heb","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"gissen","lemma":"gissen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laten","gloss":"guess"},{"surface":"vreezende","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"supplementary participle modifying ik","gloss":"fearing","note":"Vreezende is the older spelling of modern vrezende."},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"direct object of bedriegen","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"forms te zeer with zeer","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedriegen","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bedriegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bedriegen","lemma":"bedriegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of vreezende","gloss":"deceive"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking teekenen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of teekenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"teekenen","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"tracing"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"genitive determiner","role":"determiner of omtrekken","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"omtrekken","lemma":"omtrek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of teekenen","gloss":"outlines"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aandoeningen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"aandoeningen","lemma":"aandoening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of omtrekken","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of ondervond","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ondervond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ondervond","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ondervond","lemma":"ondervinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on aandoeningen","gloss":"underwent"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"h17-s316","source":"Maar wat de hoofdzaak aangaat?","translation":"But as for the main point?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s316.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar wat de hoofdzaak aangaat?","title":"Idiom wat ... aangaat","body":"wat ... aangaat ('as for ..., as regards ...') is a fixed framing idiom built on the separable verb aangaan, here used as a rhetorical pivot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aangaat","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdzaak","lemma":"hoofdzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aangaat","gloss":"main point"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of topical phrase wat de hoofdzaak aangaat","gloss":"concerns"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"h17-s317","source":"O, dat ik opgeroepen werde om te staven wat ik schreef!","translation":"Oh, that I might be summoned to substantiate what I have written!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s317.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"O, dat ik opgeroepen werde om te staven wat ik schreef","title":"Optative subjunctive werde + om te","body":"werde is the present subjunctive of worden, voicing a wish ('oh, that I might be summoned'), a passive; om te staven states purpose, and wat ik schreef is a free relative."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the optative clause of opgeroepen werde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive opgeroepen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"opgeroepen","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the passive optative clause","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"werde","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgeroepen","gloss":"might be"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of staven","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive staven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"staven","lemma":"staven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on opgeroepen","gloss":"substantiate"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of schreef; antecedent incorporated","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by wat","gloss":"wrote"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"h17-s318","source":"O, dat men zeide: \"ge hebt dien Saïdjah verdicht ... hy zong nooit dat lied ... er woonde geen Adinda te Badoer!\" Maar dat het gezegd werd met de macht en den wil om recht te doen, zoodra ik zou bewezen hebben geen lasteraar te zyn!","translation":"Oh, that someone might say: \"you have invented this Saïdjah... he never sang that song... there lived no Adinda at Badoer!\" But that it were said with the power and the will to do justice, the moment I had proven myself no slanderer!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s318.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"O, dat men zeide: ... Maar dat het gezegd werd met de macht ...","title":"Optative dat-clauses (wish-mood)","body":"The repeated dat men zeide / dat het gezegd werd are optative subjunctives expressing a wish; gezegd werd is a worden-passive. ge hebt dien Saïdjah verdicht uses old accusative dien."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoodra ik zou bewezen hebben geen lasteraar te zyn","title":"zoodra + conditional perfect + te-infinitive","body":"zoodra ('as soon as') sends the cluster to the end; zou bewezen hebben is a conditional perfect, and geen lasteraar te zyn is a te-infinitive complement ('to be no slanderer')."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the optative clause of zeide","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the optative clause","gloss":"might say"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of verdicht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Saïdjah","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verdicht","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"verdicht","lemma":"verdichten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle governed by hebt","gloss":"invented"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zong","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zong","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sang"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zong","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lied","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lied","lemma":"lied","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zong","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb with woonde","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"woonde","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adinda","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Adinda","lemma":"Adinda","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of woonde","gloss":"Adinda"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place complement Badoer","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Badoer","lemma":"Badoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"place complement of woonde","gloss":"Badoer"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates a second optative clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive gezegd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the passive optative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking macht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gezegd","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates macht and wil","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of wil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"wil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive doen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying macht en wil","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of bewezen hebben","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bewezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bewezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"bewezen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle governed by zou hebben","gloss":"proven"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of bewezen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lasteraar","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"lasteraar","lemma":"lasteraar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"slanderer"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of bewezen","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"h17-s319","source":"Is er logen in de gelykenis van den barmhartigen Samaritaan, omdat er misschien nooit een geplunderd reiziger is opgenomen in een samaritaansch huis?","translation":"Is there a lie in the parable of the good Samaritan, because perhaps no plundered traveler was ever taken in by a Samaritan household?