{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-2","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 2","translated":"Chapter 2"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-2","lines":116},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-1","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-3","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h2-s1","source":"Daar ik niet weet of gy aan de beurs bekend zyt, wil ik u even zeggen dat Stern een eerst huis is in koffi te Hamburg, dat altyd door Last & Co is bediend geworden.","translation":"Since I do not know whether you are acquainted with the exchange, let me just tell you that Stern is a first-rate coffee house in Hamburg, one that has always been served by Last & Co.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar ik niet weet of gy aan de beurs bekend zyt","title":"Causal Daar + embedded of-question","body":"Daar ('since') is the literary causal conjunction, verb-final (weet). Inside it the indirect yes/no question of gy ... bekend zyt ('whether you are known') is itself verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat altyd door Last & Co is bediend geworden","title":"Perfect passive: is ... geworden","body":"is bediend geworden ('has always been served') is the perfect of the worden-passive, where the participle of worden appears as geworden after the main participle bediend."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of weet","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the embedded question of zijt","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of zijt","gloss":"you","note":"Gy is the historical spelling of the now-archaic pronoun gij."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beurs","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijt","gloss":"acquainted"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"copula linking gij to bekend","gloss":"are","note":"Zyt is the historical spelling of zijt, the archaic second-person form of zijn."},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb governing zeggen","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"first-rate"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Stern to huis","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in, modifying huis","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hamburg","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Hamburg","lemma":"Hamburg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Hamburg"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the relative clause, referring to huis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bediend","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of bediend","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of agent company name","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"compagnie","morphology":"noun, abbreviation, singular","role":"second element of agent company name","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"bediend","lemma":"bedienen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past participle","role":"passive auxiliary of bediend","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h2-s2","source":"Heel toevallig kwam ik daar achter ... ik meen achter de knoeiery van Busselinck & Waterman.","translation":"Quite by chance I got wind of it ... I mean, of the underhanded dealings of Busselinck & Waterman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Heel toevallig kwam ik daar achter","title":"Fronted adverb + separable achterkomen","body":"ergens achterkomen ('to find something out') is separable; the fronted Heel toevallig ('quite by chance') inverts to kwam ik, and daar ... achter strands the prefix."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de knoeiery","title":"knoeiery = underhanded dealing","body":"knoeiery (also knoeierij, 'bungling, jobbery, sharp practice') is from knoeien ('to mess about, cheat'). Droogstoppel hurls it at his rivals' attempt to poach his client."}],"words":[{"surface":"Heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of toevallig","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"toevallig","lemma":"toevallig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb, with daar achter","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of achter","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle complement of kwam","gloss":"out","note":"Er/daar achter komen is an idiom meaning ‘find out about it’ or ‘get wind of it.’"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical correction","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking knoeierij in elliptical correction","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of knoeierij","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"knoeiery","lemma":"knoeierij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of achter","gloss":"underhanded dealings"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of knoeierij","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first coordinated object of van","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Busselinck","gloss":"Waterman"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h2-s3","source":"Zy zouden een kwart procent van de courtage laten vallen--onderkruipers zyn het, anders niet!--en zie nu eens wat ik gedaan heb om dien slag afteweren.","translation":"They were ready to shave a quarter percent off the brokerage—undercutters they are, nothing else!—and now just see what I have done to ward off that blow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zy zouden een kwart procent ... laten vallen","title":"Conditional zouden + causative laten vallen","body":"zouden ... laten vallen ('would let drop/shave off') is the conditional; laten vallen is causative laten plus the bare infinitive vallen, here meaning 'to reduce.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"onderkruipers zyn het, anders niet!","title":"Fronted predicate + dummy het","body":"Fronting the predicate onderkruipers ('undercutters') inverts to zyn het, with het as a placeholder subject pointing back at Busselinck & Waterman."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat ik gedaan heb om dien slag afteweren","title":"Free relative wat + purpose om ... te","body":"wat ik gedaan heb ('what I have done') is a verb-final free relative; afteweren (= af te weren, separable afweren 'to ward off') closes the om-purpose clause. dien slag keeps the old accusative dien."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person plural","role":"subject of zouden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of laten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of kwart","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kwart","lemma":"kwart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of quantity phrase","gloss":"quarter"},{"surface":"procent","lemma":"procent","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"unit complement of kwart","gloss":"percent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking courtage","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of courtage","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"courtage","lemma":"courtage","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"brokerage"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zouden","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"drop"},{"surface":"onderkruipers","lemma":"onderkruiper","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"undercutters"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking het to onderkruipers","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of niet in elliptical phrase","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negative adverb","role":"forms elliptical phrase anders niet","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated imperative clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zie","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal particle","role":"softens the imperative zie","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive afweren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, archaically inflected","role":"determiner of slag","gloss":"that","note":"Dien is an older masculine object form of die."},{"surface":"slag","lemma":"slag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afweren","gloss":"blow"},{"surface":"afteweren","lemma":"afweren","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"purpose complement of gedaan","gloss":"to ward off","note":"This older spelling joins modern af te weren into one word."}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h2-s4","source":"Een ander in myn plaats had misschien aan Ludwig Stern geschreven dat hy ook wat zou laten vallen, dat hy hoopte op konsideratie om de langdurige diensten van Last & Co ... ik heb uitgerekend dat de firma, sedert ruim vyftig jaren, vier ton aan Stern verdiend heeft.","translation":"Another man in my place might perhaps have written to Ludwig Stern that he too would shave something off, that he counted on his consideration for the long-standing services of Last & Co ... I have worked out that, over fully fifty years, the firm has earned Stern four hundred thousand guilders.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een ander in myn plaats had ... aan Ludwig Stern geschreven","title":"Pluperfect for a hypothetical alternative","body":"had ... geschreven ('might have written') is the pluperfect, here a counterfactual 'another man might have ...' set against what Droogstoppel actually did."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy ook wat zou laten vallen","title":"Conditional zou + causative laten vallen","body":"zou laten vallen ('would shave off') again pairs the conditional zou with causative laten + bare infinitive vallen, inside a verb-final dat-clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vier ton","title":"ton = 100,000 guilders","body":"A ton in Dutch money meant 100,000 guilders, so vier ton is 400,000 — an immense sum. Droogstoppel quantifies the relationship as a ledger entry, true to character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"other man"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had geschreven","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ludwig","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ludwig","lemma":"Ludwig","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of geschreven","gloss":"Ludwig"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Ludwig Stern","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first object clause of geschreven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou laten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hy","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of laten vallen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of laten vallen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laten","gloss":"drop","note":"In 'wat laten vallen,' literally 'let something drop,' the phrase means to reduce one's demand or price."