{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-18","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 18","translated":"Chapter 18"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-18","lines":181},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-17","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-19","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h18-s1","source":"Hy is vermoord. ACHTTIENDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"He has been murdered. CHAPTER EIGHTEEN","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy is vermoord","title":"zijn-passive as a state","body":"is vermoord ('has been murdered / is murdered') uses zijn + participle to name the resulting state. With a perfective verb like vermoorden, Dutch uses zijn rather than worden for the completed result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive vermoord","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vermoord","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"vermoord","lemma":"vermoorden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"ACHTTIENDE","lemma":"achttiende","morphology":"ordinal numeral","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"eighteenth"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of chapter title","gloss":"chapter"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h18-s2","source":"'t Was namiddag.","translation":"It was afternoon.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t Was namiddag","title":"Impersonal het for time","body":"The dummy subject het (here clipped to 't) carries time-of-day statements: ''t was namiddag' = 'it was afternoon'. It refers to nobody and nothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, contracted","role":"subject of Was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject to namiddag","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"namiddag","lemma":"namiddag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of Was","gloss":"afternoon"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h18-s3","source":"Havelaar trad uit de kamer, en vond zyn Tine in de voorgalery, hem wachtende met de thee.","translation":"Havelaar stepped out of the room and found his Tine in the front gallery, waiting for him with the tea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar trad uit de kamer ... en vond","title":"Simple past of strong verbs","body":"trad (treden, 'to step') and vond (vinden, 'to find') are strong-verb imperfects, changing the stem vowel rather than adding -te/-de. This is the narrative past that drives the chapter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hem wachtende met de thee","title":"Present participle as adverb","body":"wachtende ('waiting') is the -end(e) present participle describing Tine's posture, with the object hem ('for him') preceding it — an action in progress framed adjectivally."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"voorgalery","title":"voorgalery — the front gallery","body":"The voorgalerij is the open front veranda of a colonial Indies house, where guests were received and tea taken. The spelling with y reflects 1860 orthography."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of trad","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"trad","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kamer","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kamer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition uit","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with trad","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of Tine","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorgalery","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorgalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgalery","lemma":"voorgalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"front gallery"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of wachtende","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"wachtende","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial modifier of Tine","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking thee","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of thee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition met","gloss":"tea"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h18-s4","source":"Mevrouw Slotering trad haar huis uit en scheen zich naar de Havelaars te willen begeven, maar eensklaps wendde zy zich naar 't hek, en wees daar met vry hevige gebaren een man terug die even te-voren was binnengetreden.","translation":"Mevrouw Slotering came out of her house and seemed about to make her way over to the Havelaars, but all at once she turned toward the gate and there, with rather violent gestures, waved back a man who had just stepped inside.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"scheen zich ... te willen begeven","title":"schijnen te + reflexive infinitive","body":"scheen ('seemed') governs te willen begeven — 'seemed to want to make her way'. zich begeven is reflexive ('betake oneself'); the modal willen sits between te and the main infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wendde zy zich ... en wees ... terug","title":"Separable verb terugwijzen","body":"terugwijzen ('to wave/turn back') splits in a main clause: the finite wees stands second and the prefix terug is stranded at the clause end. eensklaps fronts the sentence, forcing the subject zy after the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een man ... die even te-voren was binnengetreden","title":"Relative die + pluperfect","body":"die ('who') is the relative pronoun for de-words (een man), opening a clause whose verb stands last. was binnengetreden is the pluperfect of the separable binnentreden ('had stepped inside')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of trad","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of name Mevrouw Slotering","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"trad","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of huis","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"path complement of trad ... uit","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition marking the path from huis","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with trad","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of begeven","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaars","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Havelaars","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of preposition naar","gloss":"Havelaars","note":"De Havelaars means the Havelaar household."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive willen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of scheen","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"begeven","lemma":"begeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"eensklaps","lemma":"eensklaps","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wendde","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"wendde","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with trad","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wendde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of wendde","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hek","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hek","lemma":"hek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of wendde","gloss":"gate"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wees","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with wendde; forms wees ... terug","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wees","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebaren","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hevige","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"hevige","lemma":"hevig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gebaren","gloss":"violent"},{"surface":"gebaren","lemma":"gebaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition met","gloss":"gestures"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wees","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of wees ... terug","gloss":"waved back"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was binnengetreden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tevoren","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"te-voren","lemma":"tevoren","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was binnengetreden","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of binnengetreden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"binnengetreden","lemma":"binnentreden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate of relative clause on man","gloss":"stepped inside"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h18-s5","source":"Ze bleef staan tot zy zich verzekerd had dat hy naar-buiten was teruggegaan, en keerde daarop langs het grasveld naar Havelaars huis terug.","translation":"She stood there until she had made sure he had withdrawn outside again, and then walked back across the lawn toward Havelaar's house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze bleef staan tot zy zich verzekerd had","title":"tot-clause sends verb to the end","body":"The subordinating tot ('until') pushes the finite had to the clause end, after the participle verzekerd: 'until she had assured herself'. zich verzekeren is reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy naar-buiten was teruggegaan ... keerde daarop ... terug","title":"Pluperfect + separable terugkeren","body":"was teruggegaan is the pluperfect of the separable teruggaan. In the main clause keerde ... terug, the prefix terug again strands at the end while the finite verb keerde holds second position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bleef","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of bleef","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verzekerd had","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzekerd had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of verzekerd","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"verzekerd","lemma":"verzekeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate of clause introduced by tot","gloss":"made sure"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verzekerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of teruggegaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was teruggegaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"naar-buiten","lemma":"naar buiten","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies was teruggegaan","gloss":"outside","note":"The hyphenated spelling naar-buiten is historical."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of teruggegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"teruggegaan","lemma":"teruggaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"gone back"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"keerde","lemma":"keren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with bleef; forms keerde ... terug","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies keerde","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grasveld","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grasveld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grasveld","lemma":"grasveld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of keerde","gloss":"lawn"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaars","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive singular","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition naar","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of keerde ... terug","gloss":"walked back"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h18-s6","source":"\"Ik wil toch eindelyk eens weten wat dit beduidt!\" zei Havelaar, en toen de begroeting voorby was, vroeg hy op schertsenden toon, om haar niet te doen meenen dat hy haar een weinigje gezag misgunde, op een erf dat vroeger 't hare was:","translation":"\"I really do want to know at last what this means!\" said Havelaar, and when the greeting was over he asked, in a bantering tone, so as not to let her think he begrudged her a little authority on a plot of ground that had once been her own:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen de begroeting voorby was, vroeg hy","title":"toen-clause then inversion","body":"toen ('when', past) opens a subordinate clause whose verb was lands last; the main clause then inverts to vroeg hy. toen + imperfect is the standard way to narrate a single past moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om haar niet te doen meenen dat hy ... misgunde","title":"om...te with causative doen","body":"om ... te frames the purpose; doen meenen is causative 'to make (her) think'. The embedded dat-clause then sends its verb misgunde to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op een erf dat vroeger 't hare was","title":"Relative dat for a het-word","body":"erf is a het-word, so its relative pronoun is dat, not die. 't hare ('hers') is the substantivized possessive standing for 'her property'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"for once"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicate complement of beduidt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of beduidt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"beduidt","lemma":"beduiden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of interrogative clause introduced by wat","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates zei and vroeg","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause with was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begroeting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begroeting","lemma":"begroeting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"greeting"},{"surface":"voorby","lemma":"voorbij","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking begroeting and voorby","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zei","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase with toon","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"schertsenden","lemma":"schertsend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies toon","gloss":"bantering"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause with doen","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause introduced by om","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"meenen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of misgunde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of misgunde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of misgunde","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weinigje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"weinigje","lemma":"weinigje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"determiner-like quantifier of gezag","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of misgunde","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"misgunde","lemma":"misgunnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"begrudged"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces phrase modifying gezag","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op; modified by relative clause","gloss":"plot of ground"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was, referring to erf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of nominalized hare","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"hers"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on erf","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h18-s7","source":"--Wel, mevrouw, zeg me toch eens waarom u de menschen die 't erf betreden, zoo terugzendt?","translation":"\"Come now, mevrouw, do tell me why you send away like that the people who set foot on the grounds?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zeg me toch eens waarom u de menschen ... terugzendt","title":"Imperative + embedded question","body":"zeg is the bare-stem imperative ('tell'), softened by toch eens. The indirect question with waarom sends its verb terugzendt to the end (separable terugzenden)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"u","title":"Polite u to a lady","body":"Havelaar addresses Mevrouw Slotering with the formal u, the courteous 'you', in contrast to the je he uses with intimates like Tine and Verbrugge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"menschen","title":"menschen — the sch- spelling","body":"menschen is the 1860 spelling of modern mensen ('people'). The silent ch in -sch- is a recurring period feature (also menschen, visscher, tusschen)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeg","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"for once"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies terugzendt","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of terugzendt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of terugzendt","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of betreden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of betreden","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"betreden","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on menschen","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugzendt","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"terugzendt","lemma":"terugzenden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of interrogative clause; complement of zeg","gloss":"send away"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h18-s8","source":"Als die man van zoo-even nu eens iemand was die kippen te-koop had, of iets anders wat noodig kon zyn voor de keuken?","translation":"Suppose that man just now had been someone with hens to sell, or something else the kitchen might need?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als die man ... nu eens iemand was die kippen te-koop had","title":"als + suppositional 'suppose'","body":"Here als ... nu eens sets up a hypothetical ('suppose that man had been...'); the subordinate verb was stands last. The nested relative die (for de-word iemand) likewise ends with its verb had."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"te-koop","title":"te koop — for sale","body":"te koop is a fixed phrase meaning 'for sale / on offer'. kippen te-koop had = 'had hens for sale'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hypothetical clause with was","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of adverbial phrase van zoo-even","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies man","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of hypothetical phrase nu eens","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of hypothetical phrase nu eens","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking man and iemand","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of had","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"kippen","lemma":"kip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"hens"},{"surface":"te-koop","lemma":"te koop","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative modifier of kippen","gloss":"for sale"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on iemand","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"coordinated with kippen as object of had","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zyn, referring to iets anders","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kon","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces phrase complementing noodig","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keuken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keuken","lemma":"keuken","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"kitchen"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h18-s9","source":"Er vertoonde zich op 't gelaat van mevrouw Slotering een pynlyke trek die niet ontsnapte aan Havelaars blik.","translation":"A pained look came over Mevrouw Slotering's face, one that did not escape Havelaar's notice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er vertoonde zich op 't gelaat ... een pynlyke trek","title":"er + reflexive with delayed subject","body":"The clause opens with er, holding the slot while the real subject 'een pynlyke trek' arrives later — common when the subject is indefinite. zich vertoonen ('to show itself') is reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een pynlyke trek die niet ontsnapte","title":"Attributive -e and relative die","body":"pynlyke takes -e agreeing with the de-word trek after een. The relative die then opens a clause whose verb ontsnapte closes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive introducing the clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vertoonde","lemma":"vertonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vertoonde","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location phrase with gelaat","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelaat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of gelaat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title in possessive phrase modifying gelaat","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"name following title mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of trek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pynlyke","lemma":"pijnlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies trek","gloss":"pained","note":"Historical spelling of modern pijnlijke."},{"surface":"trek","lemma":"trek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vertoonde","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ontsnapte","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontsnapte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ontsnapte","lemma":"ontsnappen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on trek","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces indirect object of ontsnapte","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor of blik","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"notice"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h18-s10","source":"--Ach, zeide zy, er is zooveel slecht volk! --Zeker, dat is er overal.","translation":"\"Ah,\" she said, \"there are so many wicked people about!\" \"Surely, there are everywhere.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er is zooveel slecht volk","title":"Existential er","body":"er is here ('there is so much wicked rabble'), the existential use of er answering 'there is/are'. volk is a het-word collective, so the adjective slecht stays uninflected."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat is er overal","title":"Pro-adverbial er","body":"In 'dat is er overal' the er stands in for the noun just named (slecht volk), so the line means 'that is everywhere'. This anticipatory/locative er is one of the word's hardest uses for learners."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ach","lemma":"ach","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection in quoted speech","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive introducing existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies volk","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies volk","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"notional subject of is","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"Zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of reply","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentative adverb in existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"overal","lemma":"overal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"everywhere"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h18-s11","source":"Maar als men 't de menschen zoo moeielyk maakt, zullen de goeden ook weg blyven. Komaan, mevrouw, vertel me toch eens ronduit waarom ge zoo streng opzicht houdt over 't erf?","translation":"But if one makes things so difficult for people, the good ones will stay away too. Come, mevrouw, do tell me plainly why you keep such strict watch over the grounds?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar als men 't ... moeielyk maakt, zullen de goeden ... weg blyven","title":"Conditional als + future with zullen","body":"The als-clause (verb maakt last) is answered by an inverted main clause with zullen + the separable infinitive weg blyven — the explicit future, 'the good ones will stay away too'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vertel me toch eens ronduit waarom ge zoo streng opzicht houdt","title":"Imperative softened, then verb-final question","body":"vertel is an imperative cushioned by toch eens ronduit. The embedded waarom-question pushes the verb houdt to the end. ge is the literary 'you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates this sentence with preceding speech","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maakt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"indirect object of maakt","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeielyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of 't","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of blyven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of goeden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goeden","lemma":"goed","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"subject of blyven","gloss":"good ones"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyven","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of weg blyven","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zullen","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"Komaan","lemma":"komaan","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"vertel","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of vertel","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertel","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertel","gloss":"for once"},{"surface":"ronduit","lemma":"ronduit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertel","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies houdt","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houdt","gloss":"you","note":"Ge is an unstressed second-person pronoun."},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies streng","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"streng","lemma":"streng","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies opzicht","gloss":"strict"},{"surface":"opzicht","lemma":"opzicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of houdt","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"houdt","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of interrogative clause; complement of vertel","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking erf","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"grounds"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h18-s12","source":"Havelaar zag haar aan, en trachtte vergeefs het antwoord te lezen in haar vochtig oog.","translation":"Havelaar looked at her, and tried in vain to read the answer in her moist eye.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zag haar aan ... trachtte ... het antwoord te lezen","title":"Separable aanzien + trachten te","body":"aanzien splits: finite zag second, prefix aan at the end ('looked at her'). trachtte te lezen ('tried to read') shows the te-infinitive governed by trachten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb zag ... aan","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zag ... aan","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"trachtte","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zag","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"vergeefs","lemma":"vergeefs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lezen","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of trachtte","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oog","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of oog","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"vochtig","lemma":"vochtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oog","gloss":"moist"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"eye"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h18-s13","source":"Hy drong iets sterker op verklaring aan ... de weduw berstte in tranen uit, en zei dat haar man ten-huize van het distriktshoofd te Parang-Koedjang vergiftigd was.","translation":"He pressed a little harder for an explanation ... the widow burst into tears and said that her husband had been poisoned at the house of the district chief at Parang-Koedjang.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de weduw berstte in tranen uit","title":"Separable uitbersten","body":"uitbersten ('to burst out') separates: finite berstte holds second place, uit closes the clause. berstte is the weak past with -te."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat haar man ... vergiftigd was","title":"dat-clause + zijn-passive","body":"The dat-clause sends its verb to the end; vergiftigd was is the past-state passive ('had been poisoned'). zijn rather than worden because the result is what matters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of drong","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"drong","lemma":"aandringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb drong ... aan","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterker","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"sterker","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies drong","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement verklaring","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"verklaring","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"an explanation"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of drong ... aan","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weduw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weduw","lemma":"weduwe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of berstte","gloss":"widow"},{"surface":"berstte","lemma":"uitbarsten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb berstte ... uit","gloss":"burst"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces result phrase tranen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"tranen","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of berstte ... uit","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with berstte","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause with was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of man","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive vergiftigd","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ten-huize","lemma":"ten huize","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"locative modifier of vergiftigd","gloss":"at the house","note":"Formal idiom meaning “at the house”; now usually written ten huize."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of huize","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distriktshoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distriktshoofd","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"district chief"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place name","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"vergiftigd","lemma":"vergiftigen","morphology":"past participle","role":"past participle in passive clause","gloss":"poisoned"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vergiftigd","gloss":"had been"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h18-s14","source":"--Hy wilde rechtvaardig zyn, m'nheer Havelaar, ging de arme vrouw voort, hy wilde een eind maken aan de mishandeling waaronder de bevolking zucht.","translation":"\"He wanted to be just, Mijnheer Havelaar,\" the poor woman went on, \"he wanted to put an end to the abuse under which the population groans.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ging de arme vrouw voort","title":"Separable voortgaan in narration","body":"voortgaan ('to go on, continue') splits in this inserted speech tag: finite ging, prefix voort at the end. arme takes -e agreeing with the de-word vrouw."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de mishandeling waaronder de bevolking zucht","title":"Pronominal adverb waaronder","body":"waaronder fuses the relative idea with the preposition onder ('under which'). Dutch prefers these waar-/daar- compounds to 'onder welke' for things. The relative clause ends with zucht."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"rechtvaardig","lemma":"rechtvaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to m'nheer","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"voortgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of reporting phrase ging ... voort","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vrouw","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ging ... voort","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of resumed quotation","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom een eind maken aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mishandeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mishandeling","lemma":"mishandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"waaronder","lemma":"waaronder","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional relative modifier of zucht","gloss":"under which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zucht","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zuchten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on mishandeling","gloss":"groans"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h18-s15","source":"Hy vermaande en dreigde de Hoofden, in vergaderingen en schriftelyk ... ge moet zyn brieven gevonden hebben in 't archief?","translation":"He admonished and threatened the Chiefs, in assemblies and in writing ... you must have found his letters in the archive?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy vermaande en dreigde de Hoofden","title":"Weak past -de","body":"vermaande and dreigde are weak imperfects taking -de (the voiced dental, after the voiced stems vermaan- and dreig-). They narrate repeated past action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ge moet zyn brieven gevonden hebben","title":"Modal moeten + perfect infinitive","body":"moet here is epistemic ('you must have found'), governing the perfect infinitive gevonden hebben at the clause end. ge is literary 'you'; zyn is the period spelling of zijn ('his')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of vermaande and dreigde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"vermaande","lemma":"vermanen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admonished"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates vermaande and dreigde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dreigde","lemma":"dreigen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with vermaande","gloss":"threatened"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vermaande and dreigde","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase with vergaderingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vergaderingen","lemma":"vergadering","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"assemblies"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates in vergaderingen and schriftelyk","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schriftelyk","lemma":"schriftelijk","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"manner adverb modifying vermaande and dreigde","gloss":"in writing"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing hebben","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular, historical spelling","role":"possessive determiner of brieven","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by hebben","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary governed by moet","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location phrase with archief","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of archief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"archief","lemma":"archief","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"archive"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h18-s16","source":"Dit was zoo.","translation":"This was so.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Dit to zoo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h18-s17","source":"Havelaar had die brieven gelezen, waarvan afschriften voor my liggen.","translation":"Havelaar had read those letters, copies of which lie before me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die brieven ... waarvan afschriften voor my liggen","title":"Pronominal adverb waarvan","body":"waarvan ('of which') joins the relative sense to van, the natural Dutch way to say 'copies of which'. The clause ends with the verb liggen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar had die brieven gelezen","title":"Pluperfect with hebben","body":"had ... gelezen is the pluperfect ('had read'), placing the act behind the narrative present in which the copies now lie before the author."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of had gelezen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of brieven","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by had","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"genitive complement of afschriften, referring to brieven","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"afschriften","lemma":"afschrift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"copies"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location phrase with my","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, singular, historical spelling","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying brieven","gloss":"lie"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h18-s18","source":"--Hy sprak telkens met den resident, vervolgde de weduw, maar altyd vergeefs. Want daar 't van algemeene bekendheid was dat de knevelary plaats had ten-behoeve en onder bescherming van den Regent, wien de resident niet by de Regeering wilde aanklagen, leidden al die gesprekken tot niets dan tot mishandeling van de klagers.","translation":"\"He spoke again and again with the resident,\" the widow continued, \"but always in vain. For since it was common knowledge that the extortion was carried on for the benefit and under the protection of the Regent, whom the resident was unwilling to denounce to the Government, all those conversations led to nothing but the maltreatment of those who complained.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want daar 't ... bekend was ... leidden al die gesprekken tot niets","title":"daar (causal) sends verb to end; main clause inverts","body":"daar here means 'since/because' and is subordinating, so the long daar-clause ends with 'wilde aanklagen' (closing the embedded relative clause on den Regent), while 'had' closes only the inner dat-clause nested inside it; the main clause then begins with the finite leidden after the heavy fronted material."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den Regent, wien de resident niet ... wilde aanklagen","title":"Relative wien (old dative)","body":"wien is the inflected dative/oblique relative ('whom'), an archaic form for persons in formal prose. den Regent shows the old accusative article den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency adverb modifying sprak","gloss":"again and again"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement with resident","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"vervolgde","lemma":"vervolgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"speech-reporting verb with weduw as subject","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of weduw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weduw","lemma":"weduwe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic form","role":"subject of vervolgde","gloss":"widow"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting elliptical clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"adverb modifying elliptical sprak","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"vergeefs","lemma":"vergeefs","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner adverb modifying elliptical sprak","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory sentence","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause ending in was","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular, contracted","role":"anticipatory subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of predicative phrase van algemeene bekendheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"algemeene","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bekendheid","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"bekendheid","lemma":"bekendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van in predicative complement","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula with anticipatory subject 't","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause dependent on bekendheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of knevelary","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"knevelary","lemma":"knevelarij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of plaats had","gloss":"extortion"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"nonverbal part of plaatshebben","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verbal part of plaatshebben","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"ten-behoeve","lemma":"ten behoeve","morphology":"fixed prepositional expression, historical hyphenation","role":"introduces beneficiary phrase completed by van den Regent","gloss":"for the benefit"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ten-behoeve and onder bescherming","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces phrase with bescherming","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"bescherming","lemma":"bescherming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"protection"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ten-behoeve and bescherming","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, object form, singular, archaic","role":"direct object of aanklagen, referring to Regent","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wilde aanklagen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces complement with Regeering","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"object of by","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing aanklagen","gloss":"was willing"},{"surface":"aanklagen","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wilde","gloss":"to denounce"},{"surface":"leidden","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of explanatory sentence","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"quantifies die gesprekken","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of gesprekken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"gesprekken","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of leidden","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces result complement with niets","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of tot","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of restrictive construction niets dan","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement specifying niets dan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mishandeling","lemma":"mishandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"maltreatment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of mishandeling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of klagers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klagers","lemma":"klager","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"complainants"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h18-s19","source":"Daarom had myn arme man gezegd dat hy, als er geen verbetering kwam vóór 't einde des jaars, zich rechtstreeks wenden zou tot den Gouverneur-generaal.","translation":"That is why my poor husband had said that, if no improvement came before the end of the year, he would turn directly to the Governor-General.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als er geen verbetering kwam ... zich ... wenden zou","title":"Conditional als + future with zou","body":"geen negates the indefinite noun verbetering ('no improvement'). The reported intention uses zou + the reflexive infinitive zich wenden ('would turn'), conditional within reported speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vóór 't einde des jaars","title":"Genitive des jaars","body":"des jaars ('of the year') is a frozen masculine/neuter genitive with both the article des and the noun-ending -s — exactly the 1860 inflection where modern Dutch says van het jaar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"reason adverb modifying had gezegd","gloss":"That is why"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular, historical spelling","role":"possessive determiner of man","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies man","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had gezegd","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by had","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause dependent on gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of zich wenden zou","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause with kwam","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial pronoun","role":"expletive in existential conditional clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of verbetering","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"verbetering","lemma":"verbetering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"improvement"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time phrase with einde","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of einde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"einde","lemma":"einde","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive singular, archaic","role":"genitive determiner of jaars","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"jaars","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, genitive, archaic","role":"genitive modifier of einde","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, singular","role":"reflexive object of wenden","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"rechtstreeks","lemma":"rechtstreeks","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner adverb modifying wenden","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"wenden","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite conditional auxiliary of wenden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of wenden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Governor-General"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h18-s20","source":"Dat was in November.","translation":"That was in November.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main copular verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time phrase with November","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"November","lemma":"november","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"November"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h18-s21","source":"Hy ging kort daarna op een inspektiereis, gebruikte het middagmaal ten huize van den Dhemang van Parang-Koedjang, en werd kort daarop in deerniswaarden toestand te-huis gebracht.","translation":"Shortly afterward he went off on a tour of inspection, took his midday meal at the house of the Dhemang of Parang-Koedjang, and shortly after that was brought home in a pitiable state.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ging ... op een inspektiereis, gebruikte ... en werd ... te-huis gebracht","title":"Chain of pasts ending in a passive","body":"ging and gebruikte (strong, then weak) carry the narrative, then werd ... gebracht is the past worden-passive: 'was brought home' as an action done to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of ging, gebruikte, and werd gebracht","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first coordinated main verb","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies daarna","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"time adverb modifying ging","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement with inspektiereis","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of inspektiereis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"inspektiereis","lemma":"inspectiereis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"object of op","gloss":"tour of inspection"},{"surface":"gebruikte","lemma":"gebruiken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second coordinated main verb","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of middagmaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"middagmaal","lemma":"middagmaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gebruikte","gloss":"midday meal"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and article, archaic","role":"part of fixed expression ten huize","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"huize","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, archaic dative form","role":"object of ten in fixed expression ten huize","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of huize","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of Dhemang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Dhemang","lemma":"dhemang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Dhemang"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place-name complement of Dhemang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates werd gebracht with preceding verbs","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies daarop","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"time adverb modifying gebracht","gloss":"after that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces state phrase with toestand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deerniswaarden","lemma":"deerniswaard","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic form","role":"modifies toestand","gloss":"pitiable"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"te-huis","lemma":"thuis","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"directional complement of gebracht","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by werd","gloss":"brought"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h18-s22","source":"Hy riep, op de maag wyzende: \"vuur, vuur\" en weinige uren later was hy dood, hy die altyd een voorbeeld was geweest van goede gezondheid.","translation":"He cried out, pointing to his stomach: \"fire, fire,\" and a few hours later he was dead — he who had always been a model of good health.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"op de maag wyzende","title":"Present participle 'pointing'","body":"wyzende ('pointing') is the -end(e) present participle with its object phrase op de maag before it — a vivid simultaneous action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy die altyd een voorbeeld was geweest","title":"Relative die + pluperfect with zijn","body":"die resumes the de-word hy; was geweest is the pluperfect of zijn ('had been'). zijn forms its own perfect with zijn, not hebben."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces target of wyzende","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of maag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maag","lemma":"maag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"stomach"},{"surface":"wyzende","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, present participle, historical spelling","role":"participial clause modifying Hy","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, exclamatory","role":"first quoted exclamation, object of riep","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, exclamatory","role":"repetition of first vuur","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates clause with riep and clause with was","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifying determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of uren","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"uren","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure complement of later","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"time adverb modifying was","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to dood","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of was dood","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular, historical spelling","role":"apposition to preceding hy","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was geweest, referring to hy","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"time adverb modifying was geweest","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of voorbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"voorbeeld","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was geweest","gloss":"model"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"copular participle linking die to voorbeeld","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of voorbeeld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies gezondheid","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"gezondheid","lemma":"gezondheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"health"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h18-s23","source":"--Hebt ge den dokter van Serang laten roepen? vroeg Havelaar.","translation":"\"Did you send for the doctor from Serang?\" asked Havelaar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hebt ge den dokter ... laten roepen?","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"laten roepen ('have summoned') is the causative laten with a bare infinitive — Havelaar asks if she had the doctor sent for. The whole sits inside the perfect hebt ... laten roepen (an Ersatzinfinitiv, no participle)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite perfect auxiliary governing laten roepen","gloss":"Did"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Hebt laten roepen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of dokter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dokter","lemma":"dokter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of roepen in causative construction","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces origin modifier of dokter","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative infinitive governed by Hebt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"speech-reporting main verb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h18-s24","source":"--Ja, maar hy heeft myn echtgenoot slechts kort behandeld, omdat deze kort na zyn komst gestorven is.","translation":"\"Yes, but he treated my husband only briefly, since the latter died soon after his arrival.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat deze kort na zyn komst gestorven is","title":"omdat + perfect with zijn","body":"omdat ('because') sends the verb to the end: gestorven is ('has died'). sterven takes zijn in the perfect, like all change-of-state verbs. deze ('the latter') is a demonstrative used pronominally."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"deze","title":"Demonstrative deze = 'the latter'","body":"deze ('this one') here points back to the most recent referent, her husband — Dutch uses the near demonstrative where English says 'the latter'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of heeft behandeld","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of behandeld","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular, historical spelling","role":"possessive determiner of echtgenoot","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"echtgenoot","lemma":"echtgenoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of behandeld","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb modifying kort","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"duration adverb modifying behandeld","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"behandeld","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heeft","gloss":"treated"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause with gestorven is","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of gestorven is, referring to echtgenoot","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies time phrase na zyn komst","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time phrase with komst","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular, historical spelling","role":"possessive determiner of komst","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"komst","lemma":"komst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by is","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h18-s25","source":"Ik durfde den dokter myn vermoeden niet meedeelen, omdat ik wegens myn toestand voorzag deze plaats niet spoedig te kunnen verlaten, en bevreesd was voor wraak.","translation":"I did not dare confide my suspicion to the doctor, because on account of my condition I foresaw that I should not be able to leave this place soon, and I was afraid of revenge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik durfde den dokter myn vermoeden niet meedeelen","title":"durven + bare infinitive, separable meedeelen","body":"durven ('to dare') takes a bare infinitive meedeelen ('confide'), here split around the negation niet. den dokter is the dative recipient with the old article den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ik ... voorzag deze plaats niet spoedig te kunnen verlaten","title":"omdat-clause + te-infinitive object","body":"omdat ends with voorzag; that verb governs a te-infinitive complement te kunnen verlaten ('to be able to leave'), with the modal kunnen nested inside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of durfde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"durfde","lemma":"durven","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing meedeelen","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of dokter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dokter","lemma":"dokter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of meedeelen","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular, historical spelling","role":"possessive determiner of vermoeden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vermoeden","lemma":"vermoeden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of meedeelen","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates durfde meedeelen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meedeelen","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitival complement of durfde","gloss":"confide"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause with voorzag and was","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of voorzag and was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wegens","lemma":"wegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces reason phrase with toestand","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular, historical spelling","role":"possessive determiner of toestand","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of wegens","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"voorzag","lemma":"voorzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first main verb of causal clause","gloss":"foresaw"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kunnen verlaten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"time adverb modifying verlaten","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive kunnen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive in object clause of voorzag","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates voorzag and was","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bevreesd","lemma":"bevreesd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second main verb of causal clause, copula with bevreesd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of bevreesd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wraak","lemma":"wraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"revenge"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h18-s26","source":"Ik heb gehoord dat gy even als myn echtgenoot u verzet tegen de misbruiken die hier heerschen, en daarom heb ik geen gerust oogenblik.","translation":"I have heard that you, like my husband, set yourself against the abuses that hold sway here, and that is why I have not one untroubled moment.