{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-19","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 19","translated":"Chapter 19"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-19","lines":128},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-18","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-20","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h19-s1","source":"Ik ben zelden prettiger uit geweest, en myn vrouw vond het ook.","translation":"I have seldom had a more pleasant outing, and my wife thought so too.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben zelden prettiger uit geweest","title":"Comparative adverb + perfect of 'uit zijn'","body":"Prettiger ('more pleasantly') is the comparative; uit geweest is the perfect of uit zijn ('to be out/on an outing'), formed with zijn. Here the subject 'Ik' fills the first position and 'ben' stands in V2; 'zelden' is an adverb in the middle field, not fronted. Because the subject is first there is no inversion; had 'zelden' been fronted, inversion would be required."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"zelden","lemma":"zelden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben uit geweest","gloss":"seldom"},{"surface":"prettiger","lemma":"prettig","morphology":"adjective, comparative, adverbial","role":"modifies uit geweest","gloss":"more pleasantly"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the perfect construction","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h19-s2","source":"NEGENTIENDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"NINETEENTH CHAPTER","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"NEGENTIENDE","lemma":"negentiende","morphology":"ordinal numeral, inflected","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"NINETEENTH"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the title","gloss":"CHAPTER"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h19-s3","source":"In 't partikulier briefje dat de heer Slymering aan Havelaar zond, deelde hy dezen mede dat hy in weerwil zyner \"drukke bezigheden\" den volgenden dag te Rangkas-Betoeng zou komen om te overleggen wat er moest gedaan worden.","translation":"In the private little note that Mr. Slymering sent to Havelaar, he informed him that, in spite of his \"pressing engagements,\" he would come to Rangkas-Betoeng the following day to confer about what was to be done.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"deelde hy dezen mede","title":"Separable mededelen + dative dezen","body":"Mededelen ('to inform') splits, stranding mede at the end. Dezen is the old dative demonstrative 'to this one' (= Havelaar), an inflected demonstrative form of deze."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in weerwil zyner \"drukke bezigheden\"","title":"Genitive after in weerwil: zyner","body":"In weerwil ('in spite of') governs a genitive; zyner is the old genitive possessive 'of his', agreeing with bezigheden. This in weerwil + genitive is markedly formal/archaic."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces briefje","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of briefje","gloss":"the","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"partikulier","lemma":"particulier","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies briefje","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"briefje","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"object of In","gloss":"little note"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zond and relative to briefje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title preceding Slymering","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Slymering","lemma":"Slymering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zond","gloss":"Slymering"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Havelaar as recipient","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"zond","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"deelde","lemma":"delen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb deelde ... mede","gloss":"shared"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of deelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular, dative","role":"indirect object of deelde mede","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"mede","lemma":"mede","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of deelde ... mede, together meaning 'informed'","gloss":"informed","note":"Historical form of the separable particle mee."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of deelde mede","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zou komen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the concessive phrase in weerwil van","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"weerwil","lemma":"weerwil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural","role":"genitive determiner of bezigheden","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"drukke","lemma":"druk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bezigheden","gloss":"pressing"},{"surface":"bezigheden","lemma":"bezigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of weerwil","gloss":"engagements"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial expression of time modifying zou komen","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of komen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive overleggen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive overleggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"overleggen","lemma":"overleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of komen","gloss":"confer"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of moest worden gedaan","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in the embedded question","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden gedaan","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive construction","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h19-s4","source":"Havelaar, die maar al te goed wist wat zulke overlegging te beteekenen had--zyn voorganger had zoo dikwyls \"geaboucheerd\" met den resident van Bantam!--schreef den volgenden brief, dien hy den resident te-gemoet zond opdat deze dien zou gelezen hebben voor hy op de Lebaksche hoofdplaats aankwam.","translation":"Havelaar, who knew only too well what such a conference was meant to signify — his predecessor had so often \"talked things over\" with the resident of Bantam! — wrote the following letter, which he sent ahead to the resident so that the man would have read it before he arrived at the chief town of Lebak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dien hy ... te-gemoet zond","title":"Accusative relative dien + separable tegemoetzenden","body":"Dien is the accusative relative agreeing with brief; tegemoetzenden ('to send to meet') splits, te-gemoet stranded before zond. The clause is verb-final after the relative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"opdat deze dien zou gelezen hebben","title":"opdat + conditional-perfect, verb-final","body":"Opdat ('so that') is a purpose subordinator that here governs zou gelezen hebben ('would have read') at the clause end. Deze ('this one') = the Resident; dien = the letter (accusative)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of maar al te goed","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of maar al te goed","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying goed","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on Havelaar","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of beteekenen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overlegging","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"overlegging","lemma":"overlegging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had te beteekenen","gloss":"conference"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beteekenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beteekenen","lemma":"betekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of had","gloss":"signify"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing te beteekenen","gloss":"was meant"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of voorganger","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geaboucheerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dikwijls","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geaboucheerd","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"geaboucheerd","lemma":"aboucheren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"talked things over","note":"An obsolete French-derived administrative term meaning to confer or talk matters over."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies brief","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schreef","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine accusative","role":"direct object of zond","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine dative","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of zond","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"te-gemoet","lemma":"tegemoet","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"particle of tegemoet zond","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"zond","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying brief","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"opdat","lemma":"opdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gelezen","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zou gelezen hebben","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun, masculine accusative","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of purpose clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of aankwam","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aankwam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdplaats","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hoofdplaats","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aankwam","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"aankwam","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"arrived"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h19-s5","source":"Kommentaar op dit stuk is overbodig.","translation":"Commentary on this document is superfluous.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Kommentaar op dit stuk is overbodig","title":"stuk = 'document' here","body":"Stuk literally 'piece' here means an official 'document/paper'. The dry one-line frame ('commentary is superfluous') hands the floor to Havelaar's letter to damn the system in its own words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kommentaar","lemma":"commentaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Commentary"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stuk","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to overbodig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"overbodig","lemma":"overbodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"superfluous"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h19-s6","source":"\"N° 91.","translation":"\"No. 91.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"abbreviation for nummer","gloss":"No."}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h19-s7","source":"Geheim.","translation":"Secret.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"adjective","role":"document classification heading","gloss":"Secret"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h19-s8","source":"Spoed.","translation":"Urgent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Spoed","lemma":"spoed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"urgency heading","gloss":"Urgent"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h19-s9","source":"Rangkas-Betoeng, 25 Februari 1856, desavends te 11 ure.","translation":"Rangkas-Betoeng, 25 February 1856, in the evening at 11 o'clock.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"desavends te 11 ure","title":"Frozen genitive: desavends; old dative ure","body":"Desavends ('in the evening') is a frozen adverbial genitive (des + avond + -s). Te 11 ure keeps the old dative ending on ure ('o'clock'). Both are case relics in dating formulas."}],"words":[{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"place in dateline","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"Februari","lemma":"februari","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"month in date","gloss":"February"},{"surface":"desavends","lemma":"des avonds","morphology":"adverb, archaic genitive expression","role":"time adverbial","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking time","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ure","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, archaic dative form","role":"object of te","gloss":"o’clock"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h19-s10","source":"Gisteren middag te 12 ure had ik de eer tot u aftezenden myn spoedmissive N° 88, houdende in substantie:","translation":"Yesterday at midday at 12 o'clock I had the honour of dispatching to you my urgent missive No. 88, containing in substance:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ik de eer ... aftezenden","title":"de eer hebben + joined aftezenden","body":"De eer hebben te ('to have the honour to') is the courtly bureaucratic formula; aftezenden is the fused af te zenden ('to dispatch'). Fronted Gisteren middag inverts to had ik."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"houdende in substantie","title":"Present participle houdende","body":"Houdende ('containing') is the present participle of houden, modifying the missive — 'containing in substance'. The -end(e) participle is a hallmark of this clipped official register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gisteren","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies middag","gloss":"Yesterday"},{"surface":"middag","lemma":"middag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"time adverbial modifying had","gloss":"midday"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 12","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ure","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, archaic dative form","role":"object of te","gloss":"o’clock"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"object of tot; destination of aftezenden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"aftezenden","lemma":"afzenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical fused spelling","role":"infinitive complement of eer","gloss":"dispatch"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of spoedmissive","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"spoedmissive","lemma":"spoedmissive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aftezenden","gloss":"urgent missive"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces missive number","gloss":"No."},{"surface":"houdende","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying spoedmissive","gloss":"containing"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking substantie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"substantie","lemma":"substantie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of houdende","gloss":"substance"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h19-s11","source":"dat ik na lang onderzoek, en na vergeefs getracht te hebben den betrokkene door zachtheid terugtebrengen van zyn verkeerdheid, my krachtens myn ambtseed verplicht gevoelde den Regent van Lebak te BESCHULDIGEN van misbruik van gezag, en dat ik, hem VERDACHT hield van knevelary.","translation":"that after long investigation, and after having tried in vain to bring the man concerned back from his wrongdoing through gentleness, I felt myself bound by my oath of office to ACCUSE the Regent of Lebak of abuse of authority, and that I held him SUSPECTED of extortion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"na vergeefs getracht te hebben den betrokkene ... terugtebrengen","title":"na + perfect te-infinitive, joined terugtebrengen","body":"Na getracht te hebben ('after having tried') is the perfect te-infinitive of na-purpose; terugtebrengen is fused terug te brengen ('to bring back'). Den betrokkene is the substantivized participle 'the person concerned', in old accusative den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"krachtens myn ambtseed verplicht gevoelde","title":"Reflexive zich verplicht voelen","body":"Zich verplicht voelen ('to feel oneself obliged') is reflexive (here the object is the earlier me/myself implied). Krachtens ('by virtue of') + ambtseed ('oath of office') is the bureaucratic idiom; gevoelde is the older form of voelde."}],"words":[{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gevoelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevoelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderzoek","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies onderzoek","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"investigation"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing te hebben getracht","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"vergeefs","lemma":"vergeefs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies getracht","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"getracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participle governed by hebben","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks perfect infinitive hebben getracht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of getracht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betrokkene","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"betrokkene","lemma":"betrokkene","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of terugtebrengen","gloss":"man concerned"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zachtheid","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"terugtebrengen","lemma":"terugbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical fused spelling","role":"infinitive complement of getracht","gloss":"bring back"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verkeerdheid","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verkeerdheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verkeerdheid","lemma":"verkeerdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"wrongdoing"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of gevoelde","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"krachtens","lemma":"krachtens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambtseed","gloss":"by virtue of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ambtseed","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ambtseed","lemma":"ambtseed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of krachtens","gloss":"oath of office"},{"surface":"verplicht","lemma":"verplicht","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of gevoelde","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"gevoelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first dat-clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of BESCHULDIGEN","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive BESCHULDIGEN","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"BESCHULDIGEN","lemma":"beschuldigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verplicht","gloss":"ACCUSE"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misbruik","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van after BESCHULDIGEN","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of misbruik","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hield","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"VERDACHT","lemma":"verdacht","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of hem","gloss":"SUSPECTED"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second dat-clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking knevelary","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"knevelary","lemma":"knevelarij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"extortion"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h19-s12","source":"Ik was zoo vry in dien brief u voortestellen dat Inlandsch Hoofd naar Serang opteroepen, ten-einde na zyn vertrek en na neutralisatie van den bedervenden invloed zyner uitgestrekte familie een onderzoek te doen instellen naar de gegrondheid myner beschuldiging en van myn vermoeden.","translation":"I took the liberty in that letter of proposing to you that the Native Chief be summoned to Serang, so that, after his departure and after the neutralizing of the corrupting influence of his far-flung family, an investigation might be set on foot into the well-foundedness of my accusation and of my suspicion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ten-einde ... een onderzoek te doen instellen","title":"ten einde ... te (formal purpose)","body":"Ten-einde + te-infinitive ('in order to') is the heavy, formal twin of om ... te. Een onderzoek doen instellen ('to have an investigation set on foot') stacks doen + bare infinitive instellen, a causative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de gegrondheid myner beschuldiging","title":"Genitive possessive: myner","body":"Myner is the old genitive of mijn ('of my accusation'), governing the noun after it without van. Such inflected possessives (myner, zyner, hunner) mark the elevated register of the document."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to vry","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vry","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, historical masculine dative","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; modifies voortestellen","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of voortestellen","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"voortestellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical fused spelling","role":"infinitive complement of vry","gloss":"propose"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Hoofd","gloss":"Native"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of opteroepen","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Serang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"opteroepen","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical fused spelling","role":"verb of object clause","gloss":"summon"},{"surface":"ten-einde","lemma":"teneinde","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertrek","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vertrek","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vertrek","lemma":"vertrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neutralisatie","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"neutralisatie","lemma":"neutralisatie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"neutralization"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedervenden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine dative","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bedervenden","lemma":"bedervend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies invloed","gloss":"corrupting"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of neutralisatie","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaic genitive","role":"possessor of familie","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"uitgestrekte","lemma":"uitgestrekt","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies familie","gloss":"far-flung"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of invloed","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"investigation"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative auxiliary of instellen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"instellen","lemma":"instellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"instituted"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gegrondheid","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gegrondheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gegrondheid","lemma":"gegrondheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of instellen","gloss":"well-foundedness"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaic genitive","role":"possessor of beschuldiging","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies gegrondheid","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated complement vermoeden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vermoeden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vermoeden","lemma":"vermoeden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"suspicion"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h19-s13","source":"Lang, of juister gezegd veel, had ik nagedacht voor ik daartoe besloot.","translation":"Long, or to put it more exactly, much, had I reflected before I resolved on this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lang ... had ik nagedacht voor ik daartoe besloot","title":"Fronted adverb + voor as 'before'","body":"Fronting Lang ('long') inverts to had ik. Voor here is the conjunction 'before', sending besloot to the clause end; daartoe ('to that') is the pronominal adverb pointing back to the decision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nagedacht","gloss":"Long"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"juister","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"more exactly"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"parenthetical participle","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"corrects Lang as modifier of nagedacht","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of nagedacht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nagedacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nagedacht","lemma":"nadenken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reflected"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of besloot","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies besloot","gloss":"on this"},{"surface":"besloot","lemma":"besluiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"resolved"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h19-s14","source":"Het was u door myn zorg bekend dat ik getracht heb door vermaningen en bedreigingen den ouden Regent voor ongeluk en schande te bewarenen myzelf voor de diepe grieve, daarvan--zy 't dan ook alleen de onmiddelyk voorafgaande oorzaak te zyn.","translation":"It was known to you, through my care, that I had tried by admonitions and threats to preserve the old Regent from misfortune and disgrace — and to spare myself the deep grief of being, were it even only, the immediate antecedent cause of that.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was u ... bekend","title":"Dative-like u + impersonal het","body":"Het was u bekend ('it was known to you') uses dummy het as subject and u as the indirect object. U is the formal/polite 'you' Havelaar uses to his superior throughout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den ouden Regent voor ongeluk en schande te bewaren","title":"Inflected -en + bewaren voor","body":"Den ouden carries the old masculine accusative -(e)n on both article and adjective, agreeing with Regent. Bewaren voor ('to preserve from') is the fixed preposition pairing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with bekend","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to bekend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer complement of bekend","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zorg","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zorg","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bekend","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of getracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of getracht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"getracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participle with heb","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of getracht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vermaningen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"vermaningen","lemma":"vermaning","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of getracht","gloss":"admonitions"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bedreigingen","lemma":"bedreiging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with vermaningen","gloss":"threats"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouden","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Regent","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewaren","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ongeluk","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ongeluk","lemma":"ongeluk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schande","lemma":"schande","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with ongeluk","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bewaren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewarenen","lemma":"bewaren + en","morphology":"verb, infinitive + conjunction","role":"infinitive complement of getracht; fused en coordinates myzelf voor de diepe grieve","gloss":"preserve and","note":"The printed form combines bewaren with the following conjunction en."},{"surface":"myzelf","lemma":"mijzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"coordinated direct object of bewaren","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grieve","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grieve","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diepe","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies grieve","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"grieve","lemma":"grief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of oorzaak","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"finite verb of concessive clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive subject of zy","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive zy het dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive zy het dan ook","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of de onmiddelyk voorafgaande oorzaak","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onmiddelyk","lemma":"onmiddellijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorafgaande","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"voorafgaande","lemma":"voorafgaand","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies oorzaak","gloss":"preceding"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement expressing grief","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h19-s15","source":"Doch ik zag aan den anderen kant de sedert jaren uitgezogene, diep gedrukte bevolking, ik dacht aan de noodzakelykheid van een voorbeeld--want vele andere vexatien zal ik u te rapporteeren hebben, als niet ten-minste deze zaak door terugwerking daaraan een eind maakt--en, ik herhaal het, na ryp beraad heb ik gedaan wat ik voor plicht hield.","translation":"Yet on the other hand I saw the population, sucked dry for years, deeply oppressed; I thought of the necessity of an example — for I shall have many other vexations to report to you, unless at least this case, by its repercussion, puts an end to them — and, I repeat it, after mature deliberation I did what I held to be my duty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de sedert jaren uitgezogene, diep gedrukte bevolking","title":"Participles as attributive adjectives","body":"Uitgezogene ('sucked dry') and gedrukte ('oppressed') are past participles used attributively, each taking -e before the de-word bevolking. Stacking them piles the indictment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat ik voor plicht hield","title":"Relative wat + iets voor ... houden","body":"Wat ('what') is the headless relative; iets voor plicht houden means 'to consider something a duty'. The clause is verb-final with hield at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrast with the preceding context","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the adverbial phrase aan den anderen kant","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of kant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"modifies kant","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan in the adverbial phrase modifying zag","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the duration phrase modifying uitgezogene","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of sedert","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"uitgezogene","lemma":"uitzuigen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally, inflected","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"sucked dry"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedrukte","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"gedrukte","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally, inflected","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"oppressed"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of a clause coordinated with zag","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of dacht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of noodzakelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noodzakelykheid","lemma":"noodzakelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"necessity"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of noodzakelykheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of voorbeeld","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"voorbeeld","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"example"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, plural","role":"quantifies vexatien","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies vexatien","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"vexatien","lemma":"vexatie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of rapporteeren","gloss":"vexations"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite auxiliary governing hebben","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zal hebben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, second person formal, dative","role":"indirect object of rapporteeren","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks rapporteeren as an infinitive complement of hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rapporteeren","lemma":"rapporteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement in te rapporteeren hebben","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal; forms te rapporteeren hebben","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the negative condition als niet, meaning unless","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates the conditional clause introduced by als","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ten-minste","lemma":"ten minste","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deze zaak","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means phrase modifying maakt","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"terugwerking","lemma":"terugwerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"repercussion"},{"surface":"daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of een eind maakt, referring to the vexations","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object in the idiom een eind maken aan","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"puts"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the final main clause to the preceding clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of herhaal","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"herhaal","lemma":"herhalen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, accusative","role":"direct object of herhaal","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a temporal adverbial modifying heb gedaan","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ryp","lemma":"rijp","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies beraad","gloss":"mature"},{"surface":"beraad","lemma":"beraad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"deliberation"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gedaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the final coordinated clause","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"introduces a free relative clause serving as direct object of gedaan; direct object of hield","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement of hield","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of hield voor","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause; combines with voor as hield voor","gloss":"held"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h19-s16","source":"Op dit oogenblik ontvang ik uwe vriendelyke en geachte partikuliere letteren, houdende mededeeling dat gy morgen hier zult komen, en tevens een wenk dat ik deze zaak liever vooraf partikulier had moeten behandelen.","translation":"At this very moment I receive your kind and esteemed private lines, conveying the news that you will come here tomorrow, and at the same time a hint that I ought rather to have handled this matter privately beforehand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"uwe vriendelyke ... partikuliere letteren","title":"Inflected possessive uwe + adjective -e","body":"Uwe is the old inflected form of uw ('your'); both it and the adjectives take -e agreeing with the plural letteren ('lines/letter'). This heavy agreement marks the formal style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"houdende mededeeling dat gy morgen hier zult komen","title":"Participle houdende + future zult komen","body":"Houdende ('conveying') is again the present participle. Inside the dat-clause, the future zult komen (zullen + infinitive) lands at the end; gy is the formal/literary 'you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal phrase modifying ontvang","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"ontvang","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ontvang","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person formal, inflected","role":"determiner of letteren","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vriendelyke","lemma":"vriendelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies letteren","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates vriendelyke and geachte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geachte","lemma":"geacht","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies letteren","gloss":"esteemed"},{"surface":"partikuliere","lemma":"particulier","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies letteren","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"letteren","lemma":"letter","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural, archaic usage","role":"direct object of ontvang","gloss":"lines","note":"Here letteren means written lines or a letter, not the alphabet or literature."},{"surface":"houdende","lemma":"houden","morphology":"present participle, inflected","role":"participial modifier of letteren","gloss":"conveying"},{"surface":"mededeeling","lemma":"mededeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of houdende","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause complementing mededeeling","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative, archaic formal form","role":"subject of zult komen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second person singular","role":"future auxiliary of komen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates mededeeling and wenk","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the coordination with een wenk","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of wenk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wenk","lemma":"wenk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of houdende, coordinated with mededeeling","gloss":"hint"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause complementing wenk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had moeten behandelen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of behandelen","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies had moeten behandelen","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"vooraf","lemma":"vooraf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behandelen","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"partikulier","lemma":"particulier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behandelen","gloss":"privately"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary governing moeten behandelen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had governing behandelen","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"behandelen","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"handle"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h19-s17","source":"Morgen dus zal ik de eer hebben u te zien, en het is juist hierom dat ik vryheid neem u dezen te-gemoet te zenden, om vóór die ontmoeting het volgende te konstateeren.","translation":"Tomorrow, then, I shall have the honour of seeing you, and it is precisely for this reason that I take the liberty of sending you this letter to meet you, so that, before that meeting, I may establish the following.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het is juist hierom dat ik vryheid neem","title":"Cleft with pronominal adverb hierom","body":"Hierom ('for this reason') is the pronominal adverb (hier + om); the cleft het is ... dat ('it is precisely for this that') gives emphasis. Vryheid nemen te ('to take the liberty to') governs the following te-infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zal hebben","gloss":"Tomorrow"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the conclusion expressed by the first clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"future auxiliary governing hebben","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zal hebben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal; takes u te zien as complement","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, second person formal, accusative","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zien as the complement of eer hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of de eer hebben","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"anticipatory subject of the cleft construction het is ... dat","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking het and hierom","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes hierom","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"hierom","lemma":"hierom","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"predicative complement of is, giving the reason for neem","gloss":"for this reason"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the focused clause of the cleft construction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vryheid","lemma":"vrijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"the liberty"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the focused clause","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, second person formal, dative","role":"indirect object of zenden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender singular, archaic inflection","role":"direct object of zenden, referring to this letter","gloss":"this letter","note":"Dezen is an archaically inflected demonstrative standing for the present letter."},{"surface":"te-gemoet","lemma":"tegemoet","morphology":"separable adverbial particle, historical spelling","role":"separable particle of zenden; with u expresses sending the letter to meet the addressee","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zenden as complement of vryheid neem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zenden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of vryheid neem; combines with te-gemoet","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive te konstateeren","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a temporal phrase modifying konstateeren","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of ontmoeting","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ontmoeting","lemma":"ontmoeting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner substantivizing volgende","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgende","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, neuter singular","role":"direct object of konstateeren","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks konstateeren in the purpose clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"konstateeren","lemma":"constateren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause introduced by om","gloss":"establish"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h19-s18","source":"Alles wat ik omtrent de handelingen van den Regent onderzocht, was diep geheim. Alleen hyzelf en de Patteh wisten het, want ik had hem loyaal gewaarschuwd.","translation":"Everything I investigated concerning the dealings of the Regent was deeply secret. He alone and the Patteh knew of it, for I had warned him in good faith.