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second object clause of geschreven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoopte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hoopte","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second object clause","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking konsideratie","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"konsideratie","lemma":"consideratie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"consideration"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the grounds for konsideratie","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of diensten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"langdurige","lemma":"langdurig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies diensten","gloss":"long-standing"},{"surface":"diensten","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of om","gloss":"services"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Last","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"Co","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the company name Last & Co","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitgerekend","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgerekend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"uitgerekend","lemma":"uitrekenen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with heb","gloss":"worked out"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verdiend","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of firma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft verdiend","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the time span jaren","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ruim","lemma":"ruim","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vyftig","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"vyftig","lemma":"vijftig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of sedert","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"vier","lemma":"vier","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies ton","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft verdiend","gloss":"hundred thousand guilders","note":"A 'ton' is one hundred thousand guilders here, so 'vier ton' is four hundred thousand guilders."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Stern","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"verdiend","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with heeft","gloss":"earned"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verdiend","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h2-s5","source":"Die konnexie dateert van 't kontinentaal stelsel, toen wy dekoloniale waren insmokkelden van Helgoland. Ja, wie weet wat 'n ander al zoo zou geschreven hebben.","translation":"That connection dates from the Continental System, when we smuggled colonial goods in from Heligoland. Yes, who knows what some other man might have written.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die konnexie dateert van 't kontinentaal stelsel","title":"Present tense dateren van","body":"dateert van ('dates from') is a simple present stating an enduring fact. konnexie and kontinentaal show the period habit of writing k where modern Dutch keeps c."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen wy dekoloniale waren insmokkelden","title":"toen + separable insmokkelen (past)","body":"toen ('when', past) sends the verb to the end; insmokkelen ('to smuggle in') is separable, reunited as insmokkelden in this verb-final clause. de koloniale waren = 'the colonial goods.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of konnexie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"konnexie","lemma":"connectie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of dateert","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"dateert","lemma":"dateren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dates"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stelsel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"contracted determiner","role":"determiner of stelsel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontinentaal","lemma":"continentaal","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stelsel","gloss":"Continental"},{"surface":"stelsel","lemma":"stelsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of dateert","gloss":"System"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of insmokkelden","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of insmokkelden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"dekoloniale","lemma":"de + koloniaal","morphology":"fused determiner and adjective","role":"determines and modifies waren","gloss":"the colonial","note":"The printed form fuses 'de koloniale' without a space."},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"waar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of insmokkelden","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"insmokkelden","lemma":"insmokkelen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"smuggled in"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Helgoland","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Helgoland","lemma":"Helgoland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Heligoland"},{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb governing the indirect question","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of geschreven hebben","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"'n","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"subject of zou geschreven hebben","gloss":"other man"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zoo","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of geschreven","gloss":"sorts of","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch 'zo'; 'al zoo' adds a loose sense of what all someone might do."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geschreven hebben","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the indirect question","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary governed by zou","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h2-s6","source":"Maar neen, onderkruipen doe ik niet. Ik ben naar Polen gegaan liet me pen en papier geven, en schreef:","translation":"But no, undercutting is not my way. I went to Polen's, had pen and paper brought to me, and wrote:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"onderkruipen doe ik niet","title":"Fronted infinitive + do-support + niet","body":"Fronting onderkruipen ('undercutting') for contrast forces the prop verb doe and inversion: 'undercutting I do not.' The same emphatic werkwoord-fronting seen earlier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben naar Polen gegaan liet me pen en papier geven","title":"Perfect of gaan with zijn + causative laten","body":"ben ... gegaan ('went') uses zijn for a verb of motion; liet ... geven is causative laten in the past ('had pen and paper brought'). Polen('s) is a café."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links with the preceding thought","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"onderkruipen","lemma":"onderkruipen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"fronted complement of doe","gloss":"undercut"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb supporting underkruipen","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates doe onderkruipen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gegaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the destination Polen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Polen","lemma":"Polen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Polen's","note":"Polen is a person's surname; 'naar Polen' means to Polen's premises."},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with ben","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with ben gegaan and schreef","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"pen","lemma":"pen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"pen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"papier","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of liet","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with liet","gloss":"wrote"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h2-s7","source":"Dat de groote uitbreiding die onze zaken den laatsten tyd genomen hadden, vooral door de vele geëerde orders uit Noord-Duitschland ... 't Is de zuivere waarheid!","translation":"That the great expansion our business had lately undergone, owing above all to the many esteemed orders out of North Germany ... It is the pure truth!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de groote uitbreiding die onze zaken ... genomen hadden","title":"Relative die + pluperfect","body":"die ('which') opens a relative clause ending in the pluperfect genomen hadden ('had taken/undergone'). den laatsten tyd ('lately') carries the old accusative den."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"geëerde orders","title":"geëerde = esteemed (commercial register)","body":"geëerde ('esteemed, honored') is the stiff, flattering commercial-letter register Droogstoppel adopts. The diaeresis on ë marks that the e is sounded separately from the preceding e."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the unfinished statement continued in h2-s8","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitbreiding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uitbreiding","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"uitbreiding","lemma":"uitbreiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"topic resumed by die uitbreiding in h2-s8","gloss":"expansion"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of genomen hadden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of genomen hadden","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical inflected form","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time expression with den laatsten","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause","gloss":"undergone"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of genomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies door de vele orders","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orders","gloss":"owing to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of orders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies orders","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"geëerde","lemma":"eren","morphology":"past participle used as adjective","role":"modifies orders","gloss":"esteemed"},{"surface":"orders","lemma":"order","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Noord-Duitschland","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Noord-Duitschland","lemma":"Noord-Duitsland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of uit","gloss":"North Germany"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"contracted pronoun","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject to waarheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zuivere","lemma":"zuiver","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies waarheid","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h2-s8","source":"...dat die uitbreiding eenige vermeerdering van ons personeel noodzakelyk maakte. 