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gy even als myn echtgenoot u verzet tegen de misbruiken","title":"Reflexive zich verzetten, here u","body":"zich verzetten tegen ('to set oneself against') is reflexive; with the literary subject gy the reflexive object is u. The relative die then closes with heerschen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de misbruiken die hier heerschen","title":"Relative die for a plural","body":"All plurals are de-words, so the relative pronoun is die ('that hold sway here'), and the clause ends with the verb heerschen (period spelling of heersen)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verzet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of verzet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the comparison even als","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with echtgenoot","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessive determiner of echtgenoot","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"echtgenoot","lemma":"echtgenoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of verzet","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"verzet","lemma":"verzetten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misbruiken","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of misbruiken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misbruiken","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of verzet","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of heerschen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heerschen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"heerschen","lemma":"heersen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on misbruiken","gloss":"hold sway"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb","gloss":"that is why"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"not one"},{"surface":"gerust","lemma":"gerust","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies oogenblik","gloss":"untroubled"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h18-s27","source":"Ik had dit alles voor u willen verbergen om u en mevrouw niet angstig te maken, en bepaalde my dus tot het bewaken van tuin en erf, opdat geen vreemden toegang zouden hebben tot de keuken.","translation":"\"I had wanted to keep all this from you, so as not to alarm you and your wife, and so I confined myself to guarding the garden and grounds, that no strangers might gain access to the kitchen.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik had dit alles voor u willen verbergen","title":"Pluperfect modal: had ... willen verbergen","body":"had ... willen verbergen is a pluperfect with a modal ('had wanted to hide'); the modal willen appears as a bare infinitive (Ersatzinfinitiv) rather than a participle, with verbergen at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"opdat geen vreemden toegang zouden hebben","title":"opdat purpose + zou","body":"opdat ('so that') opens a purpose clause sending zouden hebben to the end; geen negates the indefinite plural vreemden ('no strangers')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had and bepaalde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of willen verbergen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"modifies alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of verbergen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"oblique complement of verbergen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had governing verbergen","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"verbergen","lemma":"verbergen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"to keep hidden"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the purpose clause with maken","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates u and mevrouw","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of maken","gloss":"your wife"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates maken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"angstig","lemma":"angstig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of maken","gloss":"anxious"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links had willen verbergen and bepaalde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bepaalde","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"confined"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of bepaalde","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bepaalde","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bewaken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"nominalizes bewaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bewaken","lemma":"bewaken","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"oblique complement of bepaalde","gloss":"guarding"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the objects of bewaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates tuin and erf","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"opdat","lemma":"opdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause with zouden hebben","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of vreemden","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"vreemden","lemma":"vreemde","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"subject of zouden hebben","gloss":"strangers"},{"surface":"toegang","lemma":"toegang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"access"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the opdat-clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking keuken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of keuken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keuken","lemma":"keuken","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of toegang","gloss":"kitchen"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h18-s28","source":"Nu werd het Tine duidelyk waarom mevrouw Slotering haar eigen huishouding was blyven voeren, en zelfs geen gebruik had willen maken van de keuken \"die toch zoo ruim was.\"","translation":"Now it became clear to Tine why Mevrouw Slotering had gone on running her own household, and had refused even to make use of the kitchen, \"which was, after all, so spacious.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nu werd het Tine duidelyk waarom ...","title":"Impersonal het + fronted nu","body":"The fronted nu forces inversion (werd het...), and het is the impersonal/anticipatory subject pointing forward to the waarom-clause: 'now it became clear why...'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"haar eigen huishouding was blyven voeren","title":"Pluperfect with blijven + bare infinitive","body":"was blyven voeren ('had gone on running') chains the aspectual blijven ('to keep doing') with a bare infinitive voeren, all inside a pluperfect with zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werd","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular, expletive","role":"formal subject of werd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of werd duidelyk","gloss":"to Tine"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of werd","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the subject clause of werd duidelyk","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title accompanying Slotering","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of was blyven voeren and had willen maken","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of huishouding","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies huishouding","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"huishouding","lemma":"huishouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voeren","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of blyven voeren","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"aspectual verb, infinitive","role":"aspectual complement of was governing voeren","gloss":"gone on"},{"surface":"voeren","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of blyven","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two predicates of Slotering","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geen gebruik","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of gebruik","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of willen maken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had governing maken","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking keuken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of keuken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keuken","lemma":"keuken","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gebruik maken","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was ruim","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of ruim","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ruim","lemma":"ruim","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"spacious"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on keuken","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h18-s29","source":"Havelaar liet den kontroleur roepen.","translation":"Havelaar had the controller summoned.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar liet den kontroleur roepen","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"liet ... roepen is causative laten ('had summoned') with the bare infinitive roepen. den kontroleur carries the old accusative article den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"causative verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine accusative","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"understood object of roepen in the causative construction","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of liet","gloss":"summoned"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h18-s30","source":"Intusschen richtte hy aan den geneesheer te Serang, een verzoek om opgave der verschynselen by Sloterings dood.","translation":"Meanwhile he addressed to the physician at Serang a request for an account of the symptoms attending Slotering's death.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Intusschen richtte hy aan den geneesheer ... een verzoek","title":"Fronted adverb + dative den","body":"Intusschen ('meanwhile') fronts the clause, so richtte stands before hy. aan den geneesheer shows the dative recipient with den; geneesheer is a formal word for 'physician'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om opgave der verschynselen","title":"Genitive der","body":"der verschynselen ('of the symptoms') is the genitive plural article der, formal 1860 usage where modern Dutch would write van de verschijnselen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Intusschen","lemma":"intussen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies richtte","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"richtte","lemma":"richten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of richtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geneesheer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine dative","role":"determiner of geneesheer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geneesheer","lemma":"geneesheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of richtte","gloss":"physician"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Serang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"postmodifier of geneesheer","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of verzoek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of richtte","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opgave","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"opgave","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verzoek","gloss":"an account"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of verschynselen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"verschynselen","lemma":"verschijnsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of opgave","gloss":"symptoms"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dood","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Sloterings","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of dood","gloss":"Slotering's"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of by","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h18-s31","source":"Het antwoord dat hy op deze vraag bekwam, was niet in den geest der vermoedens van de weduw.","translation":"The answer he obtained to this question was not in keeping with the widow's suspicions.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het antwoord dat hy ... bekwam, was niet in den geest der vermoedens","title":"Relative dat + genitive der","body":"antwoord is a het-word, so its relative is dat; the clause ends with bekwam ('obtained'). der vermoedens is again the genitive ('of the suspicions')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of bekwam","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of bekwam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vraag","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bekwam","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"bekwam","lemma":"bekomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on antwoord","gloss":"obtained","note":"Bekomen here has the older sense ‘obtain,’ rather than modern Dutch ‘agree with’ or ‘recover.’"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was in den geest","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative phrase in den geest","gloss":"in","note":"In den geest van means ‘in keeping with’ or ‘in the spirit of.’"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine dative","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of vermoedens","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vermoedens","lemma":"vermoeden","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of geest","gloss":"suspicions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weduw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of weduw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weduw","lemma":"weduwe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessive complement of vermoedens","gloss":"widow"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h18-s32","source":"Volgens den arts was Slotering gestorven aan een \"abcès in de lever.\" Het is me niet gebleken of zoodanige kwaal zich zoo kan openbaren op-eenmaal, en den dood veroorzaken in weinige uren?","translation":"According to the physician, Slotering had died of an \"abscess on the liver.\" It has not become clear to me whether such an ailment can declare itself so suddenly, all at once, and bring on death within a few hours.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het is me niet gebleken of zoodanige kwaal zich ... kan openbaren","title":"Impersonal het + reflexive openbaren","body":"het is ... gebleken ('it has become clear') uses impersonal het; the of-clause then sends kan to the end. zich openbaren ('to manifest itself') is reflexive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"op-eenmaal","title":"op-eenmaal — all at once","body":"op eenmaal (modern opeens / ineens) means 'suddenly, all at once'. The hyphenation is one of Multatuli's many period spellings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Volgens","lemma":"volgens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arts","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine dative","role":"determiner of arts","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arts","lemma":"arts","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of Volgens","gloss":"physician"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of was gestorven","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking abcès","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of abcès","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"abcès","lemma":"abces","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gestorven","gloss":"abscess"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lever","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of lever","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lever","lemma":"lever","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"liver"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular, expletive","role":"formal subject of is gebleken","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebleken","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of gebleken","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gebleken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gebleken","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"become clear"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"demonstrative adjective, attributive","role":"modifies kwaal","gloss":"such an"},{"surface":"kwaal","lemma":"kwaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kan openbaren and veroorzaken","gloss":"ailment"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of openbaren","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies openbaren","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of openbaren and veroorzaken","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"openbaren","lemma":"openbaren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first complement of kan","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"op eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies openbaren","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates openbaren and veroorzaken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine accusative","role":"determiner of dood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of veroorzaken","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"veroorzaken","lemma":"veroorzaken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"second complement of kan","gloss":"bring on"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uren","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"modifies uren","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"uren","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of veroorzaken","gloss":"hours"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h18-s33","source":"Ik geloof hier te moeten achtslaan op de verklaring van mevrouw Slotering dat haar echtgenoot vroeger altyd gezond geweest was. Doch als men geen waarde hecht aan zoodanige verklaring--omdat de opvatting van 't begrip: gezondheid, vooral in de oogen van niet-geneeskundigen, zeer onderwerpelyk is--blyft toch de gewichtige vraag bestaan, of iemand die heden sterft aan een \"abcès in de lever\" zich gister kon te-paard zetten met het doel om een bergachtige landstreek te inspekteeren die in sommige richtingen twintig uren breed is?","translation":"I believe I am bound here to take account of Mevrouw Slotering's statement that her husband had always been healthy before. Yet even if one attaches no value to such a statement — because the notion of what counts as health, especially in the eyes of laymen, is highly subjective — there still remains the weighty question of whether a man who today dies of an \"abscess on the liver\" could yesterday have mounted a horse with the aim of inspecting a mountainous tract of country that in some directions is twenty hours wide.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik geloof hier te moeten achtslaan op de verklaring","title":"te + modal infinitive (te moeten)","body":"geloof governs te moeten achtslaan ('believe I am bound to take account of'), a te-infinitive with the modal moeten nested. achtslaan op is a separable-fixed combination."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch als men geen waarde hecht ... blyft toch de gewichtige vraag bestaan","title":"Archaic doch + conditional als","body":"doch is an archaic/literary 'yet, but'. After the heavy als-clause the main clause inverts to blyft ... de vraag bestaan. geen negates the indefinite waarde."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand die heden sterft ... zich gister kon te-paard zetten","title":"Relative die + reflexive zich zetten","body":"die opens the relative on iemand. Inside the of-clause, zich te-paard zetten ('mount a horse', lit. set oneself on horseback) is reflexive, governed by the modal kon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achtslaan","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive moeten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of achtslaan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"achtslaan","lemma":"acht slaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moeten","gloss":"take account"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes the expression acht slaan op","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verklaring","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verklaring","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of achtslaan","gloss":"statement"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of verklaring","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Mrs"},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of verklaring","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of echtgenoot","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"echtgenoot","lemma":"echtgenoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweest was","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweest was","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"gezond","lemma":"gezond","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"healthy"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"part of the perfect copula geweest was","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the preceding and following sentences","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hecht","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hecht","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarde","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"waarde","lemma":"waarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in waarde hechten aan","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"hecht","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"attaches"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes the expression waarde hechten aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies verklaring","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"verklaring","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of hecht","gloss":"statement"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining the condition","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opvatting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opvatting","lemma":"opvatting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"conception"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of opvatting","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begrip","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begrip","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"concept"},{"surface":"gezondheid","lemma":"gezondheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition specifying begrip","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase in de oogen","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of oogen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"niet-geneeskundigen","lemma":"niet-geneeskundige","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"laypeople"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderwerpelyk","gloss":"highly"},{"surface":"onderwerpelyk","lemma":"onderwerpelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"subjective"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking opvatting to onderwerpelyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb with bestaan","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyft bestaan","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewichtige","lemma":"gewichtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vraag","gloss":"weighty"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blyft bestaan","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of blyft","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of vraag","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kon zetten","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sterft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"heden","lemma":"heden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterft","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"sterft","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause on iemand","gloss":"dies"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause of sterft","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of abcès","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"abcès","lemma":"abces","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"abscess"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of abcès","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lever","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lever","lemma":"lever","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"liver"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of zetten","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"gister","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kon zetten","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zetten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"te-paard","lemma":"te paard","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of zetten","gloss":"on horseback"},{"surface":"zetten","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive inspekteeren","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landstreek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bergachtige","lemma":"bergachtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies landstreek","gloss":"mountainous"},{"surface":"landstreek","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of inspekteeren","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive inspekteeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"inspekteeren","lemma":"inspecteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in the purpose clause","gloss":"inspect"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking richtingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of richtingen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"richtingen","lemma":"richting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"directions"},{"surface":"twintig","lemma":"twintig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies uren","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"uren","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure complement of breed","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"breed","lemma":"breed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking die to breed","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h18-s34","source":"De arts die Slotering behandelde kan een bekwaam geneesheer geweest zyn, en zich niettemin vergist hebben in 't beoordeelen van de verschynselen der ziekte, onvoorbereid als hy was op 't vermoeden van misdaad.","translation":"The physician who treated Slotering may have been a capable doctor, and may nonetheless have erred in judging the symptoms of the illness, unprepared as he was for the suspicion of foul play.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kan ... geweest zyn, en zich niettemin vergist hebben","title":"Modal kan + two perfect infinitives","body":"kan governs two perfect infinitives at the clause end: geweest zyn ('have been') and zich ... vergist hebben ('have erred'), the second reflexive. This stacks the modal over the perfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"onvoorbereid als hy was","title":"Concessive 'unprepared as he was'","body":"The fronted predicate onvoorbereid with als hy was is a concessive turn ('unprepared as he was'), where als links the adjective to a verb-final clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of arts","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"arts","lemma":"arts","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kan zyn and kan hebben","gloss":"physician"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of behandelde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of behandelde","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"behandelde","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause on arts","gloss":"treated"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn and hebben","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geneesheer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bekwaam","lemma":"bekwaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geneesheer","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"geneesheer","lemma":"geneesheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"part of the perfect copula geweest zyn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates geweest zyn and zich vergist hebben","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vergist","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"niettemin","lemma":"niettemin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vergist","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"vergist","lemma":"vergissen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by hebben","gloss":"mistaken"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan and auxiliary of vergist","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the activity in which he erred","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beoordeelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beoordeelen","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of beoordeelen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verschynselen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verschynselen","lemma":"verschijnsel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"symptoms"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"genitive determiner of ziekte","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ziekte","lemma":"ziekte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of verschynselen","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"onvoorbereid","lemma":"onvoorbereid","morphology":"adjective","role":"supplementary predicate of arts","gloss":"unprepared"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the inverted comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to onvoorbereid","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces what he was unprepared for","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vermoeden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vermoeden","lemma":"vermoeden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of vermoeden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"misdaad","lemma":"misdaad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"foul play"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h18-s35","source":"Hoe dit zy, ik kan niet bewyzen dat Havelaars voorganger vergiftigd was, daar men Havelaar den tyd niet heeft gelaten deze zaak tot klaarheid te brengen. Doch wel kan ik bewyzen dat zyn omgeving hem voor vergiftigd hield, en dat men dit vermoeden vastknoopte aan zyn zucht om onrecht te-keer te gaan.","translation":"Be that as it may, I cannot prove that Havelaar's predecessor was poisoned, for Havelaar was not given the time to bring this matter to light. Yet I can indeed prove that those around him held him to have been poisoned, and that this suspicion was bound up with his eagerness to take a stand against injustice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe dit zy","title":"Archaic subjunctive 'be that as it may'","body":"Hoe dit zy is a fixed concessive with the present subjunctive zy ('be it as it may'), a frozen literary formula. zy is the old subjunctive of zijn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar men Havelaar den tyd niet heeft gelaten ... te brengen","title":"Causal daar + te-infinitive","body":"daar ('since') opens a verb-final clause; the impersonal men ('one') is the subject. den tyd ... te brengen ('the time to bring') shows den plus a trailing te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch wel kan ik bewyzen dat ... men dit vermoeden vastknoopte","title":"doch + separable vastknopen","body":"doch wel ('yet I can indeed') fronts and inverts (kan ik). In the dat-clause vastknoopte ('bound up') is the past of separable vastknopen, here whole because it is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the concessive formula hoe dit zy","gloss":"However"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zy","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of the concessive formula hoe dit zy","gloss":"may be"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bewyzen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bewyzen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewyzen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of bewyzen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"possessive modifier of voorganger","gloss":"Havelaar’s"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was vergiftigd","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"vergiftigd","lemma":"vergiftigen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the perfect passive","gloss":"poisoned"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vergiftigd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelaten","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of heeft gelaten","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft gelaten","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelaten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelaten","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gelaten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by heeft","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the expression tot klaarheid brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"klaarheid","lemma":"klaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"clarity"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gelaten","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the preceding and following sentences","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the affirmative claim","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bewyzen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bewyzen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hield","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of omgeving","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"omgeving","lemma":"omgeving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement vergiftigd","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"vergiftigd","lemma":"vergiftigen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"predicative complement of hield","gloss":"poisoned"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the object clause","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two object clauses of bewyzen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vastknoopte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vastknoopte","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vermoeden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"vermoeden","lemma":"vermoeden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vastknoopte","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"vastknoopte","lemma":"vastknopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the second object clause","gloss":"linked"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of vastknoopte","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of zucht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vastknoopte","gloss":"eagerness"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause modifying zucht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of the expression te-keer gaan","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"te-keer","lemma":"te keer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the expression te-keer gaan","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive gaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in the clause modifying zucht","gloss":"act"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h18-s36","source":"De kontroleur Verbrugge trad de kamer van Havelaar binnen.","translation":"The controller Verbrugge stepped into Havelaar's room.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"trad de kamer ... binnen","title":"Separable binnentreden","body":"binnentreden ('to enter') splits in the main clause: finite trad second, prefix binnen stranded at the end, around the object de kamer van Havelaar."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of trad","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to kontroleur","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"trad","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb binnentreden","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kamer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of binnentrad","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of kamer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing binnentrad","gloss":"entered"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h18-s37","source":"Deze vroeg kortaf:","translation":"The latter asked curtly:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Deze vroeg kortaf","title":"Demonstrative deze = 'the latter'","body":"Deze ('the latter / this one') picks out the most recently named man — Havelaar, who has just been mentioned — as the subject of vroeg. Dutch uses the near demonstrative to resume a recent referent without repeating the name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"The latter"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"kortaf","lemma":"kortaf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vroeg","gloss":"curtly"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h18-s38","source":"--Waaraan is m'nheer Slotering gestorven?","translation":"\"What did Mijnheer Slotering die of?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waaraan is m'nheer Slotering gestorven?","title":"Pronominal adverb waaraan","body":"waaraan ('of/from what') fuses the question-word with aan, the way Dutch asks 'what did he die of'. is ... gestorven is the perfect of sterven with zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"interrogative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gestorven","gloss":"What of"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"title preceding Slotering","gloss":"Mr","note":"An informal contraction of mijnheer, meaning “Mr.”"},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to m’nheer","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by is","gloss":"die"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h18-s39","source":"--Dat weet ik niet.","translation":"\"That I do not know.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s39.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h18-s40","source":"--Is hy vergiftigd?","translation":"\"Was he poisoned?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vergiftigd","gloss":"Was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is vergiftigd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vergiftigd","lemma":"vergiftigen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the passive construction","gloss":"poisoned"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h18-s41","source":"--Dat weet ik niet, maar ...","translation":"\"That I do not know, but ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an unfinished contrasting clause","gloss":"but"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h18-s42","source":"--Spreek duidelyk, Verbrugge!","translation":"\"Speak plainly, Verbrugge!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s42.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Spreek","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Speak"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Spreek","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h18-s43","source":"--Maar hy trachtte de misbruiken te-keer te gaan, zooals u, m'nheer Havelaar, en ... en ...","translation":"\"But he tried to take a stand against the abuses, as you do, Mijnheer Havelaar, and ... and ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy trachtte de misbruiken te-keer te gaan","title":"trachten te + idiom tegengaan","body":"trachtte ... te gaan governs a te-infinitive; te-keer gaan (modern tegengaan / te keer gaan) means 'to counter, take a stand against'. zooals u = 'as you do'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting statement","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trachtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"trachtte","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misbruiken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misbruiken","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of the expression te-keer gaan","gloss":"abuses"},{"surface":"te-keer","lemma":"te keer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the expression te-keer gaan","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive gaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of trachtte","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an elliptical comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of the understood verb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"title preceding Havelaar","gloss":"Mr","note":"An informal contraction of mijnheer, meaning “Mr.”"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to m’nheer","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"marks the start of an unfinished continuation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"repeats the unfinished coordination","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h18-s44","source":"--Welnu? Ga voort?","translation":"\"Well? Go on?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s44.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent discourse marker","gloss":"Well then"},{"surface":"Ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb voortgaan","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing Ga","gloss":"continue"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h18-s45","source":"--Ik ben overtuigd dat hy ... zou vergiftigd geworden zyn als hy langer hier was gebleven.","translation":"\"I am convinced that he ... would have been poisoned had he stayed here any longer.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy ... zou vergiftigd geworden zyn als hy langer hier was gebleven","title":"Conditional perfect passive + pluperfect","body":"zou ... geworden zyn is the conditional of the perfect worden-passive ('would have been poisoned'); the als-clause uses the pluperfect was gebleven ('had he stayed'). A full counterfactual."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"copula linking Ik to overtuigd","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"overtuigd","lemma":"overtuigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zou","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of vergiftigd geworden zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"vergiftigd","lemma":"vergiftigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical participle in the passive construction","gloss":"poisoned"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive auxiliary governed by zijn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual clause of gebleven","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was gebleven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies gebleven","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebleven","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gebleven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gebleven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the als-clause","gloss":"stayed"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h18-s46","source":"--Schryf dat op! Verbrugge heeft die woorden opgeschreven.","translation":"\"Write that down!\" Verbrugge wrote those words down.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Schryf dat op!","title":"Imperative of separable opschrijven","body":"schryf ... op is the imperative of separable opschrijven ('write down'): the bare stem schryf commands, the prefix op trails the object. The narration then uses the perfect heeft ... opgeschreven."}],"words":[{"surface":"Schryf","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of Schryf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of Schryf, completing opschrijven","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of heeft opgeschreven","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of opgeschreven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"direct object of opgeschreven","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"opgeschreven","lemma":"opschrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"written down"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h18-s47","source":"Zyn verklaring, ligt voor my!","translation":"His statement lies before me!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verklaring","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"verklaring","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"statement"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement my","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h18-s48","source":"--Nog iets. Is 't wáár of is 't niet waar dat er gekneveld wordt in Lebak?","translation":"\"One more thing. Is it true, or is it not true, that there is extortion going on in Lebak?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er gekneveld wordt in Lebak","title":"Impersonal worden-passive","body":"er gekneveld wordt is a subjectless passive ('that extortion is going on'), where er fills the subject slot and worden + participle gives the process. knevelen = 'to extort, oppress'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of the elliptical phrase Nog iets","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking 't to wáár","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, contracted","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wáár","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative, emphatic","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two alternative questions","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking 't to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, contracted","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of waar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the impersonal passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gekneveld","lemma":"knevelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the impersonal passive","gloss":"extorted"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gekneveld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place complement Lebak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h18-s49","source":"Verbrugge antwoordde niet.","translation":"Verbrugge did not answer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates antwoordde","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h18-s50","source":"--Antwoord, Verbrugge!","translation":"\"Answer, Verbrugge!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s50.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Antwoord","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"Answer"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h18-s51","source":"--Ik durf niet. --Schryf 't op, dat je niet durft!","translation":"\"I dare not.\" \"Write it down, that you dare not!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Schryf 't op, dat je niet durft!","title":"Imperative + dat-clause verb-final","body":"Imperative schryf ... op (separable), then the dat-clause sends durft to the end: 'that you dare not'. je marks the intimate 'you' Havelaar uses with Verbrugge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of durf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"durf","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates durf","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Schryf","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"Write"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, object form, contracted","role":"direct object of Schryf","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of Schryf, completing opschrijven","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of Schryf op","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of durft","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates durft","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"durft","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"dare"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h18-s52","source":"Verbrugge heeft het opgeschreven: het ligt voor my. --Wèl!","translation":"Verbrugge has written it down: it lies before me. \"Well!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s52.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of heeft opgeschreven","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of opgeschreven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"direct object of opgeschreven","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"opgeschreven","lemma":"opschrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"written down"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement my","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection, emphatic","role":"standalone response","gloss":"Well"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h18-s53","source":"Nog iets: je durft niet antwoorden op de laatste vraag, maar je zei me onlangs, toen er spraak was van vergiftiging, dat je de eenige steun was van je zusters te Batavia, niet waar? Ligt dáárin misschien de oorzaak van je vrees, de grond van wat ik altyd halfheid noemde?","translation":"\"One more thing: you dare not answer the last question, but you told me recently, when there was talk of poisoning, that you were the sole support of your sisters at Batavia, did you not? Does the cause of your fear lie there, perhaps — the ground of what I have always called half-heartedness?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je zei me onlangs, toen er spraak was van vergiftiging, dat ...","title":"Nested toen-clause inside reported speech","body":"The inserted toen-clause (er spraak was) interrupts the main clause; toen + imperfect marks a single past moment. The je-forms throughout signal informal address."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ligt dáárin misschien de oorzaak ... ?","title":"Pronominal adverb daarin + inversion","body":"daarin ('therein') fronts a yes/no question with inversion (Ligt ... de oorzaak). The daar- + preposition compound replaces 'in that'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of the elliptical phrase Nog iets","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of durft","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"durft","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates antwoorden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"antwoorden","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of durft","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement vraag","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies vraag","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links durft and zei","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, second person singular","role":"main verb coordinated with durft","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"indirect object of zei","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"onlangs","lemma":"onlangs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the clause er spraak was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the toen-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement vergiftiging","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vergiftiging","lemma":"vergiftiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"poisoning"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of steun","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies steun","gloss":"sole"},{"surface":"steun","lemma":"steun","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"support"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, second person singular","role":"copula linking je to steun","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement zusters","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zusters","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"zusters","lemma":"zuster","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"sisters"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place complement Batavia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the tag question waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"head of the tag question niet waar","gloss":"true","note":"The tag niet waar? means “is that not so?” or “did you not?”"},{"surface":"Ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Does lie"},{"surface":"dáárin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb, emphatic","role":"locative complement of Ligt","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ligt","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of Ligt","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement vrees","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vrees","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to oorzaak","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the free relative clause wat ik altyd halfheid noemde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of noemde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noemde","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"halfheid","lemma":"halfheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of wat","gloss":"half-heartedness"},{"surface":"noemde","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the free relative clause","gloss":"called"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h18-s54","source":"--Ja!","translation":"\"Yes!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s54.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"standalone response","gloss":"Yes"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h18-s55","source":"--Schryf dat op.","translation":"\"Write that down.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s55.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Schryf","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"Write"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of Schryf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of Schryf, completing opschrijven","gloss":"down"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h18-s56","source":"Verbrugge schreef het op: zyn verklaring ligt voor my!","translation":"Verbrugge wrote it down: his statement lies before me!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"direct object of schreef","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of schreef, completing opschrijven","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verklaring","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verklaring","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"statement"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement my","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h18-s57","source":"--'t Is wèl, zei Havelaar, nu weet ik genoeg. En Verbrugge kon gaan.","translation":"\"Very well,\" said Havelaar, \"now I know enough.\" And Verbrugge was free to go.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En Verbrugge kon gaan","title":"Modal kon + bare infinitive","body":"kon gaan ('was free to go / could go') is the modal kunnen in the imperfect plus the bare infinitive gaan — no te."}],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, contracted","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula in the expression 't is wèl","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"reporting verb for the quoted speech","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kon","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gaan","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kon","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h18-s58","source":"Havelaar trad naar buiten en speelde met kleinen Max dien hy met byzondere innigheid kuste.","translation":"Havelaar stepped outside and played with little Max, whom he kissed with particular tenderness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"speelde met kleinen Max dien hy ... kuste","title":"Case-marked dien + adjective -en","body":"dien is the old accusative of the relative die ('whom'), and kleinen carries the old masculine accusative -en — both visible case-remnants agreeing with the object Max."