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s319.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is er logen ... omdat er misschien nooit een geplunderd reiziger is opgenomen","title":"Existential er + omdat + perfect passive","body":"Is er logen opens a rhetorical question with er; omdat sends the cluster to the end, where is opgenomen is a perfect passive ('was ever taken in'). nooit is the single clause-negator."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the existential question","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb with Is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"logen","lemma":"logen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"a lie","note":"Archaic literary noun for a lie or falsehood, corresponding to modern leugen."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelykenis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelykenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelykenis","lemma":"gelijkenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies logen","gloss":"parable"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Samaritaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"barmhartigen","lemma":"barmhartig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Samaritaan","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Samaritaan","lemma":"Samaritaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Samaritan"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opgenomen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb in the clause of opgenomen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgenomen","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgenomen","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reiziger","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geplunderd","lemma":"plunderen","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"modifies reiziger","gloss":"plundered"},{"surface":"reiziger","lemma":"reiziger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive opgenomen","gloss":"traveler"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of opgenomen","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"opgenomen","lemma":"opnemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the passive subordinate clause","gloss":"taken in"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"samaritaansch","lemma":"samaritaans","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"Samaritan"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of opgenomen","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"h17-s320","source":"Is er logen in de parabel van den zaaier, omdat geen landbouwer zyn zaad zal uitwerpen op een rots? Of--om aftedalen tot meer gelykheid met myn boek--mag men de waarheid ontkennen die de hoofdzaak uitmaakt van de Negerhut, omdat er misschien nooit een Evangeline bestaan heeft?","translation":"Is there a lie in the parable of the sower, because no farmer will cast his seed upon a rock? Or—to come down to something closer to my own book—may one deny the truth that makes up the main matter of Uncle Tom's Cabin, because perhaps no Evangeline ever existed?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s320.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"mag men de waarheid ontkennen ..., omdat er misschien nooit een Evangeline bestaan heeft","title":"Modal mag + omdat-clause","body":"mag (from mogen) is a modal with the bare infinitive ontkennen ('may one deny'); the omdat-clause uses er and the perfect bestaan heeft."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the existential question","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb with Is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"logen","lemma":"logen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"a lie"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking parabel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of parabel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"parabel","lemma":"parabel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of Is","gloss":"parable"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaaier","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of zaaier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaaier","lemma":"zaaier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"sower"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitwerpen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landbouwer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"landbouwer","lemma":"landbouwer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitwerpen","gloss":"farmer"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zaad","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zaad","lemma":"zaad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uitwerpen","gloss":"seed"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitwerpen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"uitwerpen","lemma":"uitwerpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rots","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rots","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rots","lemma":"rots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of uitwerpen","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an alternative question","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical purpose infinitive aftedalen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"aftedalen","lemma":"afdalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"parenthetical purpose infinitive","gloss":"to descend","note":"Historical printing joins modern af te dalen into one token."},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelykheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite numeral, comparative","role":"modifies gelijkheid","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"gelykheid","lemma":"gelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"likeness"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontkennen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontkennen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontkennen","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"ontkennen","lemma":"ontkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deny"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of uitmaakt; antecedent waarheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdzaak","lemma":"hoofdzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitmaakt","gloss":"main matter"},{"surface":"uitmaakt","lemma":"uitmaken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying waarheid","gloss":"makes up"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Negerhut","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Negerhut","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Negerhut","lemma":"Negerhut","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Uncle Tom's Cabin"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heeft","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb in the clause of bestaan heeft","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestaan","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestaan","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Evangeline","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"Evangeline","lemma":"Evangeline","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bestaan","gloss":"Evangeline"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle governed by heeft","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of bestaan","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"h17-s321","source":"Zal men tot de schryfster van dat onsterfelyk pleidooi--onsterfelyk, niet om kunst of talent, maar door strekking, en indruk--zal men tot haar zeggen: \"ge hebt gelogen, de slaven worden niet mishandeld, want ... er is onwaarheid in uw boek: het is een roman!