't Is de waarheid!","translation":"...that this expansion made some enlargement of our staff necessary. It is the truth!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat die uitbreiding eenige vermeerdering ... noodzakelyk maakte","title":"dat-clause, verb-final","body":"This fragment of the business letter is a verb-final dat-clause ending in maakte ('made'). noodzakelyk maken = 'to make necessary.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause completing the statement from h2-s7","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of uitbreiding","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"uitbreiding","lemma":"uitbreiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"expansion"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vermeerdering","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"vermeerdering","lemma":"vermeerdering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"enlargement"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personeel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of personeel","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"personeel","lemma":"personeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"noodzakelyk","lemma":"noodzakelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of maakte","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"contracted pronoun","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject to waarheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h2-s9","source":"Gister-avend nog was de boekhouder na elven op 't kantoor, om zyn bril te zoeken.","translation":"Why, only yesterday evening the bookkeeper was at the office past eleven, looking for his spectacles.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Gister-avend nog was de boekhouder na elven op 't kantoor","title":"Fronted time phrase + V2 inversion","body":"The fronted Gister-avend nog ('only yesterday evening') inverts to was de boekhouder. na elven = 'past eleven (o'clock),' with the old plural-ish -en on the hour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om zyn bril te zoeken","title":"Purpose om ... te","body":"om ... te zoeken ('in order to look for his glasses') is a purpose clause. Droogstoppel slips it in to 'prove' how busy the office is — comic anticlimax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gister-avend","lemma":"gisteravond","morphology":"adverb","role":"time modifier of was","gloss":"yesterday evening"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes Gister-avend","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main locative verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boekhouder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boekhouder","lemma":"boekhouder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"bookkeeper"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elven","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"elven","lemma":"elf","morphology":"substantivized numeral","role":"object of na","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 't","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"contracted determiner","role":"determiner of kantoor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive zoeken","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of bril","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bril","lemma":"bril","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zoeken","gloss":"spectacles"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying was","gloss":"look for"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h2-s10","source":"Dat vooral zich de behoefte deed gevoelen aan fatsoenlyke, welopgevoede jongelieden, voor de korrespondentie in het duitsch.","translation":"That the need made itself felt above all for respectable, well-bred young men, for the correspondence in German.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat vooral zich de behoefte deed gevoelen","title":"Reflexive zich + causative-like doen gevoelen","body":"zich doen gevoelen ('to make itself felt') combines the reflexive zich with doen + bare infinitive gevoelen. Inside the dat-clause the verbs cluster at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces another clause in the letter","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deed","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of gevoelen","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of behoefte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of deed gevoelen","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"causative finite verb with gevoelen","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"gevoelen","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of deed","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of behoefte","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyke","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies jongelieden","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"welopgevoede","lemma":"welopgevoed","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies jongelieden","gloss":"well-bred"},{"surface":"jongelieden","lemma":"jongelieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"young men"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking korrespondentie","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of korrespondentie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"korrespondentie","lemma":"correspondentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"correspondence"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking duitsch","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of duitsch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duitsch","lemma":"Duits","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"German"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h2-s11","source":"Dat wel-is-waar veel duitsche jongelingen, in Amsterdam aanwezig, hiertoe de vereischte bekwaamheden bezaten, maar dat een huis dat zich respekteert ... 't Is de zuivere waarheid!","translation":"That, true enough, many young Germans now in Amsterdam possessed the requisite qualifications for this, but that a house which respects itself ... It is the pure truth!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"veel duitsche jongelingen ... hiertoe de vereischte bekwaamheden bezaten","title":"Pronominal adverb hiertoe + verb-final dat","body":"hiertoe ('for this') is hier- + toe replacing voor dit. The dat-clause ends in bezaten (strong past of bezitten, 'possessed')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een huis dat zich respekteert","title":"Reflexive zich respecteren","body":"zich respecteren ('to respect itself') is reflexive; the relative dat (huis is a het-word, so dat not die) sends the verb to the end. respekteert shows k-for-c period spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces another clause in the letter","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wel-is-waar","lemma":"weliswaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of bezaten","gloss":"true enough","note":"Historical hyphenated spelling of modern Dutch 'weliswaar'."},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jongelingen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"duitsche","lemma":"Duits","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies jongelingen","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"jongelingen","lemma":"jongeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of bezaten","gloss":"young men"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amsterdam","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Amsterdam","lemma":"Amsterdam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"surface":"aanwezig","lemma":"aanwezig","morphology":"adjective","role":"postpositive modifier of jongelingen","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezaten","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bekwaamheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vereischte","lemma":"vereist","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bekwaamheden","gloss":"required"},{"surface":"bekwaamheden","lemma":"bekwaamheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bezaten","gloss":"qualifications"},{"surface":"bezaten","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two dat-clauses contrastively","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting unfinished clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the unfinished contrasting clause","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of respekteert","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of respekteert","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"respekteert","lemma":"respecteren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on huis","gloss":"respects"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"contracted pronoun","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject to waarheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zuivere","lemma":"zuiver","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies waarheid","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h2-s12","source":"...by de toenemende ligtzinnigheid en onzedelykheid onder de jeugd, by het dagelyks aangroeien van het getal fortuinzoekers, en met het oog op de noodzakelykheid om soliditeit van gedrag, hand-aan-hand te doen gaan met soliditeit in de uitvoering, van de gegeven orders ... 't Is, waarachtig, alles de zuivere waarheid!","translation":"...given the growing frivolity and immorality among the young, the daily swelling of the number of fortune-hunters, and with an eye to the necessity of making soundness of conduct go hand in hand with soundness in carrying out the orders entrusted to one ... It is, truly, all of it the pure truth!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"met het oog op de noodzakelykheid om soliditeit ... hand-aan-hand te doen gaan","title":"om ... te + doen + bare infinitive gaan","body":"om ... te doen gaan ('to make go hand in hand') is a purpose clause whose te governs doen, which itself takes the bare infinitive gaan. Bureaucratic letter-Dutch piled high."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"by het dagelyks aangroeien van het getal fortuinzoekers","title":"Nominalized infinitive aangroeien","body":"het aangroeien ('the swelling') is a separable infinitive (aangroeien) nominalized with het, modified by the adverb dagelyks. fortuinzoekers = compound 'fortune-hunters.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ligtzinnigheid","gloss":"given","note":"Old spelling of bij; here it introduces a circumstance meaning ‘given’ or ‘in view of’."