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Alles wat ik ... onderzocht, was diep geheim","title":"Headless relative wat as subject phrase","body":"Alles wat ik ... onderzocht ('everything I investigated') is a relative clause on indefinite alles, with onderzocht at the end. The whole phrase is the subject of was diep geheim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Everything"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of onderzocht; introduces a relative clause modifying Alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of onderzocht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the topic complement of onderzocht","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of handelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handelingen","lemma":"handeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of omtrent","gloss":"dealings"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of handelingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, title","role":"object of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"onderzocht","lemma":"onderzoeken","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying Alles","gloss":"investigated"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking Alles to geheim","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geheim","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"Alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"focuses the coordinated subject hyzelf en de Patteh","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, third person masculine singular, nominative, emphatic","role":"first conjunct of the subject of wisten","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates hyzelf and de Patteh","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Patteh","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Patteh","lemma":"patteh","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, title","role":"second conjunct of the subject of wisten","gloss":"Patteh"},{"surface":"wisten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, accusative","role":"direct object of wisten, referring to the investigation","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had gewaarschuwd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first person singular","role":"pluperfect auxiliary of gewaarschuwd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of gewaarschuwd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"loyaal","lemma":"loyaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewaarschuwd","gloss":"in good faith"},{"surface":"gewaarschuwd","lemma":"waarschuwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"warned"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h19-s19","source":"Zelfs de kontroleur weet nu nog maar ten-deele den uitslag van myn onderzoekingen.","translation":"Even the controller still knows the result of my inquiries only in part.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"focuses de kontroleur","gloss":"Even"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with nu to mean still","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"restricts ten-deele","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ten-deele","lemma":"ten dele","morphology":"adverbial phrase, historical spelling","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"in part"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of uitslag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitslag","lemma":"uitslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"result"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of uitslag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of onderzoekingen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"onderzoekingen","lemma":"onderzoeking","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"inquiries"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h19-s20","source":"Deze geheimhouding had een tweeledig doel.","translation":"This secrecy had a twofold purpose.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of geheimhouding","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"geheimhouding","lemma":"geheimhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"secrecy"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tweeledig","lemma":"tweeledig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies doel","gloss":"twofold"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"purpose"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h19-s21","source":"Eerst, toen ik nog hoopte den Regent van zyn weg terugtebrengen, was het om, àls ik slaagde, hem niet te kompromitteeren.","translation":"First, when I still hoped to bring the Regent back from his course, it was so that, if I succeeded, I should not compromise him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"àls ik slaagde, hem niet te kompromitteeren","title":"Conditional als-clause + te-infinitive of purpose","body":"The als-clause àls ik slaagde ('if I succeeded') is verb-final; the surrounding purpose is carried by the te-infinitive hem niet te kompromitteeren. The grave on àls marks emphatic stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the first of the two purposes of the secrecy","gloss":"First"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of hoopte","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of hoopte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoopte","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"hoopte","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"hoped"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, title","role":"direct object of terugtebrengen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of terugtebrengen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"terugtebrengen","lemma":"terugbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical closed spelling with te","role":"infinitive complement of hoopte","gloss":"to bring back"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula in the main clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive te kompromitteeren","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"àls","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, emphatically accented","role":"introduces the condition ik slaagde","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of slaagde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"slaagde","lemma":"slagen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"succeeded"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of kompromitteeren","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates kompromitteeren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks kompromitteeren in the purpose construction om ... te","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kompromitteeren","lemma":"compromitteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"compromise"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h19-s22","source":"De Patteh heeft my namens hem--het was op den 12den dezer--expresselyk voor die diskretie bedankt. Doch later toen ik begon te wanhopen aan den goeden uitslag myner pogingen, of beter, toen de maat myner verontwaardiging door een pas gehoord voorval overliep toen langer zwygen medeplichtigheid worden zou, toen moest die geheimhouding strekken ten-mynen-behoeve, want ook omtrent myzelf en de mynen heb ik plichten te vervullen.","translation":"The Patteh, on his behalf — it was on the 12th of this month — expressly thanked me for that discretion. But later, when I began to despair of any good outcome to my efforts, or rather, when the measure of my indignation overflowed at a fresh incident just then come to my ears, when to keep silent any longer would have become complicity, then that secrecy had to serve to my own benefit, for I have duties to discharge toward myself and mine as well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"op den 12den dezer","title":"Genitive dezer + ordinal den","body":"Op den 12den ('on the 12th') keeps the old dative den and the inflected ordinal; dezer ('of this [month]') is the genitive of deze. A compact pile-up of case relics typical of dating in official prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen ... toen langer zwygen medeplichtigheid worden zou","title":"toen + worden-future passive sense","body":"Toen ('when', narrative past) sends its verbs to the end. Zwygen ('keeping silent', a nominalized infinitive) is the subject; worden zou ('would become') is conditional. The repeated toen ... toen is rhetorical anaphora."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Patteh","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Patteh","lemma":"Patteh","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft bedankt","gloss":"Patteh"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of bedankt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of bedankt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"namens","lemma":"namens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"on behalf of"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person masculine singular, object form","role":"complement of namens","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula with date complement","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces date complement of was","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of 12den","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"twaalfde","morphology":"ordinal numeral, archaic inflected form","role":"head of date phrase after op","gloss":"twelfth"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, archaic genitive singular","role":"postmodifier of 12den, meaning of this month","gloss":"of this month","note":"Dezer is an archaic genitive of deze; the month is understood."},{"surface":"expresselyk","lemma":"expres","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies bedankt","gloss":"expressly"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reason for bedankt","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of diskretie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"diskretie","lemma":"discretie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"discretion"},{"surface":"bedankt","lemma":"bedanken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with heeft","gloss":"thanked"},{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting main clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moest strekken","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause with begon","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of temporal clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive wanhopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wanhopen","lemma":"wanhopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of begon","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of wanhopen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of uitslag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goeden","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic inflected form","role":"modifies uitslag","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"uitslag","lemma":"uitslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"outcome"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaic genitive singular","role":"determiner of pogingen","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"pogingen","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive dependent of uitslag","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces corrective alternative","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"corrective discourse adverb","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause with overliep","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of maat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maat","lemma":"maat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of overliep","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaic genitive singular","role":"determiner of verontwaardiging","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"verontwaardiging","lemma":"verontwaardiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of maat","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces cause of overliep","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of voorval","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehoord","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of voorval","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"voorval","lemma":"voorval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"incident"},{"surface":"overliep","lemma":"overlopen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of temporal clause","gloss":"overflowed"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause with zou worden","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies zwygen","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"zwygen","lemma":"zwijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used nominally, historical spelling","role":"subject of zou worden","gloss":"keeping silent"},{"surface":"medeplichtigheid","lemma":"medeplichtigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"complicity"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moest strekken","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of strekken","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of geheimhouding","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geheimhouding","lemma":"geheimhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of moest strekken","gloss":"secrecy"},{"surface":"strekken","lemma":"strekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"ten-mynen-behoeve","lemma":"te mijnen behoeve","morphology":"fixed prepositional phrase, archaic spelling","role":"benefactive complement of strekken","gloss":"for my benefit","note":"The fixed phrase ten mijnen behoeve means ‘for my benefit.’"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds omtrent phrase to preceding concern","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces those toward whom duties apply","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"myzelf","lemma":"mijzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first-person singular, historical spelling","role":"complement of omtrent","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates myzelf and mynen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of mynen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mynen","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, plural, nominalized, historical spelling","role":"coordinated complement of omtrent","gloss":"mine","note":"De mijnen is a nominalized possessive meaning one’s family or dependants."},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"plichten","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"duties"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vervullen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vervullen","lemma":"vervullen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival modifier of plichten","gloss":"discharge"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h19-s23","source":"Immers na 't schryven der missive van gister, zou ik onwaardig zyn het Gouvernement te dienen, indien het daarin voorkomende, ydel, ongegrond, uit de lucht gegrepen was.","translation":"For, after writing yesterday's missive, I should be unworthy to serve the Government if what it contained were idle, groundless, plucked out of thin air.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"indien het daarin voorkomende ... was","title":"indien (formal 'if') + participle as noun","body":"Indien is the formal/literary 'if', sending was to the clause end. Het daarin voorkomende ('what appears in it') is a substantivized present participle with daarin, the pronominal adverb 'in it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces justification","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal complement","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of schryven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive used nominally, historical spelling","role":"complement of na","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic genitive singular","role":"determiner of missive","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"missive","lemma":"missive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of schryven","gloss":"missive"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal modifier of missive","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gister","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb, archaic form","role":"complement of van modifying missive","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zou zyn","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"onwaardig","lemma":"onwaardig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of dienen","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive dienen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of onwaardig","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause with was","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of nominalized voorkomende","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of voorkomende","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"voorkomende","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, present participle, nominalized","role":"nominalized head of subject phrase","gloss":"appearing"},{"surface":"ydel","lemma":"ijdel","morphology":"adjective, predicative, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"idle"},{"surface":"ongegrond","lemma":"ongegrond","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"groundless"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom uit de lucht gegrepen","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of lucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"gegrepen","lemma":"grijpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated predicative complement with was","gloss":"plucked"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula of conditional clause","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h19-s24","source":"En zoude of zal het my mogelyk wezen te bewyzen dat ik gedaan heb: \"wat een goed Adsistent-resident behoort te doen\" te bewyzen dat ik niet beneden de betrekking sta die my gegeven is, te bewyzen dat ik niet loszinnig en lichtvaardig zeventien moeielyke dienstjaren op 't spel zet, en wat meer zegt, het belang van vrouw en kind ... zal 't my mogelyk zyn dat alles te bewyzen, wanneer niet een diep geheim myn nasporingen verbergt, en den schuldige belet zich, zooals men 't noemt, te dekken?","translation":"And will it, or shall it, be possible for me to prove that I have done \"what a good Assistant Resident ought to do\" — to prove that I do not fall short of the post that has been given me, to prove that I am not frivolously and rashly staking seventeen difficult years of service, and, what matters more, the welfare of wife and child ... shall it be possible for me to prove all that, if a deep secret does not conceal my searchings and prevent the guilty man from, as the saying goes, covering himself?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoude of zal het my mogelyk wezen","title":"Archaic zoude beside zal","body":"Zoude is the older full form of zou (conditional 'would'), set beside the future zal. Pairing them ('would it, or shall it, be possible') heightens the rhetorical urgency; wezen is the archaic infinitive of zijn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"te bewyzen dat ik niet beneden de betrekking sta die my gegeven is","title":"Anaphoric te-infinitives + passive relative","body":"The hammering repetition te bewyzen ('to prove') strings parallel te-infinitives. Within them, die my gegeven is ('that has been given me') is a zijn-state-passive relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces interrogative main clause","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"zoude","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular, archaic form","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zoude and zal","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, expletive","role":"formal subject of mogelyk wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"experiencer with mogelyk wezen","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zoude and zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bewyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"extraposed infinitival subject of mogelyk wezen","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of bewyzen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gedaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with heb","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of Adsistent-resident","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Adsistent-resident","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of behoort","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of behoort","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks coordinated infinitive bewyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"coordinated infinitive elaborating first bewyzen","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of bewyzen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of sta","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates sta","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beneden","lemma":"beneden","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of sta","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of betrekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of beneden","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"sta","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of object clause","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of is gegeven and antecedent betrekking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle with is","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks coordinated infinitive bewyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"coordinated infinitive elaborating first bewyzen","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of bewyzen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"loszinnig","lemma":"loszinnig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zet","gloss":"frivolously"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates loszinnig and lichtvaardig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lichtvaardig","lemma":"lichtvaardig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zet","gloss":"rashly"},{"surface":"zeventien","lemma":"zeventien","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies dienstjaren","gloss":"seventeen"},{"surface":"moeielyke","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural, historical spelling","role":"modifies dienstjaren","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"dienstjaren","lemma":"dienstjaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of zet","gloss":"years of service"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed expression op het spel zetten","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of spel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spel","lemma":"spel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op in fixed expression","gloss":"stake","note":"Op het spel zetten means ‘to put at stake.’"},{"surface":"zet","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of object clause","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates additional object of zet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies zegt","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of parenthetical relative clause","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of belang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"additional direct object of zet","gloss":"welfare"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces dependent of belang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates vrouw and kind","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated complement of van","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, expletive, elided","role":"formal subject of mogelyk zyn","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"experiencer with mogelyk zyn","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of bewyzen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bewyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"extraposed infinitival subject of mogelyk zyn","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause with verbergt and belet","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verbergt and belet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of geheim","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies geheim","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of verbergt and belet","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular, historical spelling","role":"determiner of nasporingen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"nasporingen","lemma":"nasporing","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verbergt","gloss":"searchings"},{"surface":"verbergt","lemma":"verbergen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"first finite verb of conditional clause","gloss":"conceals"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates verbergt and belet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of schuldige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schuldige","lemma":"schuldige","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, nominalized adjective","role":"direct object of belet","gloss":"guilty man"},{"surface":"belet","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"second finite verb of conditional clause","gloss":"prevents"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"direct object of dekken","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, historical spelling","role":"introduces parenthetical clause with noemt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, elided","role":"direct object of noemt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"noemt","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive dekken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dekken","lemma":"dekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of belet","gloss":"cover"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h19-s25","source":"By de minste verdenking zendt de Regent een expresse naar zyn neef die op-weg is, en die belang heeft by zyn maintien. Hy vraagt, ten-koste van wat ook, geld, deelt het met kwistige hand uit aan ieder dien hy in den laatsten tyd heeft te-kort gedaan, en 't gevolg zou wezen--ik hoop, niet te moeten zeggen: zal wezen--dat ik een lichtvaardig oordeel heb geveld, en kortaf: een onbruikbaar ambtenaar ben, om niet erger te zeggen.","translation":"At the slightest suspicion the Regent sends an express to his nephew, who is on the road, and who has an interest in his maintenance. He asks, at any cost, for money, hands it out with a lavish hand to everyone he has lately shortchanged, and the consequence would be — I hope I shall not have to say: will be — that I shall have passed a rash judgment, and, in short, am an unfit official, to say nothing worse.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ieder dien hy ... heeft te-kort gedaan","title":"Accusative relative dien + idiom tekortdoen","body":"Dien is the accusative relative 'whom', object of the verb-final clause. Iemand tekortdoen ('to shortchange/wrong someone') is the separable idiom, here in the perfect heeft te-kort gedaan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t gevolg zou wezen ... zal wezen","title":"Conditional zou vs future zal","body":"Havelaar contrasts the hedged conditional zou wezen ('would be') with the blunt future zal wezen ('will be') in a self-correcting aside — the same zullen verb, past vs present, marking unreal vs predicted."}],"words":[{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdenking","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verdenking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minste","lemma":"minst","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies verdenking","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"verdenking","lemma":"verdenking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of By","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"zendt","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sends"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zendt","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of expresse","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"expresse","lemma":"expresse","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zendt","gloss":"express messenger"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neef","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of neef","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"neef","lemma":"neef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"nephew"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op-weg","lemma":"op weg","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"on the road"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking die to op-weg","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the relative clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"an interest"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the second relative clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maintien","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of maintien","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"maintien","lemma":"maintien","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"retention in office","note":"Here maintien is a French loan referring to retention in office or position."},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vraagt and deelt","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"vraagt","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asks for"},{"surface":"ten-koste","lemma":"ten koste","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"head of ten-koste van wat ook","gloss":"at the cost"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of van in free-choice phrase wat ook","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"free-choice marker modifying wat","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vraagt","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"deelt","lemma":"delen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite base of deelt ... uit","gloss":"divides"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of deelt ... uit","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hand","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"kwistige","lemma":"kwistig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hand","gloss":"lavish"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of deelt ... uit","gloss":"hands out"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ieder","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of aan and antecedent of dien","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of te-kort ... gedaan","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft ... gedaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laatst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"te-kort","lemma":"tekort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of heeft ... gedaan","gloss":"shortchanged"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle of tekortdoen","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links deelt and zou wezen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zou wezen","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoop","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates moeten zeggen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks moeten as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moeten","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of gevolg zou wezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb geveld and ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oordeel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lichtvaardig","lemma":"lichtvaardig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies oordeel","gloss":"rash"},{"surface":"oordeel","lemma":"oordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geveld","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of geveld","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"geveld","lemma":"vellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first coordinated complement","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links heb geveld and ben","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kortaf","lemma":"kortaf","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying ben","gloss":"in short"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onbruikbaar","lemma":"onbruikbaar","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies ambtenaar","gloss":"unfit"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking ik to ambtenaar","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces om ... te zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zeggen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"erger","lemma":"erg","morphology":"adjective, comparative, substantivized","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"anything worse"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zeggen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in om ... te construction","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h19-s26","source":"Om my tegen deze eventualiteit te verzekeren, dient dit schryven.","translation":"To secure myself against this eventuality, this letter serves this purpose.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces om ... te verzekeren","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verzekeren","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eventualiteit","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of eventualiteit","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"eventualiteit","lemma":"eventualiteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"eventuality"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verzekeren as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzekeren","lemma":"verzekeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying dient","gloss":"secure"},{"surface":"dient","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"serves"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of schryven","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of dient","gloss":"letter"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h19-s27","source":"Ik heb de meeste hoogachting voor u, maar ik ken den geest dien men \"de geest der Oost-Indische ambtenaren\" zou kunnen noemen en ik bezit dien geest niet!","translation":"I have the greatest respect for you, but I know the spirit that one might call \"the spirit of the East Indian officials,\" and I do not possess that spirit!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den geest dien men ... zou kunnen noemen","title":"Accusative den + dien + stacked modals","body":"Den geest (accusative object) is picked up by the accusative relative dien; zou kunnen noemen stacks the conditional zou with the modal kunnen and bare infinitive noemen at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoogachting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meeste","lemma":"meest","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies hoogachting","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"hoogachting","lemma":"hoogachting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of voor","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links heb and ken","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ken","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ken and antecedent of dien","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou kunnen noemen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of dien after noemen","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of ambtenaren","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Oost-Indische","lemma":"Oost-Indisch","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ambtenaren","gloss":"East Indian"},{"surface":"ambtenaren","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive dependent of geest","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of kunnen noemen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of noemen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou kunnen","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links ken and bezit","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bezit","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"possess"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezit","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates bezit","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h19-s28","source":"Uw wenk dat de zaak vooraf beter partikulier ware behandeld geworden, doet me vreezen voor een abouchement. Wat ik in myn brief van gisteren gezegd heb, is waar.","translation":"Your hint that the affair would have been better handled privately beforehand makes me fear a parley. What I said in my letter of yesterday is true.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de zaak vooraf beter partikulier ware behandeld geworden","title":"Archaic ware + passive perfect (geworden)","body":"Ware is the past subjunctive of zijn ('would have been'); behandeld geworden is the perfect of the worden-passive, where geworden is its participle. A doubly archaic construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of wenk","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"wenk","lemma":"wenk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"hint"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause modifying wenk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ware behandeld geworden","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"vooraf","lemma":"vooraf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behandeld","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies behandeld","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"partikulier","lemma":"particulier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behandeld","gloss":"privately"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of behandeld geworden","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"behandeld","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive construction","gloss":"handled"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past participle","role":"passive auxiliary with behandeld","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of causative doet","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"vreezen","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doet","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking abouchement","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of abouchement","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"abouchement","lemma":"abouchement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"parley","note":"Abouchement is an archaic French loan for a private conference or parley."},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd and head of the subject clause of is","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of brief","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gisteren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gisteren","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb used substantivally","role":"object of van modifying brief","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the subject clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking the subject clause to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h19-s29","source":"Doch misschien zou het onwaar schynen, wanneer de zaak werd behandeld op een wyze als zou kunnen strekken tot openbaarmaking van myne beschuldiging en van myn vermoeden, voor de Regent van hier verwyderd is.","translation":"But perhaps it would appear untrue, were the affair handled in a way that might tend to make my accusation and my suspicion public before the Regent has been removed from here.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer de zaak werd behandeld","title":"wanneer + worden-passive past","body":"Wanneer ('if/when', formal) sends the verbs to the end; werd behandeld is the past process passive ('were/was handled'). The conditional flavour comes from the surrounding zou ... schynen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence contrastively to the preceding one","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou schynen","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of schynen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou schynen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"onwaar","lemma":"onwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of schynen","gloss":"untrue"},{"surface":"schynen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"appear"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of werd behandeld","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of werd behandeld","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of behandeld","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"behandeld","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"handled"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wyze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op and antecedent of the als-clause","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying wyze","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of kunnen strekken","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of strekken","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"strekken","lemma":"strekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"tend"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking openbaarmaking","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"openbaarmaking","lemma":"openbaarmaking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"making public"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschuldiging","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, inflected","role":"possessor of beschuldiging","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van modifying openbaarmaking","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two van-phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vermoeden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of vermoeden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vermoeden","lemma":"vermoeden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van coordinated with beschuldiging","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of verwyderd is","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verwyderd is","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in van hier modifying verwyderd","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of van","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"verwyderd","lemma":"verwijderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive perfect clause","gloss":"removed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of verwyderd","gloss":"has been"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h19-s30","source":"Ik mag u niet ontveinzen dat zelfs uw onverwachte komst, in verband met de gister door my naar Serang gezonden expresse, my doet vreezen dat de schuldige die vroeger niet wilde toegeven aan myn vermaningen, nu vóór den tyd zal wakker worden en trachten, zoo mogelyk, zich tant soit peu te diskulpeeren.","translation":"I may not conceal from you that even your unexpected arrival, in connection with the express sent by me to Serang yesterday, makes me fear that the guilty man, who earlier would not yield to my admonitions, will now wake up before the time and try, if he can, to exculpate himself tant soit peu.