\" Moest niet ook zy, in-plaats eener optelling van dorre daadzaken, een verhaal geven dat die daadzaken inkleedde, om 't besef der behoefte aan verbetering te doen doordringen in de harten?","translation":"Will anyone say to the authoress of that immortal plea—immortal not for its art or talent, but by its tendency and its impact—will anyone say to her: \"you have lied, the slaves are not abused, for... there is untruth in your book: it is a novel!\" Was she too not bound, instead of a tally of dry facts, to give a tale that clothed those facts, so as to drive home into people's hearts the sense of the need for reform?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s321.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tot de schryfster van dat onsterfelyk pleidooi ... zal men tot haar zeggen","title":"Fronted indirect object + resumptive haar","body":"The long fronted tot de schryfster ... phrase is resumed by tot haar before the verb, a periodic structure; zal frames a future rhetorical question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Moest niet ook zy ... een verhaal geven dat die daadzaken inkleedde","title":"Modal moest + om te-purpose","body":"Moest (from moeten) frames the rhetorical 'was she not bound'; the relative dat ... inkleedde and om 't besef ... te doen doordringen (purpose with causative doen + doordringen) close the period."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"Will"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zal zeggen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schryfster","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schryfster","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryfster","lemma":"schrijfster","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zeggen","gloss":"authoress"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pleidooi","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pleidooi","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"onsterfelyk","lemma":"onsterfelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies pleidooi","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"pleidooi","lemma":"pleidooi","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies schryfster","gloss":"plea"},{"surface":"onsterfelyk","lemma":"onsterfelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"repeated predicative modifier of pleidooi","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the omitted predicate onsterfelijk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kunst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"kunst","lemma":"kunst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"art"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"talent","lemma":"talent","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of om","gloss":"talent"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking strekking","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"strekking","lemma":"strekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"tendency"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of door","gloss":"impact"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of tot","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelogen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gelogen","lemma":"liegen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle governed by hebt","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slaven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slaven","lemma":"slaaf","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive mishandeld","gloss":"slaves"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of mishandeld","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mishandeld","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"mishandeld","lemma":"mishandelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the passive clause","gloss":"abused"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb with is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"onwaarheid","lemma":"onwaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of existential is","gloss":"untruth"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of boek","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of roman","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to roman","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of roman","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"roman","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"novel"},{"surface":"Moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal governing geven","gloss":"Was bound"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Moest","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Moest","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moest geven","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"in-plaats","lemma":"in plaats","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"head of the parenthetical phrase in-plaats eener optelling","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of optelling","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"optelling","lemma":"optelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of in-plaats","gloss":"tally"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking daadzaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dorre","lemma":"dor","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies daadzaken","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"daadzaken","lemma":"daadzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; modifies optelling","gloss":"facts"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of inkleedde; antecedent verhaal","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of daadzaken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"daadzaken","lemma":"daadzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of inkleedde","gloss":"facts"},{"surface":"inkleedde","lemma":"inkleden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying verhaal","gloss":"clothed"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of doen doordringen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of besef","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"besef","lemma":"besef","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of behoefte","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies besef","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verbetering","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"verbetering","lemma":"verbetering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies behoefte","gloss":"reform"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"doordringen","lemma":"doordringen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of causative doen","gloss":"penetrate"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking harten","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of harten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"harten","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of doordringen","gloss":"hearts"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"h17-s322","source":"Zou haar boek gelezen zyn, als ze daaraan den vorm had gegeven van een processtuk?","translation":"Would her book have been read, had she given it the form of a legal brief?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s322.