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ligtzinnigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toenemende","lemma":"toenemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"modifies ligtzinnigheid and onzedelijkheid","gloss":"growing"},{"surface":"ligtzinnigheid","lemma":"lichtzinnigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onzedelykheid","lemma":"onzedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with lichtzinnigheid","gloss":"immorality"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jeugd","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jeugd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aangroeien","gloss":"given","note":"Old spelling of bij; here it introduces a second circumstance."},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aangroeien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dagelyks","lemma":"dagelijks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangroeien","gloss":"daily"},{"surface":"aangroeien","lemma":"aangroeien","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"swelling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking getal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of getal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"getal","lemma":"getal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aangroeien","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"fortuinzoekers","lemma":"fortuinzoeker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of getal","gloss":"fortune-hunters"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase met het oog op","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of the phrase met het oog op","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase met het oog op","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase met het oog op","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of noodzakelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noodzakelykheid","lemma":"noodzakelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"necessity"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause with doen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"soliditeit","lemma":"soliditeit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gaan","gloss":"soundness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gedrag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gedrag","lemma":"gedrag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies soliditeit","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"hand-aan-hand","lemma":"hand in hand","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies gaan","gloss":"hand in hand"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of noodzakelijkheid","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of doen","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soliditeit","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"soliditeit","lemma":"soliditeit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of gaan","gloss":"soundness"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitvoering","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitvoering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitvoering","lemma":"uitvoering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of soliditeit","gloss":"carrying out"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orders","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of orders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"modifies orders","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"orders","lemma":"order","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of uitvoering","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it","note":"’t is a contracted form of het."},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject to waarheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waarachtig","lemma":"waarachtig","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"emphasizes the truth of the statement","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying subject 't","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zuivere","lemma":"zuiver","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies waarheid","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h2-s13","source":"...dat zulk een huis--ik bedoel Last & Co, makelaars in koffi, Lauriergracht N°. 37--niet omzichtig genoeg wezen kon met het engageeren van sujetten.","translation":"...that a house such as this—I mean Last & Co, coffee brokers, Lauriergracht No. 37—could not be too cautious in the engaging of clerks.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zulk een huis ... niet omzichtig genoeg wezen kon","title":"Modal kon + bare infinitive wezen, verb-final","body":"The dat-clause ends in wezen kon (bare infinitive wezen + modal kon, 'could not be'). niet ... genoeg = 'not ... enough.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"het engageeren van sujetten","title":"engageeren / sujetten — French-flavored business jargon","body":"engageeren ('to engage, hire') and sujetten ('clerks, persons') are French loans giving the letter a pretentious commercial polish. The -ee- in engageeren is the 1860 doubled-vowel spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wezen kon","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bedoel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bedoel","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to huis","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"Co","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of company name Last & Co","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"makelaars","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to Last & Co","gloss":"brokers"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"address of Last & Co","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces street number 37","gloss":"No.","note":"N° abbreviates nummer; the tokenizer omits the degree sign and following number."},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet genoeg","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"omzichtig","lemma":"omzichtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"cautious"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet genoeg","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing engageeren","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of engageeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"engageeren","lemma":"engageren","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"engaging","note":"Engageeren is the older spelling of engageren, here used as a nominalized infinitive."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sujetten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sujetten","lemma":"sujet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of engageeren","gloss":"clerks","note":"Sujet is a dated, disparaging word for a person; here it means a clerk or employee."}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h2-s14","source":"Dit alles is de zuivere waarheid, lezer! Weet ge wel, dat de jonge Duitscher, die op de beurs by pilaar 17 stond, weggeloopen is met de dochter van Busselinck & Waterman?","translation":"All of this is the pure truth, reader! Do you know that the young German who used to stand by pillar 17 at the exchange ran off with the daughter of Busselinck & Waterman?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Weet ge wel, dat de jonge Duitscher ... weggeloopen is","title":"Perfect of separable weglopen with zijn","body":"weggeloopen is ('has run off') is the perfect of separable weglopen, taking zijn (motion). The dat-clause is verb-final. ge is literary 'you.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die op de beurs by pilaar 17 stond","title":"Relative die + simple past stond","body":"die opens a relative clause modifying Duitscher, verb-final with stond (strong past of staan). by pilaar 17 = 'by pillar 17,' a real exchange landmark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"head of subject phrase dit alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying dit","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit alles to waarheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zuivere","lemma":"zuiver","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies waarheid","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"Weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle reinforcing the question","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weggeloopen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Duitscher","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Duitscher","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"Duitscher","lemma":"Duitser","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is weggeloopen","gloss":"German","note":"Duitscher is the historical spelling of Duitser."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beurs","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pilaar","gloss":"by","note":"By is the older spelling of bij."},{"surface":"pilaar","lemma":"pilaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"pillar"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying Duitscher","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"weggeloopen","lemma":"weglopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"run off","note":"Weggeloopen is the historical spelling of weggelopen."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of weggeloopen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dochter","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Busselinck","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of company name modifying dochter","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of company name Busselinck & Waterman","gloss":"Waterman"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h2-s15","source":"Onze Marie wordt ook al dertien in September.","translation":"Our Marie too turns thirteen this September.