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of trad and speelde","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"trad","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the directional complement buiten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of naar","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links trad and speelde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"speelde","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb coordinated with trad","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement Max","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, object form","role":"direct object of kuste","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kuste","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner complement innigheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"byzondere","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies innigheid","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"innigheid","lemma":"innigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"kuste","lemma":"kussen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"kissed"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h18-s59","source":"Toen mevrouw Slotering vertrokken was, zond hy 't kind weg en riep Tine in zyn kamer.","translation":"When Mevrouw Slotering had gone, he sent the child away and called Tine into his room.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen mevrouw Slotering vertrokken was, zond hy 't kind weg","title":"toen-clause + separable wegzenden","body":"The toen-clause ends with vertrokken was (pluperfect of vertrekken, which takes zijn). The main clause inverts and uses separable wegzenden — finite zond, prefix weg at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of was vertrokken","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, title, singular","role":"title modifying Slotering","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of was vertrokken","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"vertrokken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of vertrokken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zond","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the first main clause","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zond and riep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zond","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zond, completing wegzenden","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zond and riep","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb coordinated with zond","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of riep","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the directional complement kamer","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kamer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h18-s60","source":"--Lieve Tine, ik heb je een verzoek te doen!","translation":"\"Dear Tine, I have a request to make of you!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb je een verzoek te doen","title":"hebben te + te-infinitive","body":"hebben ... te doen ('have a request to make') expresses obligation/intent with te + infinitive, the verb closing the clause. je is the intimate indirect object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"vocative modifier of Tine","gloss":"Dear"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"indirect object of doen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of verzoek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival modifier of verzoek","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h18-s61","source":"Ik wenschte dat je met Max naar Batavia ging: ik klaag heden den Regent aan.","translation":"I should wish you to go to Batavia with Max: I am bringing charges against the Regent today.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wenschte dat je met Max naar Batavia ging","title":"Imperfect for a softened wish","body":"wenschte ('I should wish') and the past ging in the dat-clause are unreal/optative pasts — Dutch uses the imperfect to soften a wish, much like English 'I wished you would go'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wenschte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"should wish"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of wenschte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the accompaniment Max","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the directional complement Batavia","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, second person singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of klaag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"klaag","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb aanklagen","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"heden","lemma":"heden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klaag aan","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine object form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, title","role":"direct object of klaag aan","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of klaag, completing aanklagen","gloss":"bring charges against"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h18-s62","source":"En ze viel hem om den hals, en was ongehoorzaam voor het eerst, en riep snikkende:","translation":"And she fell upon his neck, and for the first time was disobedient, and cried out, sobbing:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze viel hem om den hals","title":"Idiom + accusative den","body":"iemand om de hals vallen means 'to throw one's arms around someone's neck'; den hals shows the old accusative article. viel is the strong past of vallen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"riep snikkende","title":"Present participle snikkende","body":"snikkende ('sobbing') is the -end(e) present participle used adverbially with riep ('cried out, sobbing') to name a simultaneous action."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of viel","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of viel, was, and riep","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object in the expression hem om den hals vallen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement hals","gloss":"around","note":"The expression iemand om de hals vallen means “to throw one’s arms around someone’s neck.”"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine object form","role":"determiner of hals","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links viel and was","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking ze to ongehoorzaam","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ongehoorzaam","lemma":"ongehoorzaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"disobedient"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the adverbial phrase voor het eerst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"part of the adverbial phrase voor het eerst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"head of the adverbial phrase voor het eerst","gloss":"first time"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links was and riep","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the final coordinated clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"snikkende","lemma":"snikken","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial modifier of riep","gloss":"sobbing"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h18-s63","source":"--Neen Max, neen Max, dat doe ik niet ... dat doe ik niet!","translation":"\"No, Max, no, Max, I will not do that ... I will not do that!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat doe ik niet","title":"Fronted object + V2 inversion + niet","body":"The object dat fronts, forcing the subject ik after the finite doe (verb-second). niet negates the verb: 'that I will not do'. The doubling intensifies the refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection addressing Max","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated interjection addressing Max","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doe","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the repeated clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doe","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h18-s64","source":"Wy eten en drinken tezamen!","translation":"We eat and drink together!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wy eten en drinken tezamen","title":"Present tense for resolve; wy","body":"The plain present eten ... drinken ('we eat and drink') states a vowed fact rather than a future event. wy is the period spelling of wij ('we')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person plural, nominative","role":"subject of eten and drinken","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"eten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, present, first-person plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"drinken","lemma":"drinken","morphology":"verb, present, first-person plural","role":"coordinated with eten","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"tezamen","lemma":"tezamen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eten and drinken","gloss":"together"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h18-s65","source":"Had Havelaar ongelyk toen hy beweerde dat zy evenmin recht had op neussnuiten als de vrouwen te Arles?","translation":"Was Havelaar wrong when he maintained that she had no more right to blow her nose than the women of Arles?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Had Havelaar ongelyk toen hy beweerde dat zy ... recht had","title":"Inverted yes/no question + nested clauses","body":"A question begins with the finite Had before the subject. The toen-clause (beweerde) and then the dat-clause (recht had) each send their verb to the end — a tidy three-layer subordination."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"evenmin recht had op neussnuiten als","title":"Comparison of equality evenmin ... als","body":"evenmin ... als ('no more ... than') is a negative correlative comparison. neussnuiten ('nose-blowing') is a nominalized infinitive used as a noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"ongelyk","lemma":"ongelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of had","gloss":"wrong","note":"Historical spelling of modern ongelijk."},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beweerde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of beweerde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"beweerde","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"evenmin","lemma":"evenmin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"no more"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neussnuiten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"neussnuiten","lemma":"neussnuiten","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"blowing her nose","note":"Here neussnuiten means the act of blowing one's nose."},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with vrouwen","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"standard of comparison after als","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Arles","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Arles","lemma":"Arles","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Arles"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h18-s66","source":"Hy schreef en verzond den brief waarvan ik hier een afschrift geef.","translation":"He wrote and sent off the letter of which I give a copy here.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den brief waarvan ik hier een afschrift geef","title":"Pronominal adverb waarvan","body":"waarvan ('of which') again replaces 'van welke', the idiomatic relative for things. den brief carries the old accusative article."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of schreef and verzond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verzond","lemma":"verzenden","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with schreef","gloss":"sent off"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schreef and verzond","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"complement of afschrift: of which","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geef","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afschrift","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"afschrift","lemma":"afschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geef","gloss":"copy"},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on brief","gloss":"give"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h18-s67","source":"Nadat ik eenigszins de omstandigheden heb geschetst, waarin dit stuk geschreven werd, geloof ik niet noodig te hebben op de kordate plichtsvervulling te wyzen die daarin doorstraalt, evenmin als op de zachtmoedigheid die Havelaar bewoog den Regent in bescherming te nemen tegen al te zware straf. Doch niet zoo overbodig zal 't wezen, daarby zyn omzichtigheid te doen opmerken die hem geen woord deed uiten over de pas gedane ontdekking om niet het stellige zyner aanklacht te verzwakken door onzekerheid omtrent een wel belangryke, maar nog onbewezen beschuldiging.","translation":"Having sketched out somewhat the circumstances in which this document was written, I think I need not point out the resolute fulfillment of duty that shines through it, any more than the gentleness that moved Havelaar to take the Regent under his protection against too heavy a punishment. Yet it will not be so superfluous to draw attention here to the circumspection that led him to utter not a word about the discovery just made, so as not to weaken the firmness of his accusation through uncertainty about a charge that, however serious, was as yet unproven.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nadat ik ... heb geschetst, ... geloof ik niet noodig te hebben ... te wyzen","title":"nadat-clause + te-infinitive complement","body":"nadat ('after') opens a verb-final clause (heb geschetst). The main clause then nests te-infinitives: noodig te hebben ... te wyzen ('need not point out'), the te-infinitive governed by a predicate adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de zachtmoedigheid die Havelaar bewoog den Regent in bescherming te nemen","title":"Relative die + bewegen te","body":"die opens the relative on de zachtmoedigheid; bewoog ... te nemen is bewegen ('to move someone') governing a te-infinitive. den Regent shows the accusative article."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die hem geen woord deed uiten","title":"Causative doen + bare infinitive","body":"deed uiten is causative doen ('made him utter not a word') with a bare infinitive. geen negates the indefinite woord ('not a word')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geschetst","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geschetst","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschetst","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omstandigheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of geschetst","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschetst","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"geschetst","lemma":"schetsen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"adverbial clause on geloof","gloss":"sketched"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of geschreven","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive geschreven","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause on omstandigheden","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of hebben","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of geloof","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed verb wijzen op","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plichtsvervulling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kordate","lemma":"kordaat","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies plichtsvervulling","gloss":"resolute"},{"surface":"plichtsvervulling","lemma":"plichtsvervulling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"fulfillment of duty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of wijzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wyzen","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hebben","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of doorstraalt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doorstraalt","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"doorstraalt","lemma":"doorstralen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on plichtsvervulling","gloss":"shines through"},{"surface":"evenmin","lemma":"evenmin","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms the comparison evenmin als","gloss":"no more"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"second element of evenmin als","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zachtmoedigheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zachtmoedigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zachtmoedigheid","lemma":"zachtmoedigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op, parallel to plichtsvervulling","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bewoog","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewoog","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"bewoog","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on zachtmoedigheid","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bescherming","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"bescherming","lemma":"bescherming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in in the idiom in bescherming nemen","gloss":"protection"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of nemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of bewoog","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking straf","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies te in al te zware","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zware","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zware","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies straf","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"straf","lemma":"straf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the second sentence with the first","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overbodig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overbodig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"overbodig","lemma":"overbodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"superfluous"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of overbodig","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies doen opmerken","gloss":"in this connection"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of omzichtigheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"omzichtigheid","lemma":"omzichtigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opmerken","gloss":"circumspection"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the extraposed infinitival subject represented by 't","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"opmerken","lemma":"opmerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of doen","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, object","role":"object of deed and understood subject of uiten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uiten","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on omzichtigheid","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"uiten","lemma":"uiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of deed","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontdekking","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontdekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedane","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"gedane","lemma":"doen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies ontdekking","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"ontdekking","lemma":"ontdekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"discovery"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause om ... te verzwakken","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verzwakken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stellige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stellige","lemma":"stellig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of verzwakken","gloss":"firmness","note":"Het stellige means the firmness or certainty of something."},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of aanklacht","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"aanklacht","lemma":"aanklacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement modifying stellige","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of verzwakken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzwakken","lemma":"verzwakken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"weaken"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onzekerheid","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"onzekerheid","lemma":"onzekerheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"uncertainty"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschuldiging","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschuldiging","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of belangryke","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"belangryke","lemma":"belangrijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beschuldiging","gloss":"serious","note":"Historical spelling of modern belangrijke."},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts belangryke with onbewezen","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onbewezen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"onbewezen","lemma":"onbewezen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beschuldiging","gloss":"unproven"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of omtrent","gloss":"charge"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h18-s68","source":"Zyn voornemen was, 't lyk van zyn voorganger te doen opgraven en wetenschappelyk onderzoeken, zoodra de Regent zou verwyderd zyn, en diens aanhang onschadelyk gemaakt. Maar men heeft hem hiertoe de gelegenheid niet gelaten.","translation":"His intention was to have his predecessor's body exhumed and examined scientifically, as soon as the Regent had been removed and his following rendered harmless. But the opportunity to do so was not granted him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyn voornemen was, 't lyk ... te doen opgraven en ... onderzoeken","title":"Causative doen in a te-infinitive","body":"te doen opgraven ('to have exhumed') is causative doen plus a bare infinitive, all inside a te-infinitive that names Havelaar's intention. zyn = his (period spelling)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoodra de Regent zou verwyderd zyn, en diens aanhang onschadelyk gemaakt","title":"zodra-clause + conditional perfect passive","body":"zoodra ('as soon as') sends the verb to the end; zou verwyderd zyn is a future-perfect-in-the-past passive ('would have been removed'). diens is the genitive demonstrative 'his / the latter's'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men heeft hem hiertoe de gelegenheid niet gelaten","title":"Pronominal adverb hiertoe + impersonal men","body":"hiertoe ('to this end') is a hier- + preposition compound. men ('one') is the impersonal subject for an agentless statement: 'the opportunity was not granted him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of voornemen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking voornemen to the infinitive clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lyk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lyk","lemma":"lijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of opgraven and onderzoeken","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorganger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of voorganger","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"opgraven","lemma":"opgraven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of doen","gloss":"exhumed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wetenschappelyk","lemma":"wetenschappelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderzoeken","gloss":"scientifically","note":"Historical spelling of modern wetenschappelijk."},{"surface":"onderzoeken","lemma":"onderzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with opgraven","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of zou verwijderd zijn","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verwyderd","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"verwyderd","lemma":"verwijderen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle governed by zou zijn","gloss":"removed","note":"Historical spelling of modern verwijderd."},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"diens","lemma":"die","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of aanhang","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aanhang","lemma":"aanhang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical passive gemaakt","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"onschadelyk","lemma":"onschadelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of gemaakt","gloss":"harmless","note":"Historical spelling of modern onschadelijk."},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with verwijderd; auxiliary zijn is omitted","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gelaten","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelaten","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelaten","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, indirect object","role":"indirect object of gelaten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies gelegenheid: for this","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gelaten","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelaten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gelaten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h18-s69","source":"In de afschriften van officieele stukken--afschriften die overigens letterlyk overeenstemmmen met het oorspronkelyke--geloof ik de dwaze titulatuur te mogen vervangen door eenvoudige voornaamwoorden.","translation":"In the copies of official documents — copies that otherwise correspond word for word with the originals — I believe I may replace the absurd titulary with simple pronouns.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"afschriften die ... letterlyk overeenstemmmen met het oorspronkelyke","title":"Relative die + separable overeenstemmen","body":"die opens the relative on the plural afschriften; the verb overeenstemmen ('correspond') closes the clause. het oorspronkelyke is a substantivized adjective ('the original')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"geloof ik de dwaze titulatuur te mogen vervangen","title":"te + modal mogen","body":"geloof ... te mogen vervangen ('believe I may replace') nests the modal mogen inside a te-infinitive; the whole is the object of geloof."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afschriften","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afschriften","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afschriften","lemma":"afschrift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of In","gloss":"copies"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stukken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"officieele","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stukken","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"documents"},{"surface":"afschriften","lemma":"afschrift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"in apposition to afschriften","gloss":"copies"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of overeenstemmmen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"overigens","lemma":"overigens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overeenstemmmen","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"letterlyk","lemma":"letterlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overeenstemmmen","gloss":"word for word","note":"Historical spelling of modern letterlijk."},{"surface":"overeenstemmmen","lemma":"overeenstemmen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"relative clause on afschriften","gloss":"correspond","note":"The surface has an extra m; the modern lemma is overeenstemmen."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorspronkelyke","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorspronkelyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorspronkelyke","lemma":"oorspronkelijk","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"original","note":"Het oorspronkelijke means the original document or text."},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of titulatuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dwaze","lemma":"dwaas","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies titulatuur","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"titulatuur","lemma":"titulatuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vervangen","gloss":"titulary"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of mogen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mogen","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of geloof","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"vervangen","lemma":"vervangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of mogen","gloss":"replace"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voornaamwoorden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"eenvoudige","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voornaamwoorden","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"voornaamwoorden","lemma":"voornaamwoord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"pronouns"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h18-s70","source":"Van den goeden smaak myner lezers verwacht ik dat zy in deze verandering genoegen nemen.","translation":"I trust to the good taste of my readers that they will be content with this alteration.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Van den goeden smaak myner lezers verwacht ik","title":"Fronted PP + genitive myner","body":"The fronted phrase forces inversion (verwacht ik). myner is the old genitive of mijn ('of my readers'), with both the inflected article-form and the noun in the genitive — pure 1860 register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zy in deze verandering genoegen nemen","title":"dat-clause + idiom genoegen nemen","body":"The dat-clause ends with nemen. genoegen nemen met means 'to be content with'; deze is the demonstrative for the de-word verandering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking smaak","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of smaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goeden","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, oblique","role":"modifies smaak","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"smaak","lemma":"smaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"taste"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural","role":"genitive determiner of lezers","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"lezers","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement modifying smaak","gloss":"readers"},{"surface":"verwacht","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verwacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person plural, nominative","role":"subject of nemen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verandering","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verandering","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"verandering","lemma":"verandering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of nemen","gloss":"alteration"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of nemen in genoegen nemen","gloss":"contentment"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"take","note":"Genoegen nemen in means ‘to be content with’."}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h18-s71","source":"\"N° 88.","translation":"\"No. 88.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s71.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"document number label","gloss":"number","note":"N° abbreviates nummer, ‘number’."}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h18-s72","source":"Geheim.","translation":"Confidential.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Geheim","title":"Geheim — 'Confidential'","body":"On an official document Geheim marks it 'Secret / Confidential'. The clipped letterhead labels (Geheim, Spoed) reproduce the bureaucratic form of a real dispatch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"adjective used as a document label","role":"confidentiality label","gloss":"confidential"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h18-s73","source":"Spoed.","translation":"Urgent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Spoed","lemma":"spoed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, used as a label","role":"urgency label","gloss":"urgent"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h18-s74","source":"Rangkas-Betoeng, 24 Februari 1856.","translation":"Rangkas-Betoeng, 24 February 1856.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"place in the dateline","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"Februari","lemma":"februari","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"month in the date","gloss":"February"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h18-s75","source":"Aan den Resident van Bantam.","translation":"To the Resident of Bantam.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s75.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Resident","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of Aan","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bantam"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h18-s76","source":"Sedert ik voor een maand myn betrekking alhier aanvaardde, heb ik my hoofdzakelyk beziggehouden met het onderzoek naar de wyze waarop de Inlandsche Hoofden zich kwyten van hun verplichtingen jegens de bevolking op het stuk van heerediensten, poendoetan en dergelyke.","translation":"Since taking up my post here a month ago, I have occupied myself chiefly with inquiring into the manner in which the Native Chiefs discharge their obligations toward the population in the matter of statute-labor, poendoetan, and the like.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sedert ik ... aanvaardde, heb ik my hoofdzakelyk beziggehouden","title":"sedert-clause + reflexive perfect","body":"sedert ('since') opens a verb-final clause (aanvaardde). The main clause uses the reflexive zich bezighouden in the perfect: heb ... my beziggehouden ('have occupied myself')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de wyze waarop de Inlandsche Hoofden zich kwyten van hun verplichtingen","title":"Pronominal adverb waarop + reflexive","body":"waarop ('in which way') is the relative for de wyze. zich kwyten van ('discharge, acquit oneself of') is reflexive, the clause closing with the prepositional phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"marks time clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of aanvaardde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms voor een maand","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maand","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"maand","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of betrekking","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanvaardde","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"alhier","lemma":"alhier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanvaardde","gloss":"here","note":"Formal or archaic word for hier."},{"surface":"aanvaardde","lemma":"aanvaarden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of beziggehouden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of beziggehouden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive singular","role":"reflexive object of beziggehouden","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"hoofdzakelyk","lemma":"hoofdzakelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beziggehouden","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"beziggehouden","lemma":"bezighouden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of beziggehouden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of onderzoek","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wijze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"links relative clause to wijze","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Hoofden","gloss":"Native","note":"Historical spelling and colonial usage; modern spelling is inlandse."},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of kwijten","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive plural","role":"reflexive object of kwijten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"kwyten","lemma":"kwijten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"discharge","note":"Old spelling of modern kwijten; zich kwijten van means to discharge or fulfill."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of kwijten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of verplichtingen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"verplichtingen","lemma":"verplichting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"obligations"},{"surface":"jegens","lemma":"jegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces bevolking","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of jegens","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of op het stuk van","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces matters concerned","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"heerediensten","lemma":"herendienst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"statute labor","note":"Old spelling of herendiensten, compulsory labor owed to colonial authorities."},{"surface":"poendoetan","lemma":"poendoetan","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"coordinated with herendiensten","gloss":"poendoetan levy","note":"A colonial-era levy or compulsory contribution, from Javanese."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links poendoetan and dergelijke","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dergelyke","lemma":"dergelijk","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"final item in coordination","gloss":"the like","note":"Old spelling of modern dergelijke."}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h18-s77","source":"Zeer spoedig ontdekte ik dat de Regent op eigen autoriteit, en ten zynen-behoeve, menschen liet opkomen, vèr boven het hem wettig toekomend aantal pantjens en kemits.","translation":"Very soon I discovered that the Regent, on his own authority and for his own benefit, had men called up far beyond the number of pantjens and kemits lawfully due to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ontdekte ik dat de Regent ... menschen liet opkomen","title":"Causative laten + separable opkomen","body":"In the dat-clause liet ... opkomen is causative laten with the separable infinitive opkomen ('had men called up'), the verbs clustered at the end. ten zynen-behoeve = 'for his own benefit'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spoedig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontdekte","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"ontdekte","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"discovered"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of ontdekte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of ontdekte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces autoriteit","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies autoriteit","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"autoriteit","lemma":"autoriteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links adjuncts op and ten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of ten zijnen behoeve","gloss":"for","note":"Ten contracts te + den."},{"surface":"zynen-behoeve","lemma":"zijn behoeve","morphology":"possessive phrase","role":"object of ten","gloss":"his benefit","note":"Historical fixed phrase ten zijnen behoeve means for his benefit."},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of liet and subject of opkomen","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"causative verb governing opkomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"opkomen","lemma":"opkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of liet","gloss":"called up"},{"surface":"vèr","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies boven","gloss":"far","note":"The grave accent marks emphasis, not a different lemma."},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces exceeded limit","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aantal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative singular","role":"indirect object of toekomend","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"wettig","lemma":"wettig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toekomend","gloss":"lawfully"},{"surface":"toekomend","lemma":"toekomen","morphology":"present participle","role":"modifies aantal","gloss":"due"},{"surface":"aantal","lemma":"aantal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of boven","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"pantjens","lemma":"pantjen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"dependent of aantal","gloss":"pantjen workers","note":"Pantjens were a category of compulsory service workers in the colonial system."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links pantjens and kemits","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kemits","lemma":"kemit","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with pantjens","gloss":"night watchmen","note":"Kemits were local watchmen or guards required for service."}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h18-s78","source":"Ik weifelde tusschen de keus om terstond officieel te rapporteeren, en de zucht om door zachtheid, of later zelfs door bedreigingen, dien Inlandschen Hoofdambtenaar daarvan terug te brengen, ten-einde het tweeledig doel te bereiken om dat misbruik te doen ophouden en te-gelyker-tyd dien ouden dienaar van het Gouvernement niet terstond al te streng te behandelen, vooral uit aanmerking van de slechte voorbeelden die, naar ik geloof, hem dikwyls gegeven zyn, en in-verband met de byzondere omstandigheid dat hy bezoek verwachtte van twee verwanten, de Regenten van Bandoeng en van Tjanjor, althans van den laatsten--die, naar ik meen, reeds met groot gevolg op weg is--en hy dus meer dan anders in de verzoeking was--en met het oog op den benarden staat zyner geldmiddelen, als-het-ware in de noodzakelijkheid--om door onwettige middelen te voorzien in de noodige toebereidselen voor dat bezoek.","translation":"I wavered between the choice of reporting officially at once and the wish to bring that Native officer back from this practice through gentleness — or later, if need be, through threats — so as to attain the twofold aim of putting a stop to that abuse and at the same time not treating that old servant of the Government too harshly straightaway: chiefly out of regard for the bad examples that, I believe, have often been set before him, and in connection with the particular circumstance that he was expecting a visit from two relatives, the Regents of Bandoeng and of Tjanjor — or at least from the latter, who, I understand, is already on his way with a large retinue — so that he was, more than at other times, under temptation; and in view of the strained state of his finances, being as it were under the necessity of providing, through unlawful means, for the preparations needful for that visit.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik weifelde tusschen de keus om ... te rapporteeren, en de zucht om ... terug te brengen","title":"Parallel om...te purpose phrases","body":"Two om ... te infinitive phrases hang off keus and zucht ('the choice to report' / 'the wish to bring back'), each closing with te + infinitive. This single monster sentence is a deliberate parody of bureaucratic prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dien Inlandschen Hoofdambtenaar ... dien ouden dienaar","title":"Accusative -en on demonstrative + adjective","body":"dien is the old masculine accusative of die, and Inlandschen / ouden carry the matching -en — the full case-marking of a 1860 object phrase, repeated for rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of weifelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weifelde","lemma":"weifelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wavered"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated alternatives","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keus","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keus","lemma":"keus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of tussen","gloss":"choice"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces infinitive modifying keus","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rapporteren","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"officieel","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rapporteren","gloss":"officially"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks rapporteren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rapporteeren","lemma":"rapporteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of keus","gloss":"report","note":"Old spelling of modern rapporteren."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links keus and zucht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of tussen","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces infinitive modifying zucht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means zachtheid","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links alternative means","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugbrengen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes bedreigingen","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means bedreigingen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"bedreigingen","lemma":"bedreiging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"threats"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Hoofdambtenaar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Inlandschen","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Hoofdambtenaar","gloss":"Native","note":"Historical spelling of modern inlandse."},{"surface":"Hoofdambtenaar","lemma":"hoofdambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of terugbrengen","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of terugbrengen","gloss":"from that"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of terugbrengen","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zucht","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"ten-einde","lemma":"teneinde","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"so as","note":"Historical hyphenation of teneinde."},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tweeledig","lemma":"tweeledig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies doel","gloss":"twofold"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bereiken","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks bereiken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bereiken","lemma":"bereiken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"attain"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces infinitive expressing first aim","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of misbruik","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"first infinitive complement of doel","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"ophouden","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two aims","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te-gelyker-tyd","lemma":"tegelijkertijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behandelen","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of dienaar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ouden","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dienaar","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"dienaar","lemma":"dienaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of behandelen","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Gouvernement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates behandelen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behandelen","gloss":"straightaway"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of al te streng","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies streng","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"streng","lemma":"streng","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behandelen","gloss":"harshly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks behandelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"behandelen","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"second infinitive complement of doel","gloss":"treat"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reason adjuncts","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of uit aanmerking van","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"aanmerking","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"regard","note":"Uit aanmerking van means out of regard for."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces grounds for aanmerking","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbeelden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slechte","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies voorbeelden","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"voorbeelden","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"examples"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of gegeven zijn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative singular","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegeven","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of passive relative clause","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links reason adjuncts","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in-verband","lemma":"in verband","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"head of in verband met","gloss":"in connection"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces omstandigheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omstandigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"byzondere","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies omstandigheid","gloss":"particular","note":"Old spelling of modern bijzondere."},{"surface":"omstandigheid","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause explaining omstandigheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of verwachtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verwachtte","gloss":"a visit"},{"surface":"verwachtte","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces verwanten","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies verwanten","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"verwanten","lemma":"verwant","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"relatives"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regenten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regenten","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to verwanten","gloss":"Regents"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Bandoeng","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bandoeng","lemma":"Bandung","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bandoeng"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links place complements","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Tjanjor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Tjanjor","lemma":"Cianjur","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Tjanjor"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"qualifies van den laatsten","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces laatsten","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of laatsten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laatst","morphology":"substantivized adjective, superlative","role":"object of van","gloss":"latter"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces gevolg","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gevolg","gloss":"a large"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"retinue","note":"Here gevolg means an entourage, not a consequence."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of op weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"his way"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinate clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks consequence","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in de verzoeking","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"otherwise","note":"Here anders means at other times or in other circumstances."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces verzoeking","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzoeking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verzoeking","lemma":"verzoeking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"temptation"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of consequence clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links further consideration","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of met het oog op","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of fixed phrase met het oog op","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces staat","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of staat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"benarden","lemma":"benard","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"strained"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of geldmiddelen","gloss":"of his","note":"Old genitive form zyner means of his."},{"surface":"geldmiddelen","lemma":"geldmiddel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"dependent of staat","gloss":"finances"},{"surface":"als-het-ware","lemma":"als het ware","morphology":"adverb","role":"qualifies in de noodzakelijkheid","gloss":"as it were","note":"Historical hyphenation of the fixed phrase als het ware."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces noodzakelijkheid","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of noodzakelijkheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noodzakelijkheid","lemma":"noodzakelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"necessity"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces infinitive modifying noodzakelijkheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means middelen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"onwettige","lemma":"onwettig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies middelen","gloss":"unlawful"},{"surface":"middelen","lemma":"middel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks voorzien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voorzien","lemma":"voorzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of noodzakelijkheid","gloss":"provide"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement selected by voorzien","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toebereidselen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noodige","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toebereidselen","gloss":"necessary","note":"Old spelling of modern nodige."},{"surface":"toebereidselen","lemma":"toebereidsel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"preparations"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces bezoek","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezoek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"visit"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h18-s79","source":"Dit alles leidde my tot zachtheid omtrent hetgeen reeds geschied was, doch geenszins tot toegevendheid voor den vervolge.","translation":"All this inclined me to leniency regarding what had already taken place, but by no means to indulgence for the future.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"doch geenszins tot toegevendheid voor den vervolge","title":"Negative geenszins + archaic doch","body":"geenszins ('by no means') is a single negative governing the clause (no double negation), and doch is the literary 'but'. voor den vervolge ('for the future') keeps the old dative article."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of leidde","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"leidde","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inclined"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, first person singular","role":"direct object of leidde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zachtheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of leidde","gloss":"leniency"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing hetgeen reeds geschied was","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of geschied was","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschied was","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"geschied","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause","gloss":"taken place"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschied","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the contrasting complements of leidde","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"geenszins","lemma":"geenszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the omitted second occurrence of leidde","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toegevendheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"toegevendheid","lemma":"toegevendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second prepositional complement of leidde","gloss":"indulgence"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den vervolge","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of vervolge","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vervolge","lemma":"vervolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, archaic dative form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"future","note":"Voor den vervolge is an older expression meaning ‘for the future.’"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h18-s80","source":"Ik drong aan op dadelyke staking van elke onwettigheid.","translation":"I insisted on the immediate cessation of every illegality.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik drong aan op dadelyke staking","title":"Separable aandringen","body":"aandringen op ('to insist on') splits: finite drong second, prefix aan stranded before the prepositional object. drong is the strong past of dringen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of drong","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"drong","lemma":"dringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of drong aan","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aandringen","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of drong aan","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking staking","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dadelyke","lemma":"dadelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies staking","gloss":"immediate","note":"Historical spelling of modern dadelijke."