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zou haar boek gelezen zyn, als ze daaraan den vorm had gegeven","title":"Conditional perfect passive + als-clause","body":"Zou ... gelezen zyn is a conditional perfect passive ('would her book have been read'); the als-clause is verb-final (ze ... had gegeven, no inversion in Dutch); the English 'had she given' is the inverted-conditional equivalent. daaraan is a pronominal adverb ('to it')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"Would"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of boek","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive gelezen","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the passive question","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gegeven","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gegeven","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of vorm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorm","lemma":"vorm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle governed by had","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking processtuk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of processtuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"processtuk","lemma":"processtuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies vorm","gloss":"legal brief"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"h17-s323","source":"Is 't haar schuld--of de myne--dat de waarheid, om toegang te vinden, zoo vaak het kleed moet borgen van de leugen?","translation":"Is it her fault—or mine—that truth, to gain admittance, must so often borrow the garment of falsehood?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s323.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de waarheid, om toegang te vinden, zoo vaak het kleed moet borgen van de leugen","title":"Modal moet + om te-purpose","body":"moet borgen places the modal moet with a bare infinitive at the clause end; om toegang te vinden ('to gain admittance') is an embedded purpose clause. A famous Multatuli aphorism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject ’t to schuld","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of schuld","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates haar schuld and de myne","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of myne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, independent","role":"elliptical alternative to haar schuld","gloss":"mine","note":"Older spelling of mijne, the independent possessive form: “mine.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause explaining schuld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of moet borgen","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive vinden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"toegang","lemma":"toegang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"admittance"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vinden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on om","gloss":"gain"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vaak","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moet borgen","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleed","lemma":"kleed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of borgen","gloss":"garment"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of borgen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"borgen","lemma":"borgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"borrow"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leugen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leugen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leugen","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying kleed","gloss":"falsehood"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"h17-s324","source":"En aan sommigen die misschien beweren dat ik Saïdjah en zyn liefde heb geïdealiseerd, moet ik vragen hoe ze dit weten kunnen? Slechts zeer weinig Europeanen immers achten het de moeite waard zich neertebuigen tot waarneming der aandoeningen van de koffi- en suikerwerktuigen die men \"inlanders\" noemt.","translation":"And to certain ones who perhaps maintain that I have idealized Saïdjah and his love, I must ask how they can know this? After all, only very few Europeans think it worth the trouble to stoop to observing the feelings of the coffee- and sugar-machines whom people call \"natives.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s324.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die misschien beweren dat ik Saïdjah en zyn liefde heb geïdealiseerd","title":"Relative die + dat-clause perfect","body":"die opens the relative ('certain ones who...'); the dat-clause sends heb geïdealiseerd to the end. moet ik vragen hoe ze dit weten kunnen embeds an indirect question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"achten het de moeite waard zich neertebuigen tot waarneming","title":"Reflexive + period te-form neertebuigen","body":"zich neerbuigen ('to stoop') is reflexive; neertebuigen is the 1860 one-word spelling of neer te buigen. The bitter coffi- en suikerwerktuigen ('coffee- and sugar-machines') is a compound for the natives."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vragen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sommigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sommigen","lemma":"sommige","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"indirect object of vragen","gloss":"some people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of beweren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beweren","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"beweren","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on sommigen","gloss":"maintain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geïdealiseerd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geïdealiseerd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of geïdealiseerd","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of liefde","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geïdealiseerd","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geïdealiseerd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"geïdealiseerd","lemma":"idealiseren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heb","gloss":"idealized"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vragen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vragen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"finite modal governing weten","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"Slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies Europeanen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"Europeanen","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of achten","gloss":"Europeans"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achten","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"achten","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of achten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of waard","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"waard","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of het after achten","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of neerbuigen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"neertebuigen","lemma":"neerbuigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive explaining what is worth the trouble","gloss":"to stoop","note":"Written as one word here; modern Dutch normally writes neer te buigen."},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waarneming","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"waarneming","lemma":"waarneming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"observation"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"genitive determiner of aandoeningen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"aandoeningen","lemma":"aandoening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of waarneming","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi-","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koffi-","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, compound element","role":"first coordinated modifier of werktuigen","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"suikerwerktuigen","lemma":"suikerwerktuig","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head noun shared with coordinated koffi-","gloss":"sugar-machines"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of noemt; antecedent koffi- en suikerwerktuigen","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemt","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"inlanders","lemma":"inlander","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object complement after noemt","gloss":"natives"},{"surface":"noemt","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative-clause verb modifying koffi- en suikerwerktuigen","gloss":"call"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"h17-s325","source":"Doch al ware hun aanmerking gegrond, wie zùlke bedenkingen aanvoert als bewys tegen de hoofdstrekking van myn boek, geeft my een groote zegepraal. Want ze luiden, vertaald, \"het kwaad dat gy bestrydt, bestaat niet, of niet in zoo hooge maat, omdat de inlander niet is als uw Saïdjah ... er ligt in de mishandeling der Javanen geen zoo groot kwaad als daarin liggen zou wanneer ge uwen Saïdjah juister geteekend hadt.","translation":"Yet even if their objection were well founded, whoever advances such considerations as proof against the main thrust of my book hands me a great triumph. For, translated, they amount to this: \"the evil you are fighting does not exist, or not to so high a degree, because the native is not like your Saïdjah... there lies in the mistreatment of the Javanese no such great evil as would lie there had you drawn your Saïdjah more truthfully.