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Onze Marie wordt ook al dertien in September","title":"worden as the verb 'to become/turn'","body":"wordt here is full verb 'to become/turn' (an age), not a passive auxiliary: 'Marie turns thirteen.' al adds 'already.' The bland aside drips with marriage-market calculation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of Marie","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of wordt","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turns"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Marie","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the approaching age","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"dertien","lemma":"dertien","morphology":"numeral","role":"complement of wordt","gloss":"thirteen"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking September","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"September","lemma":"september","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"September"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h2-s16","source":"...dat ik de eer had gehad van den heer Saffeler te vernemen --Saffeler reist voor Stern--dat de geachte chef der firma, de heer Ludwig Stern, een zoon had, den heer Ernest Stern, die ter volmaking zyner kommercieele kennis, eenigen tyd in een hollandsch huis wenschte geëmploieerd te zyn. Dat ik met het oog op ...","translation":"...that I had had the honor of learning from Mr. Saffeler—Saffeler travels for Stern—that the firm's esteemed head, Mr. Ludwig Stern, had a son, Mr. Ernest Stern, who, to perfect his commercial knowledge, wished to be employed for a while in a Dutch house. That with an eye to ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik de eer had gehad ... te vernemen","title":"Pluperfect + te-infinitive","body":"had gehad ('had had') is a pluperfect; de eer hebben te + infinitive ('to have the honor to learn') governs te vernemen. Stiffly formal letter-Dutch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ter volmaking zyner kommercieele kennis ... wenschte geëmploieerd te zyn","title":"Genitive zyner + passive te-infinitive","body":"zyner ('of his') is an inflected genitive possessive; ter volmaking = 'for the perfecting (of).' geëmploieerd te zyn ('to be employed') is a passive te-infinitive after wenschte."}],"words":[{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gehad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gehad","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking source Saffeler","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Saffeler","lemma":"Saffeler","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to heer","gloss":"Saffeler"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces vernemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vernemen","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of eer gehad","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"Saffeler","lemma":"Saffeler","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of reist","gloss":"Saffeler"},{"surface":"reist","lemma":"reizen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"travels"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Stern","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of voor","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of vernemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of chef","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geachte","lemma":"geacht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies chef","gloss":"esteemed"},{"surface":"chef","lemma":"chef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive","role":"determiner of firma","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of chef","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to chef","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Ludwig","lemma":"Ludwig","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of name Ludwig Stern","gloss":"Ludwig"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of name Ludwig Stern","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zoon","lemma":"zoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to zoon","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Ernest","lemma":"Ernest","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of name Ernest Stern","gloss":"Ernest"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of name Ernest Stern","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of wenschte","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"fused preposition and determiner","role":"introduces purpose phrase volmaking","gloss":"for the","note":"Ter is an archaic contraction of te der, here meaning ‘for the’."},{"surface":"volmaking","lemma":"volmaking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of ter","gloss":"perfecting"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaic genitive","role":"determiner of kennis","gloss":"of his","note":"Zyner is an archaic genitive form of zijn, meaning ‘of his’."},{"surface":"kommercieele","lemma":"commercieel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kennis","gloss":"commercial"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of volmaking","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial duration of geëmploieerd te zyn","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"Dutch","note":"Hollandsch is the historical spelling of Hollands."},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"geëmploieerd","lemma":"employeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"employed","note":"Geëmploieerd is a dated borrowing meaning ‘employed’."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wenschte","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces unfinished clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of omitted continuation","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of phrase met het oog op","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of phrase met het oog op","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of phrase met het oog op","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of phrase met het oog op","gloss":"to"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h2-s17","source":"Hier herhaalde ik weer al die onzedelykheid, en vertelde de geschiedenis der dochter van Busselinck & Waterman. Niet om iemand zwart te maken ... neen, bekladden ligt nu juist heelemaal niet in myn manier!","translation":"Here I rehearsed all that immorality again, and recounted the affair of the daughter of Busselinck & Waterman. Not to blacken anyone ... no, smearing people is really not at all my way!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hier herhaalde ik weer al die onzedelykheid","title":"Fronted Hier + V2 inversion (past)","body":"The fronted adverb Hier inverts to herhaalde ik ('here I rehearsed'). herhaalde is the weak past of herhalen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de geschiedenis der dochter van Busselinck & Waterman","title":"Genitive der dochter","body":"der dochter ('of the daughter') is a frozen genitive governing the feminine noun, the 1860 alternative to van de dochter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"bekladden ligt nu juist heelemaal niet in myn manier","title":"Nominalized infinitive bekladden as subject","body":"bekladden ('smearing, slandering') is an infinitive used as the bare subject noun. iets ligt in mijn manier = 'is in my way/nature.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies herhaalde","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"herhaalde","lemma":"herhalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rehearsed"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of herhaalde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies herhaalde","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"modifies die onzedelykheid","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onzedelykheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"onzedelykheid","lemma":"onzedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of herhaalde","gloss":"immorality"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vertelde","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with herhaalde","gloss":"recounted"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vertelde","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of geschiedenis","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Busselinck","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies dochter","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of company name Busselinck & Waterman","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"Niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"zwart","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of maken","gloss":"black","note":"Iemand zwart maken is an idiom meaning to malign or blacken someone's name."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying preceding statement","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection rejecting that motive","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"bekladden","lemma":"bekladden","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"smearing people","note":"Literally ‘smearing’; here it means maligning people."},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb emphasizing the present claim","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes heelemaal niet","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"heelemaal","lemma":"helemaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manier","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of manier","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"manier","lemma":"manier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h2-s18","source":"Maar ... het kan nooit kwaad dat ze 't weten, dunkt me. ...dat ik met het oog dáárop, niets liever wenschte dan den heer Ernest Stern belast te zien met de duitsche korrespondentie van ons huis.","translation":"But ... it can never hurt for them to know it, I should think. ...that with an eye to that, I wished for nothing better than to see Mr. Ernest Stern entrusted with the German correspondence of our house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het kan nooit kwaad dat ze 't weten, dunkt me","title":"Modal kan + impersonal dunkt me","body":"het kan ... kwaad ('it can do no harm') with the dat-clause verb-final (weten); dunkt me ('it seems to me') is an old impersonal verb with the dative me."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik ... den heer Ernest Stern belast te zien ... wenschte","title":"te-infinitive belast te zien","body":"niets liever wenschen dan ... te zien ('to wish nothing better than to see') governs a te-infinitive; belast te zien = 'to see entrusted.' den heer keeps the old accusative den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb governing kwaad","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwaad","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"kwaad","lemma":"kwaad","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of kan","gloss":"hurt"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of kan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person plural","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, reduced form","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"finite verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dunkt","lemma":"dunken","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb in parenthetical expression","gloss":"seems","note":"The impersonal expression het dunkt me means ‘it seems to me’ or ‘I should think.’"