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de gister ... gezonden expresse","title":"Pre-nominal participle phrase","body":"Gezonden ('sent') heads a participle phrase squeezed before its noun expresse: 'the express sent by me to Serang yesterday'. Dutch can pack a whole reduced relative clause in front of the noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich ... te diskulpeeren","title":"Reflexive te-infinitive zich diskulpeeren","body":"Zich diskulpeeren ('to exculpate oneself') is reflexive, here as a te-infinitive after trachten ('to try'). The French tag tant soit peu ('ever so little') flavours the genteel register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of mag and ontveinzen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of ontveinzen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of ontveinzen","gloss":"from you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates ontveinzen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ontveinzen","lemma":"ontveinzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of mag","gloss":"conceal"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of ontveinzen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of komst","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person singular","role":"possessor of komst","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"onverwachte","lemma":"onverwacht","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies komst","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"komst","lemma":"komst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the complex preposition in verband met","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the complex preposition in verband met","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes in verband met and governs expresse","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of expresse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gister","lemma":"gister","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezonden","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent of gezonden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, oblique","role":"agent of gezonden","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the destination of gezonden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"destination of gezonden","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"gezonden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial clause modifying expresse","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"expresse","lemma":"expresse","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"express"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, accusative","role":"object of doet and understood subject of vreezen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the object clause","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"vreezen","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doet","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of vreezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of schuldige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schuldige","lemma":"schuldige","morphology":"nominalized adjective, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zal, worden, and trachten","gloss":"guilty man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde toegeven","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wilde toegeven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"toegeven","lemma":"toegeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"yield"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of toegeven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessor of vermaningen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vermaningen","lemma":"vermaning","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"admonitions"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zal wakker worden and trachten","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time phrase modifying wakker worden","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of worden and trachten","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wakker","lemma":"wakker","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"awake"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zal","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates worden and trachten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"trachten","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive complement of zal","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the conditional parenthetical zoo mogelyk","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate in the elliptical parenthetical zoo mogelyk","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular, accusative","role":"reflexive direct object of diskulpeeren","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"tant","lemma":"tant","morphology":"French adverb, part of idiom","role":"part of the adverbial phrase tant soit peu modifying diskulpeeren","gloss":"so much","note":"The French phrase tant soit peu means ‘to some extent’ or ‘a little.’"},{"surface":"soit","lemma":"être","morphology":"French verb, present subjunctive, third person singular, part of idiom","role":"part of the adverbial phrase tant soit peu","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"peu","lemma":"peu","morphology":"French adverb, part of idiom","role":"part of the adverbial phrase tant soit peu","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces diskulpeeren as complement of trachten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"diskulpeeren","lemma":"disculperen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of trachten","gloss":"exculpate"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h19-s31","source":"Ik heb de eer my thans nog letterlyk te gedragen aan myne missive van gister, doch neem de vryheid daarby optemerken dat die missive óók het voorstel inhield: om vóór het onderzoek den Regent te verwyderen, en zyn afhangelingen voorloopig, onschadelyk te maken. Ik vermeen niet verder verantwoordelyk te zyn voor wat ik avanceerde, dan voor-zoover gy mocht gelieven intestemmen met myn voorstel betreffende de wyze van onderzoek, dat is: onpartydig, openlyk, en vooral vry.","translation":"I have the honour to abide for the present, to the letter, by my missive of yesterday, yet I take the liberty of noting alongside it that that missive also contained the proposal: to remove the Regent before the investigation, and to render his dependents provisionally harmless. I do not consider myself further answerable for what I advanced, than insofar as you may be pleased to concur in my proposal regarding the manner of the investigation, that is: impartial, open, and above all free.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor-zoover gy mocht gelieven intestemmen","title":"voor-zoover + modal mocht + joined intestemmen","body":"Voor-zoover ('insofar as') subordinates, sending verbs to the end. Mocht ('might') is the modal; intestemmen is the fused in te stemmen ('to concur'). Gelieven ('to be pleased to') is a courtly formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb, gedragen, neem, and optemerken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb governing eer","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person singular","role":"reflexive object of gedragen","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedragen","gloss":"at present"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedragen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"letterlyk","lemma":"letterlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedragen","gloss":"to the letter"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces gedragen as complement of eer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gedragen","lemma":"gedragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement licensed by de eer heb","gloss":"abide"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of zich gedragen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular, inflected","role":"possessor of missive","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"missive","lemma":"missive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"missive"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a time modifier of missive","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gister","lemma":"gister","morphology":"adverb used substantivally","role":"object of van","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates heb and neem","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with heb","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of vryheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vryheid","lemma":"vrijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"liberty"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of optemerken","gloss":"alongside it"},{"surface":"optemerken","lemma":"opmerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive with fused te","role":"infinitive complement of vryheid","gloss":"to note"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of optemerken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of missive","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"missive","lemma":"missive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of inhield","gloss":"missive"},{"surface":"óók","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of inhield","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of voorstel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorstel","lemma":"voorstel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of inhield","gloss":"proposal"},{"surface":"inhield","lemma":"inhouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the object clause","gloss":"contained"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitival conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause specifying voorstel","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a time modifier of verwyderen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"investigation"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verwyderen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces verwyderen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verwyderen","lemma":"verwijderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first infinitive governed by om","gloss":"remove"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates verwyderen and maken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of afhangelingen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"afhangelingen","lemma":"afhangeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"dependents"},{"surface":"voorloopig","lemma":"voorlopig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"provisionally"},{"surface":"onschadelyk","lemma":"onschadelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of afhangelingen with maken","gloss":"harmless"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with verwyderen","gloss":"render"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vermeen and zyn","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vermeen","lemma":"vermenen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates vermeen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies verantwoordelyk","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"verantwoordelyk","lemma":"verantwoordelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"answerable"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces zyn as complement of vermeen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of vermeen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of verantwoordelyk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of avanceerde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of avanceerde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"avanceerde","lemma":"avanceren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the free relative clause governed by voor","gloss":"advanced"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the limiting comparison with verder","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"voor-zoover","lemma":"voor zover","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the extent clause limiting verantwoordelyk","gloss":"insofar as"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of mocht, gelieven, and intestemmen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gelieven","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"gelieven","lemma":"gelieven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of mocht","gloss":"be pleased"},{"surface":"intestemmen","lemma":"instemmen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with fused te","role":"infinitive complement of gelieven","gloss":"to concur","note":"Historical spelling fuses the infinitive marker te into in te stemmen."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of instemmen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessor of voorstel","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorstel","lemma":"voorstel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"proposal"},{"surface":"betreffende","lemma":"betreffende","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a modifier of voorstel","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of betreffende","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a modifier of wyze","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"investigation"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is in the explanatory phrase dat is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula in the explanatory phrase dat is","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"onpartydig","lemma":"onpartijdig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"first predicate specifying wyze van onderzoek","gloss":"impartial"},{"surface":"openlyk","lemma":"openlijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated with onpartydig","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates openlyk and vry","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of vry","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated with onpartydig","gloss":"free"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h19-s32","source":"Die vryheid bestaat niet voor de Regent verwyderd is, en naar myn bescheiden meening ligt hierin niets gevaarlyks. Hem kan immers gezegd worden dat ik hem beschuldig en verdenk, dat ik gevaar loop, en niet hy, wanneer hy onschuldig is.","translation":"That freedom does not exist until the Regent has been removed, and to my humble mind there is nothing dangerous in this. He can surely be told that I accuse and suspect him, that it is I who run the risk, and not he, if he is innocent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hem kan ... gezegd worden dat ...","title":"Impersonal worden-passive, dative Hem","body":"Gezegd worden ('be told') is the process passive; Hem ('to him') is the dative experiencer fronted for emphasis, forcing inversion kan ... gezegd worden. Immers ('after all') is a confirming particle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of vryheid","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"vryheid","lemma":"vrijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bestaat","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"bestaat","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates bestaat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause limiting bestaat","gloss":"until","note":"Here voor is an older use meaning ‘before’ or, with the negation, ‘until.’"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is verwyderd","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"verwyderd","lemma":"verwijderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive temporal clause","gloss":"removed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of verwyderd","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates bestaat and ligt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a viewpoint adjunct of ligt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessor of meening","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"bescheiden","lemma":"bescheiden","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies meening","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"hierin","lemma":"hierin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of ligt","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"gevaarlyks","lemma":"gevaarlijk","morphology":"nominalized adjective, partitive form","role":"postmodifier of niets","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"Hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gezegd worden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the assertion kan gezegd worden","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first content clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of beschuldig and verdenk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of beschuldig and verdenk","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"beschuldig","lemma":"beschuldigen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"first finite verb of the content clause","gloss":"accuse"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates beschuldig and verdenk","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verdenk","lemma":"verdenken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with beschuldig","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second content clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of loop","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of loop","gloss":"risk"},{"surface":"loop","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the second content clause","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates ik and the elliptical contrast niet hy","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the elliptical predicate with hy","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"contrasted subject of the elliptical loop gevaar","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"onschuldig","lemma":"onschuldig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hy and onschuldig","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h19-s33","source":"Want ikzelf ben van oordeel dat ik uit de dienst behoor ontslagen te worden, als er blyken zal dat ik lichtvaardig, of zelfs maar voorbarig heb gehandeld.","translation":"For I myself am of the opinion that I ought to be dismissed from the service, should it appear that I have acted rashly, or even merely prematurely.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik ... behoor ontslagen te worden","title":"behoren + passive te-infinitive","body":"Behoren te ('ought to') governs the passive te-infinitive ontslagen te worden ('to be dismissed'). The als-clause (here met 'als er blyken zal') is the verb-final condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"ikzelf","lemma":"ikzelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ikzelf to van oordeel","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the predicative phrase van oordeel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oordeel","lemma":"oordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van in the predicate van oordeel","gloss":"the opinion"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause complementing oordeel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of behoor and ontslagen worden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source complement of ontslagen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of dienst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"behoor","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb governing ontslagen te worden","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"ontslagen","lemma":"ontslaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive infinitive complement of behoor","gloss":"dismissed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces worden as complement of behoor","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of ontslagen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive pronoun","role":"expletive subject marker with blyken","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"blyken","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zal","gloss":"appear"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of blyken","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of blyken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb gehandeld","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"lichtvaardig","lemma":"lichtvaardig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehandeld","gloss":"rashly"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates lichtvaardig and voorbarig","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of maar voorbarig","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of voorbarig","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"voorbarig","lemma":"voorbarig","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated adverbial modifier of gehandeld","gloss":"prematurely"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gehandeld","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gehandeld","lemma":"handelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the subject clause of blyken","gloss":"acted"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h19-s34","source":"Voorbarig! Na jaren, jaren, misbruik!","translation":"Prematurely! After years and years of abuse!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s34.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Voorbarig","lemma":"voorbarig","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory","role":"elliptical repetition of the preceding adverb modifying gehandeld","gloss":"Prematurely"},{"surface":"Na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the exclamatory time phrase","gloss":"After"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"first object of na in an emphatic repetition","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"emphatic repetition of jaren","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"postmodifier of jaren, expressing what the years contained","gloss":"of abuse"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h19-s35","source":"Voorbarig! Als een eerlyk man slapen kon, en leven en genieten, zoo lang zy voor wier welzyn hy geroepen is te waken, zy die in den hoogsten zin zyn naasten zyn, worden gekneveld en uitgezogen!","translation":"Prematurely! As if an honest man could sleep, and live and enjoy, so long as those for whose welfare he is called to watch — those who, in the highest sense, are his neighbours — are being extorted and sucked dry!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zy die ... zyn naasten zyn, worden gekneveld en uitgezogen","title":"worden-passive: gekneveld en uitgezogen","body":"Worden gekneveld en uitgezogen ('are being extorted and sucked dry') is the process passive with two participles — the action ongoing, not a finished state. The relative zy die ... is verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als een eerlyk man slapen kon","title":"Rhetorical als ('as if') + modal","body":"Here Als reads 'as if' in an indignant rhetorical question; the modal kon sends slapen to the end. The exclamatory Voorbarig! framing gives it heat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voorbarig","lemma":"voorbarig","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"exclamation commenting on the proposed action","gloss":"Prematurely"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual comparison of kon","gloss":"As if"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"eerlyk","lemma":"eerlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies man","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"slapen","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing slapen, leven and genieten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links slapen and leven","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with slapen under kon","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links leven and genieten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"genieten","lemma":"genieten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with slapen and leven under kon","gloss":"enjoy"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"with lang, introduces a duration clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"with zoo, modifies kon","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of worden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the prepositional complement containing wier welzyn","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wier","lemma":"wier","morphology":"relative possessive pronoun, plural antecedent","role":"possessor of welzyn","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"welzyn","lemma":"welzijn","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"welfare"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks waken as complement of geroepen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"waken","lemma":"waken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of geroepen","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"apposition restating the subject zy","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the phrase modifying zyn","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of zin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogsten","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive, archaic inflection","role":"modifies zin","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"zin","lemma":"zin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of naasten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"naasten","lemma":"naaste","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"neighbours"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite copula linking die to naasten","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gekneveld and uitgezogen","gloss":"are being"},{"surface":"gekneveld","lemma":"knevellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate governed by worden","gloss":"extorted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gekneveld and uitgezogen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"uitgezogen","lemma":"uitzuigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated passive predicate with gekneveld","gloss":"sucked dry"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h19-s36","source":"Het is waar, ik ben hier kort, doch ik hoop dat de vraag eenmaal wezen zal: wat men gedaan heeft, of men het goed gedaan heeft, niet of men het in te korten tyd heeft gedaan.","translation":"It is true that I have been here but a short time, yet I hope the question will one day be: what has been done, and whether it has been done well, not whether it was done in too short a time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de vraag eenmaal wezen zal: wat men gedaan heeft","title":"Future zal + embedded indirect questions","body":"Wezen zal ('will be') is the future. The colon introduces stacked indirect questions (wat men gedaan heeft, of men het goed gedaan heeft), each verb-final with the perfect at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the content clause after waar","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of ben","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"duration adjunct of ben","gloss":"a short time"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clauses of ben and hoop","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hoop","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of hoop","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zal wezen","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adjunct of zal wezen","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heeft","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an indirect yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heeft","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the following alternative introduced by of","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the rejected indirect yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the time adjunct of gedaan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies korten","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"korten","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heeft","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h19-s37","source":"Voor my is elke tyd te lang die gekenmerkt wordt door afpersing en onderdrukking, en zwaar weegt my de sekonde die door myn nalatigheid, door myn plichtverzuim, door myn \"geest van schipperen\" in ellende zou doorgebracht zyn.","translation":"To me, every span of time is too long that is marked by extortion and oppression, and heavily would weigh on me the second that, through my negligence, through my dereliction of duty, through my \"spirit of compromise,\" had been passed in misery.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zwaar weegt my de sekonde die ... zou doorgebracht zyn","title":"Fronted adverb + conditional passive","body":"Fronting zwaar ('heavily') inverts to weegt my. The relative die ... zou doorgebracht zyn ('that would have been spent') is a conditional perfect passive, verb cluster at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the experiencer phrase of is te lang","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking tyd to lang","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner, singular, inflected","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"span of time"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wordt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gekenmerkt","lemma":"kenmerken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate governed by wordt","gloss":"marked"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gekenmerkt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the agent phrase of gekenmerkt","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"afpersing","lemma":"afpersing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"extortion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links afpersing and onderdrukking","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onderdrukking","lemma":"onderdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with afpersing","gloss":"oppression"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clauses of is and weegt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zwaar","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weegt","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"weegt","lemma":"wegen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"weighs"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, singular","role":"indirect object of weegt","gloss":"on me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of sekonde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sekonde","lemma":"seconde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of weegt","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zou zyn doorgebracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the cause phrase modifying doorgebracht","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of nalatigheid","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"nalatigheid","lemma":"nalatigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"negligence"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads a coordinated cause phrase modifying doorgebracht","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of plichtverzuim","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plichtverzuim","lemma":"plichtverzuim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"dereliction of duty"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads a coordinated cause phrase modifying doorgebracht","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of geest","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the complement of geest","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"schipperen","lemma":"schipperen","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive form","role":"complement of van","gloss":"compromise","note":"Here schipperen means making expedient compromises rather than literally piloting a vessel."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the manner or state phrase of doorgebracht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ellende","lemma":"ellende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of zyn doorgebracht","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"doorgebracht","lemma":"doorbrengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate governed by zou zyn","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of doorgebracht","gloss":"have been"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h19-s38","source":"Ik heb berouw over de dagen die ik heb laten verloopen voor ik u officieel rapporteerde, en ik vraag verschooning voor dat verzuim.","translation":"I repent of the days I let slip by before I reported to you officially, and I beg pardon for that omission.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb berouw over de dagen die ik heb laten verloopen","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive verloopen","body":"Laten verloopen ('to let slip by') is the causative laten + bare infinitive. The relative die opens a verb-final clause; berouw hebben over ('to repent of') is the fixed idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb and vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"berouw","lemma":"berouw","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the complement of berouw","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of over","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of laten verloopen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb laten verloopen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of laten verloopen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative infinitive governed by heb","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"verloopen","lemma":"verlopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"slip by"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of rapporteerde","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of rapporteerde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object form, singular or polite","role":"indirect object of rapporteerde","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"officieel","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rapporteerde","gloss":"officially"},{"surface":"rapporteerde","lemma":"rapporteren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links heb and vraag","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"verschooning","lemma":"verschoning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vraag","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the complement of verschooning","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of verzuim","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"verzuim","lemma":"verzuim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"omission"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h19-s39","source":"Ik neem de vryheid u te verzoeken my in de gelegenheid te stellen myn schryven van gisteren te rechtvaardigen, en my te vrywaren voor de mislukking myner pogingen om de afdeeling Lebak te bevryden van de wormen die sedert menschen-geheugenis knagen aan haar welvaart.","translation":"I take the liberty of asking you to give me the opportunity to justify my letter of yesterday, and to guard me against the failure of my efforts to deliver the district of Lebak from the worms that, within living memory, have been gnawing at its prosperity.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"u te verzoeken my in de gelegenheid te stellen ... te rechtvaardigen","title":"Chained te-infinitives","body":"Three te-infinitives nest: u te verzoeken ('to ask you'), my in de gelegenheid te stellen ('to put me in a position'), and te rechtvaardigen ('to justify'). This embedding is the engine of the letter's formal periodic style."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"verschooning","title":"verschooning = 'pardon'","body":"Verschooning (modern verschoning) here means 'pardon/forgiveness' for the omission — an older, formal sense, not the everyday meaning 'change of clothes/clean linen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of vryheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vryheid","lemma":"vrijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"liberty"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object form, singular or polite","role":"direct object of verzoeken","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verzoeken as infinitival complement","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzoeken","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement explaining vryheid","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, singular","role":"direct object of stellen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase in de gelegenheid stellen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in in the phrase in de gelegenheid stellen","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks stellen as complement of verzoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stellen","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verzoeken with u as understood subject","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of schryven","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of rechtvaardigen","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the temporal modifier of schryven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gisteren","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb used nominally","role":"complement of van","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks rechtvaardigen as purpose complement of gelegenheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rechtvaardigen","lemma":"rechtvaardigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival purpose complement of gelegenheid","gloss":"justify"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links stellen and vrywaren","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, singular","role":"direct object of vrywaren","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks vrywaren as coordinated complement of verzoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vrywaren","lemma":"vrijwaren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with stellen under verzoeken","gloss":"guard"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the complement of vrywaren","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of mislukking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mislukking","lemma":"mislukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"failure"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive plural, archaic inflection","role":"possessor of pogingen","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"pogingen","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of mislukking","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"with te, introduces the purpose of pogingen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bevryden","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to afdeeling","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"with om, marks bevryden as purpose clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bevryden","lemma":"bevrijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying pogingen","gloss":"deliver"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the complement of bevryden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of wormen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wormen","lemma":"worm","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"worms"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of knagen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the temporal adjunct of knagen","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"menschen-geheugenis","lemma":"mensengeheugenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of sedert","gloss":"living memory"},{"surface":"knagen","lemma":"knagen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of the relative clause on wormen","gloss":"gnaw"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the complement of knagen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of welvaart, referring to afdeeling","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"welvaart","lemma":"welvaart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"prosperity"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h19-s40","source":"Het is daarom dat ik op-nieuw zoo vry ben, u te verzoeken myne handelingen ten deze--trouwens alleen bestaande in onderzoek, rapport en voorstel--wel te willen goedkeuren, den Regent van Lebak, zonder voorafgaande direkte of indirekte waarschuwing van hier te verwyderen, en voorts te doen instellen een onderzoek naar hetgeen ik meedeelde in myn schryven van gisteren N° 88.","translation":"It is for this reason that I once more take the liberty of asking you to be pleased to approve my actions in this matter — which, after all, consist only in investigation, report, and proposal — to remove the Regent of Lebak from here without any prior direct or indirect warning, and then to have an investigation set on foot into what I reported in my letter of yesterday, No. 88.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de wormen die ... knagen aan haar welvaart","title":"Relative die + present-tense indictment","body":"Die opens a verb-final relative clause (knagen at the end); knagen aan ('to gnaw at') keeps the present tense for ongoing harm. Haar ('its') refers to the de-word afdeeling Lebak."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Het to daarom","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"for this reason"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op-nieuw","lemma":"opnieuw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vrij","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to vrij","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verzoeken","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verzoeken as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzoeken","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vrij","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of handelingen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"handelingen","lemma":"handeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of goedkeuren","gloss":"actions"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with den","role":"introduces deze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"complement of ten","gloss":"this matter","note":"“Ten deze” is a formal expression meaning “in this matter.”"