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s325.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch al ware hun aanmerking gegrond","title":"Concessive al + subjunctive ware","body":"al ware ('even were', 'even if it were') is a concessive with the past-subjunctive ware of zijn; Doch is the archaic 'yet/but'. Both mark high literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie zùlke bedenkingen aanvoert ..., geeft my een groote zegepraal","title":"Free relative wie as subject","body":"wie ('whoever') heads a headless relative subject clause (verb aanvoert at the end), resumed by the main verb geeft; zùlke ('such') is an archaic/literary determiner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want ze luiden, vertaald, ... het kwaad dat gy bestrydt, bestaat niet","title":"Coordinator want + relative dat + gy","body":"want coordinates ('for'); the quoted dat gy bestrydt is a relative clause with the literary 2nd-person gy, and bestaat niet negates the verb. wanneer ge uwen Saïdjah juister geteekend hadt closes with comparative juister and old accusative uwen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive marker with ware","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"copula linking aanmerking to gegrond","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of aanmerking","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"aanmerking","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"objection"},{"surface":"gegrond","lemma":"gegrond","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ware","gloss":"well-founded"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of aanvoert and geeft","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"zùlke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bedenkingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"bedenkingen","lemma":"bedenking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aanvoert","gloss":"considerations"},{"surface":"aanvoert","lemma":"aanvoeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative-clause verb whose subject is wie","gloss":"advances"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the function of bewys","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"bewys","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of als","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdstrekking","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdstrekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdstrekking","lemma":"hoofdstrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tegen","gloss":"main thrust"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying hoofdstrekking","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main-clause verb whose subject is wie","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of geeft","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zegepraal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zegepraal","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"zegepraal","lemma":"zegepraal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"triumph"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of luiden","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of luiden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"luiden","lemma":"luiden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb introducing the translated quotation","gloss":"amount to"},{"surface":"vertaald","lemma":"vertalen","morphology":"verb, past participle, adverbial","role":"parenthetical modifier of luiden","gloss":"translated"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kwaad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kwaad","lemma":"kwaad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bestaat","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of bestrydt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of bestrydt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"bestrydt","lemma":"bestrijden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative-clause verb modifying kwaad","gloss":"fight"},{"surface":"bestaat","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestaat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the elliptical phrase in zoo hooge maat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maat","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hooge","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hooge","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies maat","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"maat","lemma":"maat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in in elliptical coordination with bestaat niet","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause whose verb is is","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inlander","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inlander","lemma":"inlander","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking inlander to als uw Saïdjah","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with Saïdjah","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Saïdjah","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb with ligt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mishandeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mishandeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mishandeling","lemma":"mishandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"mistreatment"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"genitive determiner of Javanen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Javanen","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of mishandeling","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kwaad","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groot","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kwaad","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"kwaad","lemma":"kwaad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of liggen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary governing liggen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hadt geteekend","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"uwen","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected","role":"possessor of Saïdjah","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of geteekend","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"juister","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies geteekend","gloss":"more truthfully"},{"surface":"geteekend","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by hadt","gloss":"drawn","note":"Teekenen is the older spelling of modern tekenen."},{"surface":"hadt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geteekend","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"h17-s326","source":"De Soendanees zingt zulke liederen niet, bemint zoo niet, gevoelt zoo niet, en dus ...","translation":"The Sundanese does not sing such songs, does not love so, does not feel so, and therefore...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s326.