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of dunkt","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reported-content clause of wenschte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wenschte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the phrase met het oog daarop","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met in the idiom met het oog op","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"dáárop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb, emphatic","role":"completes the idiom met het oog op","gloss":"to that","note":"The accent marks emphasize dáár, ‘that’; met het oog daarop means ‘with an eye to that.’"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of wenschte","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies wenschte in niets liever dan","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular, historical spelling","role":"finite verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison after liever","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Ernest","lemma":"Ernest","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first name in apposition to heer","gloss":"Ernest"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname completing Ernest Stern","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"belast","lemma":"belasten","morphology":"past participle","role":"object complement of heer after zien","gloss":"entrusted"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wenschte","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of belast","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of korrespondentie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duitsche","lemma":"Duits","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical spelling","role":"modifies korrespondentie","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"korrespondentie","lemma":"correspondentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"object of met","gloss":"correspondence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of korrespondentie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person plural","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; denotes the firm","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h2-s19","source":"Uit kiesheid vermeed ik alle toespeling op honorarium of salaris.","translation":"Out of delicacy I avoided every allusion to fee or salary.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Uit kiesheid vermeed ik alle toespeling","title":"Fronted PP + strong past vermeed","body":"The fronted Uit kiesheid ('out of delicacy') inverts to vermeed ik; vermeed is the strong past of vermijden ('to avoid'), with vowel change ij to ee."}],"words":[{"surface":"Uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a phrase of motive","gloss":"Out of"},{"surface":"kiesheid","lemma":"kiesheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"delicacy"},{"surface":"vermeed","lemma":"vermijden","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of the sentence","gloss":"avoided"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vermeed","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of toespeling","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"toespeling","lemma":"toespeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vermeed","gloss":"allusion"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of toespeling","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"honorarium","lemma":"honorarium","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"fee"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates honorarium and salaris","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"salaris","lemma":"salaris","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of op","gloss":"salary"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h2-s20","source":"Maar ik voegde er by: Dat, indien de heer Ernest Stern het verblyf ten onzen huize --Lauriergracht N° 37--wilde voor lief nemen, myn vrouw zich bereid verklaarde als een moeder voor hem te zorgen, en dat zyn linnengoed in huis zou versteld worden.","translation":"But I added: That, should Mr. Ernest Stern be willing to make do with lodging in our house—Lauriergracht No. 37—my wife declared herself ready to care for him like a mother, and that his linen would be mended in the house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar ik voegde er by","title":"Separable erbij voegen","body":"erbij voegen ('to add') is separable and built on the pronominal er: voegde ... er ... by, 'I added (to it).'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"indien de heer Ernest Stern het verblyf ... wilde voor lief nemen","title":"Archaic conditional indien + modal wilde","body":"indien ('if') is the formal/literary equivalent of als, verb-final with modal wilde plus the bare-infinitive idiom voor lief nemen ('to make do with')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zyn linnengoed in huis zou versteld worden","title":"Conditional passive: zou ... worden","body":"zou ... versteld worden ('would be mended') combines the conditional zou with the worden-passive (participle versteld + worden). zyn linnengoed = 'his linen.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of voegde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voegde","lemma":"voegen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"finite verb governing the added content","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement in er ... bij voegen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"completes the split pronominal adverb er ... bij","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content added to the letter","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of wilde","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Ernest","lemma":"Ernest","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first name in apposition to heer","gloss":"Ernest"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname completing Ernest Stern","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of verblijf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verblyf","lemma":"verblijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, historical spelling","role":"direct object of voor lief nemen","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and article, historical dative form","role":"introduces the locative phrase ten onzen huize","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"onzen","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person plural, historical dative form","role":"determiner of huize","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"huize","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, historical dative form","role":"object of ten","gloss":"house","note":"Ten onzen huize is an old case-form expression meaning ‘in our house.’"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"address in apposition to onzen huize","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces the house number in the address","gloss":"No."},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb governing nemen","gloss":"were willing"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition in fixed expression","role":"part of voor lief nemen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"lief","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective in fixed expression","role":"part of voor lief nemen","gloss":"acceptable"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde in voor lief nemen","gloss":"accept","note":"Voor lief nemen is an idiom meaning to accept or make do with something less than ideal."},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular, historical spelling","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verklaarde","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"reflexive object of verklaarde","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"bereid","lemma":"bereid","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement after verklaarde","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"verklaarde","lemma":"verklaren","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the main content clause","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces the comparison als een moeder","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of comparative als","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of zorgen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person masculine singular, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zorgen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zorgen","lemma":"zorgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of bereid","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two dat-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the coordinated clause of zou","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person masculine singular, historical spelling","role":"determiner of linnengoed","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"linnengoed","lemma":"linnengoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass singular","role":"subject of the passive zou versteld worden","gloss":"linen"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a locative phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite modal auxiliary of versteld worden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"versteld","lemma":"verstellen","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb in the passive construction","gloss":"mended"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, infinitive","role":"forms the passive with versteld","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h2-s21","source":"Dit is de zuivere waarheid, want Marie stopt en maast heel lief. En ten-slotte:","translation":"This is the pure truth, for Marie darns and mends very prettily. And finally:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want Marie stopt en maast heel lief","title":"Coordinating want (no verb-final)","body":"want ('for, because') is a coordinating conjunction, so its clause keeps normal V2 order: stopt en maast stay in second position, unlike omdat which would push them to the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"stopt en maast","title":"stoppen / mazen = to darn and mend","body":"stoppen ('to darn') and mazen (here maast, 'to mend net-like holes') are domestic needlework verbs. Droogstoppel offers his daughter's chores as a selling point to lodge Stern's son cheaply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third-person singular","role":"links Dit to waarheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zuivere","lemma":"zuiver","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies waarheid","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of stopt and maast","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"stopt","lemma":"stoppen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"first coordinated finite verb","gloss":"darns"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates stopt and maast","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"maast","lemma":"mazen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"second coordinated finite verb","gloss":"mends"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies lief","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"lief","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stopt and maast","gloss":"prettily"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the final item in the letter","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ten-slotte","lemma":"ten slotte","morphology":"adverb, historical hyphenation","role":"sentence adverb introducing h2-s22","gloss":"finally"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h2-s22","source":"Dat by ons de Heer gediend werd. Die kan hy in zyn zak steken, want de Sterns zyn Luthersch.","translation":"That with us the Lord was served. He can pocket that one, for the Sterns are Lutheran.