},{"surface":"trouwens","lemma":"trouwens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestaande","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestaande","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"bestaande","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"present participle","role":"supplementary clause modifying handelingen","gloss":"consisting"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of bestaande","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"investigation"},{"surface":"rapport","lemma":"rapport","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"coordinated complement of in","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links rapport and voorstel","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voorstel","lemma":"voorstel","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"coordinated complement of in","gloss":"proposal"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"politeness emphasis with willen","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks willen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verzoeken","gloss":"be pleased"},{"surface":"goedkeuren","lemma":"goedkeuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"approve"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verwijderen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces waarschuwing","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"voorafgaande","lemma":"voorafgaand","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies waarschuwing","gloss":"prior"},{"surface":"direkte","lemma":"direct","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies waarschuwing","gloss":"direct"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links direkte and indirekte","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"indirekte","lemma":"indirect","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"coordinated modifier of waarschuwing","gloss":"indirect"},{"surface":"waarschuwing","lemma":"waarschuwing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"warning"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms van hier with hier","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of van","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verwijderen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verwyderen","lemma":"verwijderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"second complement of verzoeken","gloss":"remove"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links verwijderen and doen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voorts","lemma":"voorts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated complement of verzoeken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"instellen","lemma":"instellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of doen","gloss":"set on foot"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of instellen","gloss":"investigation"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hetgeen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"complement of naar and object of meedeelde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of meedeelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meedeelde","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative-clause verb modifying hetgeen","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces schrijven","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of schrijven","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces gisteren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gisteren","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb used nominally","role":"complement of van","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation, singular","role":"identifier in apposition to schrijven","gloss":"No.","note":"The printed abbreviation “N°” means “number”; the tokenizer retains only N."}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h19-s41","source":"De Adsistent-resident van Lebak,","translation":"The Assistant Resident of Lebak,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of Adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"signature title in apposition to Max Havelaar","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h19-s42","source":"MAX HAVELAAR\"","translation":"MAX HAVELAAR\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s42.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"MAX","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"given name in the signature","gloss":"MAX"},{"surface":"HAVELAAR","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname in the signature","gloss":"HAVELAAR"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h19-s43","source":"Deze bede om de schuldigen niet in bescherming te nemen, ontving de Resident onderwege.","translation":"This plea not to take the guilty under his protection reached the Resident on the road.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ontving de Resident onderwege","title":"Fronted object + inversion","body":"The long object phrase Deze bede ... in bescherming te nemen ('this plea not to protect the guilty') is fronted, so the verb ontving precedes its subject de Resident. Onderwege ('on the road') is the archaic form of onderweg."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of bede","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"bede","lemma":"bede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"plea"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of schuldigen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schuldigen","lemma":"schuldige","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates nemen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces bescherming","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"bescherming","lemma":"bescherming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"protection"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks nemen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying bede","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of Resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"onderwege","lemma":"onderweg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontving","gloss":"on the road"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h19-s44","source":"Een uur na zyn komst te Rangkas-Betoeng legde hy een kort bezoek by den Regent af, en vroeg hem by die gelegenheid: wat hy kon inbrengen tegen den Adsistent-resident? en: of hy, Adhipatti, geld noodig had?","translation":"An hour after his arrival at Rangkas-Betoeng he paid a brief visit to the Regent, and asked him on that occasion: what he could bring forward against the Assistant Resident? and: whether he, the Adhipatti, needed money?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"legde hy een kort bezoek ... af","title":"Separable afleggen","body":"Een bezoek afleggen ('to pay a visit') is a separable verb; af strands at the end while legde stands second after the fronted time phrase. Een uur na zyn komst fronted forces the inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of uur","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"temporal adjunct of legde","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces komst","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of komst","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"komst","lemma":"komst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of na","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"legde","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of legde ... af","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of legde and vroeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of bezoek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies bezoek","gloss":"brief"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of legde ... af","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces den Regent","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of legde ... af","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links legde and vroeg","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with legde","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative singular","role":"direct object of vroeg","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces die gelegenheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of inbrengen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of kon inbrengen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of inbrengen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"inbrengen","lemma":"inbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kon","gloss":"bring forward"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces den Adsistent-resident","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tegen","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two reported questions","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an indirect yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to hy","gloss":"the Adhipatti","note":"Adhipatti is the Javanese regent’s title."},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, mass","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement with had","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the reported question","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h19-s45","source":"Op de eerste vraag antwoordde de Regent: \"niets, dat kan ik bezweren!\" Op de tweede antwoordde hy toestemmend, waarop de resident hem een paar bankbriefjes gaf, die hy--voor de gelegenheid meegebracht!--uit zyn vestzak haalde.","translation":"To the first question the Regent answered: \"nothing, that I can swear to!\" To the second he answered in the affirmative, whereupon the resident gave him a couple of banknotes, which he — brought along for the occasion! — drew from his waistcoat pocket.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die hy ... uit zyn vestzak haalde","title":"Relative die + separable idiom, period detail","body":"Die (relative, object) opens a verb-final clause closing with haalde. The dash-bracketed aside voor de gelegenheid meegebracht ('brought along for the occasion!') is Multatuli's narratorial sneer at the premeditated bribe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de eerste vraag","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies vraag","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of Op","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"quoted answer and object understood with answer","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of bezweren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of bezweren","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of kan bezweren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bezweren","lemma":"bezweren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"swear to"},{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de tweede","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of omitted vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tweede","lemma":"tweede","morphology":"ordinal adjective used nominally","role":"complement of Op; vraag is understood","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"toestemmend","lemma":"toestemmen","morphology":"adverbial present participle","role":"modifies antwoordde","gloss":"in the affirmative"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"connects the result clause to antwoordde","gloss":"whereupon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative singular","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"quantifying noun, neuter singular","role":"quantifies bankbriefjes","gloss":"couple of"},{"surface":"bankbriefjes","lemma":"bankbriefje","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"direct object of gaf and antecedent of die","gloss":"banknotes"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the result clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of haalde and meegebracht","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of haalde and implied subject of meegebracht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de gelegenheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"meegebracht","lemma":"meebrengen","morphology":"past participle","role":"parenthetical modifier of die","gloss":"brought along"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zyn vestzak","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vestzak","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vestzak","lemma":"vestzak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"waistcoat pocket"},{"surface":"haalde","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative-clause verb modifying bankbriefjes","gloss":"drew"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h19-s46","source":"Men begrypt dat dit geheel buiten Havelaar omging, en straks zullen wy te weten komen hoe die schandelyke handelwyze hem bekend werd.","translation":"It will be understood that this passed entirely without Havelaar's knowledge, and presently we shall learn how that shameful proceeding came to his ears.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat dit geheel buiten Havelaar omging","title":"Separable omgaan buiten","body":"Buiten ... omgaan ('to go on without someone's knowledge') is a separable idiom; in the dat-clause om-ging lands at the end. Men begrypt ('it is understood') uses impersonal men."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe die ... handelwyze hem bekend werd","title":"worden-passive in an indirect question","body":"Bekend werd ('became known') is the process passive in the past; hoe opens the embedded question, pushing werd to the end. Straks here means 'presently/soon', not 'just now'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begrypt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of omging","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omging","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Havelaar","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of buiten","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"omging","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the object clause","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"straks","lemma":"straks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zullen komen","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"future auxiliary of komen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of zullen komen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"part of te weten komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of the idiom te weten komen","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zullen in te weten komen","gloss":"learn","note":"“Te weten komen” means “to find out” or “to learn.”"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces and modifies the indirect question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of handelwijze","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"schandelyke","lemma":"schandelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies handelwijze","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"handelwyze","lemma":"handelwijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"proceeding"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative singular","role":"indirect object with bekend werd","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of werd","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the indirect question","gloss":"became"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h19-s47","source":"Toen de resident Slymering by Havelaar afstapte, was hy bleeker dan gewoonlyk, en zyn woorden stonden verder van elkander dan ooit.","translation":"When the resident Slymering alighted at Havelaar's, he was paler than usual, and his words stood further apart from one another than ever.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen ... afstapte, was hy bleeker dan gewoonlyk","title":"toen-clause + comparative with dan","body":"The toen-clause ('when ... alighted') is verb-final (afstapte at the end), so the main clause inverts to was hy. Bleeker dan ('paler than') is the comparative with dan for 'than'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of afstapte","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"Slymering","lemma":"Slymering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to resident","gloss":"Slymering"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Havelaar","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of bij; residence is understood","gloss":"Havelaar’s"},{"surface":"afstapte","lemma":"afstappen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"alighted"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to bleeker","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bleeker","lemma":"bleek","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"paler"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with gewoonlyk","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"standard of comparison with bleeker","gloss":"usual"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links was and stonden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of woorden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"subject of stonden","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"stonden","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated main verb with was","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies stonden","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces elkander","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkander","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with ooit","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"standard of comparison with verder","gloss":"ever"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h19-s48","source":"Het was dan ook geen geringe zaak voor iemand die zóó uitmuntte in \"schipperen\" en jaarlyksche rustverslagen, zoo op-eenmaal brieven te ontvangen waarin geen spoor was, noch van 't gebruikelyk officieel optimismus, noch van kunstige omwending der zaak, noch van vrees voor ontevredenheid van de Regeering over 't \"bemoeielyken\" met ongunstige berichten.","translation":"For indeed it was no small matter for a man who so excelled in \"compromise\" and tranquil annual reports, to receive all at once letters in which there was no trace either of the customary official optimism, or of any artful glossing-over of the affair, or of any fear of the Government's displeasure at being \"troubled\" with unfavourable news.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"geen geringe zaak ... zoo op-eenmaal brieven te ontvangen","title":"geen + extraposed te-infinitive subject","body":"Geen geringe zaak ('no small matter') negates the indefinite predicate noun; the real subject is the extraposed te-infinitive zoo op-eenmaal brieven te ontvangen ('to receive such letters all at once')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with zaak","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to zaak","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the emphatic phrase dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the emphatic phrase dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"geringe","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaak","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of voor; modified by die","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of uitmuntte","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitmuntte","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"uitmuntte","lemma":"uitmunten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on iemand","gloss":"excelled"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schipperen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"schipperen","lemma":"schipperen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"oblique complement of uitmuntte","gloss":"compromising"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"jaarlyksche","lemma":"jaarlijks","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rustverslagen","gloss":"annual","note":"Historical spelling of jaarlijks."},{"surface":"rustverslagen","lemma":"rustverslag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated complement of in with schipperen","gloss":"reports of calm"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies op-eenmaal","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"opeenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontvangen","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of ontvangen","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of ontvangen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject complement explaining zaak","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying brieven","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spoor","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"spoor","lemma":"spoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of existential was","gloss":"trace"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"existential verb of relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"first member of repeated noch ... noch coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of spoor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of optimismus","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebruikelyk","lemma":"gebruikelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies optimismus","gloss":"customary","note":"Historical spelling of gebruikelijk."},{"surface":"officieel","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies optimismus","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"optimismus","lemma":"optimisme","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; complement of spoor","gloss":"optimism"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links second complement of spoor","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omwending","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kunstige","lemma":"kunstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies omwending","gloss":"artful"},{"surface":"omwending","lemma":"omwending","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; complement of spoor","gloss":"glossing-over"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of omwending","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links third complement of spoor","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrees","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; complement of spoor","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of vrees","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ontevredenheid","lemma":"ontevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor; complement of vrees","gloss":"displeasure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of ontevredenheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; possessor of ontevredenheid","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces cause of ontevredenheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"article nominalizing bemoeielyken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bemoeielyken","lemma":"bemoeilijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of over","gloss":"troubling","note":"Historical spelling; the quoted infinitive is used substantivally for ‘troubling’."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking berichten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ongunstige","lemma":"ongunstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies berichten","gloss":"unfavourable"},{"surface":"berichten","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"news"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h19-s49","source":"De resident van Bantam was geschrokken, en als men my de onedelheid van 't beeld wil vergeven om-den-wille van de juistheid, heb ik lust hem te vergelyken by een straatjongen die zich beklaagt over verkrachting van voorouderlyke gewoonten, omdat een excentriek kameraadje hem zonder voorafgaande scheldwoorden geslagen heeft.","translation":"The resident of Bantam was startled, and — if I may be forgiven the indelicacy of the image for the sake of its aptness — I am inclined to liken him to a street urchin who complains of a violation of ancestral custom because some eccentric little comrade has struck him without first delivering the customary insults.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om-den-wille van","title":"Frozen dative -den","body":"The phrase 'om-den-wille van' ('for the sake of') preserves the old masculine dative ending -den on 'wil', a fossilised case form normal in 1860 prose. Modern Dutch writes 'omwille van' with no inflection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die zich beklaagt over","title":"Reflexive zich beklagen","body":"'Zich beklagen over' ('to complain about') is a third-person reflexive verb: 'zich' refers back to the subject 'een straatjongen'. The reflexive 'zich' is obligatory and cannot be dropped."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"voorouderlyke gewoonten","title":"Period spelling: -lyk and y","body":"1860 spells the suffix -lijk as -lyk, using 'y' for the 'ij' digraph throughout (myn, vergelyken). Read 'voorouderlyke' as modern 'voorouderlijke' ('ancestral')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geschrokken","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van; modifies resident","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschrokken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geschrokken","lemma":"schrikken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of pluperfect predicate","gloss":"been startled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wil","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of vergeven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onedelheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onedelheid","lemma":"onedelheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vergeven","gloss":"indelicacy"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beeld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beeld","lemma":"beeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; complement of onedelheid","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of conditional clause","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"vergeven","lemma":"vergeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"om-den-wille","lemma":"om den wille","morphology":"fixed prepositional expression","role":"begins phrase om-den-wille van de juistheid","gloss":"for the sake","note":"Archaic expression meaning ‘for the sake’."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of om-den-wille van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of juistheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"juistheid","lemma":"juistheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van in om-den-wille van","gloss":"aptness"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"lust","lemma":"lust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"inclination"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vergelyken","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of vergelyken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vergelyken","lemma":"vergelijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of lust","gloss":"liken"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking straatjongen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of straatjongen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"straatjongen","lemma":"straatjongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"street urchin"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of beklaagt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of beklaagt","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"beklaagt","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying straatjongen","gloss":"complains"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verkrachting","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verkrachting","lemma":"verkrachting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"violation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of verkrachting","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"voorouderlyke","lemma":"voorouderlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gewoonten","gloss":"ancestral","note":"Historical spelling of voorouderlijke."},{"surface":"gewoonten","lemma":"gewoonte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; complement of verkrachting","gloss":"customs"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geslagen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kameraadje","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"excentriek","lemma":"excentriek","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kameraadje","gloss":"eccentric"},{"surface":"kameraadje","lemma":"kameraad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of geslagen","gloss":"little comrade"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of geslagen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking scheldwoorden","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"voorafgaande","lemma":"voorafgaand","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies scheldwoorden","gloss":"preceding"},{"surface":"scheldwoorden","lemma":"scheldwoord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of zonder; adverbial to geslagen","gloss":"insults"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of omdat-clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geslagen","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h19-s50","source":"Hy begon met den kontroleur te vragen waarom deze niet beproefd had Havelaar van zyn aanklacht terugtehouden?","translation":"He began by asking the controller why the latter had not tried to dissuade Havelaar from his accusation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy begon met den kontroleur te vragen","title":"te + infinitive after 'beginnen met'","body":"'Beginnen met … te' frames the opening action: the main verb 'vragen' arrives as 'te vragen' at the clause end. The dative-marked 'den kontroleur' shows the old masculine accusative/dative -den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom deze niet beproefd had … terugtehouden","title":"Subordinate clause: verb to the end","body":"The indirect question opened by 'waarom' is a subordinate clause, so the finite verb 'had' moves to the end, after its participle 'beproefd'. 'Terugtehouden' is the separable verb 'terughouden' written as one word with embedded 'te' — period orthography."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"deze","title":"Demonstrative 'deze' = 'the latter'","body":"Here 'deze' ('this one') stands in for the just-mentioned controller, the standard Dutch way to say 'the latter'. It is the near demonstrative for de-words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitival construction met ... te vragen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of vragen","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of vragen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of begon met","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beproefd","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of had beproefd","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beproefd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beproefd","lemma":"beproeven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of beproefd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of terugtehouden","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanklacht","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of aanklacht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aanklacht","lemma":"aanklacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of terugtehouden","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"terugtehouden","lemma":"terughouden","morphology":"te-infinitive of separable verb","role":"infinitival complement of beproefd","gloss":"dissuade","note":"Historically written together with the infinitive marker: modern terug te houden."}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h19-s51","source":"De arme Verbrugge, wien de geheele aanklacht onbekend was, betuigde dit, maar vond geen geloof.","translation":"Poor Verbrugge, to whom the whole accusation was unknown, attested as much, but was not believed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wien de geheele aanklacht onbekend was","title":"Dative relative pronoun 'wien'","body":"'Wien' is the dative form of the relative pronoun 'wie' ('to whom'): the accusation was unknown 'to him'. Modern Dutch would more often write 'aan wie'; the inflected 'wien' belongs to the formal/older register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vond geen geloof","title":"geen with an indefinite noun","body":"Negation here uses 'geen', not 'niet', because it negates an indefinite noun ('geloof', belief/credence). The idiom 'geen geloof vinden' means 'to find no credence, not to be believed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Verbrugge","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Verbrugge","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of betuigde and vond","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, dative","role":"indirect complement of onbekend","gloss":"to whom","note":"Archaic dative relative form: ‘to whom’."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanklacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheele","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies aanklacht","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"aanklacht","lemma":"aanklacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"onbekend","lemma":"onbekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was in relative clause","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to onbekend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"betuigde","lemma":"betuigen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"attested"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of betuigde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with betuigde","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geloof","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vond; geen geloof vinden is idiomatic","gloss":"credence","note":"Geen geloof vinden means ‘not to be believed’ or ‘find no credence’."}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h19-s52","source":"De heer Slymering kon maar niet begrypen dat iemand, geheel alleen, op eigen verantwoordelykheid en zonder langgerekte overwegingen of \"ruggespraken\" had kunnen overgaan tot zóó ongehoorde plichtsvervulling.","translation":"Mr. Slymering simply could not grasp that anyone, entirely alone, on his own responsibility and without protracted deliberations or \"consultations,\" could have proceeded to so unheard-of a discharge of duty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had kunnen overgaan","title":"Modal + bare infinitives at the clause end","body":"The chain 'had kunnen overgaan' stacks a perfect ('had'), a modal ('kunnen', here as infinitive not participle — the 'Infinitivus pro Participio'), and the separable verb 'overgaan'. The modal forces bare infinitives, all piling up at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"kon maar niet begrypen dat …","title":"'dat' opens a verb-final clause","body":"The subordinating conjunction 'dat' ('that') sends all its verbs to the end of the clause, producing the long final cluster 'had kunnen overgaan'. The adverb 'maar niet' intensifies the negation: 'simply could not'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of subject title de heer Slymering","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Slymering","lemma":"Slymering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of subject phrase de heer Slymering","gloss":"Slymering"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of begrypen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrypen","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrypen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"begrypen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of begrypen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of overgaan","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies alleen","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overgaan","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verantwoordelykheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verantwoordelykheid","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"verantwoordelykheid","lemma":"verantwoordelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of overgaan","gloss":"responsibility","note":"Historical spelling of verantwoordelijkheid."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overwegingen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"langgerekte","lemma":"langgerekt","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies overwegingen","gloss":"protracted"},{"surface":"overwegingen","lemma":"overweging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"deliberations"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ruggespraken","lemma":"ruggespraak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated object of zonder","gloss":"consultations"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary governing kunnen overgaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal infinitive governing overgaan","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"overgaan","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of object clause","gloss":"proceed"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plichtsvervulling","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ongehoorde","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ongehoorde","lemma":"ongehoord","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies plichtsvervulling","gloss":"unheard-of"},{"surface":"plichtsvervulling","lemma":"plichtsvervulling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"discharge of duty"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h19-s53","source":"Daar evenwel Verbrugge--volkomen naar waarheid--zyn onbekendheid met de door Havelaar geschreven brieven staande hield, moest de resident na veel uitroepingen van ongeloovige verbazing eindelyk wel toegeven, en hy ging--ik weet niet waarom?--tot het voorlezen van die brieven over.","translation":"Since, however, Verbrugge — in perfect truth — maintained his ignorance of the letters Havelaar had written, the resident, after many exclamations of incredulous astonishment, had at last to give way, and he proceeded — I do not know why? — to the reading-aloud of those letters.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de door Havelaar geschreven brieven","title":"Participle as a pre-noun adjective","body":"Dutch can pack a whole relative clause in front of the noun: 'de door Havelaar geschreven brieven' = 'the letters written by Havelaar'. The past participle 'geschreven' functions as an attributive adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar evenwel … moest de resident … eindelyk wel toegeven","title":"Fronted clause triggers inversion","body":"'Daar' here means 'since/because' and opens a subordinate clause; when the main clause follows, the finite verb 'moest' comes before its subject 'de resident' (verb-second inversion). The separable 'toegeven' lands at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy ging … tot het voorlezen van die brieven over","title":"Separable verb 'overgaan tot'","body":"The prefix of 'overgaan' ('to proceed to') splits off and lands at the very end as 'over', framing the whole object phrase between verb and prefix. The nominalised infinitive 'het voorlezen' means 'the reading-aloud'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal subordinate clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies causal clause","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"volkomen","lemma":"volkomen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies phrase naar waarheid","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waarheid","gloss":"in accordance with"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of onbekendheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"onbekendheid","lemma":"onbekendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of staande hield","gloss":"ignorance"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of onbekendheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brieven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of geschreven","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"attributive participle modifying brieven","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met; complement of onbekendheid","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"staande","lemma":"staan","morphology":"adjective in fixed verbal expression","role":"part of staande houden","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of causal subordinate clause; with staande","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of toegeven","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of toegeven","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitroepingen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitroepingen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"uitroepingen","lemma":"uitroeping","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of toegeven","gloss":"exclamations"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verbazing","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ongeloovige","lemma":"ongelovig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verbazing","gloss":"incredulous","note":"Historical spelling of ongelovige."},{"surface":"verbazing","lemma":"verbazing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies uitroepingen","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toegeven","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes necessity with moest","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"toegeven","lemma":"toegeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"give way"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of ging ... over","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"interrogative complement of weet","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ging ... over","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorlezen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorlezen","lemma":"voorlezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of tot","gloss":"reading aloud"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brieven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brieven","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; modifies voorlezen","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"separable particle of ging ... over","gloss":"proceeded","note":"Ging ... over tot is the past tense of overgaan tot, ‘proceeded to’."}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h19-s54","source":"Wat Verbrugge by 't aanhooren daarvan leed, is moeielyk te beschryven.","translation":"What Verbrugge suffered as he listened to it is hard to describe.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is moeielyk te beschryven","title":"te-infinitive of possibility","body":"'Te beschrijven' after 'zijn' carries a passive/possibility sense: 'is hard to describe' = 'can hardly be described'. This 'zijn + te + infinitive' pattern is a common alternative to a full passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat Verbrugge by 't aanhooren daarvan leed","title":"Pronominal adverb 'daarvan'","body":"'Daarvan' fuses 'van' + 'dat' into 'thereof/of it' — Dutch replaces 'van dat' with the single pronominal adverb 'daarvan' when the reference is a thing. 'By 't aanhooren' nominalises the verb: 'on hearing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"direct object of leed; heads subject clause of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of leed","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time/circumstance phrase","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanhooren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanhooren","lemma":"aanhoren","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of bij","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal complement of aanhooren","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"leed","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of free relative clause","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject clause to moeielyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of beschryven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschryven","lemma":"beschrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moeielyk","gloss":"describe"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h19-s55","source":"Hy was een eerlyk man, en zou zeker niet gelogen hebben als Havelaar zich op hem had beroepen om de waarheid van den inhoud der brieven te staven.","translation":"He was an honest man, and would certainly not have lied had Havelaar appealed to him to confirm the truth of the contents of the letters.