},{"surface":"staking","lemma":"staking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"cessation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onwettigheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular, inflected","role":"determiner of onwettigheid","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"onwettigheid","lemma":"onwettigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"illegality"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h18-s81","source":"Van die voorloopige proeve om den Regent door zachtheid tot zyn plicht te brengen, heb ik u onder'shands doen kennis dragen.","translation":"Of that preliminary attempt to bring the Regent to his duty through gentleness, I have given you private notice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Van die voorloopige proeve ... heb ik u onder'shands doen kennis dragen","title":"Fronted PP + causative doen","body":"The fronted phrase inverts to heb ik. doen kennis dragen is causative doen with a bare infinitive ('have given you notice'). onder'shands ('privately') keeps a fossilized genitive -s."}],"words":[{"surface":"Van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking proeve","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of proeve","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voorloopige","lemma":"voorlopig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies proeve","gloss":"preliminary"},{"surface":"proeve","lemma":"proeve","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van and antecedent of om-clause","gloss":"attempt"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause with brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zachtheid","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plicht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of plicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks brengen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of heb doen dragen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person","role":"logical subject of dragen in the causative construction","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"onder'shands","lemma":"ondershands","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen kennis dragen","gloss":"privately","note":"An older spelling of ondershands, ‘privately’ or ‘unofficially.’"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative auxiliary, infinitive","role":"causative complement of heb and governor of dragen","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the expression kennis dragen","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"dragen","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doen in kennis dragen","gloss":"bear"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h18-s82","source":"My is echter gebleken dat hy met brutale onbeschaamdheid alles in den wind slaat, en ik gevoel my krachtens myn ambtseed verplicht u meetedeelen:","translation":"It has become evident to me, however, that with brazen effrontery he flings everything to the winds, and I feel myself bound by my oath of office to inform you:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"My is echter gebleken dat hy ... alles in den wind slaat","title":"Fronted dative My + impersonal gebleken","body":"The dative My fronts ('to me it has become evident'); the dat-clause sends slaat to the end. in den wind slaan ('to fling to the winds, ignore') is an idiom, with the old dative den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik gevoel my ... verplicht u meetedeelen","title":"Reflexive zich verplicht voelen","body":"zich verplicht voelen ('to feel obliged') is reflexive (my). meetedeelen joins prefix + te + infinitive into one word — a striking period spelling of mee te delen."}],"words":[{"surface":"My","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, first person singular","role":"indirect object of is gebleken","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebleken","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is gebleken","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"gebleken","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governing the dat-clause","gloss":"become evident"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of is gebleken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of slaat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onbeschaamdheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"brutale","lemma":"brutaal","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies onbeschaamdheid","gloss":"brazen"},{"surface":"onbeschaamdheid","lemma":"onbeschaamdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"effrontery"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of slaat","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in the idiom in den wind slaan","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of wind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wind","lemma":"wind","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"slaat","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"flings","note":"Iets in de wind slaan means to disregard or flout something."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links is gebleken and gevoel","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of gevoel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person singular","role":"reflexive object of gevoel","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"krachtens","lemma":"krachtens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambtseed","gloss":"by virtue of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessor of ambtseed","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ambtseed","lemma":"ambtseed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of krachtens","gloss":"oath of office"},{"surface":"verplicht","lemma":"verplicht","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of gevoel my","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, second person","role":"indirect object of meetedeelen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"meetedeelen","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with fused te","role":"infinitival complement of verplicht","gloss":"to inform"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h18-s83","source":"dat ik den Regent van Lebak, Radhen Adhipatti Karta Natta Nagara, BESCHULDIG van misbruik van gezag, door het onwettig beschikken over den arbeid zyner onderhoorigen, en VERDENK van knevelary, door het vorderen van opbrengsten in naturâ, zonder, of tegen willekeurig vastgestelde, onvoldoende, betaling; dat ik voorts den Dhemang, van Parang-Koedjang zyn schoonzoon--verdenk van medeplichtigheid aan de genoemde feiten.","translation":"that I ACCUSE the Regent of Lebak, Radhen Adhipatti Karta Natta Nagara, of abuse of authority, through the unlawful disposal of the labor of his subjects, and SUSPECT him of extortion, through the exaction of deliveries in kind, without payment, or against arbitrarily fixed, insufficient payment; and that I furthermore — suspect the Dhemang of Parang-Koedjang, his son-in-law — of complicity in the said acts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"door het onwettig beschikken over den arbeid zyner onderhoorigen","title":"Nominalized infinitive + genitive zyner","body":"het ... beschikken is an infinitive used as a noun ('the disposing'). zyner onderhoorigen is the genitive of zijn ('of his subjects'), formal 1860 inflection."}],"words":[{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first content clause of meetedeelen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of BESCHULDIG and VERDENK","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of BESCHULDIG and understood object of VERDENK","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van, modifying Regent","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"Radhen","lemma":"Radhen","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"first element of the Regent's name in apposition","gloss":"Radhen"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"second element of the Regent's name in apposition","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"Karta","lemma":"Karta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the Regent's name in apposition","gloss":"Karta"},{"surface":"Natta","lemma":"Natta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the Regent's name in apposition","gloss":"Natta"},{"surface":"Nagara","lemma":"Nagara","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the Regent's name in apposition","gloss":"Nagara"},{"surface":"BESCHULDIG","lemma":"beschuldigen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"first main verb of the content clause","gloss":"ACCUSE"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misbruik as complement of BESCHULDIG","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van, modifying misbruik","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the means of the abuse","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of nominalized beschikken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onwettig","lemma":"onwettig","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"modifies beschikken","gloss":"unlawfully"},{"surface":"beschikken","lemma":"beschikken","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of door","gloss":"disposal"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbeid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive plural, archaic inflected form","role":"possessor of onderhoorigen","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"onderhoorigen","lemma":"onderhorige","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive dependent of arbeid","gloss":"subjects"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links BESCHULDIG and VERDENK","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"VERDENK","lemma":"verdenken","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"second main verb of the first content clause","gloss":"SUSPECT"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking knevelary as complement of VERDENK","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"knevelary","lemma":"knevelarij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"extortion","note":"Historical spelling of modern knevelarij."},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the means of the extortion","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of nominalized vorderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorderen","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of door","gloss":"exaction"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opbrengsten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"opbrengsten","lemma":"opbrengst","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"deliveries"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in the phrase in naturâ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"naturâ","lemma":"natura","morphology":"Latin noun, ablative singular","role":"object of in in the phrase in naturâ","gloss":"kind","note":"The Latin phrase in natura means payment or delivery in goods rather than money."},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition with understood object betaling","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zonder betaling and tegen betaling","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betaling","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"willekeurig","lemma":"willekeurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vastgestelde","gloss":"arbitrarily"},{"surface":"vastgestelde","lemma":"vaststellen","morphology":"adjective, past participle, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies betaling","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"onvoldoende","lemma":"onvoldoende","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies betaling","gloss":"insufficient"},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"understood object of zonder and explicit object of tegen","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second content clause of meetedeelen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of verdenk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voorts","lemma":"voorts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verdenk","gloss":"furthermore"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Dhemang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Dhemang","lemma":"dhemang","morphology":"noun, title, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verdenk","gloss":"Dhemang"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van, modifying Dhemang","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of schoonzoon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schoonzoon","lemma":"schoonzoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Dhemang","gloss":"son-in-law"},{"surface":"verdenk","lemma":"verdenken","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the second content clause","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking medeplichtigheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"medeplichtigheid","lemma":"medeplichtigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"complicity"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking feiten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of feiten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"genoemde","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"adjective, past participle, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies feiten","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"feiten","lemma":"feit","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"acts"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h18-s84","source":"Om beide zaken behoorlyk te kunnen instrueeren, neem ik de vryheid u voortestellen, my te gelasten:","translation":"In order to investigate both matters properly, I take the liberty of proposing to you that you instruct me:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"neem ik de vryheid u voortestellen, my te gelasten","title":"Joined infinitive voortestellen","body":"voortestellen welds the separable prefix voor + te + stellen into one word ('to propose'), a hallmark 1860 spelling. It governs the further te-infinitive my te gelasten ('to instruct me')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause with instrueeren","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"quantifying determiner, plural","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of instrueeren","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"behoorlyk","lemma":"behoorlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies instrueeren","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks kunnen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of instrueeren","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"instrueeren","lemma":"instrueren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"investigate","note":"Here instrueren is the legal-administrative term for investigating a case."},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of vryheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vryheid","lemma":"vrijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"liberty"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, second person","role":"indirect object of voortestellen","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"voortestellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with fused te","role":"infinitival complement of de vryheid nemen","gloss":"to propose"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, first person singular","role":"direct object of gelasten","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks gelasten as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gelasten","lemma":"gelasten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"content complement of voortestellen","gloss":"instruct"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h18-s85","source":"1° den Regent van Lebak voornoemd, met den meesten spoed naar Serang optezenden, en zorgtedragen dat hy noch voor zyn vertrek, noch gedurende de reize in de gelegenheid zy, door omkooping of op andere wyze te influenceeren op de getuigenissen die ik zal moeten inwinnen;","translation":"1. to dispatch the aforesaid Regent of Lebak to Serang with all speed, and to see to it that, neither before his departure nor during the journey, he should have any opportunity, through bribery or in any other way, to influence the testimony I shall have to gather;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den Regent ... optezenden, en zorgtedragen","title":"Joined infinitives optezenden / zorgtedragen","body":"optezenden (op + te + zenden, 'to dispatch') and zorgtedragen (zorg + te + dragen, 'to take care') again fuse prefix, te, and verb into a single written word, the characteristic period orthography of these official clauses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy ... in de gelegenheid zy ... te influenceeren","title":"Archaic subjunctive zy + te-infinitive","body":"zy is the present subjunctive of zijn ('that he be in a position'), proper to formal/legal style; it governs the trailing te-infinitive te influenceeren."}],"words":[{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of optezenden","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van, modifying Regent","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"voornoemd","lemma":"voornoemd","morphology":"adjective, postpositive","role":"modifies Regent van Lebak","gloss":"aforesaid"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spoed","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of spoed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meesten","lemma":"meest","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive, archaic inflected form","role":"modifies spoed","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"spoed","lemma":"spoed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"speed"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Serang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"destination complement of optezenden","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"optezenden","lemma":"opzenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive with fused te","role":"first infinitival complement of gelasten in h18-s84","gloss":"to dispatch","note":"Historical fused spelling of modern op te zenden."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links optezenden and zorgtedragen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zorgtedragen","lemma":"zorg dragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive phrase with fused te","role":"second infinitival complement of gelasten in h18-s84","gloss":"to see to it","note":"Historical fused spelling of modern zorg te dragen."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of zorgtedragen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zy","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"first element of the correlative noch ... noch","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertrek","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of vertrek","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vertrek","lemma":"vertrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"second element of the correlative noch ... noch","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"gedurende","lemma":"gedurende","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reize","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of reize","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reize","lemma":"reis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic inflected form","role":"object of gedurende","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in the predicate in de gelegenheid zijn","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in and predicate complement of zy","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the complement clause","gloss":"should be"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omkooping","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"omkooping","lemma":"omkoping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"bribery"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links door omkooping and op andere wyze","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wyze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies wyze","gloss":"any other"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks influenceeren as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"influenceeren","lemma":"influenceren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival clause modifying gelegenheid","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking getuigenissen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of getuigenissen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"getuigenissen","lemma":"getuigenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"testimonies"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of inwinnen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zal moeten inwinnen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"future auxiliary of inwinnen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of inwinnen","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"inwinnen","lemma":"inwinnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"gather"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h18-s86","source":"2° den Dhemang van Parang-Koedjang voorloopig, in arrest te nemen;","translation":"2. to place the Dhemang of Parang-Koedjang under provisional arrest;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s86.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Dhemang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Dhemang","lemma":"dhemang","morphology":"noun, title, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"Dhemang"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van, modifying Dhemang","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"voorloopig","lemma":"voorlopig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in arrest nemen","gloss":"provisionally"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in the expression in arrest nemen","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"arrest","lemma":"arrest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"arrest"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks nemen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"second numbered infinitival complement of gelasten in h18-s84","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h18-s87","source":"3° gelyken maatregel toetepassen op zoodanige personen van minderen rang, als, behoorende tot de familie van den Regent, geacht kunnen worden invloed uitteoefenen op de zuiverheid van het intestellen onderzoek;","translation":"3. to apply the same measure to such persons of lower rank as, belonging to the Regent's family, may be supposed capable of exercising influence on the integrity of the inquiry to be set on foot;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gelyken maatregel toetepassen op zoodanige personen ... als ... geacht kunnen worden invloed uitteoefenen","title":"Joined infinitives + worden-passive","body":"toetepassen and uitteoefenen are again the fused te-infinitives. geacht kunnen worden ('may be deemed') is a modalized worden-passive — agentless and impersonal, fitting the document."}],"words":[{"surface":"gelyken","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies maatregel","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"maatregel","lemma":"maatregel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of toetepassen","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"toetepassen","lemma":"toepassen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive heading item 3","gloss":"to apply"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies personen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of toetepassen","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"minderen","lemma":"minder","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies rang","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies personen","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"relative conjunction","role":"introduces relative clause on personen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"behoorende","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"supplementary participle modifying personen","gloss":"belonging"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking familie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of behoorende","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"geacht","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in passive construction","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"finite modal governing worden","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geacht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitteoefenen","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"uitteoefenen","lemma":"uitoefenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of geacht kunnen worden","gloss":"to exercise"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zuiverheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zuiverheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zuiverheid","lemma":"zuiverheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of uitteoefenen","gloss":"integrity"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderzoek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"intestellen","lemma":"instellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"pre-nominal infinitive modifying onderzoek","gloss":"to be instituted","note":"Historical fused spelling of in te stellen."},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"inquiry"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h18-s88","source":"4° dat onderzoek terstond te doen plaats hebben, en van den uitslag te dienen van omstandig bericht.","translation":"4. to have that inquiry held at once, and to furnish a detailed report of its outcome.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat onderzoek terstond te doen plaats hebben","title":"Causative doen + idiom plaats hebben","body":"te doen plaats hebben is causative doen ('to have take place') with the fixed expression plaats hebben ('to occur'). van den uitslag te dienen van omstandig bericht = 'to furnish a report of the outcome'."}],"words":[{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies plaats hebben","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"first infinitive coordinated with dienen","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of fixed expression plaats hebben","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of doen","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links doen and dienen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitslag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of uitslag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitslag","lemma":"uitslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"outcome"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive dienen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"second infinitive coordinated with doen","gloss":"furnish"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement bericht of dienen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"omstandig","lemma":"omstandig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bericht","gloss":"detailed"},{"surface":"bericht","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"report"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h18-s89","source":"Ik neem de vryheid u voorts in overweging te geven, de komst des Regents van Tjanjor te kontramandeeren.","translation":"I further take the liberty of submitting for your consideration that the arrival of the Regent of Tjanjor be countermanded.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de komst des Regents van Tjanjor te kontramandeeren","title":"Genitive des Regents","body":"des Regents ('of the Regent') shows the masculine genitive article des with the noun-ending -s — the inflected possessive of formal prose where modern Dutch uses van."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vryheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vryheid","lemma":"vrijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"liberty"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"voorts","lemma":"voorts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies neem","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed expression in overweging geven","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"overweging","lemma":"overweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of fixed expression in overweging geven","gloss":"consideration"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of neem de vrijheid","gloss":"submit"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of komst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"komst","lemma":"komst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kontramandeeren","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of Regents","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Regents","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of komst","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tjanjor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Tjanjor","lemma":"Tjanjor","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Tjanjor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive kontramandeeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kontramandeeren","lemma":"kontramanderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"content complement of in overweging geven","gloss":"countermand"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h18-s90","source":"Ten-slotte heb ik de eer--ten-overvloede voor u, die de Afdeeling Lebak beter kent dan my nog mogelyk is--de verzekering te geven dat uit een politiek oogpunt de streng rechtvaardige behandeling dezer zaak geen het minste bezwaar heeft, en dat ik eer voor gevaar zou beducht zyn als ze niet tot klaarheid gebracht werd. Want ik ben geïnformeerd dat de geringe man die, naar een getuige my zeide, poessing is van de vexatie, reeds lang naar redding uitziet.","translation":"Finally, I have the honor — needlessly, for you, who know the Division of Lebak better than is yet possible for me — to give the assurance that, from a political point of view, the strictly just handling of this matter presents not the least difficulty, and that I should sooner fear danger were it not brought to light. For I am informed that the humble man who, as one witness told me, is poessing under the vexation, has long been looking for deliverance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"u, die de Afdeeling Lebak beter kent dan my nog mogelyk is","title":"Comparative + dan","body":"beter ... dan is the comparative with dan for 'than'. The relative die opens a clause on u, closing with kent. dan my ... mogelyk is = 'than is yet possible for me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik eer voor gevaar zou beducht zyn als ze niet tot klaarheid gebracht werd","title":"Conditional zou + als-clause passive","body":"zou ... beducht zyn ('should fear') is the conditional; the als-clause uses a past worden-passive niet ... gebracht werd ('were it not brought to light'). A counterfactual pair."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"poessing ... van de vexatie","title":"poessing — a Malay borrowing","body":"poessing (Malay pusing) means 'dizzy, distracted, at wit's end'; vexatie is 'harassment/oppression'. Multatuli salts the bureaucratic Dutch with Indies words to convey the native's distress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ten-slotte","lemma":"ten slotte","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverbial","gloss":"Finally"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"ten-overvloede","lemma":"ten overvloede","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverbial modifying geven","gloss":"needlessly"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kent","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kent","gloss":"Division"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"appositional name modifying Afdeeling","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies kent","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause on u","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object in comparative clause","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mogelijk","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking mogelijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzekering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verzekering","lemma":"verzekering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"assurance"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of heb de eer","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogpunt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogpunt","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"politiek","lemma":"politiek","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies oogpunt","gloss":"political"},{"surface":"oogpunt","lemma":"oogpunt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"point of view"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of behandeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"streng","lemma":"streng","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rechtvaardige","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"rechtvaardige","lemma":"rechtvaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies behandeling","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"behandeling","lemma":"behandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"handling"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of behandeling","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of bezwaar","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of superlative phrase het minste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minste","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies bezwaar","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"bezwaar","lemma":"bezwaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of first dat-clause","gloss":"presents"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beducht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou zijn","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies beducht","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"beducht","lemma":"beducht","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive gebracht werd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebracht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klaarheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"klaarheid","lemma":"klaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"clarity"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in passive conditional clause","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory sentence","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geïnformeerd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geïnformeerd","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"geïnformeerd","lemma":"informeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb in passive construction","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitziet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geringe","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies man","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitziet","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical report","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of getuige","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"getuige","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeide","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"poessing","lemma":"poessing","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"dizzy","note":"A Malay-derived colonial expression meaning dizzy or bewildered."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking poessing","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vexatie","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vexatie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vexatie","lemma":"vexatie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"harassment"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitziet","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitziet","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking redding","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"redding","lemma":"redding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"deliverance"},{"surface":"uitziet","lemma":"uitzien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of dat-clause","gloss":"looks"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h18-s91","source":"Ik heb de kracht tot den moeielyken plicht dien ik door het schryven van dezen brief volbreng, gedeeltelyk geput uit de hoop dat het my vergund zal wezen ter-zyner-tyd een en ander bytebrengen ter verschooning van den ouden Regent, met wiens pozitie, hoezeer door eigen schuld veroorzaakt, ik evenwel diep medelyden gevoel.","translation":"The strength to perform the difficult duty I discharge by writing this letter I have drawn, in part, from the hope that I shall be permitted, in due time, to bring forward this and that in extenuation of the old Regent, with whose position — caused though it is by his own fault — I nevertheless feel a deep compassion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den moeielyken plicht dien ik ... volbreng","title":"Accusative dien + adjective -en","body":"dien is the old masculine accusative relative ('which/that'), and moeielyken takes the matching -en — full object case-marking. The relative clause ends with volbreng."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de hoop dat het my vergund zal wezen ... bytebrengen","title":"Impersonal het + joined infinitive","body":"het ... vergund zal wezen is an impersonal future passive ('that it shall be permitted me'). bytebrengen (by + te + brengen, 'to bring forward') is another fused te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met wiens pozitie ... ik ... medelyden gevoel","title":"Genitive relative wiens","body":"wiens ('whose') is the genitive form of the relative for persons — 'with whose position'. The clause ends with gevoel; hoezeer door eigen schuld veroorzaakt is a concessive aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geput","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geput","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plicht","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeielyken","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies plicht","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of volbreng","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of volbreng","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schryven","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schryven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"volbreng","lemma":"volbrengen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause on plicht","gloss":"perform"},{"surface":"gedeeltelyk","lemma":"gedeeltelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geput","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"geput","lemma":"putten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heb","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoop","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hoop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"dummy subject of vergund zal wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of vergund","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"vergund","lemma":"vergunnen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative participle governed by zal wezen","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"passive-like copula governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ter-zyner-tyd","lemma":"te zijner tijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial of time modifying bytebrengen","gloss":"in due time"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite","role":"first part of een en ander","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links een and ander","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite","role":"second part of een en ander","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"bytebrengen","lemma":"bijbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of vergund","gloss":"to bring forward","note":"Historical fused spelling of bij te brengen."},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with article","role":"preposition marking verschooning","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"verschooning","lemma":"verschoning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of ter","gloss":"extenuation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouden","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Regent","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pozitie","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"wiens","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of pozitie","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"pozitie","lemma":"positie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"hoezeer","lemma":"hoezeer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive participial clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schuld","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies schuld","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"veroorzaakt","lemma":"veroorzaken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"supplementary clause modifying pozitie","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevoel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevoel","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies medelyden","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"medelyden","lemma":"medelijden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gevoel","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the concluding clause","gloss":"feel"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h18-s92","source":"De Adsistent-resident van Lebak","translation":"The Assistant-Resident of Lebak,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s92.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adsistent-resident","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of signature title","gloss":"Assistant-Resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h18-s93","source":"MAX HAVELAAR.\"","translation":"MAX HAVELAAR.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"MAX","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first name in signature","gloss":"MAX"},{"surface":"HAVELAAR","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname in signature","gloss":"HAVELAAR"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h18-s94","source":"Den volgenden dag antwoordde hem ... de resident van Bantam?","translation":"The next day there answered him ... the resident of Bantam?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Den volgenden dag antwoordde hem ... de resident","title":"Fronted time-phrase + accusative den ... -en","body":"Den volgenden dag ('the next day') is a fronted adverbial in the old accusative (den ... -en), forcing inversion: antwoordde hem ... de resident."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial of time modifying antwoordde","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of antwoordde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Bantam"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h18-s95","source":"O neen, de heer Slymering, partikulier!","translation":"Oh no — Mijnheer Slymering, in a private capacity!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s95.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"O","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"completes interjection O neen","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title preceding Slymering","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Slymering","lemma":"Slymering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"name in corrective apposition","gloss":"Slymering"},{"surface":"partikulier","lemma":"particulier","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"elliptical predicative: in a private capacity","gloss":"privately"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h18-s96","source":"Dit antwoord is eene kostbare bydrage tot de kennis van de wyze waarop het bestuur in Nederlandsch-Indie wordt uitgeoefend.","translation":"This answer is a priceless contribution to the knowledge of the manner in which government is carried on in Netherlands India.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de wyze waarop het bestuur ... wordt uitgeoefend","title":"waarop + worden-passive (separable)","body":"waarop ('in which') relativizes de wyze; wordt uitgeoefend is the worden-passive of separable uitoefenen, both verbs at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking antwoord to bijdrage","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"eene","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of bijdrage","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kostbare","lemma":"kostbaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bijdrage","gloss":"priceless"},{"surface":"bydrage","lemma":"bijdrage","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"contribution"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement kennis of bijdrage","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of kennis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement wijze of kennis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of wijze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying wijze","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wordt uitgeoefend","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location Nederlandsch-Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Nederlandsch-Indie","lemma":"Nederlands-Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Netherlands India"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of uitgeoefend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"uitgeoefend","lemma":"uitoefenen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of relative clause modifying wijze","gloss":"carried on"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h18-s97","source":"De heer Slymering beklaagde zich \"dat Havelaar hem van de zaak die voorkwam in den brief N° 88, niet eerst mondeling had kennis gegeven.\" Natuurlyk omdat er dan meer kans ware geweest op \"schipperen\" En voorts: \"dat Havelaar hem stoorde in zyn drukke bezigheden!\"","translation":"Mijnheer Slymering complained \"that Havelaar had not first informed him by word of mouth of the matter raised in letter No. 88.\" Naturally — because there would then have been more chance of \"hushing it up.\" And furthermore: \"that Havelaar had disturbed him in his pressing duties!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat Havelaar hem ... niet eerst mondeling had kennis gegeven","title":"dat-clause + pluperfect","body":"The dat-clause ends with the pluperfect had ... kennis gegeven ('had not first informed'). van de zaak die voorkwam... nests a relative clause closing with voorkwam."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"schipperen","title":"schipperen — to 'hush up / compromise'","body":"schipperen literally 'to manoeuvre like a skipper', figuratively to compromise, fudge, or smooth a matter over. Multatuli puts it in scare-quotes to expose Slymering's wish to avoid a written record."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title preceding Slymering","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Slymering","lemma":"Slymering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of beklaagde","gloss":"Slymering"},{"surface":"beklaagde","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"reflexive object of beklaagde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of beklaagde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of had gegeven","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of had gegeven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement zaak of kennis gegeven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voorkwam","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"voorkwam","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of relative clause modifying zaak","gloss":"was raised"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location brief","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces the number of brief","gloss":"No."},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates had kennis gegeven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had kennis gegeven","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"mondeling","lemma":"mondeling","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had kennis gegeven","gloss":"orally"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom kennis geven","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of content clause of beklaagde","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"Natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"comments on the preceding complaint","gloss":"Naturally"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ware geweest","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, comparative","role":"modifies kans","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"kans","lemma":"kans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of ware geweest","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement schipperen of kans","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"schipperen","lemma":"schipperen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"hushing it up","note":"Here schipperen means compromising or maneuvering to suppress the matter."},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a further complaint","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"voorts","lemma":"voorts","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks an additional point","gloss":"furthermore"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second content clause of beklaagde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of stoorde","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of stoorde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"stoorde","lemma":"storen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of second content clause","gloss":"disturbed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement bezigheden of stoorde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of bezigheden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"drukke","lemma":"druk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bezigheden","gloss":"pressing"},{"surface":"bezigheden","lemma":"bezigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"duties"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h18-s98","source":"De man was zeker bezig met een jaarverslag over rustige rust!","translation":"The man was surely busy with an annual report on peaceful peace!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rustige rust","title":"rustige rust — 'peaceful peace'","body":"rust en orde ('peace and order') was the colonial bureaucracy's watchword. Multatuli mocks it with the tautology rustige rust, a jab at officials who report calm precisely while injustice festers."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking man to bezig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was bezig","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"bezig","lemma":"bezig","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"busy"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement jaarverslag of bezig","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of jaarverslag","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"jaarverslag","lemma":"jaarverslag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"annual report"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces topic rust of jaarverslag","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"rustige","lemma":"rustig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies rust","gloss":"peaceful"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"peace"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h18-s99","source":"Ik heb dien brief voor my liggen en vertrouw myn oogen niet.","translation":"I have that letter lying before me and cannot believe my eyes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb dien brief voor my liggen","title":"hebben + bare infinitive liggen","body":"hebben ... liggen ('have lying') uses a bare infinitive of position to mean 'I have that letter lying before me'. dien is the old masculine accusative of the demonstrative die ('that letter'); the definite article in this position would be den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb and vertrouw","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"first coordinated main verb","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of liggen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"object complement of brief after heb","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links heb and vertrouw","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vertrouw","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"second coordinated main verb","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessor of oogen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of vertrouw","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates vertrouw","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h18-s100","source":"Ik herlees den brief van den adsistent-resident van Lebak ik plaats hèm en den resident van Bantam, Havelaar en Slymering naast elkander...","translation":"I read again the letter from the assistant-resident of Lebak — I set him and the resident of Bantam, Havelaar and Slymering, side by side ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik herlees den brief ... ik plaats hèm en den resident ... naast elkander","title":"Present tense + accusative den","body":"herlees and plaats are vivid presents that bring the past into the reader's now. den brief and den resident carry the old accusative article; hèm is stressed ('him')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of herlees","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"herlees","lemma":"herlezen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"first main verb","gloss":"read again"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of herlees","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source adsistent-resident of brief","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces jurisdiction Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of plaats","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaatsen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"second main verb","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"hèm","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, emphatic object form","role":"first direct object of plaats","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two objects of plaats","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second direct object of plaats","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces jurisdiction Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to hèm","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Havelaar and Slymering","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Slymering","lemma":"Slymering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to resident","gloss":"Slymering"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces reciprocal complement of plaats","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"object of naast","gloss":"each other"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h18-s102","source":"Die Sjaalman is een gemeene schooier!","translation":"That Sjaalman is a common vagabond!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een gemeene schooier","title":"gemeene schooier — period vocabulary","body":"gemeen here means 'common, vulgar, base' (not 'mean' in the modern narrow sense); schooier is a tramp or vagabond. Droogstoppel's voice returns, contemptuous of Sjaalman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Sjaalman to schooier","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of schooier","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gemeene","lemma":"gemeen","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schooier","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"schooier","lemma":"schooier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"vagabond"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h18-s103","source":"Ge moet weten, lezer, dat Bastiaans weer dikwyls niet op 't kantoor komt, omdat hy de jicht heeft.","translation":"You must know, reader, that Bastiaans is again often absent from the office, because he has the gout.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge moet weten, lezer, dat Bastiaans ... niet op 't kantoor komt, omdat hy de jicht heeft","title":"Modal moeten + nested omdat","body":"moet weten ('must know') is the modal with bare infinitive. The dat-clause sends komt to the end, and the further omdat-clause likewise ends with heeft."