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat by ons de Heer gediend werd","title":"Process passive in the past: werd ... gediend","body":"gediend werd ('was served') is a worden-passive in the simple past (werd). The fronted by ons inverts the order. de Heer = 'the Lord.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die kan hy in zyn zak steken","title":"Fronted object Die + modal kan","body":"Fronting the object Die ('that one') inverts to kan hy; the modal kan takes the bare infinitive steken. iets in zijn zak steken = 'to pocket something,' here meaning 'he can keep that point.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the final content clause after h2-s21","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces the locative phrase bij ons","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person plural, object form","role":"object of bij","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"Heer","morphology":"noun used as divine title, masculine singular","role":"subject of the passive gediend werd","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"gediend","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb in the passive construction","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, past, third-person singular","role":"forms the passive with gediend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of steken; refers to the last point","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite auxiliary governing steken","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person masculine singular, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in zijn zak steken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person masculine singular, historical spelling","role":"determiner of zak","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zak","lemma":"zak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in in an idiomatic phrase","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"steken","lemma":"steken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"put","note":"Iets in zijn zak steken literally means ‘put something in his pocket,’ here smugly count it as a point gained."},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of Sterns","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sterns","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, family-name plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"Sterns"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third-person plural, historical spelling","role":"links Sterns to Luthersch","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"Luthersch","lemma":"luthers","morphology":"adjective, predicative, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"Lutheran"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h2-s23","source":"En ik verzond myn brief. Ge begrypt dat de oude Stern niet goedschiks by Busselinck & Waterman kan overgaan, als de jonge by ons aan 't kantoor is.","translation":"And I sent off my letter. You will understand that old Stern cannot decently cross over to Busselinck & Waterman while the son is here at our office.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge begrypt dat de oude Stern niet goedschiks ... kan overgaan","title":"Modal kan + separable overgaan, verb-final","body":"The dat-clause is verb-final, ending in kan overgaan (modal + bare infinitive of separable overgaan, 'to cross over'). niet goedschiks = 'not in good grace, not decently.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als de jonge by ons aan 't kantoor is","title":"als-clause, verb-final","body":"The als-clause ('while the young one is at our office') is verb-final, ending in is. de jonge = 'the young one (son).'"}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the next event","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of verzond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verzond","lemma":"verzenden","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent off"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular, historical spelling","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verzond","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of begrijpt","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular, historical spelling","role":"finite verb governing the dat-clause","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of begrijpt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Stern","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Stern","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negating adverb","role":"negates kan overgaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"goedschiks","lemma":"goedschiks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overgaan","gloss":"decently"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces the destination after overgaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first name of the firm; object of bij","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second name of the firm Busselinck & Waterman","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite auxiliary governing overgaan","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"overgaan","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"cross over"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a temporal-circumstantial clause","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of substantivized jonge","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"substantivized adjective, masculine singular","role":"subject of is; denotes young Stern","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces the locative phrase bij ons","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person plural, object form","role":"object of bij","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase aan het kantoor","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, reduced form","role":"determiner of kantoor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the als-clause","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h2-s24","source":"Ik ben zeer benieuwd naar het antwoord. Om nu terug te komen op myn boek.","translation":"I am very curious about the answer. But to come back now to my book.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Om nu terug te komen op myn boek","title":"om ... te with separable terugkomen","body":"Om ... terug te komen op ('to come back to') is a purpose/transition clause; separable terugkomen splits around te as terug te komen. A stock phrase for steering the digression back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, first-person singular","role":"links Ik to benieuwd","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies benieuwd","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"benieuwd","lemma":"benieuwd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of benieuwd","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating infinitive marker","role":"introduces the purpose/discourse infinitive om ... te komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugkomen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of terugkomen","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"terugkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, separated from terug","role":"main verb of the om ... te construction","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of terugkomen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular, historical spelling","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"book"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h2-s25","source":"Voor eenigen tyd kom ik 's avends door de Kalverstraat, en bleef staan kyken naar den winkel van een kruienier, die zich bezighield met het sorteeren van een partytje Java, ordinair, mooi-geel, Cheribonaard, iets gebroken, met veegsel, dat me zeer interesseerde, want ik let altyd op alles. Daar viel my op-eenmaal een heer in 't oog, die daarnaast voor een boekwinkel stond en me bekend voorkwam.","translation":"A while ago I was passing one evening through the Kalverstraat, and stopped to look into the shop of a grocer who was busy sorting a small lot of Java—common grade, pretty yellow, Cheribon sort, a little broken, with sweepings—which interested me greatly, for I always keep an eye on everything. Then all at once a gentleman caught my notice who was standing nearby in front of a bookshop and seemed familiar to me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kom ik 's avends door de Kalverstraat, en bleef staan kyken","title":"Historic present + staan blijven + bare infinitive","body":"Droogstoppel slides into the historic present (kom) for vividness, then back to past (bleef). blyven staan kyken stacks bare infinitives ('stopped to look'). 's avends = 's avonds, 'in the evening.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar viel my op-eenmaal een heer in 't oog","title":"Separable opvallen / in het oog vallen + fronted Daar","body":"in het oog vallen ('to catch the eye') splits as viel ... in 't oog; the fronted Daar inverts to viel my, with my (= mij) as the dative experiencer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"determiner, inflected, archaic spelling","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition Voor","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular, historic present","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"was passing"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kom","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"contracted genitive article","role":"part of adverbial phrase 's avonds","gloss":"in the","note":"’s is a fossilized contraction of des in time expressions."