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou … niet gelogen hebben als Havelaar zich … had beroepen","title":"Conditional with 'zou' + counterfactual","body":"'Zou … gelogen hebben' is the conditional perfect ('would not have lied'), paired with an unreal 'if'-clause whose pluperfect 'had beroepen' sits at the end. Together they form a past counterfactual."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich … had beroepen op","title":"Reflexive 'zich beroepen op'","body":"'Zich beroepen op' ('to appeal to / call upon') is a fixed reflexive verb; 'zich' is the third-person reflexive referring to Havelaar. In the if-clause the verbs cluster at the end as 'had beroepen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"der brieven","title":"Genitive plural 'der'","body":"'De waarheid … der brieven' uses the old genitive plural 'der' ('of the letters') instead of modern 'van de brieven'. This inflected genitive is everyday in 1860 written Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking man to Hy","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"eerlyk","lemma":"eerlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies man","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative noun linked by was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelogen","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelogen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gelogen","lemma":"liegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with zou hebben","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gelogen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of beroepen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of beroepen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of beroepen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of zich beroepen op hem","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of beroepen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"beroepen","lemma":"beroepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"appealed"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive staven","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of staven","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inhoud","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of inhoud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inhoud","lemma":"inhoud","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"contents"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of brieven","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of inhoud","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive staven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"staven","lemma":"staven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive governed by om te","gloss":"confirm"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h19-s56","source":"Maar ook zonder deze eerlykheid, hy had in veel schriftelyke rapporten niet altyd kùnnen vermyden de waarheid te zeggen, ook waar die soms gevaarlyk was.","translation":"But even apart from this honesty, he had not always been able, in many written reports, to avoid telling the truth, even where it was sometimes dangerous.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had … niet altyd kùnnen vermyden de waarheid te zeggen","title":"Stacked verbs: perfect + modal + te-infinitive","body":"'Had kunnen vermijden' chains a perfect auxiliary with the modal 'kunnen' (bare infinitive), and 'vermijden' then governs 'te zeggen'. The grave accent on 'kùnnen' marks emphatic stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ook waar die soms gevaarlyk was","title":"'die' as a relative for a de-word","body":"'Die' refers back to 'de waarheid' (a de-word) and means 'which/where it'. Relative 'die' is used for common-gender (de) nouns, 'dat' for neuter (het) nouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding one","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses zonder deze eerlykheid","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eerlykheid","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eerlykheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"eerlykheid","lemma":"eerlijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had kunnen vermijden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen vermijden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rapporten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"quantifies rapporten","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"schriftelyke","lemma":"schriftelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies rapporten","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"rapporten","lemma":"rapport","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kùnnen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kùnnen","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"kùnnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of vermyden","gloss":"been able to","note":"The grave accent marks emphasis; the modern spelling is kunnen."},{"surface":"vermyden","lemma":"vermijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with had kunnen","gloss":"avoid"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of vermyden","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the waar-clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying waarheid","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was; refers to waarheid","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"soms","lemma":"soms","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevaarlyk","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"gevaarlyk","lemma":"gevaarlijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement linked by was","gloss":"dangerous","note":"Historical spelling of modern gevaarlijk."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die to gevaarlyk","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h19-s57","source":"Hoe zou 't zyn, als Havelaar daarvan gebruik maakte?","translation":"How would it be, if Havelaar made use of that?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe zou 't zyn, als …","title":"Conditional 'zou' for a hypothetical","body":"'Hoe zou 't zyn' ('how would it be') uses 'zou' to float a hypothetical, completed by the 'als'-clause. The dummy subject ''t' (het) is impersonal — it points at no specific thing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daarvan gebruik maakte","title":"Pronominal adverb + idiom","body":"'Gebruik maken van' ('to make use of') is a fixed expression; with a thing as object it becomes 'daarvan … gebruik maken'. 'Daarvan' is 'van' + 'dat' fused into one pronominal adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative complement of zyn","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"it","note":"Contraction of het."},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maakte","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of gebruik","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maakte; forms gebruik maken","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h19-s58","source":"Na 't voorlezen van de brieven betuigde de resident dat het hem aangenaam wezen zou indien Havelaar die stukken terugnam, om ze te kunnen beschouwen als niet geschreven, hetgeen deze met beleefde vastheid weigerde.","translation":"After the reading-aloud of the letters, the resident declared that it would be agreeable to him if Havelaar withdrew those documents, so that they might be regarded as unwritten — which the latter refused with polite firmness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het hem aangenaam wezen zou indien Havelaar die stukken terugnam","title":"Conditional 'zou' + 'indien'","body":"'Wezen zou' is the conditional 'would be' (with archaic 'wezen' for 'zijn'); the condition is introduced by the formal conjunction 'indien' ('if'), which like 'als' sends its verb 'terugnam' to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om ze te kunnen beschouwen als niet geschreven","title":"Purpose clause 'om … te'","body":"'Om … te beschouwen' expresses purpose ('so as to regard them'); 'om' opens the clause and 'te' + infinitive closes it, with the modal 'kunnen' nested inside. 'Niet geschreven' is a participle used adjectivally: 'unwritten'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hetgeen deze … weigerde","title":"Sentence relative 'hetgeen'","body":"'Hetgeen' ('which') is a formal/archaic relative referring back to the whole preceding idea, not a single noun. 'Deze' again means 'the latter' (Havelaar), the near demonstrative standing for the most recent person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorlezen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorlezen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorlezen","lemma":"voorlezen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of Na","gloss":"reading aloud"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brieven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brieven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"betuigde","lemma":"betuigen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of betuigde","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of betuigde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of aangenaam wezen zou","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"experiencer complement of aangenaam","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"aangenaam","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement linked by wezen","gloss":"agreeable"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with zou","gloss":"be","note":"Wezen is an alternative infinitive of zijn."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terugnam","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of terugnam","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stukken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of terugnam","gloss":"documents"},{"surface":"terugnam","lemma":"terugnemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"withdrew"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of beschouwen","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person plural","role":"direct object of beschouwen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive kunnen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of beschouwen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"beschouwen","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive governed by om te","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object complement geschreven","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschreven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"object complement of ze after als","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of weigerde; refers to terugnemen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"subject of weigerde; refers to Havelaar","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vastheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"beleefde","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies vastheid","gloss":"polite"},{"surface":"vastheid","lemma":"vastheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"firmness"},{"surface":"weigerde","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"refused"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h19-s59","source":"Na vergeefs te hebben getracht hem hiertoe te bewegen, zei de resident dat hem niets overbleef dan een onderzoek intestellen naar de gegrondheid van de gedane klachten, en dat hy dus Havelaar verzoeken moest de getuigen te doen oproepen die zyn beschuldigingen konden staven.","translation":"After trying in vain to move him to this, the resident said that nothing was left him but to set on foot an investigation into the well-foundedness of the complaints that had been made, and that he must therefore ask Havelaar to have the witnesses summoned who could confirm his accusations.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Na vergeefs te hebben getracht hem hiertoe te bewegen","title":"Perfect te-infinitive after 'na'","body":"'Na te hebben getracht' = 'after having tried' — a perfect infinitive construction (te + hebben + participle) used after 'na'. 'Hiertoe' is a pronominal adverb ('to this'), and 'bewegen' governs its own 'te'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hem niets overbleef dan","title":"Negative word 'niets'","body":"'Niets' ('nothing') is a single negative carrying the whole clause's negation — Dutch allows only one negative, so no 'niet' accompanies it. 'Dan' here means 'but/except': 'nothing was left him but …'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de getuigen te doen oproepen","title":"Causative 'doen' + infinitive","body":"'Te doen oproepen' = 'to have summoned': 'doen' is a causative auxiliary (like 'laten') meaning to cause something to be done. It takes a bare infinitive 'oproepen', the whole governed by 'te'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the anterior infinitive clause","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"vergeefs","lemma":"vergeefs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies getracht","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks hebben getracht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of getracht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"getracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle in the clause introduced by Na","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"direct object of bewegen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of bewegen","gloss":"to this"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive bewegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewegen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of getracht","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of overbleef","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"indirect object of overbleef","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of overbleef","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"overbleef","lemma":"overblijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first content clause","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sole remaining alternative","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of intestellen","gloss":"investigation"},{"surface":"intestellen","lemma":"instellen","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitive complement after dan","gloss":"to initiate","note":"Historically printed as one word for modern in te stellen."},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gegrondheid","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gegrondheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gegrondheid","lemma":"gegrondheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"validity"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klachten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klachten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gedane","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle, attributive","role":"modifies klachten","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"klachten","lemma":"klacht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"complaints"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the coordinated content clause of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of moest verzoeken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moest verzoeken","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verzoeken","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"verzoeken","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with moest","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of verzoeken","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of getuigen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of oproepen","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the causative infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative infinitive complement of verzoeken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"oproepen","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of konden staven; refers to getuigen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of beschuldigingen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"beschuldigingen","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of staven","gloss":"accusations"},{"surface":"konden","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of staven","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"staven","lemma":"staven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of the relative clause","gloss":"confirm"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h19-s60","source":"Arme lieden die u gewond hadt aan de doornstruiken in den ravyn, hoe angstig zouden uw harten geklopt hebben als ge dezen eisch hadt kunnen hooren!","translation":"Poor folk who had wounded yourselves on the thorn-bushes down in the ravine, how anxiously would your hearts have beaten had you been able to hear this demand!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Arme lieden die u gewond hadt","title":"Archaic 2nd-person 'gy/hadt'","body":"The apostrophe addresses the poor folk as 'gy' (period 'gij', 'you'), whose verb takes the old ending -t: 'hadt' ('had'). 'U' here is the reflexive object of 'zich wonden' — 'wounded yourselves'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe angstig zouden uw harten geklopt hebben als ge … hadt kunnen hooren","title":"Past conditional + counterfactual 'als'","body":"'Zouden … geklopt hebben' is the conditional perfect ('would have beaten'); the 'als'-clause with pluperfect 'hadt kunnen hooren' supplies the unreal condition. 'Ge' is the unstressed form of 'gij'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lieden","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"vocative head noun","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hadt gewond; refers to lieden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, second person","role":"reflexive direct object of gewond","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"gewond","lemma":"wonden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with hadt","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"hadt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second person","role":"perfect auxiliary of gewond","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doornstruiken","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doornstruiken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doornstruiken","lemma":"doornstruik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"thorn-bushes"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, dative","role":"determiner of ravyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ravyn","lemma":"ravijn","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"ravine"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies angstig","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"angstig","lemma":"angstig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geklopt","gloss":"anxiously"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geklopt","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person","role":"possessor of harten","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"harten","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zouden hebben geklopt","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"geklopt","lemma":"kloppen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with zouden hebben","gloss":"beaten"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geklopt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of hooren","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person","role":"subject of hadt kunnen hooren","gloss":"you","note":"Ge is an unstressed form of gij."},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of eisch","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"eisch","lemma":"eis","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"hadt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second person","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen hooren","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"been able to"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of the conditional clause","gloss":"hear"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h19-s61","source":"Arme Verbrugge! Gy, eerste getuige, hoofdgetuige, getuige ex officio, getuige uit kracht van ambt en eed!","translation":"Poor Verbrugge! You, first witness, chief witness, witness ex officio, witness by force of office and oath!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Gy, eerste getuige","title":"Vocative 'gy'","body":"'Gy' (period 'gij') is the literary/solemn 'you' of 1860, here in a heightened apostrophe to Verbrugge. In modern Dutch this is 'jij/u'; 'gij' survives mainly in Flemish and older or biblical registers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Verbrugge","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative head noun","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"Gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person","role":"vocative pronoun with following appositions","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies getuige","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"getuige","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Gy","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"hoofdgetuige","lemma":"hoofdgetuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Gy","gloss":"chief witness"},{"surface":"getuige","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Gy","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"ex","lemma":"ex","morphology":"Latin preposition","role":"forms the Latin phrase ex officio","gloss":"by virtue of","note":"Latin ex officio means ‘by virtue of office.’"},{"surface":"officio","lemma":"officium","morphology":"Latin noun, ablative singular","role":"object of ex in the phrase ex officio","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"getuige","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Gy","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase uit kracht van ambt en eed","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement ambt en eed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eed","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with ambt","gloss":"oath"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h19-s62","source":"Getuige, die reeds getuigd hàdt op schrift!","translation":"Witness who had already borne witness in writing!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die reeds getuigd hàdt op schrift","title":"Relative 'die' + archaic 'hadt'","body":"'Die' relativises 'getuige' (a de-word), and the verb 'hàdt' carries the old 2nd-person -t ending used with 'gij'; the grave accent marks emphasis. 'Op schrift' is the fixed phrase 'in writing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Getuige","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative head noun","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of hàdt getuigd","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies getuigd","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"getuigd","lemma":"getuigen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with hàdt","gloss":"borne witness"},{"surface":"hàdt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second person","role":"perfect auxiliary of getuigd","gloss":"had","note":"Emphatic historical second-person form of hebben."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schrift","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"schrift","lemma":"schrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op; forms op schrift","gloss":"writing"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h19-s63","source":"Op schrift dat dáár lag, op de tafel, onder Havelaars hand ...","translation":"In writing that lay right there, on the table, under Havelaar's hand ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Op schrift dat dáár lag","title":"Relative 'dat' for a het-word","body":"'Dat' relativises 'schrift' (a het-word), so the neuter relative pronoun 'dat' is used (de-words would take 'die'). 'Lag' is the strong simple past of 'liggen' ('lay')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schrift","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"schrift","lemma":"schrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Op","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of lag; refers to schrift","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of lag","gloss":"right there","note":"The accent marks emphasis: right there."},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tafel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tafel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaars","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of hand","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h19-s64","source":"Havelaar antwoordde: \"Resident, ik ben adsistent-resident van Lebak, ik heb beloofd de bevolking te beschermen tegen afpersing en geweldenary, ik klaag den Regent aan, en zyn schoonzoon van Parang-Koedjang, ik zal de gegrondheid myner aanklacht bewyzen zoodra me daartoe de gelegenheid wordt gegeven die ik voorstelde in myn brieven, ik ben schuldig aan laster, als myn aanklacht valsch is!\"","translation":"Havelaar answered: \"Resident, I am Assistant Resident of Lebak, I have promised to protect the population against extortion and tyranny, I accuse the Regent, and his son-in-law of Parang-Koedjang, I shall prove the well-foundedness of my accusation as soon as I am given the opportunity for it that I proposed in my letters, I am guilty of slander, if my accusation is false!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb beloofd de bevolking te beschermen tegen","title":"Present perfect + te-infinitive","body":"'Heb beloofd' is the present perfect (hebben + participle), and 'beloven' governs a 'te'-infinitive complement 'te beschermen'. The infinitive phrase trails after the participle in this main-clause order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoodra me daartoe de gelegenheid wordt gegeven","title":"worden-passive","body":"'Wordt gegeven' is the process passive: 'worden' + past participle, meaning 'is given' (the giving is in progress). 'Daartoe' is a pronominal adverb ('for that'), and 'zoodra' ('as soon as') sends the verb to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"myner aanklacht","title":"Genitive possessive 'myner'","body":"'De gegrondheid myner aanklacht' uses the inflected feminine genitive of the possessive: 'myner' = 'of my' ('the well-foundedness of my accusation'). Modern Dutch would write 'van mijn aanklacht'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative form of address","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking to adsistent-resident","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces jurisdiction Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beloofd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of beloofd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"beloofd","lemma":"beloven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with heb","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beschermen","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beschermen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschermen","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of beloofd","gloss":"protect"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afpersing","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"afpersing","lemma":"afpersing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of beschermen","gloss":"extortion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates afpersing and geweldenarij","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geweldenary","lemma":"geweldenarij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with afpersing","gloss":"tyranny","note":"Geweldenary is the old spelling of geweldenarij, here meaning oppressive violence or tyranny."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of klaag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"klaag","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of separable klaag ... aan","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of klaag ... aan","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"completes klaag ... aan","gloss":"accuse"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Regent and schoonzoon","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of schoonzoon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schoonzoon","lemma":"schoonzoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of klaag ... aan","gloss":"son-in-law"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zal bewijzen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of bewijzen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gegrondheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gegrondheid","lemma":"gegrondheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewijzen","gloss":"well-foundedness"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of aanklacht","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"aanklacht","lemma":"aanklacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of gegrondheid","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, unstressed dative","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"purpose complement of gegeven","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gegeven","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle with wordt","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of voorstelde; antecedent gelegenheid","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voorstelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voorstelde","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"proposed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brieven","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of brieven","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of voorstelde","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking to schuldig","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking laster","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"laster","lemma":"laster","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of schuldig","gloss":"slander"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of aanklacht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"aanklacht","lemma":"aanklacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"valsch","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking aanklacht to valsch","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h19-s65","source":"Hoe ruim Verbrugge ademde!","translation":"How freely Verbrugge breathed!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s65.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ruim","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"ruim","lemma":"ruim","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ademde","gloss":"freely"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of ademde","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"ademde","lemma":"ademen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"breathed"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h19-s66","source":"En hoe vreemd de resident Havelaars woorden vond!","translation":"And how strange the resident found Havelaar's words!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaars woorden","title":"'s-genitive on a name","body":"'Havelaars woorden' ('Havelaar's words') forms the genitive by adding -s directly to the name, as with English. With ordinary nouns 1860 prefers 'der/des' or 'van'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vond","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreemd","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vond","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive form","role":"possessive modifier of woorden","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h19-s67","source":"Het onderhoud duurde lang.","translation":"The interview lasted long.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het onderhoud duurde lang","title":"Simple past of a weak verb","body":"'Duurde' is the imperfect of weak 'duren' ('to last'): stem + -de. The simple past is the workhorse narrative tense of Dutch prose. 'Het onderhoud' (the interview) is a neuter het-word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderhoud","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"onderhoud","lemma":"onderhoud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of duurde","gloss":"interview"},{"surface":"duurde","lemma":"duren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lasted"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duurde","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h19-s68","source":"Met beleefdheid--want beleefd en welopgevoed wàs de heer Slymering--trachtte hy Havelaar te bewegen van zoo verkeerde grondbeginselen aftezien. Maar met even groote beleefdheid bleef deze onverzettelyk.","translation":"With courtesy — for courteous and well-bred Mr. Slymering certainly was — he tried to move Havelaar to give up such mistaken first principles. But with equal courtesy the latter remained immovable.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want beleefd en welopgevoed wàs de heer Slymering","title":"'want' coordinates without inversion","body":"'Want' ('for') is a coordinating conjunction, so it does not send the verb to the end; yet here a fronted predicate ('beleefd en welopgevoed') triggers inversion, putting 'wàs' before its subject. The accent marks emphatic 'was'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"trachtte hy Havelaar te bewegen van zoo verkeerde grondbeginselen aftezien","title":"Separable 'afzien' with embedded 'te'","body":"'Aftezien' is the separable verb 'afzien (van)' ('to give up') written with 'te' wedged between prefix and stem — period orthography for modern 'af te zien'. 'Trachten' and 'bewegen' each govern a te-infinitive, chaining the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beleefdheid","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"beleefdheid","lemma":"beleefdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial complement of trachtte","gloss":"courtesy"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory parenthesis","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"beleefd","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wàs","gloss":"courteous"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates beleefd and welopgevoed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"welopgevoed","lemma":"welopgevoed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wàs","gloss":"well-bred"},{"surface":"wàs","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"emphatic copula of parenthetical clause","gloss":"certainly was","note":"The grave accent marks emphatic stress: he certainly was courteous and well-bred."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wàs","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Slymering","lemma":"Slymering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to heer","gloss":"Slymering"},{"surface":"trachtte","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trachtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of bewegen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bewegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewegen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of trachtte","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"governed preposition of afzien van","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkeerde","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"verkeerde","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies grondbeginselen","gloss":"mistaken"},{"surface":"grondbeginselen","lemma":"grondbeginsel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"first principles"},{"surface":"aftezien","lemma":"afzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of bewegen","gloss":"give up","note":"Af te zien is printed as one word here; afzien van means “give up” or “renounce.”"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bleef","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beleefdheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of groote","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beleefdheid","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"beleefdheid","lemma":"beleefdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial complement of bleef","gloss":"courtesy"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of bleef; refers to Havelaar","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"onverzettelyk","lemma":"onverzettelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of bleef","gloss":"immovable"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h19-s69","source":"Het slot was dat de resident moest toegeven, en als bedreiging zei, wat voor Havelaar een zegepraal was: dat hy zich dan genoodzaakt vond de bedoelde brieven te brengen onder de aandacht van de Regeering.","translation":"The upshot was that the resident had to give way, and by way of a threat said what was, for Havelaar, a triumph: that he then found himself obliged to bring the letters in question to the notice of the Government.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy zich … genoodzaakt vond","title":"Reflexive 'zich genoodzaakt vinden'","body":"'Zich genoodzaakt vinden' ('to find oneself obliged') uses third-person reflexive 'zich'. The 'dat'-clause is verb-final, so the verb 'vond' sits after its complements."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de bedoelde brieven te brengen onder de aandacht van de Regeering","title":"Participle 'bedoelde' as adjective","body":"'De bedoelde brieven' = 'the letters in question'; 'bedoelde' is a past participle used attributively, taking the adjective -e ending. 'Te brengen onder de aandacht van' is the idiom 'to bring to the notice of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slot","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"slot","lemma":"slot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"upshot"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula introducing content clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of toegeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of toegeven","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of toegeven","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"toegeven","lemma":"toegeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moest","gloss":"give way"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms adverbial phrase als bedreiging","gloss":"by way of"},{"surface":"bedreiging","lemma":"bedreiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als; phrase modifies zei","gloss":"a threat"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with toegeven","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was; refers to what was said","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zegepraal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zegepraal","lemma":"zegepraal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"triumph"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to zegepraal","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of genoodzaakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of vond","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genoodzaakt","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"genoodzaakt","lemma":"noodzaken","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"object complement after vond","gloss":"obliged"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brieven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bedoelde","lemma":"bedoeld","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"modifies brieven","gloss":"aforementioned"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of genoodzaakt","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aandacht","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aandacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aandacht","lemma":"aandacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of brengen","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Government"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h19-s70","source":"De zitting werd opgeheven.","translation":"The session was adjourned.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De zitting werd opgeheven","title":"Past passive with 'werd'","body":"'Werd opgeheven' is the simple-past process passive: imperfect of 'worden' + participle of separable 'opheffen' ('to adjourn'). 'De zitting' (the session) is the grammatical subject undergoing the action."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zitting","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"zitting","lemma":"zitting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive opgeheven","gloss":"session"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgeheven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"opgeheven","lemma":"opheffen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"adjourned"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h19-s71","source":"De resident bezocht den Adhipatti--we zagen reeds wat hy daar te verrichten had!--en gebruikte daarna 't middagmaal aan den schralen disch der Havelaars. Terstond daarop keerde hy terug naar Serang, met grooten spoed: Omdat.","translation":"The resident visited the Adhipatti — we have already seen what he had to transact there! — and afterward took the midday meal at the meagre board of the Havelaars. Immediately thereupon he set off back to Serang, in great haste: Because.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"we zagen reeds wat hy daar te verrichten had","title":"'te verrichten had' = had to do","body":"'Te verrichten had' expresses obligation: 'hebben … te' + infinitive means 'to have to do'. The whole indirect question 'wat … had' is verb-final, so 'had' closes it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"der Havelaars","title":"Genitive plural of a family name","body":"'De schralen disch der Havelaars' uses genitive 'der' before a pluralised surname: 'the meagre board of the Havelaars'. 'Schralen' carries the old strong masculine -en ending after the definite article."