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zingt ... niet, bemint zoo niet, gevoelt zoo niet","title":"niet for general negation","body":"Here niet (not geen) negates the verbs themselves rather than a noun, giving a clipped triple denial. With each finite verb in second position the negation trails after it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zoo","title":"zoo = modern zo","body":"The doubled-vowel spelling zoo is the 1860 form of modern zo, 'so / thus'. Repeated here ('does not love so, does not feel so') as an adverb of degree."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Soendanees","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Soendanees","lemma":"Soendanees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zingt, bemint, and gevoelt","gloss":"Sundanese"},{"surface":"zingt","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sings"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liederen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"liederen","lemma":"lied","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zingt","gloss":"songs"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zingt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bemint","lemma":"beminnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated verb with zingt","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bemint","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates bemint","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gevoelt","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated verb with zingt","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevoelt","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevoelt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"concluding adverb in an unfinished coordination","gloss":"therefore"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"h17-s327","source":"Neen, Minister van Kolonien, neen, Gouverneurs-generaal in ruste, niet dàt hebt gy te bewyzen!","translation":"No, Minister of Colonies, no, retired Governors-General, that is not what you have to prove!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s327.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet dàt hebt gy te bewyzen","title":"Fronting + V2 inversion","body":"The object 'niet dàt' is thrown to the front for emphasis, forcing the subject gy after the finite verb hebt — the hallmark of verb-second order. The construction hebt te bewyzen is 'have to prove' with te + infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gy","title":"The literary pronoun gy","body":"gy (gij) is the solemn, written 'you' of 1860 prose, here used to address the Minister directly and accusingly. Its spelling with y for ij is itself a period feature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent interjection","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"Minister","lemma":"minister","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Minister"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Kolonien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Kolonien","lemma":"kolonie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Colonies"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Gouverneurs-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"vocative coordinated with Minister","gloss":"Governors-General"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the fixed phrase in ruste","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ruste","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, fossilized dative singular","role":"complement of in meaning retired","gloss":"retirement","note":"In ruste is a formal older expression meaning “retired.”"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses and negates dàt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"focused direct object of bewyzen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bewyzen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bewyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by hebt","gloss":"prove"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"h17-s328","source":"Ge hebt te bewyzen dat de bevolking niet mishandeld wordt, onverschillig of er sentimenteele Saïdjahs onder die bevolking zyn. Of zoudt ge durven beweren buffels te mogen stelen van lieden die niet beminnen, die geen droefgeestige liedjes zingen, die niet sentimenteel zyn?","translation":"You have to prove that the population is not mistreated, regardless of whether there are sentimental Saïdjahs among that population. Or would you dare to claim that you may steal buffaloes from people who do not love, who sing no melancholy little songs, who are not sentimental?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s328.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de bevolking niet mishandeld wordt","title":"worden-passive in a subordinate clause","body":"worden + the participle mishandeld forms the process passive ('is being mistreated'). Because dat opens a subordinate clause, the finite wordt is pushed to the very end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"onverschillig of er ... zyn","title":"er with an indefinite subject","body":"The little word er props up the existential clause 'whether there are sentimental Saïdjahs', sitting where English puts 'there'. The verb zyn closes the of-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoudt ge durven beweren ... te mogen stelen","title":"Stacked modals + te-infinitive","body":"zoudt (conditional zou) governs the bare infinitives durven beweren, which in turn governs te mogen stelen — a chain of modals where each verb sends the next to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb governing te bewyzen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bewyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by hebt","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mishandeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive mishandeld","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mishandeld","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"mishandeld","lemma":"mishandelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive with wordt","gloss":"mistreated"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of mishandeld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"onverschillig","lemma":"onverschillig","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb introducing the of-clause","gloss":"regardless"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect whether-clause","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb with zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"sentimenteele","lemma":"sentimenteel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Saïdjahs","gloss":"sentimental"},{"surface":"Saïdjahs","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"Saïdjahs"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"existential verb with subject Saïdjahs","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of durven","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"zoudt","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary governing durven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zoudt durven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"durven","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zoudt","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"beweren","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of durven","gloss":"claim"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of stelen","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive mogen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mogen","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal infinitive governing stelen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"stelen","lemma":"stelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by mogen","gloss":"steal"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lieden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of beminnen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beminnen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beminnen","lemma":"beminnen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative-clause verb modifying lieden","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zingen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liedjes","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"droefgeestige","lemma":"droefgeestig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies liedjes","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"liedjes","lemma":"liedje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zingen","gloss":"little songs"},{"surface":"zingen","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative-clause verb modifying lieden","gloss":"sing"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sentimenteel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sentimenteel","lemma":"sentimenteel","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"sentimental"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula in relative clause modifying lieden","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"h17-s329","source":"By een aanval op letterkundig gebied zou ik de juistheid der teekening van Saïdjah verdedigen, maar op staatkundigen bodem geef ik terstond alle aanmerkingen op die juistheid gewonnen, om te beletten dat de groote vraag worde verplaatst op verkeerd terrein.","translation":"Under an attack on literary ground I would defend the accuracy of my portrayal of Saïdjah, but on political soil I at once concede every objection to that accuracy, so as to prevent the great question from being shifted onto the wrong terrain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s329.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"By een aanval ... zou ik ... verdedigen","title":"Fronted adverbial forces inversion","body":"The clause opens with the prepositional phrase 'By een aanval op letterkundig gebied', so the subject ik follows the finite zou — verb-second again. zou + verdedigen is the conditional 'I would defend'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"der teekening","title":"Genitive case-remnant der","body":"der is the frozen feminine/plural genitive article, here 'of the portrayal' (juistheid der teekening). Such des/der/den forms were standard in formal 1860 prose where modern Dutch would use van."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om te beletten dat ... worde verplaatst","title":"om...te purpose + subjunctive","body":"om ... te beletten frames the purpose ('so as to prevent'); inside it, worde is an archaic present subjunctive of worden ('be shifted'), a solemn register Multatuli favors."}],"words":[{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanval","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanval","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"aanval","lemma":"aanval","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition By","gloss":"attack"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebied","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"letterkundig","lemma":"letterkundig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gebied","gloss":"literary"},{"surface":"gebied","lemma":"gebied","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verdedigen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verdedigen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of juistheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"juistheid","lemma":"juistheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verdedigen","gloss":"accuracy"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of teekening","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"teekening","lemma":"tekening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of juistheid","gloss":"portrayal","note":"Historical spelling of modern tekening."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Saïdjah","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"Saïdjah"},{"surface":"verdedigen","lemma":"verdedigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"defend"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bodem","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"staatkundigen","lemma":"staatkundig","morphology":"adjective, inflected, masculine singular, dative","role":"modifies bodem","gloss":"political"},{"surface":"bodem","lemma":"bodem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition op","gloss":"soil"},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"coordinated main verb; forms geef ... gewonnen","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geef ... gewonnen","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanmerkingen","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"aanmerkingen","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of geef ... gewonnen","gloss":"objections"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking juistheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of juistheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"juistheid","lemma":"juistheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition op","gloss":"accuracy"},{"surface":"gewonnen","lemma":"winnen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"part of verbal expression geef ... gewonnen","gloss":"conceded","note":"In iets gewonnen geven, literally “give something as won,” means to concede it."},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause om te beletten","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beletten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beletten","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of geef ... gewonnen","gloss":"prevent"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verplaatst","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vraag","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive verplaatst","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"worde","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verplaatst","gloss":"be","note":"Worde is an archaic present subjunctive."},{"surface":"verplaatst","lemma":"verplaatsen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate governed by worde","gloss":"shifted"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking terrein","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies terrein","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"terrein","lemma":"terrein","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of verplaatst","gloss":"terrain"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"h17-s330","source":"Het is me geheel om 't even of men my houde voor een onbekwaam schilder, mits men my toegeve dat de mishandeling van den inlander is: VERREGAAND! Zóó toch luidt het woord op de nota des voorgangers van Havelaar, die door dezen getoond werd aan den kontroleur Verbrugge: een nota die voor me ligt.","translation":"It is wholly the same to me whether I am taken for an incompetent painter, so long as it is granted me that the mistreatment of the native is: FAR-REACHING! For so indeed runs the wording on the memorandum of Havelaar's predecessor, which the latter showed to the controleur Verbrugge: a memorandum that lies before me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s330.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"het is me geheel om 't even","title":"Idiom: 'it's all the same to me'","body":"The fixed idiom het is om 't even means 'it makes no difference / it's all one'. With me ('to me') it reads 'I don't care either way'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of men my houde ... mits men my toegeve","title":"Archaic subjunctives houde / toegeve","body":"The -e endings on houde and toegeve are old present-subjunctive forms ('whether one hold me... so long as one grant me'), a deliberately elevated, almost legal register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den inlander ... des voorgangers ... aan den kontroleur","title":"Case-remnant articles den and des","body":"den is the old accusative/dative masculine article ('the native', 'the controleur') and des the genitive ('of the predecessor'). These inflected forms pepper Multatuli's prose and mark its 1860 formality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula in om het even zijn","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer of om het even","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies om het even","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom om het even","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"part of idiom om het even","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"part of idiom om het even","gloss":"same","note":"Om het even means “all the same” or “of no consequence.”"