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of moet weten","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, second person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weten","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of matrix clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of weten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Bastiaans","lemma":"Bastiaans","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"Bastiaans"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates komt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location kantoor","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of kantoor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of content clause of weten","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause modifying komt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of jicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jicht","lemma":"jicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"gout"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of causal clause","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h18-s104","source":"Daar ik nu een gewetenszaak maak van het wegwerpen der fondsen van de firma--Last & Co--want in principes ben ik onwrikbaar, kwam ik eergister op 't denkbeeld dat Sjaalman toch een tamelyk goede hand schryft, en daar hy er zoo armoedig uitziet, en dus voor matig loon wel zou te krygen zyn, begreep ik aan de firma verplicht te wezen, op de goedkoopste wys in de vervanging van Bastiaans te voorzien.","translation":"Now, since I make it a matter of conscience not to throw away the funds of the firm — Last & Co. — for in principle I am unshakable, the day before yesterday it occurred to me that Sjaalman writes a tolerably good hand after all, and since he looks so poverty-stricken, and so might well be had for a modest wage, I judged myself bound to the firm to provide for Bastiaans's replacement in the cheapest way.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar ik nu een gewetenszaak maak ... kwam ik ... op 't denkbeeld","title":"Causal daar + main-clause inversion","body":"daar ('since') opens the long subordinate clause; after it the main clause inverts to kwam ik. gewetenszaak ('matter of conscience') is a noun compound (geweten + zaak)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het wegwerpen der fondsen ... in de vervanging van Bastiaans te voorzien","title":"Nominalized infinitive + genitive der","body":"het wegwerpen ('the throwing away') is an infinitive used as a noun; der fondsen is the genitive ('of the funds'). begreep ... te voorzien shows a te-infinitive complement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of maak","gloss":"Since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of maak","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maak","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of gewetenszaak","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gewetenszaak","lemma":"gewetenszaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maak","gloss":"matter of conscience"},{"surface":"maak","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"head of initial causal clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement wegwerpen of gewetenszaak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"nominalizes wegwerpen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wegwerpen","lemma":"wegwerpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"throwing away"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, genitive plural, archaic","role":"determiner of fondsen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"fondsen","lemma":"fonds","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of wegwerpen","gloss":"funds"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor firma of fondsen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of firma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of company name in apposition to firma","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"Co.","morphology":"proper-noun abbreviation","role":"second element of company name","gloss":"Co."},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical explanation","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces domain principes","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"principes","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"copula linking ik to onwrikbaar","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"onwrikbaar","lemma":"onwrikbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of ben","gloss":"unshakable"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first main verb; part of kwam op het denkbeeld","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eergister","lemma":"eergisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"day before yesterday"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces denkbeeld in idiom kwam op het denkbeeld","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause modifying denkbeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of schryft","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schryft","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tamelyk","lemma":"tamelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goede","gloss":"tolerably"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hand","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schryft","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"schryft","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the content clause to the following causal clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of uitziet","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of uitziet and zou zijn","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"part of construction er ... uitzien","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies armoedig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"armoedig","lemma":"armoedig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of uitziet","gloss":"poverty-stricken"},{"surface":"uitziet","lemma":"uitzien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of causal clause introduced by daar","gloss":"looks out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links uitziet and zou zijn","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks zou zijn as a consequence","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces price loon","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"matig","lemma":"matig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies loon","gloss":"modest"},{"surface":"loon","lemma":"loon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"wage"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies zou te krijgen zijn","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks krijgen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"krygen","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in construction te krijgen zijn","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of coordinated clause; governs te krijgen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second main verb","gloss":"judged"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces party firma to whom obligation is owed","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of firma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"verplicht","lemma":"verplicht","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks wezen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of begreep","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner wijze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of wijze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goedkoopste","lemma":"goedkoop","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies wijze","gloss":"cheapest"},{"surface":"wys","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement vervanging of voorzien","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of vervanging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vervanging","lemma":"vervanging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"replacement"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement Bastiaans of vervanging","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bastiaans","lemma":"Bastiaans","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bastiaans"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks voorzien as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voorzien","lemma":"voorzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verplicht","gloss":"provide"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h18-s105","source":"Ik ging dus naar de Lange-leidsche-dwarsstraat.","translation":"So I went to the Lange-leidsche-dwarsstraat.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s105.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination Lange-leidsche-dwarsstraat","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of Lange-leidsche-dwarsstraat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lange-leidsche-dwarsstraat","lemma":"Lange Leidsedwarsstraat","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Lange-leidsche-dwarsstraat"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h18-s106","source":"De vrouw van den winkel was voor, doch scheen me niet te herkennen, schoon ik haar onlangs heel duidelyk had gezegd dat ik m'nheer Droogstoppel was, Makelaar in koffi, van de Lauriergracht.","translation":"The woman of the shop was at the front, but did not seem to recognize me, although I had recently told her very plainly that I was Mijnheer Droogstoppel, coffee broker, of the Lauriergracht.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schoon ik haar onlangs heel duidelyk had gezegd dat ik ... was","title":"Concessive schoon + pluperfect","body":"schoon (modern hoewel, 'although') is a concessive conjunction sending the verb to the end; had gezegd is the pluperfect. doch scheen me niet te herkennen uses scheen + te-infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces van den winkel, modifying vrouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of winkel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"winkel","lemma":"winkel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"shop"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb, with predicative voor","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"at the front","note":"Here voor means at the front of the shop."},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with was","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, unstressed accusative","role":"direct object of herkennen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies herkennen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks herkennen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"herkennen","lemma":"herkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of scheen","gloss":"recognize"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, archaic","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"onlangs","lemma":"onlangs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duidelijk","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary had","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"mister"},{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"name in apposition to m'nheer","gloss":"Droogstoppel"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to m'nheer Droogstoppel","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to m'nheer Droogstoppel","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces field of brokerage","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces address phrase","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lauriergracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lauriergracht"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h18-s107","source":"Er is altyd iets stuitends in dat niet herkennen, maar omdat het nu wat minder koud is, en ik den vorigen keer myn jas met bont aanhad, schryf ik het dááraan toe, en trek 't my niet aan ... de beleediging, meen ik.","translation":"There is always something offensive in such non-recognition, but because it is rather less cold now, and because the last time I had on my fur-lined coat, I put it down to that, and do not take it to heart ... the affront, I mean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schryf ik het dááraan toe, en trek 't my niet aan","title":"Two separable verbs: toeschrijven & aantrekken","body":"toeschrijven ('attribute') and zich aantrekken ('take to heart', reflexive) both split. dááraan is a stressed pronominal adverb ('to that'). niet negates the second verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"stuitends","lemma":"stuitend","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"postmodifies iets","gloss":"offensive"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source of the offensiveness","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of herkennen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates herkennen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"herkennen","lemma":"herkennen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"recognizing"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies koud","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies minder","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies koud","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"koud","lemma":"koud","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates two causal clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aanhad","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of keer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorigen","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies keer","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"keer","lemma":"keer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial noun phrase modifying aanhad","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of jas","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"jas","lemma":"jas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanhad","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces material complement of jas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"bont","lemma":"bont","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"fur"},{"surface":"aanhad","lemma":"aanhebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of second causal clause","gloss":"had on"},{"surface":"schryf","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb; finite base of schrijf ... toe","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schryf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter accusative","role":"direct object of schrijf ... toe","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dááraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"indirect complement of schrijf ... toe","gloss":"to that"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes schrijf ... toe","gloss":"attribute"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"trek","lemma":"trekken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with schrijf; finite base of trek ... aan","gloss":"pull"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter accusative, contracted","role":"direct object of trek ... aan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, dative","role":"reflexive object of trek ... aan","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trek","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes trek ... aan","gloss":"take to heart","note":"Zich iets aantrekken means to take something to heart."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beleediging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beleediging","lemma":"belediging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"clarifying apposition to het","gloss":"affront","note":"Historical spelling of belediging."},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h18-s108","source":"Ik zei dus nogeens, dat ik m'nheer Droogsstoppel was, Makelaar in Koffi van de Lauriergracht, en verzocht haar te gaan zien of die Sjaalman thuis was, omdat ik niet weer zooals onlangs wilde te doen hebben met zyn vrouw, die altyd ontevreden is. Maar die uitdraagster weigerde naar-boven te gaan.","translation":"So I said once more that I was Mijnheer Droogstoppel, coffee broker of the Lauriergracht, and asked her to go and see whether that Sjaalman was at home, since I did not wish, as recently, to have anything to do with his wife, who is always discontented. But that secondhand-dealer woman refused to go upstairs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verzocht haar te gaan zien of die Sjaalman thuis was","title":"te-infinitive + embedded of-question","body":"verzocht ... te gaan zien ('asked her to go and see') has a te-infinitive; the embedded of-question (whether) sends was to the end. niet weer ... wilde te doen hebben adds a modal with te."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"uitdraagster","title":"uitdraagster — secondhand dealer","body":"An uitdraagster is a woman who deals in secondhand goods (an uitdragerij being a junk/secondhand shop). The detail fixes Sjaalman's poverty and the shabby quarter he lives in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"nogeens","lemma":"nog eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"mister"},{"surface":"Droogsstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"name in apposition to m'nheer","gloss":"Droogstoppel"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to m'nheer Droogsstoppel","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to m'nheer Droogsstoppel","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces field of brokerage","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces address phrase","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lauriergracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zei","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verzocht","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks gaan as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verzocht","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of gaan","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces indirect yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"thuis","lemma":"thuis","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of indirect question","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wilde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te doen hebben","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"onlangs","lemma":"onlangs","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier in elliptical comparison","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"part of te doen hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of te doen hebben","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"have","note":"Met iemand te doen hebben means to have dealings with someone."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of te doen hebben","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ontevreden","lemma":"ontevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"discontented"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weigerde","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitdraagster","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uitdraagster","lemma":"uitdraagster","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of weigerde","gloss":"secondhand dealer","note":"An uitdraagster was a female dealer in used household goods."},{"surface":"weigerde","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"naar-boven","lemma":"naar boven","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"directional complement of gaan","gloss":"upstairs"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks gaan as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of weigerde","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h18-s109","source":"\"Ze kon niet den heelen dag trappen klimmen voor dat bedelvolk, zeide zy, ik moest maar zelf gaan zien.\" En daar volgde weer een beschryving van de trappen en portalen, die ik volstrekt niet noodig had, want ik herken altyd een plaats waar ik eens geweest ben, omdat ik altyd zoo op alles acht geef.","translation":"\"She could not be climbing stairs all day long for that beggarly lot,\" she said; \"I should just go and see for myself.\" And then followed yet another description of the stairs and landings, which I did not need in the least, for I always recognize a place where I have once been, because I always pay such close attention to everything.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze kon niet den heelen dag trappen klimmen","title":"Modal kon + bare infinitive klimmen","body":"kon ... klimmen ('could not be climbing') is the modal kunnen with a bare infinitive. den heelen dag ('the whole day') is an accusative-of-duration phrase keeping the old den ... -en."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een plaats waar ik eens geweest ben","title":"Relative adverb waar + perfect with zijn","body":"waar ('where') relativizes plaats; geweest ben is the perfect of zijn ('have been'), which forms its perfect with zijn, not hebben."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal governing klimmen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kon klimmen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heelen","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial duration modifying klimmen","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"trappen","lemma":"trap","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of klimmen","gloss":"stairs"},{"surface":"klimmen","lemma":"klimmen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kon","gloss":"climb"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedelvolk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bedelvolk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bedelvolk","lemma":"bedelvolk","morphology":"noun, neuter, collective singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"beggarly lot"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular, archaic form","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal governing gaan","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies moest gaan","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes subject ik","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of gaan","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of volgde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volgde","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"volgde","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb, with inverted subject beschryving","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volgde","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschryving","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"beschryving","lemma":"beschrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of volgde","gloss":"description"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trappen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of trappen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trappen","lemma":"trap","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"stairs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"portalen","lemma":"portaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"landings"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of noodig had; antecedent beschryving","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet noodig","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates noodig had","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of had","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of herken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"herken","lemma":"herkennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"recognize"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies herken","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of herken","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying plaats","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben geweest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben geweest","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary ben","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geef","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acht geef","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies acht","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of acht geef","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of op","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"acht","lemma":"acht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in acht geven","gloss":"heed","note":"Acht geven op means to pay attention to."},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"give"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h18-s110","source":"Dit heb ik my aangewend in de zaken.","translation":"This I have trained myself to in business.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit heb ik my aangewend in de zaken","title":"Fronted object + reflexive aanwennen","body":"Dit fronts, inverting to heb ik. zich aanwennen ('to train/accustom oneself to') is reflexive (my) and separable, its participle aangewend at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of aangewend","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangewend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aangewend","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, dative","role":"reflexive object of aangewend","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"aangewend","lemma":"aanwennen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary heb","gloss":"trained","note":"Zich iets aanwennen means to train oneself into a habit."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in; idiomatically business","gloss":"business"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h18-s111","source":"Ik klom dus de trappen op, en klopte aan de bekende deur, die terugweek.","translation":"So I climbed the stairs and knocked at the familiar door, which gave way.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik klom dus de trappen op, en klopte aan de bekende deur, die terugweek","title":"Separable opklimmen + relative die","body":"opklimmen splits (klom ... op). The relative die (for de-word deur) closes with the strong past terugweek (separable terugwijken, 'to give way')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of klom","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"klom","lemma":"klimmen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climbed"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klom","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of trappen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trappen","lemma":"trap","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of postposition op","gloss":"stairs"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"postposition","role":"heads directional phrase de trappen op","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"klopte","lemma":"kloppen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with klom","gloss":"knocked"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces door knocked at","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bekende","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies deur","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"deur","lemma":"deur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of terugweek","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"terugweek","lemma":"terugwijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"gave way"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h18-s112","source":"Ik trad binnen, en daar ik niemand in de kamer vond, zag ik eens rond.","translation":"I stepped inside, and since I found no one in the room, I had a look around.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s112.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar ik niemand ... vond","title":"daar = 'since' (subordinator)","body":"Here daar is the literary causal conjunction 'since/because', which sends its verb (vond) to the clause-final position. The main clause that follows then opens with the verb (zag ik), keeping the finite verb in second position overall."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik trad binnen","title":"Separable verb: binnentreden","body":"Binnentreden ('to step inside') splits in a finite main clause: the prefix binnen drops to the end while the stem trad stands second. Trad is the strong simple past of treden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trad","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"trad","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; finite base of trad binnen","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes trad binnen","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since","note":"Here daar means since or because."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kamer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kamer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with trad; finite base of zag rond","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens zag rond","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"rond","lemma":"rond","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes zag rond","gloss":"around"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h18-s113","source":"Nu, veel te zien was er niet.","translation":"Now, there was not much to see.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"veel te zien was er niet","title":"Fronting plus existential er","body":"The object phrase veel te zien ('much to see') is fronted for emphasis, pushing the subject behind the verb; er is the existential 'there'. Literally: 'much to see there was not'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying was","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of was and understood object of zien","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival modifier of veel","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h18-s114","source":"Er hing een half broekje met geborduurde strook over een stoel ... wat hoeven zulke menschen geborduurde broekjes te dragen?","translation":"A pair of half-trousers with an embroidered border hung over a chair ... what need have such people to wear embroidered breeches?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een half broekje","title":"Diminutive broekje","body":"Broekje is the diminutive of broek ('trousers'), formed with -je and therefore neuter. The diminutive here is neutral in size rather than affectionate; broekjes is its plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zulke menschen","title":"Period spelling: menschen","body":"Menschen ('people') shows the 19th-century sch- spelling where modern Dutch writes mensen. The sound is just /s/; the silent ch is a frozen orthographic relic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat hoeven ... te dragen","title":"hoeven te + infinitive","body":"Hoeven ('to need to') governs a te-infinitive (te dragen) parked at the clause end. It is the typical verb of necessity used in questions and negatives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive with hing","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"hing","lemma":"hangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of broekje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"half","lemma":"half","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies broekje","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"broekje","lemma":"broek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"subject of hing","gloss":"little breeches"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of broekje","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"geborduurde","lemma":"borduren","morphology":"adjective, inflected participial","role":"modifies strook","gloss":"embroidered"},{"surface":"strook","lemma":"strook","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"border"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of hing","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of stoel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stoel","lemma":"stoel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"questions the need expressed by hoeven","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"hoeven","lemma":"hoeven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hoeven","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"geborduurde","lemma":"borduren","morphology":"adjective, inflected participial","role":"modifies broekjes","gloss":"embroidered"},{"surface":"broekjes","lemma":"broek","morphology":"noun, plural, diminutive","role":"direct object of dragen","gloss":"breeches"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive dragen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dragen","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hoeven","gloss":"wear"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h18-s115","source":"In een hoek stond een niet zeer zware reiskoffer, dien ik in gedachte aan het hengsel vatte, en op den schoorsteenmantel lagen eenige boeken die ik eens inzag.","translation":"In a corner stood a not very heavy travelling trunk, which I gauged in my mind by its handle, and on the mantelpiece lay a few books that I glanced over.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dien ik ... vatte","title":"Case remnant: accusative dien","body":"Dien is the old masculine accusative of the relative die, agreeing with reiskoffer as the object 'which I gripped'. Modern Dutch has levelled this to plain die."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op den schoorsteenmantel","title":"Case remnant: dative den","body":"After the preposition op, the article takes the old masculine/dative form den (op den schoorsteenmantel). In 1860 prose den routinely marks an object or post-prepositional noun; modern Dutch uses de."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"lagen eenige boeken","title":"Inversion after a fronted adverbial","body":"The clause opens with the place phrase op den schoorsteenmantel, so the verb lagen comes before its subject eenige boeken — the verb-second rule forcing subject-verb inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of stond","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of hoek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hoek","lemma":"hoek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of reiskoffer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zeer zware","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zware","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"zware","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies reiskoffer","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"reiskoffer","lemma":"reiskoffer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"travelling trunk"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular, accusative","role":"direct object of vatte","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vatte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms adverbial phrase in gedachte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gedachte","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"my mind"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of vatte","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of hengsel","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"hengsel","lemma":"hengsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"handle"},{"surface":"vatte","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on reiskoffer","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the stond and lagen clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of lagen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular, dative","role":"determiner of schoorsteenmantel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoorsteenmantel","lemma":"schoorsteenmantel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"mantelpiece"},{"surface":"lagen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of clause coordinated with stond","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of boeken","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"boeken","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of lagen","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of inzag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of inzag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inzag","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"inzag","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on boeken","gloss":"glanced over"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h18-s116","source":"Een wonderlyke verzameling!","translation":"A strange collection!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een wonderlyke verzameling","title":"Period spelling: -lyke for -lijke","body":"Wonderlyke ('strange') writes y where modern Dutch writes ij (wonderlijke). This y-for-ij is the single most pervasive feature of the 1860 page."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of verzameling","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"wonderlyke","lemma":"wonderlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies verzameling","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"verzameling","lemma":"verzameling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the noun phrase","gloss":"collection"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h18-s117","source":"Een paar deelen van Byron, Horatius, Bastiat, Béranger, en ... raad eens? Een bybel, een kompleete bybel, met de apokriefe boeken er in!","translation":"A few volumes of Byron, Horace, Bastiat, Béranger, and ... can you guess? A Bible — a complete Bible, with the apocryphal books in it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"met de apokriefe boeken er in","title":"Split pronominal adverb: er ... in","body":"Er ... in is the pronominal adverb erin ('in it') pulled apart, with er early and in at the end. Dutch routinely splits these er-/daar- + preposition forms across the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"raad eens","title":"raad eens = 'guess'","body":"Raad is the imperative of raden ('to guess'); the particle eens softens it to a chatty 'go on, guess'. Note this raden is unrelated to the noun raad ('advice/counsel') seen elsewhere in the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"quantifying noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies deelen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"deelen","lemma":"deel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of opening noun phrase","gloss":"volumes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces authors modifying deelen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Byron","lemma":"Byron","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Byron"},{"surface":"Horatius","lemma":"Horatius","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Byron","gloss":"Horace"},{"surface":"Bastiat","lemma":"Bastiat","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Byron","gloss":"Bastiat"},{"surface":"Béranger","lemma":"Béranger","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Byron","gloss":"Béranger"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links final item in author list","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"raad","lemma":"raden","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"guess"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens imperative raad","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of bybel","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"bybel","lemma":"bijbel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of exclamatory noun phrase","gloss":"Bible"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of bybel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kompleete","lemma":"compleet","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bybel","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"bybel","lemma":"bijbel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to preceding bybel","gloss":"Bible"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of bybel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of boeken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"apokriefe","lemma":"apocrief","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies boeken","gloss":"apocryphal"},{"surface":"boeken","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of in, referring to the Bible","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"forms pronominal phrase er in","gloss":"in"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h18-s118","source":"Dàt had ik by Sjaalman niet verwacht.","translation":"That I had not expected of Sjaalman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dàt had ik ... niet verwacht","title":"Fronted object dàt + pluperfect","body":"The object dàt is fronted for emphasis (the grave accent marks the stress), forcing inversion: had ik. Had ... verwacht is the pluperfect — past auxiliary plus the participle verwacht at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"by Sjaalman","title":"Period spelling: by","body":"By is the 1860 spelling of modern bij ('with/at/of'), another instance of y standing for ij."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular, emphatic","role":"direct object of verwacht","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verwacht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of verwacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of verwacht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of by","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verwacht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verwacht","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary had","gloss":"expected"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h18-s119","source":"En er scheen in gelezen te zyn ook, want ik vond veel aanteekeningen op losse stukken papier, die betrekking hadden op de Schrift--hy zegt dat Eva tweemaal ter-wereld kwam ... de man is gek!--nu, alles was van dezelfde hand als de stukken in dat verwenschte pak.","translation":"And it seemed to have been read in, too, for I found many annotations on loose sheets of paper that bore on the Scriptures — he says that Eve came into the world twice ... the man is mad! — well, it was all in the same hand as the papers in that accursed bundle.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er scheen in gelezen te zyn","title":"Impersonal passive infinitive","body":"Literally 'there seemed to have been read in it' — an impersonal construction with no real subject, built on the passive infinitive gelezen te zyn ('to have been read'). Dummy er fills the subject slot."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die betrekking hadden op de Schrift","title":"Idiom: betrekking hebben op","body":"Betrekking hebben op means 'to bear/relate to'. Here die (relative, agreeing with the de-word plural aanteekeningen) opens a verb-final clause, so hadden lands before the fixed phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of scheen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of in, referring to the Bible","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of opening clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"forms pronominal phrase er in with gelezen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive infinitive","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheen gelezen te zyn","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause of vond","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of aanteekeningen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"aanteekeningen","lemma":"aantekening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"annotations"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of aanteekeningen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"losse","lemma":"los","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies stukken","gloss":"loose"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"sheets"},{"surface":"papier","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"noun modifier of stukken","gloss":"of paper"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hadden in idiom betrekking hebben op","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on stukken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes idiom betrekking hebben op","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Schrift","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Schrift","lemma":"Schrift","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"Scriptures"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of zegt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Eva","lemma":"Eva","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"Eve"},{"surface":"tweemaal","lemma":"tweemaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"twice"},{"surface":"ter-wereld","lemma":"ter wereld","morphology":"fixed adverbial phrase","role":"directional complement of kwam","gloss":"into the world","note":"Ter wereld komen is an idiom meaning ‘to come into the world’ or ‘be born’."},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links man to gek","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"introduces concluding clause","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links alles to van dezelfde hand","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement of was","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with dezelfde hand","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of stukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of comparative als","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative modifier of stukken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"verwenschte","lemma":"verwenst","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies pak","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"bundle"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h18-s120","source":"Vooral 't boek van Job scheen hy yverig bestudeerd te hebben, want daar gaapten de bladen.","translation":"The book of Job in particular he seemed to have studied diligently, for there the pages gaped open.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"scheen hy ... bestudeerd te hebben","title":"schijnen + perfect te-infinitive","body":"Schijnen ('to seem') takes a te-infinitive; here the whole perfect infinitive bestudeerd te hebben ('to have studied') sits at the end. Fronting the object 't boek van Job triggers the inversion scheen hy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"daar gaapten de bladen","title":"yverig and gapende bladen","body":"Yverig (modern ijverig) means 'diligently'. The image daar gaapten de bladen ('there the pages gaped') means the well-thumbed book fell open by itself — physical proof of frequent reading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses boek van Job","gloss":"In particular"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bestudeerd","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of boek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Job","lemma":"Job","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Job"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of scheen and bestudeerd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"yverig","lemma":"ijverig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestudeerd","gloss":"diligently"},{"surface":"bestudeerd","lemma":"bestuderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of perfect infinitive","gloss":"studied"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of bestudeerd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause of gaapten","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of gaapten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gaapten","lemma":"gapen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"gaped open"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of bladen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bladen","lemma":"blad","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of gaapten","gloss":"pages"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h18-s121","source":"Ik denk dat hy de hand des Heeren begint te voelen, en daarom door lektuur in de heilige boeken zich wil verzoenen met God. Ik heb er niets tegen.","translation":"I believe he is beginning to feel the hand of the Lord, and that this is why he wishes to be reconciled with God through reading in the holy books. I have nothing against it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de hand des Heeren","title":"Genitive: des Heeren","body":"Des Heeren is the old genitive 'of the Lord' (des is the masculine/neuter genitive article, with -en on the noun). This frozen biblical genitive survives in solemn 1860 prose where modern Dutch says van de Heer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich wil verzoenen met God","title":"Reflexive zich with a modal","body":"Zich verzoenen ('to reconcile oneself') is reflexive; zich is the 3rd-person reflexive pronoun. The modal wil sends the main verb verzoenen to the end as a bare infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb er niets tegen","title":"Split er ... tegen","body":"Er ... tegen is the pronominal adverb ertegen ('against it') split around the negation niets. The idiom ergens niets tegen hebben means 'to have no objection'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of denk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"denk","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of denk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of begint and wil","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voelen","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of Heeren","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Heeren","lemma":"Heer","morphology":"proper noun, masculine singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of hand","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"begint","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated complement clause","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive voelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voelen","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of begint","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links begint and wil","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil verzoenen","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means of verzoenen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"lektuur","lemma":"lectuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of lektuur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of boeken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heilige","lemma":"heilig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies boeken","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"boeken","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"reflexive object of verzoenen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with begint","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"verzoenen","lemma":"verzoenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"to reconcile"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of verzoenen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of met","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of tegen, referring to this","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"forms pronominal phrase er tegen modifying niets","gloss":"against"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h18-s122","source":"Maar, zoo al wachtende, viel myn oog op een dames-werkdoosje, dat op tafel stond. Zonder erg bezag ik dat.","translation":"But while I sat waiting, my eye fell on a lady's workbox standing on the table. Without any harm in it, I looked the thing over.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoo al wachtende","title":"Present participle: wachtende","body":"Wachtende is the present participle of wachten ('waiting'); the -end(e) form names an action in progress. The phrase zoo al wachtende means 'while thus waiting'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"viel myn oog op","title":"Separable verb: opvallen / op ... vallen","body":"Here vallen op ('to fall on') describes the gaze landing; the prepositional op closes the clause while the fronted manner-clause forces inversion viel myn oog. Myn is the 1860 spelling of mijn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een dames-werkdoosje","title":"Compound + diminutive","body":"Dames-werkdoosje glues dames ('lady's') + werk ('work') + doosje, the diminutive of doos ('box'). Dutch builds such right-headed compounds freely into a single word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of viel","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wachtende in phrase zoo al wachtende","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wachtende","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"wachtende","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial participle modifying viel","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes idiom oog vallen op","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of dames-werkdoosje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dames-werkdoosje","lemma":"dameswerkdoosje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"object of op","gloss":"lady's workbox"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of stond","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on dames-werkdoosje","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"Zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces adverbial phrase zonder erg","gloss":"Without"},{"surface":"erg","lemma":"erg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"suspicion","note":"Zonder erg means innocently or without suspecting any harm."},{"surface":"bezag","lemma":"bezien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second sentence","gloss":"looked over"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of bezag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of bezag","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h18-s123","source":"Er waren een paar half-afgewerkte kinderkousjes in, en een tal van zotte verzen. Ook een brief aan Sjaalmans vrouw, zooals uit het opschrift bleek.","translation":"Inside were a couple of half-finished children's stockings, and a heap of silly verses. Also a letter to Sjaalman's wife, as the heading showed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kinderkousjes","title":"Diminutive plural: kousjes","body":"Kousjes is the diminutive plural of kous ('stocking'), compounded with kinder- ('children's'). Diminutive plurals always end in -jes/-tjes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zooals uit het opschrift bleek","title":"zooals clause sends verb to the end","body":"Zooals ('as') is a subordinator, so its verb bleek (simple past of blijken, 'to appear/be evident') stands at the clause end. Bleek is a strong past with vowel change."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of subject noun phrase","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"half-afgewerkte","lemma":"half-afgewerkt","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kinderkousjes","gloss":"half-finished"},{"surface":"kinderkousjes","lemma":"kinderkous","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"children's stockings"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of waren","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated subject of waren","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zotte","lemma":"zot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verzen","gloss":"silly"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of tal","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omitted waren","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of omitted waren","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recipient vrouw","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Sjaalmans","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of vrouw","gloss":"Sjaalman's"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bleek","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opschrift","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opschrift","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opschrift","lemma":"opschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of uit","gloss":"heading"},{"surface":"bleek","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of comparative clause","gloss":"was evident"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h18-s124","source":"De brief was geopend, en zag er uit alsof men hem in drift had saamgeknepen.","translation":"The letter had been opened, and looked as though someone had crumpled it together in a fit of temper.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De brief was geopend","title":"State passive with zijn/was","body":"Was geopend describes the resulting state ('had been opened / was open') rather than the act of opening. The zijn-passive (here in the past, was + participle) names a condition, contrasting with the worden-process passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alsof men hem ... had saamgeknepen","title":"alsof + pluperfect, verb-final","body":"Alsof ('as if') is a subordinator pushing the verbs to the end; had ... saamgeknepen is the pluperfect of samenknijpen ('to crumple together'). Saam is an archaic form of samen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men hem","title":"Indefinite subject men","body":"Men ('one/someone/people') is the impersonal subject pronoun, used where English reaches for the passive or 'someone'. It always takes a singular verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was and zag","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geopend","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"geopend","lemma":"openen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate with was","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of zag ... eruit","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal part of eruitzien","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of zag ... eruit","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of saamgeknepen","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had saamgeknepen","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of saamgeknepen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking drift","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"drift","lemma":"drift","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"temper"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of saamgeknepen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"saamgeknepen","lemma":"samenknijpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of alsof-clause","gloss":"crumpled together","note":"Saam- is an older form of modern samen- in samenknijpen."