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bezocht","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"bezocht","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb coordinated with gebruikte","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of bezocht","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zagen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zagen","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zagen","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of verrichten and object clause of zagen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verrichten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verrichten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verrichten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verrichten","lemma":"verrichten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of had","gloss":"transact"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing te verrichten","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates bezocht and gebruikte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gebruikte","lemma":"gebruiken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb coordinated with bezocht","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebruikte","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of middagmaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"middagmaal","lemma":"middagmaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gebruikte","gloss":"midday meal"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces dining-place phrase","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of disch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schralen","lemma":"schraal","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies disch","gloss":"meagre"},{"surface":"disch","lemma":"dis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"board"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"genitive determiner of Havelaars","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, plural family name","role":"genitive modifier of disch","gloss":"Havelaars"},{"surface":"Terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies keerde ... terug","gloss":"Immediately"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies keerde ... terug","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"keerde","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable keerde ... terug","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of keerde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"completes keerde ... terug","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Serang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spoed","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies spoed","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"spoed","lemma":"spoed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of keerde","gloss":"haste"},{"surface":"Omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces reason clause completed by had in h19-s75","gloss":"Because"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h19-s72","source":"Hy. Het.","translation":"He. It.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had in h19-s75","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"fixed object in het druk hebben, completed in h19-s75","gloss":"it","note":"Het druk hebben is an idiom meaning “to be busy.”"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h19-s73","source":"Zoo.","translation":"So.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of by-zonder in h19-s74","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h19-s74","source":"By-zonder.","translation":"Particularly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"By-zonder","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies druk in h19-s75","gloss":"particularly","note":"By-zonder is an old, deliberately hyphenated spelling of bijzonder."}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h19-s75","source":"Druk. Had.","translation":"Pressing. Had.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s75.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Druk","lemma":"druk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement in het druk had","gloss":"busy"},{"surface":"Had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of reason clause begun by Omdat in h19-s71","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h19-s76","source":"Den volgenden dag ontving Havelaar een brief van den resident van Bantam, welks inhoud blykt uit het antwoord dat ik hier afschryf: \"N° 93.","translation":"The following day Havelaar received a letter from the resident of Bantam, the contents of which appear from the reply that I here transcribe: \"No. 93.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"welks inhoud blykt uit het antwoord","title":"Formal genitive relative 'welks'","body":"'Welks' is the genitive of the formal relative 'welk' — 'whose/of which' (the contents of which). This heavy, chancery-style relative belongs to the period's official prose, fitting a bureaucratic letter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het antwoord dat ik hier afschryf","title":"Separable 'afschrijven', present tense","body":"'Afschryf' is the present-tense, separated form of 'afschrijven' ('to transcribe/copy out'); in this relative clause the prefix stays attached because the verb is clause-final. The 'dat'-clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adverbial of ontving","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"welks","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative possessive pronoun, genitive singular","role":"possessive determiner of inhoud","gloss":"whose","note":"Welks is an archaic genitive relative pronoun meaning “whose.”"},{"surface":"inhoud","lemma":"inhoud","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blykt","gloss":"contents"},{"surface":"blykt","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"appears"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking antwoord","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of afschryf; antecedent antwoord","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of afschryf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afschryf","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"afschryf","lemma":"afschrijven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"transcribe"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces document number 93","gloss":"No.","note":"N° abbreviates nummer, “number.”"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h19-s77","source":"Geheim. Rangkas-Betoeng, 28 Februari 1856.","translation":"Secret. Rangkas-Betoeng, 28 February 1856.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s77.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"adjective, substantivized heading","role":"confidentiality heading","gloss":"Secret"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"place in dateline","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"Februari","lemma":"februari","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"month in dateline","gloss":"February"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h19-s78","source":"Ik heb de eer gehad te ontvangen uwe spoedmissive van 26 dezer LaO, geheim, houdende hoofdzakelyk mededeeling:","translation":"I have had the honour of receiving your urgent missive of the 26th of this month, La O, secret, conveying in substance the following:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb de eer gehad te ontvangen uwe spoedmissive","title":"Perfect of a verb governing te-infinitive","body":"'Heb de eer gehad' is the present perfect of 'de eer hebben' ('to have the honour'), which governs 'te ontvangen'. 'Uwe' is the old inflected possessive 'your' (formal), modern 'uw'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"houdende … mededeeling","title":"Present participle 'houdende'","body":"'Houdende' is a present participle (-end + -e) used adverbially: 'containing/conveying'. The -end(e) form names an action in progress and is typical of formal, frozen chancery phrasing like 'houdende mededeeling'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"spoedmissive","title":"spoedmissive (urgent dispatch)","body":"A compound of 'spoed' (haste) + 'missive' (an official letter): an 'urgent missive'. Dutch freely glues nouns into single compounds; the head is the rightmost element."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gehad","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces ontvangen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of eer gehad","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal, inflected","role":"determiner of spoedmissive","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"spoedmissive","lemma":"spoedmissive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontvangen","gloss":"urgent missive"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 26","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, genitive singular","role":"elliptical modifier of maand","gloss":"this month","note":"Dezer is an old genitive form meaning “of this month.”"},{"surface":"LaO","lemma":"LaO","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"reference code in apposition to spoedmissive","gloss":"La O"},{"surface":"geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"classification in apposition to spoedmissive","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"houdende","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"modifies spoedmissive","gloss":"conveying"},{"surface":"hoofdzakelyk","lemma":"hoofdzakelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies houdende","gloss":"principally"},{"surface":"mededeeling","lemma":"mededeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of houdende","gloss":"communication"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h19-s79","source":"dat gy gronden hadt, niet te treden in de voorstellen, gedaan by myne ambtsbrieven van 24 en 25 dezer, Nrs 88 en 91;","translation":"that you had grounds for not entering into the proposals made in my official letters of the 24th and 25th of this month, Nos. 88 and 91;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat gy gronden hadt, niet te treden in de voorstellen","title":"Reported clause: 'dat' + verb-final 'hadt'","body":"'Dat' opens an indirect-statement clause, so the finite verb 'hadt' (archaic -t with 'gy') goes to the end. 'Te treden in' is a formal idiom, 'to enter into / take up'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gedaan by myne ambtsbrieven","title":"Participle 'gedaan' + dative 'myne'","body":"'Gedaan' is the past participle of 'doen' used as a postposed adjective ('made'). 'By myne ambtsbrieven' shows the old inflected possessive 'myne' before a plural; 'ambtsbrieven' is a compound (ambt + brieven, 'official letters')."}],"words":[{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hadt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, formal singular","role":"subject of hadt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gronden","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of hadt","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"hadt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies treden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces treden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"treden","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement licensed by gronden","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorstellen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorstellen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"proposals"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies voorstellen","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source in ambtsbrieven","gloss":"in","note":"Here bij means that the proposals were made by means of, or in, the official letters."},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of ambtsbrieven","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ambtsbrieven","lemma":"ambtsbrief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"official letters"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 24","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates 24 and 25","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, genitive singular","role":"elliptical modifier of maand","gloss":"this month"},{"surface":"Nrs","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviated noun, plural","role":"introduces identifying numbers","gloss":"Nos."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates 88 and 91","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h19-s80","source":"dat gy vooraf vertrouwelyke mededeeling hadt gewenscht;","translation":"that you had wished for a confidential communication beforehand;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat gy vooraf vertrouwelyke mededeeling hadt gewenscht","title":"Pluperfect in a 'dat'-clause","body":"'Hadt gewenscht' is the pluperfect ('had wished'): imperfect 'hadt' + participle 'gewenscht'. In the 'dat'-clause both verbs cluster at the end, finite verb first. 'Gy/hadt' is the archaic 2nd person."}],"words":[{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gewenscht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, formal singular","role":"subject of hadt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vooraf","lemma":"vooraf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewenscht","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"vertrouwelyke","lemma":"vertrouwelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies mededeeling","gloss":"confidential"},{"surface":"mededeeling","lemma":"mededeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gewenscht","gloss":"communication"},{"surface":"hadt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gewenscht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gewenscht","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"wished for"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h19-s81","source":"dat gy niet goedkeurt myne verrichtingen in die beide brieven omschreven;","translation":"that you do not approve my proceedings described in those two letters;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat gy niet goedkeurt myne verrichtingen","title":"'niet' negating a verb","body":"Here 'niet' (not 'geen') negates the verb 'goedkeurt' ('approve'), because what is negated is the action, not an indefinite noun. 'Goedkeuren' is separable, but stays joined as 'goedkeurt' since it is the clause-final finite verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in die beide brieven omschreven","title":"Postposed participle 'omschreven'","body":"'Omschreven' ('described') is a past participle qualifying 'verrichtingen' from behind: 'my proceedings described in those two letters'. Such trailing participle phrases are common in formal Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of goedkeurt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, formal singular","role":"subject of goedkeurt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goedkeurt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"goedkeurt","lemma":"goedkeuren","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"approve"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of verrichtingen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verrichtingen","lemma":"verrichting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of goedkeurt","gloss":"proceedings"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of the description","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of brieven","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brieven","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"omschreven","lemma":"omschrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies verrichtingen","gloss":"described"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h19-s82","source":"en ten-slotte van eenige bevelen.","translation":"and finally, some orders.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s82.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ten-slotte","lemma":"ten slotte","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omitted mededeeling","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the content communicated","gloss":"of","note":"This van continues the preceding list of what the missive communicated."},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of bevelen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"bevelen","lemma":"bevel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"orders"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h19-s83","source":"Ik heb thans de eer, gelyk trouwens reeds in de konferentie van eergister mondeling geschiedde, nogmaals en ten-overvloede te verzekeren:","translation":"I now have the honour, just as I did orally in the conference of the day before yesterday, once again and to abundance to assure you:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gelyk … reeds … mondeling geschiedde","title":"Archaic 'geschiedde' (it happened)","body":"'Geschiedde' is the simple past of the literary verb 'geschieden' ('to happen, come to pass'), now archaic and solemn. 'Gelyk' ('just as') is itself a formal conjunction sending its verb to the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ten-overvloede","title":"ten-overvloede (to abundance)","body":"A fixed adverbial phrase, 'ten overvloede' means 'superfluously, for good measure, once again to be sure'. The 'ten' is a frozen contraction of 'te' + the old dative article 'den'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"trouwens","lemma":"trouwens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedde","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedde","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking konferentie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of konferentie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"konferentie","lemma":"conferentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"conference"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eergister","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eergister","lemma":"eergisteren","morphology":"adverb used substantivally","role":"object of van","gloss":"day before yesterday"},{"surface":"mondeling","lemma":"mondeling","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedde","gloss":"orally"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"nogmaals","lemma":"nogmaals","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzekeren","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ten-overvloede","lemma":"ten overvloede","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"coordinated modifier of verzekeren","gloss":"for good measure","note":"Ten overvloede is a formal idiom meaning “for good measure” or “to be absolutely clear.”"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces verzekeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzekeren","lemma":"verzekeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of eer","gloss":"assure"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h19-s84","source":"dat ik volkomen eerbiedig de wettigheid van uw gezag, waar het geldt de keuze, al of niet te treden in myn voorstellen;","translation":"that I fully respect the lawfulness of your authority where it concerns the choice of whether or not to enter into my proposals;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik volkomen eerbiedig de wettigheid van uw gezag","title":"Verb-final in the 'dat'-clause","body":"Read carefully: in the 'dat'-clause the verb is 'eerbiedig' ('I respect', from 'eerbiedigen'), placed before its long object — but the clause's other verbs would close at the end. 'Volkomen' is the adverb 'fully'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al of niet te treden in myn voorstellen","title":"te-infinitive after 'de keuze'","body":"The noun 'de keuze' governs an infinitive complement with 'te': 'the choice … whether or not to enter into'. 'Al of niet' is the set phrase 'whether or not'."}],"words":[{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of eerbiedig","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of eerbiedig","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"volkomen","lemma":"volkomen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eerbiedig","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"eerbiedig","lemma":"eerbiedigen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wettigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wettigheid","lemma":"wettigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of eerbiedig","gloss":"lawfulness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of gezag","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the clause of geldt","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geldt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geldt","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keuze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keuze","lemma":"keuze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geldt","gloss":"choice"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"first element of al of niet","gloss":"whether","note":"Al of niet is the fixed expression “whether or not.”"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"second element of al of niet","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"third element of al of niet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces treden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"treden","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of keuze","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces voorstellen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of voorstellen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"proposals"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h19-s85","source":"dat de ontvangen bevelen met stiptheid en des-noods met zelfverloochening, zullen worden nagekomen, als waart gy tegenwoordig, by al wat ik doe en zeg, of juister: by al wat ik niet doe en niet zeg.","translation":"that the orders received will be carried out with strictness and, if need be, with self-renunciation, as though you were present at all I do and say, or more exactly: at all I do not do and do not say.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zullen worden nagekomen","title":"Future passive: 'zullen' + 'worden' + participle","body":"'Zullen worden nagekomen' stacks the future auxiliary 'zullen', the passive auxiliary 'worden', and the participle of separable 'nakomen' ('to carry out') — 'will be carried out'. Three verbs cluster clause-finally."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als waart gy tegenwoordig","title":"Subjunctive 'waart' in 'as if'","body":"'Als waart gy tegenwoordig' = 'as though you were present': 'waart' is the old 2nd-person past subjunctive of 'zijn' with 'gy', and the 'als' triggers inversion (verb before subject). A markedly literary turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nagekomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies bevelen","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"bevelen","lemma":"bevel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of nagekomen","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stiptheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"stiptheid","lemma":"stiptheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"strictness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"des-noods","lemma":"desnoods","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nagekomen","gloss":"if need be"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zelfverloochening","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zelfverloochening","lemma":"zelfverloochening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"self-denial"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of nagekomen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of nagekomen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"nagekomen","lemma":"nakomen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual clause","gloss":"as though","note":"Als with the subjunctive waart expresses the counterfactual “as though.”"},{"surface":"waart","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, second-person singular","role":"verb of the counterfactual clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, formal singular","role":"subject of waart","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"tegenwoordig","lemma":"tegenwoordig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of waart","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces al wat ik doe en zeg","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun-like quantifier","role":"head of the object of bij","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying al","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with doe","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"juister","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"more exactly"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces al wat ik niet doe en niet zeg","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun-like quantifier","role":"head of the object of bij","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying al","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doe","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with doe","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h19-s86","source":"Ik weet dat gy op myn loyaliteit ten deze vertrouwt.","translation":"I know that you rely on my loyalty in this matter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat gy op myn loyaliteit … vertrouwt","title":"Fixed preposition 'op' with 'vertrouwen'","body":"'Vertrouwen op' ('to rely on') takes the preposition 'op', not the English 'on' applied to 'loyaliteit'. The 'dat'-clause sends 'vertrouwt' to the end. 'Ten deze' is formal for 'in this matter'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vertrouwt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, formal singular","role":"subject of vertrouwt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loyaliteit","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of loyaliteit","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"loyaliteit","lemma":"loyaliteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vertrouwt","gloss":"loyalty"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with article","role":"introduces the idiom ten deze","gloss":"in","note":"Ten deze is a formal fixed expression meaning “in this matter.”"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, dative singular","role":"object of ten","gloss":"this matter"},{"surface":"vertrouwt","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"rely"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h19-s87","source":"Doch ik neem de vryheid ten plechtigste te protesteeren tegen den minsten zweem van afkeuring omtrent éénige handeling, éénig woord, éénige zinsnede, door my in deze zaak verricht, gesproken of geschreven.","translation":"Yet I take the liberty of protesting most solemnly against the least shadow of disapproval regarding any single act, any single word, any single phrase performed, spoken, or written by me in this affair.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch ik neem de vryheid … te protesteeren","title":"Archaic 'doch' + te-infinitive","body":"'Doch' is the literary/archaic 'but, yet' (modern 'maar/echter'). 'De vryheid nemen … te protesteeren' is the idiom 'to take the liberty of protesting', with the noun governing a 'te'-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"door my … verricht, gesproken of geschreven","title":"Passive agent 'door my' + participles","body":"The agent 'door my' ('by me') with the participles 'verricht, gesproken, geschreven' forms a reduced passive qualifying the nouns: 'performed, spoken, or written by me'. 'Door' marks the agent in a passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of neem","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vryheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vryheid","lemma":"vrijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"liberty"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with article","role":"introduces the superlative adverbial","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"plechtigste","lemma":"plechtig","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"object of ten; adverbially modifies protesteeren","gloss":"solemnly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces protesteeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"protesteeren","lemma":"protesteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vrijheid","gloss":"protest"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zweem","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of zweem","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minsten","lemma":"minst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies zweem","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"zweem","lemma":"zweem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"shadow"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afkeuring","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"afkeuring","lemma":"afkeuring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"disapproval"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handeling","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"éénige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, emphatic, inflected","role":"determiner of handeling","gloss":"any single","note":"The acute accents emphasize éénige as “any single,” not merely “some.”"},{"surface":"handeling","lemma":"handeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of omtrent","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"éénig","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, emphatic","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"any single"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with handeling","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"éénige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, emphatic, inflected","role":"determiner of zinsnede","gloss":"any single"},{"surface":"zinsnede","lemma":"zinsnede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with handeling","gloss":"phrase"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of the participles","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"object of door","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; modifies the participles","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"verricht","lemma":"verrichten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies handeling","gloss":"performed"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies woord","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies zinsnede","gloss":"written"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h19-s88","source":"Ik heb de overtuiging myn plicht te hebben gedaan, in doel en in wyze van uitvoering, geheel myn plicht, niets dan myn plicht zonder de minste afwyking.","translation":"I have the conviction of having done my duty, in aim and in manner of execution, my whole duty, nothing but my duty, without the slightest deviation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb de overtuiging myn plicht te hebben gedaan","title":"Perfect te-infinitive after a noun","body":"'Te hebben gedaan' ('to have done') is a perfect infinitive (te + hebben + participle), governed by the noun 'de overtuiging' ('the conviction'). It compresses 'the conviction that I have done my duty'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"niets dan myn plicht zonder de minste afwyking","title":"Negative 'niets' + superlative 'de minste'","body":"'Niets dan' = 'nothing but'; 'niets' is the clause's sole negative (no double negation). 'De minste' ('the slightest') is the superlative of 'gering/min', formed with -ste and the article."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overtuiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overtuiging","lemma":"overtuiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces hebben gedaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the infinitival clause","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces doel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces wijze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitvoering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uitvoering","lemma":"uitvoering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"execution"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies plicht","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition emphasizing the object plicht","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"apposition emphasizing the object plicht","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction in restrictive phrase","role":"links niets to myn plicht","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afwyking","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afwyking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minste","lemma":"minst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies afwyking","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"afwyking","lemma":"afwijking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"deviation"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h19-s89","source":"Lang, had ik nagedacht voor ik handelde--dat is: voor ik onderzocht, rapporteerde en voorstelde--en als ik in iets het minste zou gefaald hebben ... uit overyling faalde ik niet.","translation":"Long had I reflected before I acted — that is: before I investigated, reported, and proposed — and if I had failed in anything in the least ... it was not out of overhaste that I failed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lang, had ik nagedacht voor ik handelde","title":"Fronted adverb triggers inversion","body":"Beginning with 'Lang' ('long') forces verb-second inversion: the finite verb 'had' precedes its subject 'ik'. 'Nagedacht' is the participle of separable 'nadenken' ('to reflect')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik in iets het minste zou gefaald hebben","title":"Conditional perfect in an 'als'-clause","body":"'Zou gefaald hebben' is the conditional perfect ('would have failed'), here inside an 'als'-clause that pushes the verb cluster to the end. It frames an unreal past: 'if I had failed in the least'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nagedacht","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of nagedacht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nagedacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nagedacht","lemma":"nadenken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reflected"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of handelde","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of handelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"handelde","lemma":"handelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"introduces an explanation of nagedacht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory temporal clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of onderzocht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"onderzocht","lemma":"onderzoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of the explanatory temporal clause","gloss":"investigated"},{"surface":"rapporteerde","lemma":"rapporteren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with onderzocht","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voorstelde","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with onderzocht and rapporteerde","gloss":"proposed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the conditional clause to the preceding statement","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of gefaald","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gefaald","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iets","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of gefaald","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of minste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minste","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, superlative, substantivized","role":"head of the phrase het minste","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of gefaald hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gefaald","lemma":"falen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"failed"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gefaald","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overyling","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"overyling","lemma":"overijling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"overhaste"},{"surface":"faalde","lemma":"falen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the concluding clause","gloss":"failed"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of faalde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies faalde","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h19-s90","source":"In gelyke omstandigheden zou ik op-nieuw--iets sneller echter --geheel, letterlyk geheel hetzelfde doen en nalaten.","translation":"In like circumstances I would, once more — somewhat more quickly, however — do and leave undone the very same things, wholly, literally the same.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou ik op-nieuw … geheel … hetzelfde doen en nalaten","title":"Conditional 'zou' + bare infinitives","body":"'Zou … doen en nalaten' is the present conditional ('would do and leave undone'), with two infinitives governed by 'zou' at the clause end. 'Nalaten' is the separable verb 'to refrain from / leave undone'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iets sneller echter","title":"Comparative 'sneller'","body":"'Sneller' is the comparative of 'snel' ('faster'), formed by adding -er; 'iets sneller' = 'somewhat faster'. 'Echter' ('however') is a sentence adverb wedged in mid-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omstandigheden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gelyke","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of In","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen and nalaten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op-nieuw","lemma":"opnieuw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen and nalaten","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of sneller","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"sneller","lemma":"snel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies doen and nalaten","gloss":"more quickly"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sneller","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hetzelfde","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"letterlyk","lemma":"letterlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geheel hetzelfde","gloss":"literally"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hetzelfde","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"hetzelfde","lemma":"hetzelfde","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, neuter singular","role":"direct object of doen and nalaten","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nalaten","lemma":"nalaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with doen","gloss":"leave undone"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h19-s91","source":"Al ware het zelfs dat een hooger macht dan de uwe iets afkeurde in wat ik deed--behoudens misschien het eigenaardige van myn styl die een deel uitmaakt van myzelf, een gebrek waarover ik zoomin verantwoordelyk ben als een stamelaar voor het zyne--al ware het dat ... doch neen, dit kàn niet zyn, maar al ware het zoo: ik heb myn plicht gedaan!","translation":"Even were it so that a higher power than yours disapproved of something in what I did — save perhaps the peculiarity of my style, which is a part of myself, a defect for which I am no more answerable than a stammerer for his own — even were it that ... but no, this cannot be, yet even were it so: I have done my duty!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Al ware het zelfs dat een hooger macht … iets afkeurde","title":"Concessive 'al ware het' (even were it)","body":"'Al ware het dat …' = 'even were it that …', a literary concessive using 'ware', the past subjunctive of 'zijn'. 'Al' here means 'even though/even if' and the subjunctive marks the hypothesis as unreal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een gebrek waarover ik … verantwoordelyk ben","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative 'waarover'","body":"'Waarover' fuses the relative 'wat/dat' with 'over' into 'over which/about which', referring to 'een gebrek' (a defect). When a relative refers to a thing and needs a preposition, Dutch uses 'waar-' + preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een hooger macht dan de uwe","title":"Comparative + possessive 'de uwe'","body":"'Hooger … dan de uwe' = 'higher … than yours': the comparative 'hooger' with 'dan' for 'than', and the independent possessive 'de uwe' ('yours', formal). 'De uwe' nominalises 'uw'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of ware","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the concessive clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of afkeurde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hooger","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, comparative, attributive","role":"modifies macht","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of afkeurde","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with uwe","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized uwe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive pronoun, substantivized","role":"object of comparison after dan","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of afkeurde","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"afkeurde","lemma":"afkeuren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the content clause","gloss":"disapproved of"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the domain in wat ik deed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the free relative clause","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"behoudens","lemma":"behoudens","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possible exception","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the exception","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eigenaardige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigenaardige","lemma":"eigenaardig","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, neuter singular","role":"object of behoudens","gloss":"peculiarity"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of eigenaardige","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of styl","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"style"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of uitmaakt, referring to styl","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"deel","lemma":"deel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uitmaakt","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"uitmaakt","lemma":"uitmaken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on styl","gloss":"forms"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myzelf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myzelf","lemma":"mijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"object of van","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebrek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gebrek","lemma":"gebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to het eigenaardige","gloss":"defect"},{"surface":"waarover","lemma":"waarover","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of verantwoordelyk","gloss":"for which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoomin","lemma":"zo min","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of the comparison zo min ... als","gloss":"no more"},{"surface":"verantwoordelyk","lemma":"verantwoordelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"answerable"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik and verantwoordelyk","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the second term of the comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stamelaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stamelaar","lemma":"stamelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the comparison after als","gloss":"stammerer"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of omitted verantwoordelyk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized zyne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zyne","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, substantivized","role":"object of voor","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the repeated concessive clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of the repeated concessive clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the omitted content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the corrective clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative","role":"subject of kàn","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"kàn","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kàn","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the final concessive clause","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of ware","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of ware","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the concluding clause","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h19-s92","source":"Wel doet het my--zonder bevreemding evenwel--leed, dat gy hierover anders oordeelt--en wat myn persoon aangaat, zou ik terstond berusten in wat my een miskenning toeschynt--doch er is een principe in 't spel, en ik heb gewetensredenen die eischen dat uitgemaakt worde welke meening juist is, die van U of de myne. Anders dienen dan ik te Lebak diende, kan ik niet.","translation":"It does indeed grieve me — without surprising me, however — that you judge otherwise on this; and as far as my own person is concerned, I would at once acquiesce in what seems to me a failure to be recognized — but there is a principle at stake, and I have reasons of conscience that demand it be settled which opinion is the right one, yours or mine. To serve otherwise than I served at Lebak, I cannot.