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of houde","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of houde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"houde","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"takes","note":"Houde is an archaic present subjunctive."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schilder","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schilder","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onbekwaam","lemma":"onbekwaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies schilder","gloss":"incompetent"},{"surface":"schilder","lemma":"schilder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of houde","gloss":"painter"},{"surface":"mits","lemma":"mits","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the condition of toegeve","gloss":"provided that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of toegeve","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of toegeve","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"toegeve","lemma":"toegeven","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of clause introduced by mits","gloss":"grants","note":"Toegeve is an archaic present subjunctive."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mishandeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mishandeling","lemma":"mishandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"mistreatment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inlander","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of inlander","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an old inflected form of de."},{"surface":"inlander","lemma":"inlander","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking mishandeling to VERREGAAND","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"VERREGAAND","lemma":"verregaand","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"far-reaching"},{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies luidt","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying luidt","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"luidt","lemma":"luiden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"runs"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of luidt","gloss":"wording"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nota","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nota","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nota","lemma":"nota","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition op","gloss":"memorandum"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of voorgangers","gloss":"of the","note":"Des is an old genitive form of de."},{"surface":"voorgangers","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of nota","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive getoond; refers to nota","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dezen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular, oblique","role":"agent of getoond; refers to Havelaar","gloss":"the latter","note":"Dezen is an old inflected form of deze."},{"surface":"getoond","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate in relative clause on nota","gloss":"shown"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of getoond","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kontroleur Verbrugge","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an old inflected form of de."},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition aan","gloss":"controleur"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to kontroleur","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nota","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nota","lemma":"nota","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"appositive to nota","gloss":"memorandum"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of preposition voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on nota","gloss":"lies"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"h17-s331","source":"Maar ik heb andere bewyzen!","translation":"But I have other proofs!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s331.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar ik heb andere bewyzen!","title":"maar as a coordinating conjunction","body":"maar ('but') joins two equal clauses and does NOT push the verb to the end: the word order stays subject–verb (ik heb). Note the period spelling bewyzen for modern bewijzen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heb","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bewyzen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"proofs"}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"h17-s332","source":"En dit is gelukkig, want ook Havelaar's voorganger kon zich vergist hebben.","translation":"And this is fortunate, for Havelaar's predecessor too might have been mistaken.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s332.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want ook ... kon zich vergist hebben","title":"want + perfect infinitive of a reflexive","body":"want ('for') is a coordinating conjunction keeping main-clause order. zich vergist hebben is the perfect infinitive of the reflexive zich vergissen ('to be mistaken'), governed by the modal kon."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding context","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to gelukkig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gelukkig","lemma":"gelukkig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"fortunate"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses Havelaar's voorganger","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Havelaar's","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive singular","role":"possessor of voorganger","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vergist","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary governing vergist hebben","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of vergist","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"vergist","lemma":"vergissen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate governed by kon ... hebben","gloss":"mistaken"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of vergist","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"h17-s333","source":"Helaas, als hy zich vergiste, werd hy voor die vergissing zeer hard gestraft.","translation":"Alas, if he was mistaken, he was very harshly punished for that mistake.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h17-s333.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als hy zich vergiste, werd hy ... gestraft","title":"Conditional als-clause then inverted main clause","body":"The subordinate als-clause sends its verb to the end (vergiste); the main clause then begins with the finite werd before the subject hy — inversion after a fronted clause. werd ... gestraft is the past-tense worden-passive ('was punished')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Helaas","lemma":"helaas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestraft","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vergiste","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vergiste","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vergiste","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"vergiste","lemma":"vergissen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"was mistaken"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gestraft","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive gestraft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vergissing","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vergissing","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vergissing","lemma":"vergissing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition voor","gloss":"mistake"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hard","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"hard","lemma":"hard","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestraft","gloss":"harshly"},{"surface":"gestraft","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main passive predicate","gloss":"punished"}]}]}