}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h18-s125","source":"Nu is myn vast principe, nooit iets te lezen dat niet aan my gericht is, omdat ik dit niet fatsoenlyk vind.","translation":"Now it is a fixed principle of mine never to read anything not addressed to me, because I do not consider that decent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nooit iets te lezen dat niet aan my gericht is","title":"te + infinitive after a noun, and negation","body":"Te lezen modifies principe ('a principle ... never to read'); nooit ('never') is the clause's single negative word. The relative clause dat ... gericht is sends its verb to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ik dit niet fatsoenlyk vind","title":"omdat sends the verb to the end","body":"Omdat ('because') is a subordinating conjunction, so the finite verb vind moves to the clause-final slot after its object and predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking principe to infinitive clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of principe","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vast","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies principe","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"principe","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lezen","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause complementing principe","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is; refers to iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gericht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking addressee my","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gericht","lemma":"richten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vind","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vind","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of dit","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of omdat-clause","gloss":"consider"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h18-s126","source":"Ik doe het dan ook nooit als ik er geen belang by heb. Maar nu kreeg ik een ingeving dat het myn plicht was, dien brief eens intezien omdat de inhoud my misschien zou voorlichten omtrent de menschlievende bedoeling die me tot Sjaalman voerde.","translation":"And so I never do it when I have no interest in the matter. But now I had a prompting that it was my duty to look this letter over for once, because its contents might perhaps enlighten me as to the charitable purpose that had brought me to Sjaalman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik er geen belang by heb","title":"geen + split er ... by","body":"Geen negates the indefinite noun belang ('interest'), and er ... by is the split pronominal adverb erbij. The idiom ergens belang bij hebben means 'to have an interest in something'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dien brief eens intezien","title":"Joined te-infinitive: intezien","body":"Intezien is the 1860 habit of writing the separable verb inzien together with its te ('in-te-zien' → intezien). Modern Dutch separates it: in te zien. Dien is again the accusative case remnant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou voorlichten","title":"Conditional with zou","body":"Zou + infinitive (voorlichten) expresses the hypothetical 'might enlighten / would inform'. Zou is the past of zullen used to soften and to mark unreal conditions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of discourse phrase dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of discourse phrase dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doe","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heb","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of by","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of belang","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition paired with er","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"adverbial clause on doe","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kreeg","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kreeg","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"kreeg","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kreeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ingeving","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ingeving","lemma":"ingeving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kreeg","gloss":"prompting"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause modifying ingeving","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of plicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to plicht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of intezien","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies intezien","gloss":"for once"},{"surface":"intezien","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause complementing plicht","gloss":"to look over"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorlichten","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inhoud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inhoud","lemma":"inhoud","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou voorlichten","gloss":"contents"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of voorlichten","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorlichten","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorlichten","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"voorlichten","lemma":"voorlichten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of omdat-clause","gloss":"enlighten"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedoeling","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bedoeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschlievende","lemma":"menslievend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bedoeling","gloss":"charitable"},{"surface":"bedoeling","lemma":"bedoeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of omtrent","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voerde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of voerde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sjaalman","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of tot","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"voerde","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on bedoeling","gloss":"led"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h18-s127","source":"Ik dacht er aan, hoe toch de Heer altyd naby de Zynen is, daar Hy me hier onverwachts in de gelegenheid stelde, iets meer van dien man te weten te komen, en me dus behoedde voor 't gevaar een weldaad te bewyzen aan een onzedelyk persoon.","translation":"I reflected on how the Lord is always near to His own, since here, unexpectedly, He had given me the chance to learn something more about this man, and thus guarded me against the danger of doing a kindness to an immoral person.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe toch de Heer altyd naby de Zynen is","title":"Indirect question, verb-final","body":"Hoe ('how') opens an embedded question, so the verb is moves to the end after the time adverb altyd and place naby de Zynen. De Zynen ('His own') is the substantivized possessive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar Hy me hier ... in de gelegenheid stelde","title":"Causal daar + separable idiom","body":"Daar here is literary 'since/because', sending stelde to the end. In de gelegenheid stellen ('to put in a position to') is a fixed idiom; the weak past stelde (stem 'stel' + -de) governs a following te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"me dus behoedde voor","title":"behoeden voor + reflexive object","body":"Behoeden voor ('to guard against') is a fixed preposition pairing; me is the 1st-person reflexive/object pronoun. The fixed van-less preposition voor governs 't gevaar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of aan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition paired with er","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"naby","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Zynen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Zynen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"substantivized possessive pronoun, plural","role":"oblique complement of nabij","gloss":"His own","note":"De Zijnen is an elevated, substantivized possessive meaning ‘His own people’."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of hoe-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stelde","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stelde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of stelde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stelde","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"onverwachts","lemma":"onverwachts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stelde","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in fixed phrase in de gelegenheid stellen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"stelde","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of daar-clause","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of direct object of weten","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying adverb","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking topic man","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gelegenheid","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of construction te weten komen","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of behoedde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behoedde","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"behoedde","lemma":"behoeden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with stelde","gloss":"guarded"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking danger gevaar","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weldaad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"weldaad","lemma":"weldaad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewyzen","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bewyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause modifying gevaar","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking persoon","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onzedelyk","lemma":"onzedelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies persoon","gloss":"immoral"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"person"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h18-s128","source":"Ik let nauwkeurig op zulke vingerwyzingen van den Heer, en dit heeft me dikwyls veel nut in de zaken gedaan.","translation":"I pay close attention to such pointings of the Lord, and this has often been of great use to me in business.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vingerwyzingen van den Heer","title":"Periphrastic genitive: van den Heer","body":"Possession is here expressed with van + the dative form den ('of the Lord'). Den is the old masculine inflected article surviving after van."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit heeft me ... nut ... gedaan","title":"Present perfect with hebben","body":"Heeft ... gedaan is the present perfect — present of hebben plus the participle gedaan at the end. Nut doen is an idiom 'to be of use'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of let","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"let","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of let ... op","gloss":"pay attention"},{"surface":"nauwkeurig","lemma":"nauwkeurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies let","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"particle/preposition completing letten op","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vingerwyzingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"vingerwyzingen","lemma":"vingerwijzing","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Heer","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine singular","role":"determiner of Heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gedaan","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nut","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"nut","lemma":"nut","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"benefit"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h18-s129","source":"Tot myn groote verwondering zag ik, dat die vrouw van Sjaalman van deftige familie was, althans de brief was geteekend door een bloedverwant, wiens naam in Nederland aanzienlyk is, en ik was inderdaad opgetogen over den schoonen inhoud van dat schryven.","translation":"To my great astonishment I saw that this wife of Sjaalman's was of genteel family — at any rate the letter was signed by a relative whose name is of standing in the Netherlands — and I was indeed delighted at the fine contents of that writing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wiens naam ... aanzienlyk is","title":"Genitive relative: wiens","body":"Wiens ('whose') is the masculine genitive relative pronoun, opening a verb-final clause where is lands at the end. It belongs to the heavier, formal relative system."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"over den schoonen inhoud","title":"Inflected adjective + den","body":"Schoonen carries both the attributive -e ending and an old -n agreeing with the masculine accusative/dative inhoud after the preposition over. In 1860 the article (den) and adjective could still take this masculine -(e)n."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"deftige familie","title":"deftig = 'genteel'","body":"Deftig means 'distinguished, well-bred, genteel' — a recurring word in this chapter as the snobbish narrator measures everyone's social standing. It is not the false friend 'hefty'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verwondering","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of verwondering","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies verwondering","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"verwondering","lemma":"verwondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of tot","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of zag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sjaalman","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in predicate van familie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"deftige","lemma":"deftig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies familie","gloss":"genteel"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of object clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geteekend","gloss":"at any rate"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive geteekend","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geteekend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geteekend","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate with was","gloss":"signed"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bloedverwant","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bloedverwant","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bloedverwant","lemma":"bloedverwant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of geteekend","gloss":"relative"},{"surface":"wiens","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of naam","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of is","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"aanzienlyk","lemma":"aanzienlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"of standing"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to opgetogen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgetogen","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"opgetogen","lemma":"opgetogen","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"delighted"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inhoud","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine singular","role":"determiner of inhoud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoonen","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, historical inflected masculine singular","role":"modifies inhoud","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"inhoud","lemma":"inhoud","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of over","gloss":"contents"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of schryven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"writing"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h18-s130","source":"Het scheen iemand te zyn, die yverig werkt voor den Heer, want hy schreef \"dat de vrouw van Sjaalman zich moest laten scheiden van zulk een ellendeling, die haar armoed liet lyden, die zyn brood niet kon verdienen, die bovendien een schurk was, omdat hy schulden had ... dat de schryver van den brief met haar toestand begaan was, hoewel zy zich dat lot had op den hals gehaald door eigen schuld, daar ze den Heer had verlaten, en Sjaalman aanhing ... dat ze tot den Heer moest terugkeeren, en dat dan de heele familie misschien de handen zou inéénslaan, om haar naaiwerk te bezorgen. Maar vóór alles moest ze scheiden van dien Sjaalman, die een ware schande was voor de familie.\"","translation":"He seemed to be someone who labors zealously for the Lord, for he wrote \"that Sjaalman's wife ought to have herself divorced from such a wretch, who left her to suffer poverty, who could not earn his bread, who was moreover a scoundrel because he had debts ... that the writer of the letter was moved by her condition, although she had brought this lot upon herself through her own fault, since she had forsaken the Lord and clung to Sjaalman ... that she ought to return to the Lord, and that then the whole family might perhaps join hands to procure her some sewing-work. But before all else she must part from this Sjaalman, who was a true disgrace to the family.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich moest laten scheiden van","title":"Causative laten + reflexive","body":"Zich laten scheiden literally 'have oneself divorced' — laten is the causative auxiliary 'to have/let something be done', taking a bare infinitive (scheiden). The modal moest stacks the verbs at the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die haar armoed liet lyden","title":"laten as 'let/allow' + bare infinitive","body":"Here liet lyden means 'left her to suffer / made her suffer poverty'; laten again takes a bare infinitive (lyden, modern lijden). The relative die opens a verb-final clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de schryver van den brief","title":"van + den for possession","body":"Van den brief ('of the letter') again uses the inflected den after van. Schryver is the 1860 spelling of schrijver ('writer')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de heele familie ... de handen zou inéénslaan","title":"Conditional + separable inéénslaan","body":"Zou ... inéénslaan is conditional 'would join hands'; the separable verb ineenslaan parks its prefix-and-stem at the end after the modal zou. The purpose clause om ... te bezorgen follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun","role":"expletive subject of scheen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of scheen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of werkt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"yverig","lemma":"ijverig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werkt","gloss":"zealously"},{"surface":"werkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause modifying iemand","gloss":"labors"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique","role":"determiner of Heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"Heer","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a causal main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by want","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of schreef","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sjaalman","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van modifying vrouw","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of laten scheiden","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of laten","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"scheiden","lemma":"scheiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"divorced"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ellendeling","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of ellendeling","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ellendeling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ellendeling","lemma":"ellendeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of scheiden","gloss":"wretch"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of liet lijden","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"armoed","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of lijden","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on ellendeling","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"lyden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of liet","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verdienen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of brood","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"brood","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verdienen","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verdienen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verdienen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"verdienen","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kon","gloss":"earn"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the predicate was een schurk","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schurk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schurk","lemma":"schurk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die to schurk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schulden","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"debts"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause modifying was","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces another content clause of schreef","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schryver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement modifying schrijver","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toestand","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of toestand","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of begaan","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"begaan","lemma":"begaan","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"moved","note":"Met iemand of iets begaan zijn means to be concerned or moved by them."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking schrijver to begaan","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hoewel","lemma":"hoewel","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gehaald","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive indirect object of gehaald","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lot","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lot","lemma":"lot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gehaald","gloss":"lot"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehaald","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces op den hals, complement of gehaald","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique","role":"determiner of hals","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"gehaald","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schuld","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies schuld","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had verlaten and aanhing","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique","role":"determiner of Heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"Heer","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"forsaken"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of aanhing","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"aanhing","lemma":"aanhangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with had verlaten","gloss":"clung to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces another content clause of schreef","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique","role":"determiner of Heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"Heer","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of terugkeeren","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"terugkeeren","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ineenslaan","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heele","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies familie","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou ineenslaan","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inéénslaan","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handen","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of ineenslaan","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of inéénslaan","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"inéénslaan","lemma":"ineenslaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"join"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces purpose clause with te bezorgen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of bezorgen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"naaiwerk","lemma":"naaiwerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bezorgen","gloss":"sewing-work"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces bezorgen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bezorgen","lemma":"bezorgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying ineenslaan","gloss":"procure"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of scheiden","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of adverbial phrase vóór alles","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"complement of vóór","gloss":"all else"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of scheiden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of scheiden","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"scheiden","lemma":"scheiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sjaalman","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine oblique","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of scheiden","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schande","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schande","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"schande","lemma":"schande","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die to schande","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking familie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"family"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h18-s131","source":"Kortom, in de kerk zelf was niet meer stichting te halen dan er in dien brief stond.","translation":"In short, no more edification was to be had in church itself than stood in that letter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was niet meer stichting te halen dan er in dien brief stond","title":"te-infinitive of availability + comparative dan","body":"Was ... te halen means 'was to be had / could be got' — a passive-like te-infinitive. The comparison niet meer ... dan ('no more ... than') closes with the verb-final clause er in dien brief stond."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"stichting","title":"stichting = 'edification'","body":"In this religious sense stichting means spiritual 'edification', not the modern everyday meaning 'foundation/charity'. The narrator sardonically finds more uplift in the cruel letter than in church."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kortom","lemma":"kortom","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"in short"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kerk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kerk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kerk","lemma":"kerk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes kerk","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing te halen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies stichting","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"stichting","lemma":"stichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was te halen","gloss":"edification","note":"Here stichting means religious or moral edification, not the modern sense “foundation.”"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces halen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"halen","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of was","gloss":"be had"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stond","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in the comparative clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine oblique","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of comparative clause introduced by dan","gloss":"stood"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h18-s132","source":"Ik wist genoeg, en was dankbaar dat ik op zoo wonderbare wys was gewaarschuwd.","translation":"I knew enough, and was grateful that I had been warned in so marvelous a way.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik ... was gewaarschuwd","title":"State passive in the past: was gewaarschuwd","body":"Was gewaarschuwd ('had been warned') is the zijn-passive (state passive), expressing the resulting state; the worden-passive past would be 'werd gewaarschuwd'. Op zoo wonderbare wys means 'in such a marvellous way'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to dankbaar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dankbaar","lemma":"dankbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gewaarschuwd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive gewaarschuwd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wys","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wonderbare","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"wonderbare","lemma":"wonderbaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wys","gloss":"marvelous"},{"surface":"wys","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"a way"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gewaarschuwd","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"gewaarschuwd","lemma":"waarschuwen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"warned"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h18-s133","source":"Zonder deze waarschuwing toch ware ik zeker weer 't slachtoffer geworden van myn goed hart.","translation":"Without this warning I should surely have fallen victim once again to my good heart.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ware ik ... 't slachtoffer geworden","title":"Archaic conditional ware","body":"Ware is the old subjunctive of zijn ('would have been'); ware ik ... geworden is a literary conditional perfect with the conditionalmeaning of zou ... geworden zijn. This subjunctive survives only in solemn or fixed phrasing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waarschuwing","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarschuwing","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"waarschuwing","lemma":"waarschuwing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"warning"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle modifying the conditional statement","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geworden","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geworden","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slachtoffer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slachtoffer","lemma":"slachtoffer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of geworden","gloss":"victim"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by ware","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hart","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h18-s134","source":"Ik besloot dus nogmaals om Bastiaans maar te houden tot ik een geschikten vervanger vind, want ik zet niet gaarne iemand op-straat, en we kunnen op 't oogenblik geen bediende missen, omdat er zooveel by ons omgaat.","translation":"So I resolved once more to keep Bastiaans on after all, until I find a suitable replacement, for I do not like to turn anyone out into the street, and we cannot spare a single clerk at the moment, because there is so much going on with us.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om Bastiaans maar te houden","title":"Purpose om ... te with particle maar","body":"Om ... te houden frames the purpose 'to keep on'; the resolve verb besloot governs it. The particle maar here softens to 'after all / for now', a flavouring word with no negative force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een geschikten vervanger","title":"Inflected accusative -n: geschikten","body":"Geschikten carries the old masculine accusative -(e)n on the adjective, agreeing with the de-word object vervanger ('replacement'). Modern Dutch would write geschikte."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat er zooveel by ons omgaat","title":"omdat + er + separable omgaan","body":"Omdat sends the verb to the end; the separable omgaan ('to go on / happen') puts its stem gaat last with prefix om before it (er ... omgaat). Existential er fills the subject slot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of besloot","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"besloot","lemma":"besluiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies besloot","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"nogmaals","lemma":"nogmaals","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies besloot","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces om te houden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Bastiaans","lemma":"Bastiaans","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"Bastiaans"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies houden","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces houden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of besloot","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of vind","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vervanger","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geschikten","lemma":"geschikt","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vervanger","gloss":"suitable"},{"surface":"vervanger","lemma":"vervanger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"replacement"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause introduced by tot","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a causal main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zet","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause introduced by want","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zet","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zet","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"op-straat","lemma":"op straat","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"adverbial complement of zet","gloss":"into the street","note":"The printed hyphen joins the words of the expression op straat zetten, “to turn out.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kunnen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of missen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bediende","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"bediende","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of missen","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"missen","lemma":"missen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kunnen","gloss":"spare"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of omgaat","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in the subordinate clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of omgaat","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"omgaat","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"goes on"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h18-s135","source":"De lezer zal wel nieuwsgierig zyn, te weten hoe ik 't gemaakt heb op den laatsten krans, en of ik den triolet heb gevonden?","translation":"The reader will surely be curious to know how I got on at the last meeting of the circle, and whether I found the triolet.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s135.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De lezer zal wel nieuwsgierig zyn","title":"Future/presumptive zullen","body":"Zal ... zyn is zullen + infinitive; with the particle wel it reads less as a pure future than as a confident 'surely will be'. The infinitive zyn closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nieuwsgierig","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"nieuwsgierig","lemma":"nieuwsgierig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of nieuwsgierig","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the clause of gemaakt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gemaakt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the clause hoe ik 't gemaakt heb","gloss":"fared"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time or occasion adjunct of gemaakt","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of krans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laatst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies krans","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"krans","lemma":"krans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the hoe- and of-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces indirect yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevonden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of triolet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"triolet","lemma":"triolet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"triolet"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the of-clause","gloss":"found"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h18-s136","source":"Ik ben niet op den krans geweest.","translation":"I was not at the circle.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s136.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates geweest","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location complement of geweest","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of krans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"krans","lemma":"krans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h18-s137","source":"Er zyn wonderlyke dingen voorgevallen: ik ben naar Driebergen geweest, met myn vrouw en Marie.","translation":"Remarkable things have happened: I have been to Driebergen, with my wife and Marie.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er zyn wonderlyke dingen voorgevallen","title":"Perfect of a separable verb with zijn","body":"Voorgevallen is the participle of voorvallen ('to happen'), which forms its perfect with zijn (zyn ... voorgevallen) because it denotes a change/event. Existential er opens the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of voorgevallen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"wonderlyke","lemma":"wonderlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dingen","gloss":"remarkable"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of voorgevallen","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"voorgevallen","lemma":"voorvallen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Driebergen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Driebergen","lemma":"Driebergen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Driebergen"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with vrouw","gloss":"Marie"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h18-s138","source":"Myn schoonvader, de oude Last, de zoon van den eersten Last--toen de Meyers er nog in waren, maar die zyn er lang uit--had al zoo dikwyls gezegd, dat hy myn vrouw en Marie eens wilde zien.","translation":"My father-in-law, old Last, the son of the first Last — back when the Meyers were still in the firm, but they have long been out of it — had so often said that he wished to see my wife and Marie for once.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de zoon van den eersten Last","title":"Ordinal + den + genitive van","body":"Van den eersten Last shows the dative den plus the inflected ordinal eersten ('of the first Last'). The firm is named for its founders, and the narrator is fussy about the lineage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ... gezegd, dat hy ... wilde zien","title":"Pluperfect framing a modal bijzin","body":"Had ... gezegd is the pluperfect; the dat-clause is verb-final, where the modal wilde sends zien to the very end (wilde zien). Eens here means 'for once / sometime', a softening particle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of schoonvader","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"schoonvader","lemma":"schoonvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had gezegd","gloss":"father-in-law"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Last","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Last","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to schoonvader","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zoon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoon","lemma":"zoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to schoonvader","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of zoon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Last","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eersten","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"adjective, ordinal, inflected","role":"modifies Last","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waren","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Meyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Meyers","lemma":"Meyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"Meyers"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"refers to the firm with in","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes er ... in","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"refers to the firm with uit","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn ... uit","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes er ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zoo dikwyls","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies dikwyls","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governed by had","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with vrouw","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of gezegd","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"to see"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h18-s139","source":"Nu was 't vry goed weer, en myn vrees voor de liefdegeschiedenis waarmee Stern gedreigd had, bracht my op-eens weer die uitnoodiging in de gedachten.","translation":"Now the weather was fairly good, and my dread of the love-story Stern had threatened me with suddenly brought that invitation back to mind.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de liefdegeschiedenis waarmee Stern gedreigd had","title":"Pronominal relative waarmee","body":"Waarmee ('with which') is the pronominal-adverb relative used for things instead of met + die. It opens a verb-final clause where the pluperfect gedreigd had lands at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"bracht my op-eens ... in de gedachten","title":"Separable idiom: in de gedachten brengen","body":"Bracht ('brought', strong past of brengen) frames the idiom iets in de gedachten brengen ('to bring something to mind'); the fronted Nu ... triggers inversion bracht my."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking 't to goed weer","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies weer","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"weather"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrees","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bracht","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liefdegeschiedenis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liefdegeschiedenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liefdegeschiedenis","lemma":"liefdegeschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"love-story"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gedreigd","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gedreigd","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"gedreigd","lemma":"dreigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"threatened"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedreigd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object, singular","role":"indirect object of gebracht","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bracht","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bracht","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitnoodiging","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uitnoodiging","lemma":"uitnodiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"invitation"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in de gedachten brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedachten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"mind"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h18-s140","source":"Ik sprak er over met onzen boekhouder, die een man is van veel ondervinding, en me na ryp beraad in overweging gaf, my op myn plan te beslapen.","translation":"I spoke about it with our bookkeeper, who is a man of much experience, and who after mature deliberation advised me to sleep on my plan.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"my ... in overweging gaf, my op myn plan te beslapen","title":"in overweging geven + te-infinitive","body":"In overweging geven ('to advise/suggest') governs a te-infinitive clause (te beslapen). Beslapen 'to sleep on (a plan)' is itself a transitive verb here; my is the reflexive 'my'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die een man is van veel ondervinding","title":"Non-restrictive relative die","body":"Die ('who') agrees with the de-word boekhouder and opens a verb-final relative clause, with is pushed to the end after the predicate. Modern punctuation would set it off with commas as here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"refers to the matter with over","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes er ... over","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boekhouder","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"onzen","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of boekhouder","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"boekhouder","lemma":"boekhouder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of sprak","gloss":"bookkeeper"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is and gaf","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking die to man","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ondervinding","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies ondervinding","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"experience"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates is and gaf","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time adjunct of gaf","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ryp","lemma":"rijp","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies beraad","gloss":"mature"},{"surface":"beraad","lemma":"beraad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"deliberation"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in overweging geven","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"overweging","lemma":"overweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"consideration"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb in relative clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, object, singular","role":"reflexive object of beslapen","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of beslapen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of plan","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plan","lemma":"plan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beslapen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beslapen","lemma":"beslapen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"content of in overweging gaf","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"h18-s141","source":"Dit nam ik terstond voor, want ik ben snel in de uitvoering van myn besluiten.","translation":"I resolved on this at once, for I am quick in carrying out my decisions.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s141.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit nam ik terstond voor","title":"Separable voornemen, fronted object","body":"Voornemen ('to resolve/intend') splits: the object Dit is fronted, nam (strong past of nemen) stands second, and the prefix voor drops to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of nam ... voor","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of nam ... voor","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nam ... voor","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"completes nam ... voor","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to snel","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"snel","lemma":"snel","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitvoering","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitvoering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitvoering","lemma":"uitvoering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"execution"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of uitvoering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of besluiten","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"besluiten","lemma":"besluit","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"decisions"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"h18-s142","source":"Den volgenden dag reeds zag ik in, hoe wys die raad geweest was, want de nacht had my op het denkbeeld gebracht, dat ik niet beter kon doen dan de beslissing uittestellen tot vrydag.","translation":"The very next day I saw how wise that advice had been, for the night had brought me to the notion that I could do no better than to put off the decision until Friday.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Den volgenden dag reeds zag ik in","title":"Adverbial accusative of time + inversion","body":"Den volgenden dag ('the next day') is an old accusative-of-time phrase (note den and -en); fronting it inverts to zag ik in, with the separable prefix in stranded by the dat-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik niet beter kon doen dan de beslissing uittestellen","title":"Comparative dan + joined te-infinitive","body":"Niet beter ... dan ('no better than') is the comparison; uittestellen is the 1860 joined writing of uit te stellen ('to postpone'), the separable verb fused with its te."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"time adjunct of zag ... in","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies time phrase den volgenden dag","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of zag ... in","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"completes zag ... in","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies wys","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"wys","lemma":"wijs","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of geweest was","gloss":"wise"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of raad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"raad","lemma":"raad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"advice"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of indirect exclamation","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nacht","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had gebracht","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object, singular","role":"direct object of gebracht","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces result complement of gebracht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governed by had","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of doen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kon","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beslissing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beslissing","lemma":"beslissing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uittestellen","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"uittestellen","lemma":"uitstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"comparative complement of beter doen","gloss":"put off"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrydag","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"vrydag","lemma":"vrijdag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Friday"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"h18-s143","source":"Kortom, na rypelyk alles te hebben overwogen--er was veel vóór, maar ook veel tegen--zyn we gegaan, saturdag-middag, en maandag-morgen teruggekeerd.","translation":"In short, after maturely weighing everything — there was much for it, but also much against — we went, on Saturday afternoon, and returned on Monday morning.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s143.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"na rypelyk alles te hebben overwogen","title":"na + perfect te-infinitive","body":"Na + a perfect te-infinitive (te hebben overwogen) means 'after having weighed'. This na ... te hebben + participle pattern is the standard Dutch way of saying 'after doing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn we gegaan","title":"Perfect of motion with zijn","body":"Gaan ('to go') takes zijn in the perfect (zyn ... gegaan), as motion-and-change verbs do, not hebben. The fronted na-clause forces inversion zyn we."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kortom","lemma":"kortom","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"modifies the main clause","gloss":"In short"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces anterior infinitive clause","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"rypelyk","lemma":"rijpelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overwogen","gloss":"maturely"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of overwogen","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks perfect infinitive hebben overwogen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of overwogen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"overwogen","lemma":"overwegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of clause governed by na","gloss":"weighed"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential parenthesis","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of parenthesis","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"elliptical subject of was","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"against it"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gegaan and teruggekeerd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gegaan","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first coordinated main verb","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"saturdag-middag","lemma":"zaterdagmiddag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"time adjunct of gegaan","gloss":"Saturday afternoon"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"maandag-morgen","lemma":"maandagmorgen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"time adjunct of teruggekeerd","gloss":"Monday morning"},{"surface":"teruggekeerd","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with gegaan","gloss":"returned"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"h18-s144","source":"Ik zou dit alles niet zoo uitvoerig verhalen, als 't niet in nauw verband stond met myn boek.","translation":"I would not relate all this so circumstantially if it did not stand in close connection with my book.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zou dit ... niet ... verhalen, als 't niet ... stond","title":"Counterfactual: zou + als-clause","body":"This is an unreal conditional: the main clause zou ... verhalen ('would relate') pairs with the als-clause 't niet ... stond. Als sends stond to the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verhalen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verhalen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of verhalen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verhalen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitvoerig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"uitvoerig","lemma":"uitvoerig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verhalen","gloss":"circumstantially"},{"surface":"verhalen","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"relate"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of stond","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates stond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement nauw verband","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies verband","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces boek as complement of verband","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"book"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"h18-s145","source":"Ten-eerste hecht ik er aan, dat ge zoudt weten, waarom ik niet protesteer tegen de zotternyen die Stern den laatsten zondag zeker weer heeft uitgekraamd.--Wat is dat voor een vertelling, van iemand die wat hooren zou als hy dood was?","translation":"In the first place, I am anxious that you should know why I do not protest against the absurdities Stern certainly trotted out again last Sunday. — What sort of tale is that, about a man who would hear something if he were dead?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ge zoudt weten","title":"Archaic pronoun ge + 2nd-sg zoudt","body":"Ge is the literary/archaic 'you' of 1860 prose, and zoudt is its old 2nd-person conditional ending. Modern Dutch uses je/jij with zou."