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wel doet het my … leed, dat gy hierover anders oordeelt","title":"Impersonal 'het' + 'leed doen'","body":"'Het doet my leed' ('it grieves me') uses a dummy 'het' subject with the idiom 'leed doen'. The real content sits in the 'dat'-clause that follows, whose verb 'oordeelt' moves to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die eischen dat uitgemaakt worde welke meening juist is","title":"Subjunctive passive 'worde'","body":"'Dat uitgemaakt worde' uses the present subjunctive 'worde' (not 'wordt') in a formal, almost legal demand: 'that it be settled'. This subjunctive of 'worden' is archaic and survives only in solemn or fixed phrasing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Anders dienen dan ik te Lebak diende, kan ik niet","title":"Fronted infinitive phrase + inversion","body":"The whole infinitive phrase 'Anders dienen dan ik te Lebak diende' is fronted, so the main verb 'kan' precedes the subject 'ik' (verb-second). 'Diende' is the weak past of 'dienen' ('to serve')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes doet","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the expression doet ... leed","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of doet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, dative","role":"indirect object of doet","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevreemding","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"bevreemding","lemma":"bevreemding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doet","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"leed","lemma":"leed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"nominal complement in doet ... leed","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of doet ... leed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of oordeelt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hierover","lemma":"hierover","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oordeelt","gloss":"on this"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oordeelt","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"oordeelt","lemma":"oordelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the subject clause","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aangaat","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause wat ... aangaat","gloss":"concerns","note":"Wat ... aangaat means “as far as ... is concerned.”"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of berusten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of berusten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies berusten","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"berusten","lemma":"berusten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the conditional statement","gloss":"acquiesce"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of berusten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of toeschynt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, dative","role":"indirect object of toeschynt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of miskenning","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"miskenning","lemma":"miskenning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of toeschynt","gloss":"lack of recognition"},{"surface":"toeschynt","lemma":"toeschijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the free relative clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb, existential","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of principe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"principe","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"notional subject of is","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of the expression in het spel","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of spel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spel","lemma":"spel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in in the expression in het spel","gloss":"stake"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gewetensredenen","lemma":"gewetensreden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"reasons of conscience"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of eischen, referring to gewetensredenen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"eischen","lemma":"eisen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on gewetensredenen","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of eischen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uitgemaakt","lemma":"uitmaken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the passive object clause","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"worde","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of uitgemaakt","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"interrogative determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking meening and juist","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative","role":"elliptical apposition identifying the opinion","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor U","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"U","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, personal","role":"object of van","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates die van U and de myne","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of myne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, substantivized","role":"coordinated alternative to die van U","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"Anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dienen","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"fronted complement of kan","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with ik ... diende","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of diende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place Lebak","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of diende","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"diende","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of dienen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kan","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h19-s93","source":"Wenscht dus het Gouvernement anders te worden gediend, dan moet ik als eerlyk man eerbiedig verzoeken my te ontslaan.","translation":"Should the Government, then, wish to be served otherwise, I must, as an honest man, respectfully ask to be relieved of my post.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wenscht dus het Gouvernement anders te worden gediend, dan moet ik …","title":"Verb-first conditional + 'dan'-resumption","body":"A conditional can be marked by putting the verb first with no 'als': 'Wenscht … het Gouvernement' = 'Should the Government wish'. The main clause then opens with 'dan' and inverts: 'dan moet ik'. 'Te worden gediend' is a passive infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"verzoeken my te ontslaan","title":"te-infinitive after 'verzoeken'","body":"'Verzoeken … te ontslaan' = 'ask … to relieve/dismiss'; 'verzoeken' governs the 'te'-infinitive 'te ontslaan'. 'My te ontslaan' literally 'to relieve me (of my post)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wenscht","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"should wish"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Wenscht","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Wenscht","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gediend","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks worden gediend as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gediend","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"gediend","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"infinitival complement of Wenscht","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the consequence of the conditional clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of verzoeken","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzoeken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the role als eerlyk man","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"eerlyk","lemma":"eerlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies man","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"eerbiedig","lemma":"eerbiedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzoeken","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"verzoeken","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moet","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, accusative","role":"direct object of ontslaan","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks ontslaan as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontslaan","lemma":"ontslaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verzoeken","gloss":"relieve"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h19-s94","source":"Dan moet ik op zes-en-dertigjarigen leeftyd trachten op-nieuw een loopbaan aantevangen. Dan moet ik, na zeventien jaren, na zeventien zware moeielyke dienstjaren, na myn beste levenskrachten te hebben ten-offer gebracht aan wat ik voor plicht hield, op-nieuw aan de Maatschappy vragen of ze my brood wil geven voor vrouw en kind, brood in ruil voor myn denkbeelden, brood wellicht in ruil voor arbeid met kruiwagen of spade, als de kracht van myn arm meer waard wordt gekeurd dan de kracht myner ziel.","translation":"Then, at thirty-six years of age, I must try to begin a career anew. Then, after seventeen years, after seventeen heavy, difficult years of service, after having sacrificed my best vital powers to what I held to be my duty, I must once more ask Society whether it will give me bread for wife and child, bread in exchange for my ideas, bread perhaps in exchange for labour with wheelbarrow or spade, should the strength of my arm be judged worth more than the strength of my soul.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan moet ik … trachten op-nieuw een loopbaan aantevangen","title":"Separable 'aanvangen' with embedded 'te'","body":"'Aantevangen' is the separable verb 'aanvangen' ('to begin') with 'te' wedged in — period spelling for modern 'aan te vangen'. 'Trachten' governs this te-infinitive: 'try to begin'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"na myn beste levenskrachten te hebben ten-offer gebracht","title":"Perfect te-infinitive after 'na'","body":"'Na … te hebben … gebracht' = 'after having brought/offered up', a perfect infinitive used after 'na'. 'Ten-offer brengen' ('to sacrifice') is an idiom; 'ten' is a frozen 'te + den'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als de kracht van myn arm meer waard wordt gekeurd dan de kracht myner ziel","title":"Passive 'wordt gekeurd' + comparative","body":"'Wordt gekeurd' is a worden-passive ('is judged'), and 'meer waard … dan' is the comparative 'worth more than'. 'Myner ziel' is again the inflected feminine genitive ('of my soul')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trachten","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of trachten","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trachten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zes-en-dertigjarigen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zes-en-dertigjarigen","lemma":"zesendertigjarig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies leeftyd","gloss":"thirty-six-year-old"},{"surface":"leeftyd","lemma":"leeftijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"trachten","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moet","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"op-nieuw","lemma":"opnieuw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aantevangen","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loopbaan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"loopbaan","lemma":"loopbaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aantevangen","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"aantevangen","lemma":"aanvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of trachten","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vragen","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vragen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vragen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zeventien","lemma":"zeventien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"seventeen"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of na","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dienstjaren","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zeventien","lemma":"zeventien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies dienstjaren","gloss":"seventeen"},{"surface":"zware","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dienstjaren","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"moeielyke","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dienstjaren","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"dienstjaren","lemma":"dienstjaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of na","gloss":"service years"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the perfect infinitive clause","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of levenskrachten","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies levenskrachten","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"levenskrachten","lemma":"levenskracht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gebracht","gloss":"vital powers"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ten-offer","lemma":"offer","morphology":"fixed prepositional phrase","role":"part of ten-offer brengen","gloss":"in sacrifice","note":"Historical hyphenation of ten offer in the fixed expression ten offer brengen, ‘to sacrifice.’"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"perfect infinitive with hebben","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the recipient of gebracht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"complement of aan and direct object of hield","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement plicht","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of hield","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"op-nieuw","lemma":"opnieuw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vragen","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Maatschappy","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Maatschappy","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Maatschappy","lemma":"maatschappij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"Society"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moet","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wil","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"brood","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with vrouw","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"brood","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"appositional repetition of brood","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"begins in ruil voor","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ruil","lemma":"ruil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of in ruil voor","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes in ruil voor","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeelden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"brood","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"appositional repetition of brood","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"wellicht","lemma":"wellicht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brood","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"begins in ruil voor","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ruil","lemma":"ruil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of in ruil voor","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes in ruil voor","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kruiwagen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"kruiwagen","lemma":"kruiwagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"wheelbarrow"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"spade","lemma":"spade","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with kruiwagen","gloss":"spade"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gekeurd","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arm","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of arm","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waard","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"waard","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of gekeurd","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gekeurd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gekeurd","lemma":"keuren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"judged"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison complement","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"comparison complement of waard","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of kracht","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h19-s95","source":"Maar ik kan en wil niet gelooven dat uwe meening door zyne Excellentie den Gouverneur-generaal gedeeld wordt, en ik ben dus verplicht, vóór ik overga tot het bitter uiterste dat ik neerschreef in de vorige alinea, u eerbiedig te verzoeken aan het Gouvernement voortestellen:","translation":"But I cannot and will not believe that your opinion is shared by His Excellency the Governor-General, and I am therefore obliged, before I proceed to the bitter extremity I set down in the preceding paragraph, respectfully to ask you to propose to the Government:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat uwe meening door zyne Excellentie … gedeeld wordt","title":"worden-passive with agent 'door'","body":"'Gedeeld wordt' is the process passive ('is shared'), with the agent introduced by 'door' ('by His Excellency'). In the 'dat'-clause the verb 'wordt' moves to the very end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vóór ik overga tot het bitter uiterste dat ik neerschreef","title":"Separable 'overgaan'; 'neerschreef'","body":"'Overga' is the present of separable 'overgaan tot' ('to proceed to'), here joined because clause-final after 'vóór'. 'Neerschreef' is the strong simple past of separable 'neerschrijven' ('to write down/set down')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gelooven","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelooven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelooven","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelooven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelooven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan and wil","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gedeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gedeeld","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Excellentie","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zyne","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of agentive door","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Excellentie","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"gedeeld","lemma":"delen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"shared"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gedeeld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verplicht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to verplicht","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verplicht","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"verplicht","lemma":"verplicht","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"obliged"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of overga","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"overga","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"proceed"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uiterste","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uiterste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bitter","lemma":"bitter","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uiterste","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"uiterste","lemma":"uiterste","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"oblique complement of tot","gloss":"extremity"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of neerschreef","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neerschreef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"neerschreef","lemma":"neerschrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying uiterste","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alinea","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alinea","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies alinea","gloss":"preceding"},{"surface":"alinea","lemma":"alinea","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"paragraph"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verzoeken","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"eerbiedig","lemma":"eerbiedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzoeken","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verzoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzoeken","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verplicht","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouvernement","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"voortestellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verzoeken","gloss":"to propose"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h19-s96","source":"den resident van Bantam aanteschryven, alsnog goedtekeuren de handelingen van den adsistent-resident van Lebak, betrekking hebbende op diens missieves van 24 en 25 dezer, Nis 88 en 91.","translation":"to write to the resident of Bantam to approve after all the actions of the Assistant Resident of Lebak, bearing on his missives of the 24th and 25th of this month, Nos. 88 and 91.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den resident van Bantam aanteschryven, alsnog goedtekeuren","title":"Separable verbs with embedded 'te'","body":"Both 'aanteschryven' (aanschrijven, 'to write to / instruct') and 'goedtekeuren' (goedkeuren, 'to approve') are separable verbs written with 'te' inside, the 1860 way of writing 'aan te schrijven', 'goed te keuren'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"betrekking hebbende op diens missieves","title":"Present participle + 'diens'","body":"'Betrekking hebbende op' is a present-participle phrase ('bearing on'). 'Diens' is the genitive of the demonstrative 'die' ('his/the latter's'), a formal way to say 'of the said one' without ambiguity."}],"words":[{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanteschryven","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"aanteschryven","lemma":"aanschrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival proposal governed by voortestellen","gloss":"to write to","note":"Historical fused spelling of aan te schrijven, the infinitive of aanschrijven."},{"surface":"alsnog","lemma":"alsnog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goedtekeuren","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"goedtekeuren","lemma":"goedkeuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of aanteschryven","gloss":"to approve","note":"Historical fused spelling of goed te keuren, the infinitive of goedkeuren."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handelingen","lemma":"handeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of goedtekeuren","gloss":"actions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adsistent-resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of betrekking hebbende op","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"hebbende","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying handelingen","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking missieves","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"diens","lemma":"diens","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of missieves","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"missieves","lemma":"missive","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"missives"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces dates of missieves","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two dates","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, genitive singular","role":"elliptical modifier meaning of this month","gloss":"this month","note":"Archaic genitive used elliptically: dezer means ‘of this month.’"},{"surface":"Nis","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"noun, plural abbreviation","role":"introduces the missive numbers","gloss":"Nos.","note":"Nis is an old plural abbreviation for nummers, ‘Nos.’"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two missive numbers","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h19-s97","source":"Of wel:","translation":"Or else:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s97.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of fixed phrase of wel","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of fixed phrase of wel","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h19-s98","source":"genoemden adsistent-resident te roepen ter verantwoording op de door den resident van Bantam te formuleeren punten van afkeuring.","translation":"to call the said Assistant Resident to account on the points of disapproval to be formulated by the resident of Bantam.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"genoemden adsistent-resident te roepen ter verantwoording","title":"Inflected participle 'genoemden'","body":"'Genoemden' ('the said/aforementioned') is a past participle used adjectivally, carrying the old masculine accusative -en ending before a de-word. 'Ter verantwoording roepen' is the idiom 'to call to account'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op de door den resident … te formuleeren punten van afkeuring","title":"Future-passive participle phrase","body":"'De door den resident te formuleeren punten' = 'the points to be formulated by the resident': a 'te'-infinitive used attributively with passive/future sense, plus the agent 'door den resident'."}],"words":[{"surface":"genoemden","lemma":"genoemd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of roepen","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks roepen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition contracted with article","role":"preposition marking verantwoording","gloss":"to","note":"Ter is the contraction of te der in the fixed phrase ter verantwoording roepen, ‘call to account.’"},{"surface":"verantwoording","lemma":"verantwoording","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of roepen","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking punten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of punten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of formuleeren","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agentive complement of door","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks formuleeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"formuleeren","lemma":"formuleren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"passive infinitival modifier of punten","gloss":"be formulated"},{"surface":"punten","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"points"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afkeuring","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"afkeuring","lemma":"afkeuring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"disapproval"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h19-s99","source":"Ik heb de eer u ten-slotte de dankbare verzekering te geven, dat wanneer iets me kon terugbrengen van myn lang doordachte, en bedaard maar vurig aangekleefde principes ten dezen ... waarlyk, het zou geweest zyn de heusche innemende wyze waarop gy in de konferentie van eergister die principes hebt bestreden. De Adsistent-resident van Lebak,","translation":"I have the honour, finally, to give you the grateful assurance that, if anything could turn me back from my long-pondered principles in this matter — held calmly but ardently — then truly it would have been the gracious, winning manner in which you contested those principles in the conference of the day before yesterday. The Assistant Resident of Lebak,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer iets me kon terugbrengen … het zou geweest zyn","title":"Conditional perfect 'zou geweest zyn'","body":"'Het zou geweest zyn' is the conditional perfect of 'zijn' ('it would have been'), answering the unreal condition opened by 'wanneer' ('if'). 'Terugbrengen van' is the separable verb 'to turn (someone) back from'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de heusche innemende wyze waarop gy … hebt bestreden","title":"Relative 'waarop' (the manner in which)","body":"'De wyze waarop' = 'the manner in which': 'waarop' is the pronominal-adverb relative ('op welke'). The attributive adjectives 'heusche' and 'innemende' take the -e ending before the de-word 'wyze'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the idiom heb de eer","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ten-slotte","lemma":"tenslotte","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzekering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dankbare","lemma":"dankbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verzekering","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"verzekering","lemma":"verzekering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"assurance"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of heb de eer","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of verzekering","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of terugbrengen","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of terugbrengen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of terugbrengen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"terugbrengen","lemma":"terugbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kon","gloss":"turn back"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governed by terugbrengen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of principes","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doordachte","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"doordachte","lemma":"doordenken","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"modifies principes","gloss":"pondered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bedaard","lemma":"bedaard","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangekleefde","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts bedaard and vurig","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"vurig","lemma":"vurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangekleefde","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"aangekleefde","lemma":"aankleven","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"modifies principes","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"principes","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of terugbrengen","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of fixed phrase ten dezen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"second part of fixed phrase ten dezen","gloss":"this matter"},{"surface":"waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou geweest zijn","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geweest zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle of zijn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary with geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heusche","lemma":"heus","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wijze","gloss":"gracious"},{"surface":"innemende","lemma":"innemend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wijze","gloss":"winning"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of geweest zijn","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"adverbial complement of bestreden","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bestreden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking konferentie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of konferentie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"konferentie","lemma":"conferentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bestreden","gloss":"conference"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eergister","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eergister","lemma":"eergisteren","morphology":"adverb used substantivally","role":"complement of van","gloss":"day before yesterday"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of principes","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"principes","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bestreden","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bestreden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"bestreden","lemma":"bestrijden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of relative clause modifying wijze","gloss":"contested"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"signature title","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h19-s100","source":"MAX HAVELAAR.\"","translation":"MAX HAVELAAR.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s100.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"MAX","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"given name","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"HAVELAAR","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h19-s101","source":"* * * * * Zonder uitspraak te doen omtrent de gegrondheid van het vermoeden der Weduwe Slotering, betreffende de oorzaak die haar kinderen tot weezen maakte, en alleen aannemende wat bewysbaar is, dat er in Lebak nauw verband was tusschen plichtsbetrachting en gif--al bestond dan ook dit verband slechts in meening--zal toch ieder inzien dat Max en Tine kommervolle dagen hadden doortebrengen na 't bezoek van den resident.","translation":"* * * * * Without pronouncing on the well-foundedness of the Widow Slotering's suspicion as to the cause that had orphaned her children, and admitting only what is provable — that in Lebak there was a close connection between the discharge of duty and poison, even though that connection existed only in surmise — everyone will nonetheless see that Max and Tine had grievous days to live through after the resident's visit.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zonder uitspraak te doen omtrent","title":"'zonder … te' + infinitive","body":"'Zonder … te doen' = 'without doing'; the preposition 'zonder' governs a 'te'-infinitive. 'Uitspraak doen' is the idiom 'to pronounce judgement / give a verdict'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"der Weduwe Slotering","title":"Genitive 'der'","body":"'Het vermoeden der Weduwe Slotering' uses the inflected feminine genitive 'der' ('of the Widow Slotering'), in place of modern 'van de Weduwe'. Standard 1860 written usage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de oorzaak die haar kinderen tot weezen maakte","title":"Relative 'die' for a de-word","body":"'Die' relativises 'de oorzaak' (a de-word): 'the cause that …'. 'Tot weezen maken' ('to make into orphans') uses 'tot' for resultant state; 'weezen' is the period spelling of 'wezen' (orphans)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitspraak","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"uitspraak","lemma":"uitspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object in the phrase uitspraak doen","gloss":"pronouncement"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on inzien","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gegrondheid","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gegrondheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gegrondheid","lemma":"gegrondheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of omtrent","gloss":"well-foundedness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vermoeden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vermoeden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vermoeden","lemma":"vermoeden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of Weduwe Slotering","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Weduwe","lemma":"weduwe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor of vermoeden","gloss":"Widow"},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"name modifying Weduwe","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"betreffende","lemma":"betreffen","morphology":"preposition, participial","role":"preposition marking oorzaak","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of betreffende","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kinderen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces result complement weezen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"weezen","lemma":"wees","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"result complement of maakte","gloss":"orphans"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on oorzaak","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aannemende","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"aannemende","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"adverbial participle coordinated with doen","gloss":"admitting"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bewysbaar","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"bewysbaar","lemma":"bewijsbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"provable"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to bewysbaar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of aannemende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verband","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coordinated complements","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"plichtsbetrachting","lemma":"plichtsbetrachting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first complement of tusschen","gloss":"discharge of duty"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gif","lemma":"gif","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second complement of tusschen","gloss":"poison"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"bestond","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of concessive clause","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive phrase al ... dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive phrase al ... dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verband","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bestond","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestond","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meening","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"surmise"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of inzien","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inzien","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of inzien","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"inzien","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zal","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of inzien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doortebrengen","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Max","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"kommervolle","lemma":"kommervol","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dagen","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of doortebrengen","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of doortebrengen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"doortebrengen","lemma":"doorbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of hadden","gloss":"live through"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bezoek","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of na","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"resident"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h19-s102","source":"Ik geloof niet noodig te hebben den angst te schetsen van een moeder die by 't reiken van spys aan haar kind, zich gedurig de vraag moet voorleggen of ze misschien haar lieveling vermoordt?","translation":"I do not think it necessary to sketch the dread of a mother who, in handing food to her child, must again and again put to herself the question whether she is perhaps murdering her darling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik geloof niet noodig te hebben den angst te schetsen","title":"Nested te-infinitives","body":"Two 'te'-infinitives nest here: 'noodig te hebben' ('to need') governs 'te schetsen' ('to sketch'). 'Den angst' shows the old masculine accusative -den on the article."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich gedurig de vraag moet voorleggen","title":"Reflexive 'zich voorleggen'","body":"'Zich de vraag voorleggen' ('to put the question to oneself') is reflexive, with third-person 'zich' for the mother. 'Voorleggen' is separable; in this relative clause it stays clause-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of hebben","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of geloof","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic accusative form","role":"determiner of angst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"angst","lemma":"angst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schetsen","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive schetsen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schetsen","lemma":"schetsen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of hebben","gloss":"sketch"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeder","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voorleggen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reiken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reiken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reiken","lemma":"reiken","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"complement of by","gloss":"handing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spys","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"spys","lemma":"spijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kind","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of voorleggen","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorleggen","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorleggen","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorleggen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"voorleggen","lemma":"voorleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of relative clause modifying moeder","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vermoordt","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vermoordt","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vermoordt","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of lieveling","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"lieveling","lemma":"lieveling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vermoordt","gloss":"darling"},{"surface":"vermoordt","lemma":"vermoorden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of interrogative clause modifying vraag","gloss":"is murdering"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h19-s103","source":"En wèl was het een \"afgebeden kind\" de kleine Max, die zeven jaar was uitgebleven na 't huwelyk, als wist de schalk dat het geen voordeel was ter-wereld te komen als zoon van zulke ouders!","translation":"And little Max truly was a \"prayed-for child,\" who had stayed away for seven years after the marriage, as though the rogue knew it was no advantage to come into the world as the son of such parents!