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die Stern ... heeft uitgekraamd","title":"Relative die + perfect of separable verb","body":"Die agrees with the plural de-word zotternyen and opens a verb-final clause; uitkramen ('to trot out') forms its perfect heeft uitgekraamd, participle at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ten-eerste","lemma":"ten eerste","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies hecht","gloss":"in the first place"},{"surface":"hecht","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"attach importance"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hecht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of aan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes hecht er aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of hecht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of zoudt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoudt","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second person singular","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zoudt","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question of protesteer","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of protesteer","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates protesteer","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"protesteer","lemma":"protesteren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the embedded question","gloss":"protest"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zotternyen","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of zotternyen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zotternyen","lemma":"zotternij","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"absurdities"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of uitgekraamd","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of heeft uitgekraamd","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical case form","role":"determiner of zondag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laatste","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zondag","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"zondag","lemma":"zondag","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of heeft uitgekraamd","gloss":"Sunday"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft uitgekraamd","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft uitgekraamd","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgekraamd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"uitgekraamd","lemma":"uitkramen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the relative clause on zotternyen","gloss":"trotted out"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"what sort"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to wat voor een vertelling","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition in interrogative construction","role":"links wat to een vertelling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of vertelling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vertelling","lemma":"vertelling","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"nominal complement in wat voor een","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces iemand as complement of vertelling","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zou hooren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of was","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to dood","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"h18-s146","source":"Marie sprak er van. Ze had het van de Rosemeyertjes, die in suiker doen.--Ten-tweede, omdat ik nu op-nieuw de zekere overtuiging heb opgedaan, dat al die vertellingen over ellende en onrust in den Oost, klinkklare leugens zyn.","translation":"Marie spoke of it. She had it from the little Rosemeyers, who are in sugar. — In the second place, because I have now afresh gained the certain conviction that all those tales of misery and unrest in the East are downright lies.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s146.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze had het van de Rosemeyertjes","title":"Diminutive plural of a surname","body":"Rosemeyertjes is the diminutive plural of the family name — 'the little Rosemeyers' — a familiar, slightly belittling way to name the younger members of a household."}],"words":[{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of van","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes sprak er van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Rosemeyertjes","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Rosemeyertjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosemeyertjes","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, diminutive plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"little Rosemeyers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces suiker in the idiom in suiker doen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on Rosemeyertjes","gloss":"deal"},{"surface":"Ten-tweede","lemma":"ten tweede","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"frames the following reason","gloss":"in the second place"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause of heb opgedaan","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb opgedaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb opgedaan","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"op-nieuw","lemma":"opnieuw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb opgedaan","gloss":"afresh"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of overtuiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zekere","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies overtuiging","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"overtuiging","lemma":"overtuiging","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of opgedaan","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"opgedaan","lemma":"opdoen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"gained"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of overtuiging","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"modifies die vertellingen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of vertellingen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"vertellingen","lemma":"vertelling","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"tales"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces ellende en onrust","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ellende","lemma":"ellende","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"first object of over","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates ellende and onrust","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onrust","lemma":"onrust","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"second object of over","gloss":"unrest"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces den Oost","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical case form","role":"determiner of Oost","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Oost","lemma":"Oost","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"East"},{"surface":"klinkklare","lemma":"klinkklaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies leugens","gloss":"downright"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject complement of zyn","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking vertellingen to leugens","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"h18-s147","source":"Zoo ziet men, hoe 't reizen iemand in de gelegenheid stelt, de zaken goed te doorgronden.","translation":"So one sees how travel puts a man in a position to fathom matters properly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe 't reizen iemand in de gelegenheid stelt, de zaken ... te doorgronden","title":"Nominalized infinitive 't reizen + te-infinitive","body":"'t Reizen ('travelling') is an infinitive used as a neuter noun (subject). In de gelegenheid stellen then governs the te-infinitive te doorgronden ('to fathom')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ziet","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the embedded clause of stelt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of reizen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reizen","lemma":"reizen","morphology":"substantivized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"subject of stelt","gloss":"travel"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of stelt","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de gelegenheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"stelt","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the embedded clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"puts"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of doorgronden","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doorgronden","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks doorgronden as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doorgronden","lemma":"doorgronden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gelegenheid stelt","gloss":"fathom"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"h18-s148","source":"Saturdag-avend namelyk, had myn schoonvader een uitnoodiging aangenomen by een heer die vroeger in den Oost resident was, en nu op een groot buiten woont.","translation":"On Saturday evening, that is, my father-in-law had accepted an invitation from a gentleman who had formerly been a Resident in the East, and who now lives on a great country estate.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s148.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een heer die vroeger in den Oost resident was","title":"Relative die + verb-final, den Oost","body":"Die opens a verb-final relative clause where was lands at the end. In den Oost ('in the East') keeps the dative den; the East means the Dutch East Indies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saturdag-avend","lemma":"zaterdagavond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of had aangenomen","gloss":"Saturday evening","note":"Historical spelling and hyphenation of zaterdagavond."},{"surface":"namelyk","lemma":"namelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb clarifying Saturdag-avend","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangenomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of schoonvader","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schoonvader","lemma":"schoonvader","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of had aangenomen","gloss":"father-in-law"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of uitnoodiging","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"uitnoodiging","lemma":"uitnodiging","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of aangenomen","gloss":"invitation"},{"surface":"aangenomen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb of the sentence","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces een heer as source of the invitation","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was and woont","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces den Oost","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical case form","role":"determiner of Oost","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Oost","lemma":"Oost","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"East"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"a Resident"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause on heer","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates was and woont","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies woont","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces een groot buiten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of buiten","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies buiten","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"country estate"},{"surface":"woont","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"second verb of the relative clause on heer","gloss":"lives"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"h18-s149","source":"Dáár zyn we geweest, en waarlyk, ik kan de lieve ontvangst niet genoeg roemen.","translation":"There we went, and truly, I cannot praise the kind reception enough.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s149.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dáár zyn we geweest","title":"Fronted Dáár + perfect of zijn","body":"The stressed place adverb Dáár ('there') is fronted, inverting to zyn we; zyn ... geweest is the perfect of zijn ('have been'), which forms its own perfect with zijn. The accent marks emphatic deixis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik kan de lieve ontvangst niet genoeg roemen","title":"Modal kan + niet genoeg","body":"The modal kan sends the infinitive roemen ('to praise') to the end; niet genoeg ('not enough') is the negation. Lieve takes attributive -e before the de-word ontvangst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adjunct of zyn geweest","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person plural","role":"subject of zyn geweest","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"modifies the second main clause","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan roemen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of roemen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of ontvangst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ontvangst","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"ontvangst","lemma":"ontvangst","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of roemen","gloss":"reception"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"with genoeg, modifies roemen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"with niet, modifies roemen","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"roemen","lemma":"roemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"praise"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"h18-s150","source":"Hy had zyn rytuig gezonden om ons aftehalen, en de koetsier had een rood vest aan.","translation":"He had sent his carriage to fetch us, and the coachman wore a red waistcoat.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om ons aftehalen","title":"om ... te with joined aftehalen","body":"Om ... te frames the purpose 'to fetch us'; aftehalen is the 1860 fused writing of af te halen (separable afhalen + te). Gezonden is the perfect participle of zenden ('to send')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de koetsier had een rood vest aan","title":"Separable aanhebben","body":"Aanhebben ('to have on / be wearing') splits: aan strands at the end while had stands second. The red waistcoat becomes a running comic motif of colonial display."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had gezonden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of rytuig","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rytuig","lemma":"rijtuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gezonden","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"gezonden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of aftehalen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, first person plural","role":"direct object of aftehalen","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"aftehalen","lemma":"afhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with incorporated te","role":"verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"fetch","note":"Historical spelling joins af, te, and halen into one form."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of koetsier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koetsier","lemma":"koetsier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"coachman"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of had ... aan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of vest","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rood","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies vest","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"vest","lemma":"vest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had ... aan","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable particle","role":"completes had ... aan, meaning wore","gloss":"wore"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"h18-s151","source":"Nu was 't nog wel wat te guur om de buitenplaats te bezien, die prachtig moet wezen in den zomer, maar in 't huis zelf verlangde men naar niets meer, want er was vol-op van alles wat vermaak geeft: een billardzaal, een bibliotheekzaal, een overdekte yzeren glasgalery als broeikast, en de kakatoea zat op een kruk van zilver.","translation":"Now it was still a bit too raw to look over the grounds, which must be magnificent in summer, but in the house itself one wanted for nothing more, for there was an abundance of everything that gives pleasure: a billiard-room, a library-room, a covered iron glass-gallery for a hothouse, and the cockatoo sat on a perch of silver.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s151.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die prachtig moet wezen in den zomer","title":"Inferential modal moet + wezen","body":"Moet wezen here means 'must be / surely is' — an inference, not an obligation. Wezen is the older infinitive of zijn, common in 1860; the relative die opens the verb-final clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alles wat vermaak geeft","title":"Relative wat (no antecedent noun)","body":"Wat is the relative used after indefinite alles ('everything that...'); it opens a verb-final clause with geeft at the end. Wat/wie cover antecedents that aren't a definite de-/het-noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to guur","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies guur","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies guur","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"guur","lemma":"guur","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"raw"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces degree-complement infinitive bezien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buitenplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buitenplaats","lemma":"buitenplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezien","gloss":"country estate"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bezien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bezien","lemma":"bezien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on guur","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"prachtig","lemma":"prachtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time phrase in den zomer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of zomer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zomer","lemma":"zomer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"summer"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"verlangde","lemma":"verlangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verlangde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking niets","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niets","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with verlangde","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vol-op","lemma":"volop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"an abundance","note":"Vol-op is the historical spelling of volop, “in abundance.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vermaak","lemma":"vermaak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on alles","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of billardzaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"billardzaal","lemma":"biljartzaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"billiard room","note":"Billardzaal is an older spelling of biljartzaal."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bibliotheekzaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bibliotheekzaal","lemma":"bibliotheekzaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with billardzaal","gloss":"library room"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of glasgalery","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"overdekte","lemma":"overdekt","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies glasgalery","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"yzeren","lemma":"ijzeren","morphology":"adjective, indeclinable","role":"modifies glasgalery","gloss":"iron","note":"Yzeren is the nineteenth-century spelling of ijzeren."},{"surface":"glasgalery","lemma":"glasgalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with billardzaal","gloss":"glass gallery","note":"Glasgalery uses older y spelling; modern Dutch has glasgalerij."},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces function broeikast","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"broeikast","lemma":"broeikast","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"hothouse"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kakatoea","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kakatoea","lemma":"kaketoe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"cockatoo"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kruk","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kruk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kruk","lemma":"kruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zat","gloss":"perch"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zilver","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zilver","lemma":"zilver","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"silver"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"h18-s152","source":"Ik had nooit zoo-iets gezien, en maakte terstond de opmerking, hoe toch altyd goed gedrag beloond wordt.","translation":"I had never seen anything like it, and at once made the observation how good conduct is always rewarded after all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe ... goed gedrag beloond wordt","title":"worden-passive in an indirect question","body":"Beloond wordt is the process passive ('is rewarded'), worden + participle. Hoe opens an embedded clause, pushing wordt to the end after the participle beloond."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had and maakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"anything like that"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with gezien","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakte","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opmerking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opmerking","lemma":"opmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"observation"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces content clause of opmerking","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beloond","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beloond","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gedrag","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"gedrag","lemma":"gedrag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive beloond","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"beloond","lemma":"belonen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"rewarded"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of beloond","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"h18-s153","source":"Die man had terdeeg op zyn zaken gepast, want hy had wel drie ridderorden.","translation":"That man had thoroughly minded his affairs, for he had a good three orders of knighthood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ... gepast","title":"Perfect of oppassen / op zijn zaken passen","body":"Op zyn zaken passen ('to mind one's affairs') is the idiom; had ... gepast is its perfect. Terdeeg means 'thoroughly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gepast","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gepast","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"terdeeg","lemma":"terdeeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gepast","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement zaken of gepast","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gepast","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"gepast","lemma":"passen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"attended","note":"Op zijn zaken passen means to mind or attend to one’s affairs."},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies drie","gloss":"a good"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies ridderorden","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"ridderorden","lemma":"ridderorde","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"orders of knighthood"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"h18-s154","source":"Hy bezat een heerlyke buitenplaats, en bovendien een huis te Amsterdam.","translation":"He possessed a splendid country estate, and besides that a house in Amsterdam.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy bezat een heerlyke buitenplaats","title":"Simple past bezat + bovendien","body":"Bezat is the strong simple past of bezitten ('to possess'), with vowel change. Bovendien ('besides') is an adverb of addition; een huis te Amsterdam uses te for 'in/at' a place name, a slightly formal usage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bezat","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"bezat","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buitenplaats","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heerlyke","lemma":"heerlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies buitenplaats","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"buitenplaats","lemma":"buitenplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezat","gloss":"country estate"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies coordinated object een huis","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of bezat","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amsterdam","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Amsterdam","lemma":"Amsterdam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Amsterdam"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"h18-s155","source":"Aan 't souper was alles getruffeld, en ook de bedienden aan tafel hadden roode vesten aan, net als de koetsier.","translation":"At supper everything was truffled, and the servants at table too wore red waistcoats, just like the coachman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s155.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"getruffeld","title":"getruffeld = 'truffled'","body":"Getruffeld means the food was prepared with truffles — the height of luxury dining. It is the past participle of the (rare) verb truffelen, used adjectivally."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hadden roode vesten aan","title":"Separable aanhebben (plural)","body":"Again the separable aanhebben with aan stranded at the end: 'wore red waistcoats'. Net als means 'just like'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time phrase aan het souper","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of souper","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"souper","lemma":"souper","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Aan","gloss":"supper"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to getruffeld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"getruffeld","lemma":"truffelen","morphology":"adjective, predicative participle","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"truffled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedienden","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bedienden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bedienden","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tafel","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite base of separable aanhebben","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"roode","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vesten","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"vesten","lemma":"vest","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"waistcoats"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of hadden ... aan","gloss":"wore","note":"Hadden ... aan is the past plural of aanhebben, “to be wearing.”"},{"surface":"net","lemma":"net","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the comparison als de koetsier","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison koetsier","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koetsier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koetsier","lemma":"koetsier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als; elliptical comparison","gloss":"coachman"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"h18-s156","source":"Daar ik veel belang stel in indische zaken--om de koffi--bracht ik dáárop het gesprek, en zag al heel spoedig waaraan ik me te houden had.","translation":"Since I take much interest in Indies matters — on account of the coffee — I brought the conversation round to that, and very soon saw where I stood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s156.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar ik veel belang stel in indische zaken","title":"Causal daar + idiom belang stellen in","body":"Daar opens a causal clause ('since'), sending stel to the end. Belang stellen in ('to take an interest in') is a fixed verb-preposition idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zag ... waaraan ik me te houden had","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative waaraan + idiom","body":"Waaraan ('to what') is the relative pronominal adverb; zich aan iets te houden hebben means 'to know where one stands'. The verb-final clause closes with had."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stel","gloss":"Since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies belang","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of stel","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"stel","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"take","note":"Belang stellen in means “to take an interest in.”"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"indische","lemma":"indisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"Indies"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of causal phrase om de koffi","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koffi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bracht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dáárop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional complement of bracht","gloss":"to that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gesprek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with bracht","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zag","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spoedig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zag","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of houden","gloss":"where","note":"Weten waaraan men zich te houden heeft means “to know where one stands.”"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of houden","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive houden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of embedded clause","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of houden","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"h18-s157","source":"Die resident heeft me gezegd, dat hy 't in den Oost altyd heel goed heeft gehad, en dat er dus geen woord waar is aan al die vertellingen over ontevredenheid onder de bevolking.","translation":"That Resident told me that he had always had it very good in the East, and that there is therefore not a word of truth in all those tales of discontent among the population.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er ... geen woord waar is","title":"geen + existential er","body":"Geen negates the indefinite woord ('not a word'); existential er anchors the clause and the dat-subordinator sends is to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft gezegd","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gehad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gehad","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location phrase in den Oost","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of Oost","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Oost","lemma":"Oost","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"East"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehad","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of 't","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of first content clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated content clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is and the second content clause","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertellingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"modifies die vertellingen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vertellingen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"vertellingen","lemma":"vertelling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"tales"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontevredenheid","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ontevredenheid","lemma":"ontevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"discontent"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"population"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"h18-s158","source":"Ik bracht het gesprek op Sjaalman.","translation":"I brought the conversation round to Sjaalman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s158.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bracht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gesprek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sjaalman","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Sjaalman"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"h18-s159","source":"Hy kende hem, en wel van een zeer ongunstige zyde.","translation":"He knew him, and indeed from a very unfavorable side.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s159.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"van een zeer ongunstige zyde","title":"Attributive -e on a chain of adjectives","body":"Ongunstige takes -e agreeing with the de-word zyde ('side') after the indefinite article; zeer ('very') modifies it without inflecting. Wel here means 'indeed/certainly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kende","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"kende","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of kende","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the following qualification","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces viewpoint phrase","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zyde","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ongunstige","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ongunstige","lemma":"ongunstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zyde","gloss":"unfavorable"},{"surface":"zyde","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"side"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"h18-s160","source":"Hy verzekerde my, dat men zeer goed had gedaan dien man wegtejagen, want hy was een zeer ontevreden persoon, die altyd op alles aanmerking maakte, terwyl er bovendien veel viel aftekeuren in zyn eigen gedrag.","translation":"He assured me that they had done very well to drive that man away, for he was a very discontented person who always found fault with everything, while there was besides much to censure in his own conduct.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s160.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men ... had gedaan dien man wegtejagen","title":"Joined wegtejagen after 'goed gedaan'","body":"Wegtejagen is the 1860 fused weg te jagen ('to drive away'), the separable wegjagen with te. The impersonal men plus the pluperfect had gedaan frames it; dien is the accusative case remnant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"terwyl er ... veel viel aftekeuren","title":"terwijl + te-infinitive of availability","body":"Terwyl ('while/whereas') sends its verb to the end; viel ... aftekeuren combines the idiom er valt iets af te keuren ('there is something to censure') with the joined spelling aftekeuren."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzekerde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verzekerde","lemma":"verzekeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of verzekerde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gedaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedaan","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"head of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wegtejagen","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"wegtejagen","lemma":"wegjagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of gedaan","gloss":"to drive away"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to persoon","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontevreden","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ontevreden","lemma":"ontevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies persoon","gloss":"discontented"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun after was","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakte","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"complement of op","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"aanmerking","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"fault","note":"Aanmerking maken op iets means ‘to find fault with something.’"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of the relative clause on persoon","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"terwyl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of viel","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive pronoun","role":"expletive with viel","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of the clause introduced by terwyl","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aftekeuren","lemma":"afkeuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of viel","gloss":"to censure"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gedrag","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gedrag","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gedrag","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"gedrag","lemma":"gedrag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"conduct"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"h18-s161","source":"Hy schaakte namelyk telkens meisjes, en bracht die dan by zyn eigen vrouw, en hy betaalde zyn schulden niet, wat toch zeer onfatsoenlyk is.","translation":"That is to say, he was forever carrying off young girls, and then bringing them home to his own wife, and he did not pay his debts, which is surely most improper.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s161.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Hy schaakte ... meisjes","title":"schaken = 'to abduct/carry off'","body":"Schaken (here past schaakte) means to abduct or elope with someone — a false friend, unrelated to the homonym schaken 'to play chess'. The slander accuses Sjaalman of carrying off young women."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"betaalde zyn schulden niet","title":"niet negating a definite object","body":"Because schulden is a definite/specific plural here, the clause is negated with niet placed after the object, not geen. Contrast geen schulden ('no debts')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schaakte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schaakte","lemma":"schaken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"namelyk","lemma":"namelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schaakte","gloss":"that is to say"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schaakte","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of schaakte","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with schaakte","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bracht","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vrouw","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of by","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betaalde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"betaalde","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with bracht","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of schulden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schulden","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of betaalde","gloss":"debts"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betaalde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onfatsoenlyk","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onfatsoenlyk","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"onfatsoenlyk","lemma":"onfatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective after is","gloss":"improper"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wat to onfatsoenlyk","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"h18-s162","source":"Daar ik nu uit den brief dien ik gelezen had, zoo juist wist hoe gegrond al die beschuldigingen waren, deed het me groot genoegen, te zien dat ik de zaken zoo goed beoordeeld had, en was ik zeer tevreden met myzelf.","translation":"Since now, from the letter I had read, I knew so precisely how well-founded all those accusations were, it gave me great pleasure to see that I had judged the matter so rightly, and I was very satisfied with myself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s162.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar ik ... wist ... deed het me groot genoegen","title":"Long fronted daar-clause + inversion","body":"A heavy causal daar-clause fills the first position, so the main clause inverts to deed het ('it gave'). Dien is the accusative relative case remnant agreeing with brief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"tevreden met myzelf","title":"Emphatic reflexive myzelf","body":"Myzelf ('myself') is the emphatic 1st-person reflexive. The self-satisfaction is the chapter's running joke about the narrator's complacency."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of wist","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"head of the relative clause on brief","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies juist","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of the causal clause introduced by Daar","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegrond","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"gegrond","lemma":"gegrond","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective after waren","gloss":"well-founded"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"predeterminer of beschuldigingen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschuldigingen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"beschuldigingen","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"accusations"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking beschuldigingen to gegrond","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the principal clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of deed","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies genoegen","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of genoegen","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beoordeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beoordeeld","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of beoordeeld","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beoordeeld","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"beoordeeld","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"head of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"judged"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of beoordeeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to tevreden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tevreden","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective after was","gloss":"satisfied"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myzelf","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myzelf","lemma":"mijzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"complement of met","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"h18-s163","source":"Ik ben hiervoor dan ook bekend by myn pilaar ... dat ik altyd zoo juist oordeel, meen ik.","translation":"I am known for this, indeed, at my pillar ... for always judging so accurately, I mean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s163.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Ik to bekend","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"hiervoor","lemma":"hiervoor","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of bekend","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the adverbial phrase dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the adverbial phrase dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective after ben","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pilaar","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of pilaar","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"pilaar","lemma":"pilaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of by","gloss":"pillar"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of oordeel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of oordeel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oordeel","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oordeel","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oordeel","gloss":"accurately"},{"surface":"oordeel","lemma":"oordelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"h18-s164","source":"Die resident en zyn vrouw waren lieve, gulle menschen.","translation":"That Resident and his wife were dear, open-handed people.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s164.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first part of the compound subject of waren","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second part of the compound subject of waren","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking the compound subject to menschen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"gulle","lemma":"gul","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"open-handed"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicate noun after waren","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"h18-s165","source":"Ze verhaalden ons veel van hun levenswys in den Oost. Het moet daar toch wel aangenaam wezen.","translation":"They told us a great deal about their way of life in the East. It must really be quite pleasant there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s165.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het moet daar toch wel aangenaam wezen","title":"Inferential moet + impersonal het","body":"Moet ... wezen here is inferential ('must surely be'), not obligation; wezen is the archaic infinitive of zijn. The subject het is the dummy/impersonal 'it', and the particles toch wel add the narrator's wistful conviction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verhaalden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"verhaalden","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of verhaalden","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of verhaalden","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking levenswys","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of levenswys","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"levenswys","lemma":"levenswijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verhaalden","gloss":"way of life"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Oost","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Oost","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Oost","lemma":"Oost","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of in","gloss":"East"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with aangenaam","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of aangenaam","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangenaam","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangenaam","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"aangenaam","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective after wezen","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moet","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"h18-s166","source":"Zy zeiden dat hun buitenplaats by Driebergen niet half zoo groot was als hun \"erf\", zooals ze dat noemden, in de binnenlanden van Java, en dat daartoe wel honderd menschen noodig waren tot onderhoud.","translation":"They said that their estate near Driebergen was not half so large as their \"holding,\" as they called it, in the interior of Java, and that fully a hundred people were needed to keep it up.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s166.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ... daartoe wel honderd menschen noodig waren","title":"Pronominal adverb daartoe + dat-clause","body":"Daartoe ('for that') is the pronominal adverb tying back to the estate; dat sends waren to the end. Tot onderhoud ('for upkeep') doubles the purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of zeiden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zeiden","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of buitenplaats","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"buitenplaats","lemma":"buitenplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Driebergen","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"Driebergen","lemma":"Driebergen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of by","gloss":"Driebergen"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groot","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"half","lemma":"half","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zoo groot","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groot","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective after was","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking buitenplaats to groot","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative phrase with erf","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of erf","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"standard of comparison after als","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of noemden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of noemden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of noemden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"noemden","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"head of the parenthetical clause introduced by zooals","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnenlanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnenlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnenlanden","lemma":"binnenland","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of noodig","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies honderd","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"honderd","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies menschen","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective after waren","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking menschen to noodig","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderhoud","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"onderhoud","lemma":"onderhoud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"upkeep"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"h18-s167","source":"Maar--en dit is wel een bewys hoe bemind ze waren--dat deden die menschen geheel om-niet, en alleen uit genegenheid.","translation":"But — and this is surely a proof of how beloved they were — those people did all of it entirely for nothing, and solely out of affection.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s167.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"geheel om-niet","title":"om niet = 'for free'","body":"Om niet means 'for nothing, gratis'. The bitter irony is that a hundred Javanese labour for the Resident gratis — which the company politely reframes as devotion (uit genegenheid)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the principal clause of deden","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of is","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to bewys","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewys","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bewys","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun after is","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the embedded clause of waren","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"bemind","lemma":"beminnen","morphology":"past participle used as adjective","role":"predicate adjective after waren","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking ze to bemind","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of deden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deden","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the principal clause","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of deden","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies om-niet","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"om-niet","lemma":"om niet","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies deden","gloss":"for nothing","note":"Om niet is an idiom meaning ‘for nothing’ or ‘without payment.’"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase uit genegenheid","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genegenheid","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"genegenheid","lemma":"genegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"affection"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"h18-s168","source":"Ook verhaalden zy, dat by hun vertrek de verkoop hunner meubelen wel tienmaal meer dan de waarde had opgebracht, omdat de Inlandsche Hoofden zoo graag een aandenken koopen van een resident die goed voor hen geweest is.","translation":"They also told us that at their departure the sale of their furniture had fetched fully ten times more than its worth, because the Native Chiefs are so eager to buy a keepsake of a Resident who has been good to them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s168.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de verkoop hunner meubelen","title":"Genitive possessive: hunner","body":"Hunner is the old genitive of the possessive hun ('of their furniture'), an inflected -er form alive in 1860 formal prose. Modern Dutch says van hun meubels."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verhaalden","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"verhaalden","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of verhaalden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opgebracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertrek","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vertrek","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"vertrek","lemma":"vertrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verkoop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verkoop","lemma":"verkoop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had opgebracht","gloss":"sale"},{"surface":"hunner","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun, archaic genitive","role":"possessor of meubelen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"meubelen","lemma":"meubel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of genitive modifier of verkoop","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes tienmaal meer","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"tienmaal","lemma":"tienmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of meer","gloss":"ten times"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, comparative","role":"direct object of had opgebracht","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with waarde","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarde","lemma":"waarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"opgebracht","lemma":"opbrengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"fetched"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of koopen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Hoofden","gloss":"Native"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of koopen","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of graag","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"graag","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies koopen","gloss":"eagerly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aandenken","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"aandenken","lemma":"aandenken","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of koopen","gloss":"keepsake"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"head of the clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"buy"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is geweest","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is geweest","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participle of is in the relative clause on resident","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"h18-s169","source":"Ik zei dit later aan Stern, die beweerde dat het door dwang geschiedde, en dat hy dit uit Sjaalmans pak bewyzen kon. Maar ik heb hem gezegd, dat die Sjaalman een lasteraar is, dat hy meisjes heeft geschaakt--even als die jonge Duitscher by Busselinck & Waterman--en dat ik volstrekt geen waarde hecht aan zyn oordeel, want dat ik nu van een resident zelf had gehoord hoe de zaken stonden, en dus van m'nheer Sjaalman niets te leeren had.","translation":"I said this afterward to Stern, who maintained that it happened through compulsion, and that he could prove it from Sjaalman's parcel. But I told him that this Sjaalman is a slanderer, that he had carried off young girls — just like that young German at Busselinck & Waterman — and that I attach absolutely no value to his judgment, for I had now heard from a Resident himself how matters stood, and so had nothing to learn from Mr. Sjaalman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s169.