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die zeven jaar was uitgebleven na 't huwelyk","title":"Perfect with 'zijn': 'was uitgebleven'","body":"'Was uitgebleven' is the pluperfect of separable 'uitblijven' ('to stay away'), which forms its perfect with 'zijn' (a verb of change/motion), not 'hebben'. 'Die' relativises 'kind' here loosely as 'who'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als wist de schalk dat …","title":"Counterfactual 'als' + inversion","body":"'Als wist de schalk' = 'as though the rogue knew': 'als' ('as if') here triggers verb-first inversion ('wist' before 'de schalk'), an elliptical literary 'as if'. 'Schalk' is an old word for a rogue/imp."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ter-wereld te komen als zoon van zulke ouders","title":"te-infinitive after 'voordeel'","body":"'Geen voordeel … te komen' has the noun 'voordeel' governing a 'te'-infinitive: 'no advantage to come into the world'. 'Ter wereld komen' is the idiom 'to be born'; 'ter' is a frozen 'te + der'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links with preceding discourse","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the assertion","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to kind","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject referring to Max","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"afgebeden","lemma":"afbidden","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"modifies kind","gloss":"prayed-for","note":"An afgebeden kind is a child long prayed for."},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun with was","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Max","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition identifying het","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of uitgebleven","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zeven","lemma":"zeven","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, measure use","role":"duration modifier of uitgebleven","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of uitgebleven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"uitgebleven","lemma":"uitblijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause modifying Max","gloss":"stayed away"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huwelyk","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huwelyk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huwelyk","lemma":"huwelijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of na","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wist","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of comparative clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schalk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schalk","lemma":"schalk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"rogue"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of wist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voordeel","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"voordeel","lemma":"voordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun with was","gloss":"advantage"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to voordeel","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ter-wereld","lemma":"ter wereld","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"into the world"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival clause specifying het","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zoon","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zoon","lemma":"zoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of komen","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ouders","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ouders","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ouders","lemma":"ouder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"parents"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h19-s104","source":"Negen-en-twintig lange dagen had Havelaar te wachten voor de Gouverneur-generaal hem meedeelde ... doch we zyn nog zoover niet.","translation":"Twenty-nine long days Havelaar had to wait before the Governor-General informed him ... but we are not yet so far.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Negen-en-twintig lange dagen had Havelaar te wachten","title":"Fronted object + inversion; 'had te wachten'","body":"The time-object 'Negen-en-twintig lange dagen' is fronted, so the verb 'had' precedes the subject 'Havelaar' (verb-second). 'Had te wachten' ('had to wait') uses 'hebben … te' for obligation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"we zyn nog zoover niet","title":"Period spelling 'zyn'; negation 'niet'","body":"'Zyn' is the 1860 spelling of 'zijn' (here 'we are'). 'Nog … niet' = 'not yet', with 'niet' negating the predicate 'zoover' ('so far'): 'we are not yet so far'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Negen-en-twintig","lemma":"negenentwintig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies dagen","gloss":"twenty-nine"},{"surface":"lange","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dagen","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"duration modifier of wachten","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"modal-like verb governing wachten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wachten","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive wachten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of had","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of meedeelde","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of meedeelde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"meedeelde","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"zoover","lemma":"zover","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"so far"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h19-s105","source":"Kort na de vergeefsche pogingen om Havelaar te bewegen tot de intrekking zyner brieven, of tot het verraden van de arme lieden die op zyn grootmoedigheid vertrouwd hadden, trad eens Verbrugge by hem binnen.","translation":"Shortly after the vain attempts to move Havelaar to withdraw his letters, or to betray the poor folk who had trusted in his magnanimity, Verbrugge once stepped in to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om Havelaar te bewegen tot de intrekking … of tot het verraden","title":"Purpose 'om … te' + nominalised verb","body":"'Om … te bewegen tot' frames purpose: 'to move Havelaar to …'. The objects are a noun ('de intrekking') and a nominalised infinitive ('het verraden van', 'the betraying of'), both with 'tot'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"trad eens Verbrugge by hem binnen","title":"Separable 'binnentreden'; inversion","body":"Fronting the adverb of time forces inversion: 'trad … Verbrugge'. The separable prefix of 'binnentreden' ('to step in') splits to the end as 'binnen'. 'Trad' is the strong past of 'treden'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de arme lieden die op zyn grootmoedigheid vertrouwd hadden","title":"Pluperfect + fixed preposition 'op'","body":"'Hadden vertrouwd' is the pluperfect ('had trusted'); 'vertrouwen op' takes the preposition 'op'. 'Die' relativises 'de arme lieden' (a de-word plural)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies na","gloss":"Shortly"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pogingen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pogingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vergeefsche","lemma":"vergeefs","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies pogingen","gloss":"vain"},{"surface":"pogingen","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of na","gloss":"attempts"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause bewegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewegen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bewegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewegen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying pogingen","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking intrekking","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of intrekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"intrekking","lemma":"intrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"withdrawal"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of brieven","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of intrekking","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verraden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"nominalizes verraden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verraden","lemma":"verraden","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of tot","gloss":"betraying"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lieden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lieden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lieden","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vertrouwd","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grootmoedigheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of grootmoedigheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"grootmoedigheid","lemma":"grootmoedigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vertrouwd","gloss":"magnanimity"},{"surface":"vertrouwd","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of relative clause","gloss":"trusted"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of vertrouwd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"trad","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trad","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of trad","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in bij hem binnen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of bij","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of binnentreden","gloss":"in"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h19-s106","source":"De brave man was doodsbleek, en had moeite te spreken.","translation":"The good man was deathly pale, and could hardly speak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had moeite te spreken","title":"'moeite hebben te' + infinitive","body":"'Moeite hebben te spreken' = 'to have difficulty speaking'; the noun 'moeite' governs a 'te'-infinitive. 'Doodsbleek' is a compound, 'death-pale'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"brave","lemma":"braaf","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies man","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was and had","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking man to doodsbleek","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"doodsbleek","lemma":"doodsbleek","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"deathly pale"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated verb with was","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moeite","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h19-s107","source":"--Ik ben by den Regent geweest, zeide hy ... dàt is infaam ... maar verraad me niet.","translation":"\"I have been to the Regent,\" he said ... \"that is infamous ... but do not betray me.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben by den Regent geweest","title":"Perfect of motion with 'zijn'","body":"'Ben … geweest' is the present perfect of 'zijn' used for 'have been (to)': verbs of being/going take 'zijn', not 'hebben'. 'By den Regent' = 'at/to the Regent's', with old dative 'den'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"maar verraad me niet","title":"Imperative + 'niet'","body":"'Verraad me niet' is a negative imperative ('do not betray me'): bare stem 'verraad' for the command, with 'niet' after the object pronoun. 'Infaam' means 'infamous, vile'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative/dative singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with ben","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to infaam","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"infaam","lemma":"infaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"infamous"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"verraad","lemma":"verraden","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of imperative clause","gloss":"betray"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"direct object of verraad","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verraad","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h19-s108","source":"--Wat?","translation":"\"What?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s108.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"elliptical question","gloss":"What"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h19-s109","source":"Wàt moet ik niet verraden?","translation":"What must I not betray?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wàt","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of verraden","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verraden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verraden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verraden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verraden","lemma":"verraden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with moet","gloss":"betray"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h19-s110","source":"--Geeft ge my uw woord geen gebruik te maken van wat ik u zeggen zal?","translation":"\"Will you give me your word to make no use of what I am going to tell you?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Geeft ge my uw woord geen gebruik te maken van wat ik u zeggen zal?","title":"Archaic 'ge' + 'geen' negation","body":"'Geeft ge' inverts the verb before the unstressed archaic pronoun 'ge' ('you') in a question. 'Geen gebruik maken van' negates the indefinite 'gebruik' with 'geen', not 'niet'. 'Zeggen zal' is future word order in the relative clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"van wat ik u zeggen zal","title":"Future 'zullen' in a relative clause","body":"'Zeggen zal' is the future ('will tell'): 'zullen' + infinitive, here verb-final inside the 'wat'-clause so 'zal' lands at the end after its infinitive 'zeggen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, plural/formal","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Will give"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"indirect object of geeft","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of woord","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebruik","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of woord","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wat-clause","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with zal","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"shall"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h19-s111","source":"--Weer halfheid, zei Havelaar. Doch ... goed!","translation":"\"Half-measures again,\" said Havelaar. \"But ... very well!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"halfheid","title":"halfheid (half-measure)","body":"'Halfheid' is an abstract noun from 'half' + -heid: 'half-heartedness, doing things by halves'. Havelaar's curt 'Weer halfheid' scorns Verbrugge's timid bargaining over his word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies halfheid","gloss":"Again"},{"surface":"halfheid","lemma":"halfheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical utterance","gloss":"half-measures"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of goed","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"elliptical predicative expression","gloss":"well"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h19-s112","source":"Ik geef myn woord.","translation":"I give my word.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of woord","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geef","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h19-s113","source":"En toen verhaalde Verbrugge, wat den lezer reeds bekend is, dat de resident aan den Adhipatti had gevraagd of hy iets wist intebrengen tegen den adsistent-resident, en hem tevens geheel onverwachts geld had aangeboden en gegeven.","translation":"And then Verbrugge related what is already known to the reader: that the resident had asked the Adhipatti whether he knew of anything to bring forward against the Assistant Resident, and had at the same time, quite unexpectedly, offered and given him money.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat den lezer reeds bekend is","title":"Dative 'den lezer' with 'bekend zijn'","body":"'Den lezer bekend' = 'known to the reader': 'bekend zijn' takes a dative ('to whom'), here marked by the old accusative/dative 'den'. The whole 'wat'-clause is verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had gevraagd … of hy iets wist intebrengen","title":"Indirect question 'of' + separable 'inbrengen'","body":"'Of' ('whether') opens an indirect yes/no question, sending its verbs to the end. 'Intebrengen' is separable 'inbrengen' ('to bring forward / object') with 'te' wedged in — period spelling for 'in te brengen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had … geld had aangeboden en gegeven","title":"Pluperfect with stacked participles","body":"'Had … aangeboden en gegeven' is the pluperfect ('had offered and given'): one auxiliary 'had' serving two participles, one from separable 'aanbieden'. The participles cluster at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verhaalde","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verhaalde","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"verhaalde","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of verhaalde","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of verhaalde and subject of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative/dative singular","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of bekend","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekend","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to bekend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gevraagd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gevraagd","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adhipatti","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative/dative singular","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevraagd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of dat-clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wist","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of intebrengen","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of gevraagd","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"intebrengen","lemma":"inbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wist","gloss":"to bring forward"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative/dative singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of aangeboden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangeboden","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onverwachts","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"onverwachts","lemma":"onverwachts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangeboden and gegeven","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of aangeboden","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangeboden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aangeboden","lemma":"aanbieden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated participle with gevraagd","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with aangeboden","gloss":"given"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h19-s114","source":"Verbrugge wist het van den regent zelf, die hem vroeg welke redenen den resident hiertoe konden geleid hebben?","translation":"Verbrugge knew it from the regent himself, who asked him what reasons could have led the resident to this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"welke redenen den resident hiertoe konden geleid hebben","title":"Interrogative 'welke' + verb-final cluster","body":"'Welke redenen' ('what reasons') opens an indirect question, so the verb cluster 'konden geleid hebben' ('could have led') gathers at the end. 'Den resident' shows the old accusative -den; 'hiertoe' is 'to this'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regent","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative/dative singular","role":"determiner of regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"regent"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes regent","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vroeg","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying regent","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of redenen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"redenen","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of konden","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative/dative singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geleid","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleid","gloss":"to this"},{"surface":"konden","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geleid","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"geleid","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with konden hebben","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geleid","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h19-s115","source":"Havelaar was verontwaardigd, maar ... hy had zyn woord gegeven.","translation":"Havelaar was indignant, but ... he had given his word.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s115.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to verontwaardigd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"verontwaardigd","lemma":"verontwaardigd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"indignant"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gegeven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of woord","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of coordinated clause","gloss":"given"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h19-s116","source":"Den volgenden dag kwam Verbrugge terug, en zei dat Duclari hem onder 't oog had gebracht hoe onedel het was, Havelaar, die met zulke tegenstanders te stryden had, zoo geheel alleen te laten, waarop Verbrugge dezen kwam ontheffen van zyn gegeven woord.","translation":"The following day Verbrugge came back, and said that Duclari had brought home to him how ignoble it was to leave Havelaar — who had such adversaries to contend with — so entirely alone, whereupon Verbrugge came to release him from the word he had given.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe onedel het was, Havelaar … zoo geheel alleen te laten","title":"Impersonal 'het was' + te-infinitive","body":"'Hoe onedel het was … te laten' = 'how ignoble it was to leave': a dummy 'het' subject anticipates the real subject, the 'te'-infinitive 'te laten'. The whole sits in a 'hoe'-clause, verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarop Verbrugge dezen kwam ontheffen van zyn gegeven woord","title":"Relative 'waarop' + 'dezen' (the latter)","body":"'Waarop' ('whereupon') is a pronominal-adverb relative linking the clauses. 'Dezen' is the inflected demonstrative for 'the latter' (Havelaar), in the old masculine accusative -en. 'Komen … ontheffen' = 'came to release'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative/dative singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time expression","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of terugkomen","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with kwam","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gebracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gebracht","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of gebracht","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in onder het oog brengen","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of dat-clause","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onedel","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"onedel","lemma":"onedel","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"ignoble"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to onedel","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of stryden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegenstanders","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tegenstanders","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"tegenstanders","lemma":"tegenstander","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of stryden","gloss":"adversaries"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive stryden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stryden","lemma":"strijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of had","gloss":"contend"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of stryden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geheel alleen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alleen","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of Havelaar","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed subject infinitive of was","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"conjunctive adverb","role":"introduces resulting clause","gloss":"whereupon"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, object form","role":"direct object of ontheffen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of resulting clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ontheffen","lemma":"ontheffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kwam","gloss":"release"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woord","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of woord","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"modifies woord","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h19-s117","source":"--Goed! riep Havelaar, schryf het op!","translation":"\"Good!\" cried Havelaar, \"write it down!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schryf het op","title":"Imperative of a separable verb","body":"'Schryf … op' is the imperative of separable 'opschrijven' ('to write down'): bare stem 'schryf' commands, and the prefix 'op' splits to the end after the object 'het'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective used as interjection","role":"quoted exclamation","gloss":"Good"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"schryf","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of imperative clause","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of schryf","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of opschrijven","gloss":"down"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h19-s118","source":"Verbrugge schreef het op.","translation":"Verbrugge wrote it down.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s118.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of schreef","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of opschrijven","gloss":"down"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h19-s119","source":"Ook die verklaring ligt voor my.","translation":"That declaration too lies before me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook die verklaring ligt voor my","title":"Demonstrative 'die' as determiner","body":"'Die verklaring' = 'that declaration', with 'die' as the far demonstrative determiner for a de-word. 'Ligt voor my' ('lies before me') frames the narrator's claim to be working from real documents."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verklaring","gloss":"Also"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verklaring","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"verklaring","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"declaration"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"oblique complement of ligt","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h19-s120","source":"De lezer heeft immers reeds lang ingezien waarom ik zoo gemakkelyk afstand kon doen van alle aanspraken op juridieke echtheid der geschiedenis van Saïdjah?","translation":"Surely the reader has long since seen why I could so easily renounce all claim to the juridical authenticity of the history of Saïdjah?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heeft … reeds lang ingezien waarom ik zoo gemakkelyk afstand kon doen","title":"Perfect 'heeft ingezien' + indirect question","body":"'Heeft ingezien' is the present perfect of separable 'inzien' ('to perceive'). The 'waarom'-clause is verb-final: 'afstand doen van' ('to renounce') keeps its noun 'afstand' and the modal 'kon' to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"der geschiedenis van Saïdjah","title":"Genitive 'der'","body":"'Juridieke echtheid der geschiedenis' uses inflected genitive 'der' ('of the history'). The phrase frames the famous embedded tale of Saïdjah and Adinda as a literary, not legal, document."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ingezien","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of ingezien","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ingezien","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ingezien","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ingezien","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ingezien","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the subordinate clause of kon","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemakkelyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afstand doen","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"afstand","lemma":"afstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the idiom afstand doen van","gloss":"renunciation"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom afstand doen van","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanspraken","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"aanspraken","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"claims"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking echtheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"juridieke","lemma":"juridiek","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies echtheid","gloss":"juridical"},{"surface":"echtheid","lemma":"echtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"authenticity"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of echtheid","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Saïdjah","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Saïdjah","lemma":"Saïdjah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Saïdjah"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h19-s121","source":"Het was zeer treffend optemerken hoe de beschroomde Verbrugge--vóór de verwyten van Duclari--op Havelaars woord durfde bouwen in een zaak die zoo noopte tot woordbreuk!","translation":"It was most striking to observe how the timid Verbrugge — faced with Duclari's reproaches — dared to rely on Havelaar's word in a matter that so tempted one to break it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was zeer treffend optemerken hoe …","title":"Impersonal 'het was' + separable te-infinitive","body":"'Het was treffend optemerken' = 'it was striking to observe': dummy 'het' anticipates the 'te'-infinitive. 'Optemerken' is separable 'opmerken' with embedded 'te' (period 'op te merken')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op Havelaars woord durfde bouwen","title":"'durven' + bare infinitive","body":"'Durfde bouwen' ('dared to rely') has the verb 'durven' (here taking a bare infinitive, no 'te') sending 'bouwen' to the end. 'Bouwen op' ('to build/rely on') is a fixed preposition idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een zaak die zoo noopte tot woordbreuk","title":"Relative 'die' + 'nopen tot'","body":"'Die' relativises 'een zaak' (a de-word). 'Nopen tot' ('to impel/tempt to') is a formal verb with fixed 'tot'; 'woordbreuk' is a compound, 'word-breaking, breach of one's word'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"dummy subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Het to treffend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies treffend","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"treffend","lemma":"treffend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"striking"},{"surface":"optemerken","lemma":"opmerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject complement of treffend","gloss":"to observe"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies durfde","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Verbrugge","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschroomde","lemma":"beschroomd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Verbrugge","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of durfde","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the circumstance of Duclari’s reproaches","gloss":"faced with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verwyten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verwyten","lemma":"verwijt","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"reproaches"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Duclari","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of verwyten","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaars","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of woord","gloss":"Havelaar’s"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"durfde","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the hoe-clause","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"bouwen","lemma":"bouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of durfde","gloss":"rely"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of noopte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noopte","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"noopte","lemma":"nopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on zaak","gloss":"tempted"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woordbreuk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"woordbreuk","lemma":"woordbreuk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"breach of faith"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h19-s122","source":"En nog iets.","translation":"And one more thing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s122.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of iets","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thing"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h19-s123","source":"Er zyn sedert de gebeurtenissen die ik verhaal, jaren verloopen.","translation":"Years have passed since the events I am recounting.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er zyn sedert de gebeurtenissen … jaren verloopen","title":"Existential 'er' + perfect 'zyn verloopen'","body":"'Er zyn … jaren verloopen' = 'years have passed': 'er' is the existential placeholder, and 'zyn verloopen' is the perfect of 'verlopen' (a change-of-state verb taking 'zijn'). 'Sedert' = 'since'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of verloopen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebeurtenissen","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebeurtenissen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebeurtenissen","lemma":"gebeurtenis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of sedert","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of verhaal","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verhaal","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verhaal","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative-clause verb modifying gebeurtenissen","gloss":"recount"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of verloopen","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"verloopen","lemma":"verlopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the sentence","gloss":"passed"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h19-s124","source":"Havelaar heeft in dien tyd veel geleden, hy heeft zyn gezin zien lyden--de geschriften die voor my liggen, getuigen daarvan!--en 't schynt dat hy gewacht heeft ... ik geef de volgende aanteekening van zyn hand:","translation":"In that time Havelaar suffered much; he saw his family suffer — the papers lying before me bear witness to it! — and it seems he has waited ... I give the following note in his own hand:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy heeft zyn gezin zien lyden","title":"Perception verb 'zien' + bare infinitive","body":"'Heeft … zien lyden' = 'has seen suffer': the perception verb 'zien' takes a bare infinitive 'lyden' (no 'te'), and in the perfect appears as an infinitive itself ('zien', not 'gezien') — the 'IPP' rule."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de geschriften die voor my liggen, getuigen daarvan","title":"Relative 'die' + pronominal 'daarvan'","body":"'Die voor my liggen' relativises 'de geschriften' (de-word plural). 'Getuigen daarvan' ('bear witness to it') uses 'daarvan' ('daar' + 'van') for the thing witnessed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geleden","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geleden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gezin","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gezin","lemma":"gezin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by heeft","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"lyden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of zien","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschriften","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geschriften","lemma":"geschrift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of getuigen","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"oblique complement of liggen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on geschriften","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuigen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"bear witness"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of getuigen","gloss":"to that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links schynt to the preceding clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"dummy subject of schynt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gewacht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gewacht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gewacht","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the dat-clause","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewacht","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanteekening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgende","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies aanteekening","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"aanteekening","lemma":"aantekening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geef","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hand","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hand","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h19-s125","source":"\"Ik heb in de nieuwsbladen gelezen dat de heer Slymering benoemd is tot ridder van den Nederlandschen Leeuw.","translation":"\"I have read in the newspapers that Mr. Slymering has been made a knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de heer Slymering benoemd is tot ridder","title":"zijn-passive 'benoemd is'","body":"'Benoemd is' is the state/perfect passive with 'zijn' ('has been appointed'): the result, not the process, is in view. 'Benoemen tot' ('to appoint as') takes 'tot'. The 'dat'-clause sends 'is' to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nieuwsbladen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nieuwsbladen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwsbladen","lemma":"nieuwsblad","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gelezen","gloss":"newspapers"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of benoemd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive benoemd","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Slymering","lemma":"Slymering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to heer","gloss":"Slymering"},{"surface":"benoemd","lemma":"benoemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the dat-clause","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of benoemd","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ridder","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ridder","lemma":"ridder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement introduced by tot","gloss":"knight"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Leeuw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of Leeuw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Nederlandschen","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Leeuw","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"Leeuw","lemma":"leeuw","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lion"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h19-s126","source":"Hy schynt thans resident van Djokjakarta te wezen.","translation":"He now appears to be Resident of Djokjakarta.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy schynt thans resident … te wezen","title":"'schijnen' + te-infinitive 'te wezen'","body":"'Schynt … te wezen' = 'appears to be': 'schijnen' governs a 'te'-infinitive, here archaic 'wezen' for 'zijn'. 'Thans' is a formal/older word for 'now'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schynt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb governing wezen","gloss":"appears"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schynt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of wezen","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Djokjakarta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Djokjakarta","lemma":"Djokjakarta","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Djokjakarta"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of schynt","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h19-s127","source":"Ik zou dus nu op de Lebaksche zaken kunnen terugkomen zonder gevaar voor Verbrugge.\"","translation":"I could therefore now return to the affairs of Lebak without danger to Verbrugge.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zou … nu … kunnen terugkomen zonder gevaar voor Verbrugge","title":"Conditional 'zou' + modal 'kunnen'","body":"'Zou … kunnen terugkomen' ('could now return') combines the conditional 'zou' with the modal 'kunnen', both governing the separable infinitive 'terugkomen' at the end. 'Lebaksche' is an inflected place-adjective with -sche (period -se)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of terugkomen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of terugkomen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugkomen","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugkomen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by terugkomen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"terugkomen","lemma":"terugkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kunnen","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevaar","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of terugkomen","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Verbrugge","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h19-s128","source":"TWINTIGSTE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"CHAPTER TWENTY","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h19-s128.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"TWINTIGSTE","lemma":"twintigste","morphology":"ordinal numeral","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"twentieth"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the title","gloss":"chapter"}]}]}