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat het door dwang geschiedde","title":"geschieden + door (agent)","body":"Geschiedde (past of geschieden, 'to happen/come to pass') is an elevated verb; door dwang ('through compulsion') names the cause, the way door marks the agent in a passive. The dat-clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zei","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Stern","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of beweerde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"beweerde","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of the relative clause on Stern","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geschiedde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of geschiedde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dwang","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"dwang","lemma":"dwang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"compulsion"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of the complement clause of beweerde","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two clauses governed by beweerde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kon","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bewyzen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pak","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Sjaalmans","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of pak","gloss":"Sjaalman's"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kon","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"head of the second clause governed by beweerde","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting main clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lasteraar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lasteraar","lemma":"lasteraar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"slanderer"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Sjaalman and lasteraar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heeft geschaakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heeft geschaakt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of geschaakt","gloss":"young girls"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschaakt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"geschaakt","lemma":"schaken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of the second complement clause of gezegd","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of the comparison even als","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with Duitscher","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Duitscher","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Duitscher","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"Duitscher","lemma":"Duitser","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"standard of comparison introduced by als","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Busselinck and Waterman","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first name in the coordinated firm name","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second name in the coordinated firm name","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the third complement clause to the preceding clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hecht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hecht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geen","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarde","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"waarde","lemma":"waarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hecht","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"hecht","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of the third complement clause of gezegd","gloss":"attach"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oordeel","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of oordeel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oordeel","lemma":"oordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the reason for hecht","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had gehoord after want","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had gehoord","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had gehoord","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes resident","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of the reason clause introduced by want dat","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question of stonden","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of stonden","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"stonden","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"head of the embedded question introduced by hoe","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links had to the preceding reason clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking m'nheer Sjaalman","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to m'nheer","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of leeren","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive leeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of had","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of the clause coordinated with had gehoord","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"h18-s170","source":"Er waren daar nog meer menschen uit den Oost, onder anderen een heer die heel ryk was, en nog altyd veel geld verdiende aan thee, die de Javanen voor hem moeten maken voor weinig geld, en die de Regeering van hem koopt voor hoogen prys, om de werkzaamheid van die Javanen aantemoedigen.","translation":"There were still more people from the East there, among others a gentleman who was very rich, and still earned a great deal of money from tea, which the Javanese have to make for him for little money, and which the Government buys from him at a high price, in order to encourage the industry of those Javanese.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s170.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die de Javanen voor hem moeten maken","title":"Relative die (object) + modal","body":"Die is the relative object 'which' (referring to thee); the real subject de Javanen follows, with the modal moeten and infinitive maken at the end. Word order makes the Javanese the compelled producers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential construction","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meer","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner, comparative","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"notional subject of waren","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Oost","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of Oost","gloss":"the","note":"An old inflected form of the definite article de."},{"surface":"Oost","lemma":"Oost","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"East"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of the phrase onder anderen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition specifying one of the menschen","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was and verdiende","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of ryk","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die and ryk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links was and verdiende","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies altyd","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verdiende","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geld","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verdiende","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"verdiende","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with was in the relative clause on heer","gloss":"earned"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking thee","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Javanen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javanen","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of moeten maken","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"modal governing maken","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the relative clause on thee","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geld","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geld","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two relative clauses on thee","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of koopt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of koopt","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"koopt","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of the second relative clause on thee","gloss":"buys"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prys","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies prys","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"price"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive aantemoedigen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werkzaamheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"werkzaamheid","lemma":"werkzaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aantemoedigen","gloss":"industry"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Javanen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Javanen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"Javanen","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"aantemoedigen","lemma":"aanmoedigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of om","gloss":"encourage"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"h18-s171","source":"Ook die heer was zeer boos op al de ontevreden menschen, die gedurig spreken en schryven tegen de Regeering.","translation":"That gentleman too was very angry at all the discontented people who continually speak and write against the Government.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s171.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die gedurig spreken en schryven tegen de Regeering","title":"Relative die (plural) + present tense","body":"Die agrees with the plural de-word menschen and opens a verb-final relative clause where the present-tense verbs spreken en schryven stand at the end. Boos op ('angry at') is the fixed preposition pairing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies die heer","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking heer and boos","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of boos","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"boos","lemma":"boos","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menschen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"quantifies de menschen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontevreden","lemma":"ontevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"discontented"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of op","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of spreken and schryven","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreken and schryven","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"first head of the relative clause on menschen","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links spreken and schryven","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated with spreken","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tegen","gloss":"Government"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"h18-s172","source":"Hy kon 't bestuur van de kolonien niet genoeg roemen, want hy zei overtuigd te wezen dat er veel verloren werd op de thee die men van hem kocht, en dat het dus een ware edelmoedigheid was, by voortduring een zoo hoogen prys te betalen voor een artikel dat eigenlyk weinig waarde heeft, en dat hyzelf dan ook niet lustte, want hy dronk altyd chinesche thee.","translation":"He could not praise the administration of the colonies enough, for he said he was convinced that much was lost on the tea they bought from him, and that it was therefore a true magnanimity to go on paying so high a price for an article that is really of little worth, and that he himself did not even care for, since he always drank Chinese tea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s172.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er veel verloren werd op de thee","title":"Impersonal worden-passive in the past","body":"Verloren werd ('was lost') is the process passive, past tense werd + participle, with dummy er as subject. The dat-clause sends werd to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hyzelf ... niet lustte","title":"lusten = 'to care for / like (food)'","body":"Lusten (past lustte) specifically means to like the taste of food or drink. The capping irony: he sells tea he himself won't drink, preferring Chinese tea. Hyzelf is the emphatic 'he himself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of roemen","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of roemen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of roemen","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kolonien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kolonien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kolonien","lemma":"kolonie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of van modifying bestuur","gloss":"colonies"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies roemen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree complement of roemen under negation","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"roemen","lemma":"roemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with roemen","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"overtuigd","lemma":"overtuigen","morphology":"past participle used as adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zei","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verloren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of passive verloren werd","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"verloren","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate passive clause","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verloren","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking thee","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of thee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op with verloren","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kocht","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kocht","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"kocht","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on thee","gloss":"bought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of edelmoedigheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies edelmoedigheid","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"edelmoedigheid","lemma":"edelmoedigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"magnanimity"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het and edelmoedigheid","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of adverbial phrase bij voortduring","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"voortduring","lemma":"voortduring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"continuance"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of prys","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoog","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies prijs","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of betalen","gloss":"price"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive betalen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"betalen","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject complement explaining edelmoedigheid","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking artikel","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of artikel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"artikel","lemma":"artikel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor with betalen","gloss":"article"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies waarde","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"waarde","lemma":"waarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on artikel","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of lustte","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"emphatic personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of lustte","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, emphasizing conclusion","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, emphasizing conclusion","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lustte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lustte","lemma":"lusten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of coordinated relative clause on artikel","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of dronk","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dronk","lemma":"drinken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dronk","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"chinesche","lemma":"Chinees","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies thee","gloss":"Chinese"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of dronk","gloss":"tea"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"h18-s173","source":"Ook zeide hy dat de Gouverneur-generaal die de zoogenaamde theekontrakten had verlengd, in weerwil van de berekening dat er door 't Land zooveel verloren wordt op die zaken, zulk een bekwaam braaf mensch was, en vooral zulk een trouw vriend voor wie hem vroeger gekend hadden. Want die Gouverneur-generaal had zich volstrekt niet gestoord aan de praatjes over 't verlies op de thee, en hem, toen er spraak was van de intrekking dier kontrakten, ik geloof in 1846, een grooten dienst gedaan door te bepalen dat men maar altyd zou voortgaan met het koopen van zyn thee.","translation":"He also said that the Governor-General who had renewed the so-called tea-contracts, in spite of the reckoning that the Country loses so much on those dealings, was such an able, honest man, and above all such a faithful friend to those who had known him in earlier days. For that Governor-General had paid no heed at all to the talk about the loss on the tea, and had done him a great service, when there was talk of canceling those contracts — in 1846, I believe — by ordaining that they should simply go on buying his tea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s173.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er door 't Land zooveel verloren wordt","title":"worden-passive + agentive door 't Land","body":"Verloren wordt is again the process passive; door 't Land ('by the Country') marks the agent that bears the loss. 't is the clitic reduction of het."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeide","gloss":"Also"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of zeide","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had verlengd","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of theekontrakten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoogenaamde","lemma":"zogenaamd","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies theecontracten","gloss":"so-called"},{"surface":"theekontrakten","lemma":"theecontract","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of verlengd","gloss":"tea contracts"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verlengd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verlengd","lemma":"verlengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of relative clause on Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"renewed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of in weerwil van","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"weerwil","lemma":"weerwil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of in weerwil van","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of in weerwil van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of berekening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"berekening","lemma":"berekening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in weerwil van","gloss":"reckoning"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verloren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Land","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, personified","role":"agent of passive verloren wordt","gloss":"Country"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of passive verloren wordt","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"verloren","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate passive clause","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verloren","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of op with verloren","gloss":"dealings"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"bekwaam","lemma":"bekwaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"braaf","lemma":"braaf","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Gouverneur-generaal to mensch and vriend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vriend","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of vriend","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vriend","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vriend","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"vriend","lemma":"vriend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hadden gekend","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"direct object of gekend","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekend","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"gekend","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of relative clause on wie","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gekend","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory sentence","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had gestoord and had gedaan","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestoord","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of gestoord","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet gestoord","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestoord","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gestoord","lemma":"storen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first coordinated main predicate","gloss":"bothered"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking praatjes","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of praatjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"praatjes","lemma":"praatje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of aan with zich storen","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verlies","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verlies","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verlies","lemma":"verlies","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of over modifying praatjes","gloss":"loss"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking thee","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of thee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op modifying verlies","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"indirect object of gedaan","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in er was spraak","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of temporal clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking intrekking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of intrekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"intrekking","lemma":"intrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying spraak","gloss":"cancellation"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, genitive plural","role":"possessive determiner of kontrakten","gloss":"of those"},{"surface":"kontrakten","lemma":"contract","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"dependent genitive complement of intrekking","gloss":"contracts"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical comment","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time adjunct 1846","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dienst","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies dienst","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"second coordinated main predicate","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means clause","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bepalen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bepalen","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of door expressing means","gloss":"ordain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voortgaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou voortgaan","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies zou voortgaan","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voortgaan","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voortgaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"voortgaan","lemma":"voortgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing het koopen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nominalized koopen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"complement of met","gloss":"buying"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking thee","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of thee","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying koopen","gloss":"tea"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"h18-s174","source":"\"Ja, riep hy uit, het hart bloedt me als ik zulke edele menschen hoor lasteren! Als hy er niet geweest was, liep ik nu te-voet met vrouw en kinderen.\" Toen liet hy zyn barouchet voorkomen, en die zag er zóó keurig uit, en de paarden staken zóó goed in 't vleesch, dat ik best begrypen kan, hoe men gloeit van dankbaarheid voor zulk een Gouverneur-generaal.","translation":"\"Yes,\" he cried out, \"my heart bleeds when I hear such noble men slandered! If it had not been for him, I should now be going on foot with my wife and children.\" Then he had his barouche brought round, and it looked so trim, and the horses were so well filled out in the flesh, that I can well understand how one glows with gratitude for such a Governor-General.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s174.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het hart bloedt me","title":"Ethical dative me","body":"Het hart bloedt me ('my heart bleeds') uses an old dative me where English uses a possessive 'my'. This 'dative of feeling' is idiomatic in expressions of bodily and emotional reaction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als hy er niet geweest was, liep ik nu te-voet","title":"Counterfactual als-clause + present 'liep'","body":"An unreal conditional: the als-clause is pluperfect (geweest was), and the main clause uses liep ('would now be walking') for the contrary-to-fact present. Inverted word order liep ik follows the fronted condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"barouchet","title":"barouchet (barouche)","body":"A barouchet/barouche is a fashionable four-wheeled open carriage — another marker of conspicuous colonial wealth, like the red waistcoats and the silver perch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of riep ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bloedt","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"bloedt","lemma":"bloeden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of quoted sentence","gloss":"bleeds"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"ethical dative with bloedt","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hoor","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoor","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"edele","lemma":"edel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of hoor and understood object of lasteren","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"hoor","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause introduced by als","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"lasteren","lemma":"lasteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of hoor","gloss":"slandered"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geweest","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geweest was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of geweest","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweest","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with was","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of conditional consequent","gloss":"would be walking"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liep","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"te-voet","lemma":"te voet","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"manner adjunct of liep","gloss":"on foot","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern te voet, ‘on foot’."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with vrouw","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liet","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of barouchet","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"barouchet","lemma":"barouchet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of liet and subject of voorkomen","gloss":"barouche"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of liet","gloss":"brought round","note":"Here voorkomen means to have a vehicle brought round, not ‘to prevent’."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zag ... uit","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of zag er ... uit","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the construction zag er ... uit","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies keurig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"keurig","lemma":"keurig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zag ... uit","gloss":"trim"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of zag ... uit","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paarden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"paarden","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of staken","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"staken","lemma":"steken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staken","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vleesch","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vleesch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vleesch","lemma":"vlees","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause of kan begrijpen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begrypen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"best","lemma":"best","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrijpen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"begrypen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of result clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces indirect question complement of begrijpen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gloeit","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"gloeit","lemma":"gloeien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of indirect question","gloss":"glows"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dankbaarheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dankbaarheid","lemma":"dankbaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"gratitude"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"Governor-General"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"h18-s175","source":"Het doet inde ziel goed, het oog te vestigen op zoo liefelyke aandoeningen, vooral wanneer men die vergelykt met dat verwenschte morren en klagen van wezens als zoo'n Sjaalman.","translation":"It does the soul good to fix the eye upon such lovely sentiments, especially when one compares them with that accursed grumbling and complaining of creatures like that Sjaalman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s175.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het oog te vestigen op","title":"te-infinitive after impersonal 'het doet goed'","body":"The dummy het ('it does the soul good') is filled out by the te-infinitive het oog te vestigen op ('to fix the eye upon'). Vergelykt is 1860 spelling of vergelijkt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoo'n Sjaalman","title":"zo'n = zo een","body":"Zoo'n (modern zo'n) is the contraction of zoo een 'such a'. The dismissive zoo'n Sjaalman ('a fellow like Sjaalman') drips with the narrator's contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of doet","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"inde","lemma":"in de","morphology":"contracted preposition and determiner","role":"preposition and determiner introducing ziel","gloss":"in the","note":"Inde is an older spelling of in de, ‘in the’."},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of inde","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of doet","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vestigen","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces vestigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vestigen","lemma":"vestigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause explaining anticipatory Het","gloss":"fix"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aandoeningen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liefelyke","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"liefelyke","lemma":"liefelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies aandoeningen","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"aandoeningen","lemma":"aandoening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"sentiments"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the wanneer-clause","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vergelijkt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vergelijkt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vergelijkt","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"vergelykt","lemma":"vergelijken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"compares"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking morren","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of morren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"verwenschte","lemma":"verwenst","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies morren","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"morren","lemma":"morren","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"grumbling"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"klagen","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with morren","gloss":"complaining"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wezens","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wezens","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"dependent of van","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison Sjaalman","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"Sjaalman"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"h18-s176","source":"Den volgenden dag bracht die resident ons een bezoek terug, en ook die heer voor wien de Javanen thee maken. 't Zyn beste menschen, en toch deftig van belang!","translation":"The next day that Resident paid us a return visit, and so did that gentleman for whom the Javanese make tea. They are the very best of people, and yet of considerable standing!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s176.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die heer voor wien de Javanen thee maken","title":"Formal relative voor wien","body":"Voor wien ('for whom') uses the inflected accusative wien after a preposition for a person — the heavier, formal relative. Modern Dutch says voor wie. The clause is verb-final (maken at the end)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"deftig van belang","title":"deftig van belang","body":"Deftig van belang means 'of considerable standing/distinction'. The phrase, like deftige familie earlier, fixes social rank — the narrator's true measure of worth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of bracht","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bracht","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of bracht","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezoek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of bracht ... terug","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks elliptical coordination of bracht een bezoek terug","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ellipted bracht ... terug","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wien","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"object of voor","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Javanen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javanen","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking subject to menschen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deftig","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"deftig","lemma":"deftig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"distinguished"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking belang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van in intensifying phrase van belang","gloss":"importance","note":"Van belang intensifies deftig here: ‘of considerable standing’."}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"h18-s177","source":"Beiden tegelyk vroegen zy met welken trein we dachten aantekomen te Amsterdam? Wy begrepen niet wat dit beteekenen moest, maar later werd het ons duidelyk, want toen we maandagmorgen daar aankwamen, waren er aan de station twee bedienden, één met een rood vest, en één met een geel vest, die tegelyk ons zeiden met den telegraaf last te hebben bekomen, ons aftehalen met rytuig.","translation":"Both at once asked us by which train we expected to arrive at Amsterdam. We did not understand what this was meant to signify, but later it became clear to us, for when we arrived there on Monday morning, there were at the station two servants, one with a red waistcoat and one with a yellow waistcoat, who both at once told us that they had received orders by telegraph to fetch us with a carriage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s177.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"met welken trein we dachten aantekomen","title":"Formal interrogative welken + joined aantekomen","body":"Welken ('which', inflected accusative) is the formal interrogative/relative agreeing with the de-word trein. Aantekomen is the fused aan te komen ('to arrive'). The embedded question is verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"last te hebben bekomen ... ons aftehalen","title":"Stacked te-infinitives","body":"Two te-infinitives stack: te hebben bekomen ('to have received') and the joined aftehalen ('to fetch'). Bekomen here is the older verb 'to receive/obtain', a false friend to English 'become'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Beiden","lemma":"beiden","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"fronted subject of vroegen","gloss":"Both"},{"surface":"tegelyk","lemma":"tegelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vroegen","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"vroegen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"resumptive subject of vroegen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trein","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"welken","lemma":"welk","morphology":"interrogative determiner","role":"determiner of trein","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"trein","lemma":"trein","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dachten","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"dachten","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb governing aan te komen","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"aantekomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of dachten","gloss":"to arrive"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination Amsterdam","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Amsterdam","lemma":"Amsterdam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"surface":"Wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begrepen","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"begrepen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrepen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object introducing interrogative clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of beteekenen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"beteekenen","lemma":"betekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moest","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of indirect question","gloss":"was meant to"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werd","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of werd","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of werd","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aankwamen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aankwamen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"maandagmorgen","lemma":"maandagmorgen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of aankwamen","gloss":"Monday morning"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aankwamen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"aankwamen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"adverbial clause on waren","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive locative with waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking station","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of station","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"station","lemma":"station","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies bedienden","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"bedienden","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"apposition to bedienden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vest","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vest","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rood","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vest","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"vest","lemma":"vest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"coordinated apposition to bedienden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vest","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vest","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geel","lemma":"geel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vest","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"vest","lemma":"vest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zeiden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tegelyk","lemma":"tegelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeiden","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeiden","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"zeiden","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative-clause verb modifying bedienden","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking telegraaf","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of telegraaf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"telegraaf","lemma":"telegraaf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"telegraph"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bekomen","gloss":"an order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces hebben bekomen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of bekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"bekomen","lemma":"bekomen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with hebben","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of af te halen","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"aftehalen","lemma":"afhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement expressing content of last","gloss":"to fetch"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rytuig","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rytuig","lemma":"rijtuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"a carriage"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"h18-s178","source":"Myn vrouw was konfuus, en ik dacht er aan, wat Busselinck en Waterman zouden gezegd hebben, als ze dat gezien hadden ... dat er twee rytuigen tegelyk voor ons waren, meen ik.","translation":"My wife was flustered, and I thought of what Busselinck and Waterman would have said if they had seen it ... that there were two carriages at once for us, I mean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s178.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik dacht er aan, wat ... zouden gezegd hebben","title":"Split er ... aan + conditional perfect","body":"Eraan ('about it') is split as er ... aan around the verb (denken aan, 'to think about'). The embedded clause zouden gezegd hebben is a conditional perfect ('would have said'), verb cluster at the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"konfuus","title":"konfuus = 'flustered'","body":"Konfuus (a Latinate loan, modern confuus) means 'embarrassed, flustered', not English 'confused' in the sense of 'puzzled'. The wife is overwhelmed by the showy double reception."}],"words":[{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking vrouw to konfuus","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"konfuus","lemma":"confuus","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"flustered","note":"Konfuus is an older spelling of confuus, ‘flustered’."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial pronoun","role":"pronominal complement with aan of dacht","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"part of dacht er aan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zouden gezegd hebben","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Busselinck","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with zouden hebben","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary governed by zouden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezien","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with hadden","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clarification clause of waren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive locative with waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies rytuigen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"rytuigen","lemma":"rijtuig","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"carriages"},{"surface":"tegelyk","lemma":"tegelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of voor","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of clarification clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"h18-s179","source":"Maar 't was niet gemakkelyk een keus te doen, want ik kon niet besluiten een der partyen te krenken, door 't afwyzen van een zoo lieve attentie.","translation":"But it was not easy to make a choice, for I could not bring myself to slight either party by refusing so kind an attention.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik kon niet besluiten een der partyen te krenken","title":"Genitive partitive: een der partyen","body":"Een der partyen ('one of the parties') uses the old genitive der instead of van de. Besluiten ('to decide') governs the te-infinitive te krenken ('to offend')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clause to the preceding context","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking 't to gemakkelyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gemakkelyk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keus","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"keus","lemma":"keus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"choice"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject complementing gemakkelyk","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of besluiten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kon besluiten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"besluiten","lemma":"besluiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kon","gloss":"bring myself"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"head of een der partyen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of partyen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"partyen","lemma":"partij","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of een","gloss":"parties"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive krenken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"krenken","lemma":"krenken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of besluiten","gloss":"slight"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means expressed by afwyzen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of afwyzen","gloss":"the","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"afwyzen","lemma":"afwijzen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of door","gloss":"refusing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces attentie as complement of afwyzen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of attentie","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lieve","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies attentie","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"attentie","lemma":"attentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"attention"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"h18-s180","source":"Goede raad was duur. Maar ik heb my uit die hoogstmoeielyke omstandigheid alweer gered.","translation":"Good counsel was hard to come by. But I extricated myself once again from that most awkward predicament.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s180.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb my ... gered","title":"Reflexive perfect: zich redden","body":"Zich redden ('to extricate/save oneself') is reflexive; heb my ... gered is its perfect. Alweer ('once again') needles at the narrator's self-congratulation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Goede raad was duur","title":"Proverb: goede raad is duur","body":"Goede raad was duur is a set proverb, literally 'good advice was expensive', meaning 'it was hard to know what to do'. Here raad is 'counsel/advice', the homonym distinct from raden 'to guess'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies raad","gloss":"Good"},{"surface":"raad","lemma":"raad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking raad to duur","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"duur","lemma":"duur","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"hard to find","note":"In the idiom goede raad is duur, duur means that good advice is hard to come by."},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clause to the preceding sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gered","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of gered","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source omstandigheid","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of omstandigheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hoogstmoeielyke","lemma":"hoogstmoeilijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies omstandigheid","gloss":"most awkward"},{"surface":"omstandigheid","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"predicament"},{"surface":"alweer","lemma":"alweer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gered","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"gered","lemma":"redden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the perfect construction","gloss":"extricated"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"h18-s181","source":"Ik heb myn vrouw en Marie in 't roode rytuig gezet--in den wagen van 't rooie vest, meen ik--en ik ben in 't gele gaan zitten ... in 't gele rytuig, meen ik.","translation":"I put my wife and Marie in the red carriage — in the coach of the red waistcoat, I mean — and I went and sat in the yellow ... in the yellow carriage, I mean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in den wagen van 't rooie vest","title":"Colloquial -ie: rooie","body":"Rooie is the colloquial/spoken inflected form of rood ('red') beside the standard roode — Multatuli mimicking the narrator's chatty self-correction (meen ik). 't is reduced het."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezet","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gezet","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates vrouw and Marie","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"conjunct with vrouw","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces rytuig","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of rytuig","gloss":"the","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"roode","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies rytuig","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"rytuig","lemma":"rijtuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"gezet","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the perfect construction","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces wagen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"appositional clarification of rytuig","gloss":"coach"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces vest as complement of wagen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of vest","gloss":"the","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"rooie","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective, inflected, colloquial","role":"modifies vest","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"vest","lemma":"vest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the elliptical nominal gele","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of elliptical rytuig","gloss":"the","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"gele","lemma":"geel","morphology":"adjective, inflected, substantivized","role":"object of in; rytuig is understood","gloss":"yellow one"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the perfect construction","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"zitten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of gaan","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces rytuig","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of rytuig","gloss":"the","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"gele","lemma":"geel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies rytuig","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"rytuig","lemma":"rijtuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"h18-s182","source":"Wat die paarden liepen! Op de Weesperstraat, waar 't altyd zoo vuil is, vloog de modder rechts en links huizenhoog, en, alsof weer 't spel sprak, daar liep die schooierige Sjaalman, in gebogen houding, met gebukt hoofd, en ik zag hoe hy met de mouw van zyn kaal jasje, zyn bleek gelaat trachtte te reinigen van de spatten.","translation":"How those horses ran! On the Weesperstraat, where it is always so filthy, the mud flew right and left as high as the houses, and, as though chance were speaking once more, there walked that shabby Sjaalman, stooped over, with bowed head, and I saw how, with the sleeve of his threadbare little jacket, he was trying to clean his pale face of the spatters.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h18-s182.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in gebogen houding, met gebukt hoofd","title":"Past participles as adjectives","body":"Gebogen ('bent', strong) and gebukt ('stooped', weak) are past participles used attributively to describe Sjaalman's posture. Participles regularly serve as adjectives in Dutch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"trachtte te reinigen","title":"trachten te + infinitive","body":"Trachten ('to try', literary) governs a te-infinitive; trachtte te reinigen ('tried to clean'). Kaal jasje is a diminutive ('threadbare little jacket') carrying pathos."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"intensifies the exclamation about liepen","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of paarden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"paarden","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of liepen","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"liepen","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Weesperstraat","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Weesperstraat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Weesperstraat","lemma":"Weesperstraat","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of Op","gloss":"Weesperstraat"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying Weesperstraat","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vuil","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vuil","lemma":"vuil","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"filthy"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking 't to vuil","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vloog","lemma":"vliegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of modder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"modder","lemma":"modder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vloog","gloss":"mud"},{"surface":"rechts","lemma":"rechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vloog","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates rechts and links","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"conjunct with rechts","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"huizenhoog","lemma":"huizenhoog","morphology":"adverb","role":"indicates the height reached by the mud","gloss":"house-high"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates vloog, liep, and zag","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the hypothetical clause sprak","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of spel","gloss":"the","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"spel","lemma":"spel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"chance","note":"Here het spel means the play of chance or fate."},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the hypothetical clause","gloss":"were speaking"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of liep","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with vloog","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"schooierige","lemma":"schooierig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Sjaalman","gloss":"shabby"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of liep","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces houding","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gebogen","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies houding","gloss":"stooped"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"posture"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hoofd","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gebukt","lemma":"bukken","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies hoofd","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates zag with the preceding main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with vloog and liep","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the object clause of zag","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of trachtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces mouw as instrument of reinigen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of mouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mouw","lemma":"mouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"sleeve"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces jasje as complement of mouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of jasje","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kaal","lemma":"kaal","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies jasje","gloss":"threadbare"},{"surface":"jasje","lemma":"jas","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"object of van","gloss":"little jacket"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of gelaat","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bleek","lemma":"bleek","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gelaat","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of reinigen","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"trachtte","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the object clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"was trying"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive reinigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"reinigen","lemma":"reinigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of trachtte","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces spatten as complement of reinigen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of spatten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spatten","lemma":"spat","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"spatters"}]}]}