},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, fossilized genitive","role":"part of adverbial phrase 's avonds","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Kalverstraat","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Kalverstraat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kalverstraat","lemma":"Kalverstraat","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of preposition door","gloss":"Kalverstraat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with kom","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of the progressive construction bleef staan kijken","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"kyken","lemma":"kijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic spelling","role":"infinitive complement in bleef staan kijken","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking winkel","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative, archaic form","role":"determiner of winkel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"winkel","lemma":"winkel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition naar","gloss":"shop"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kruienier","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kruienier","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kruienier","lemma":"kruidenier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic spelling","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"grocer"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bezighield","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of bezighield","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"bezighield","lemma":"bezighouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying kruienier","gloss":"kept busy"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sorteeren","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sorteeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sorteeren","lemma":"sorteren","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular, archaic spelling","role":"object of preposition met","gloss":"sorting"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking partytje","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of partytje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"partytje","lemma":"partijtje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive, archaic spelling","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"small lot"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun used as coffee designation","role":"complement specifying partijtje","gloss":"Java coffee"},{"surface":"ordinair","lemma":"ordinair","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"describes the Java coffee","gloss":"common grade"},{"surface":"mooi-geel","lemma":"mooi-geel","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"describes the Java coffee","gloss":"pretty yellow"},{"surface":"Cheribonaard","lemma":"Cheribonaard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coffee-grade designation in apposition to Java","gloss":"Cheribon sort","note":"Cheribonaard denotes coffee of the Cheribon type or origin."},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"adverb of degree","role":"modifies gebroken","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"gebroken","lemma":"breken","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"describes the Java coffee","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veegsel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"veegsel","lemma":"veegsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition met","gloss":"sweepings"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of interesseerde, referring to veegsel","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, unstressed object form","role":"direct object of interesseerde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies interesseerde","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"interesseerde","lemma":"interesseren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying veegsel","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of let","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"let","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of clause introduced by want","gloss":"pay attention"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb, archaic spelling","role":"modifies let","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of preposition op","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"fronted adverbial modifying viel","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, dative object, archaic spelling","role":"indirect object of viel","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"opeenmaal","morphology":"adverb, historical hyphenation","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"contracted determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition in; part of idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"notice","note":"In het oog vallen means ‘to catch someone’s notice.’"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of stond and voorkwam, referring to heer","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"daarnaast","lemma":"daarnaast","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boekwinkel","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boekwinkel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"boekwinkel","lemma":"boekwinkel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition voor","gloss":"bookshop"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying heer","gloss":"was standing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, unstressed object form","role":"indirect object of voorkwam","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of voorkwam","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"voorkwam","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated verb in relative clause modifying heer","gloss":"seemed"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h2-s26","source":"Hy scheen ook my te herkennen, want onze blikken ontmoetten elkander gedurig. Ik moet betuigen dat ik te verdiept was in 't veegsel, om terstond optemerken, wat ik namelyk later zag, dat hy vry kaal in de kleeren stak.","translation":"He too seemed to recognize me, for our glances kept meeting. I must confess that I was too absorbed in the sweepings to notice straightaway what I did later see, namely that he was rather threadbare in his clothes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy scheen ook my te herkennen","title":"schijnen te + infinitive","body":"The verb schijnen ('to seem') governs a following infinitive with te: 'he seemed to recognize me.' Note period spelling Hy for hij and my for mij."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om terstond optemerken","title":"om … te (purpose)","body":"om … te frames a purpose clause closing with te + infinitive: 'too absorbed … to notice at once.' Note that 1860 spelling joins the particle and verb as optemerken (op te merken)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy vry kaal in de kleeren stak","title":"Subordinate clause, verb-final","body":"dat opens a subordinate clause and pushes the finite verb stak to the very end. doubled vowels (kleeren) and vry for vrij mark the 1860 page. The idiom in de kleeren steken describes how one is dressed — here threadbare."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies herkennen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, object form, archaic spelling","role":"direct object of herkennen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive herkennen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"herkennen","lemma":"herkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of scheen","gloss":"recognize"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person plural","role":"determiner of blikken","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"blikken","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of ontmoetten","gloss":"glances"},{"surface":"ontmoetten","lemma":"ontmoeten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of clause introduced by want","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkander","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"direct object of ontmoetten","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontmoetten","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betuigen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of betuigen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"betuigen","lemma":"betuigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of betuigen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb of excess","role":"modifies verdiept","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"verdiept","lemma":"verdiepen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"absorbed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to verdiept","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veegsel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of veegsel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veegsel","lemma":"veegsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"sweepings"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause of result after te verdiept","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies optemerken","gloss":"straightaway"},{"surface":"optemerken","lemma":"opmerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historically written together with te","role":"infinitive governed by om","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of optemerken and zag","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"namelyk","lemma":"namelijk","morphology":"adverb, archaic spelling","role":"discourse adverb modifying zag","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies zag","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative free clause introduced by wat","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of zag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of stak","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb, archaic spelling","role":"modifies kaal","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"kaal","lemma":"kaal","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement in kaal in de kleren steken","gloss":"threadbare","note":"Kaal in de kleren steken means to be poorly or threadbarely dressed."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom kaal in de kleren steken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleeren","lemma":"kleren","morphology":"noun, plural, archaic spelling","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"stak","lemma":"steken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of complement clause of zag","gloss":"was dressed"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h2-s27","source":"Anders had ik de zaak daarby gelaten. Maar op-eens schoot my de gedachte in, dat hy misschien reiziger was van een duitsch huis, die een solieden makelaar zocht.","translation":"Otherwise I should have let the matter rest there. But all at once the thought struck me that he might be a traveler for some German house, looking for a sound broker.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Anders had ik de zaak daarby gelaten","title":"Pluperfect (conditional sense)","body":"had … gelaten is the pluperfect — imperfect of hebben plus the participle gelaten — here carrying an unreal 'I should have let' meaning. daarby is a pronominal adverb fusing daar + bij."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schoot my de gedachte in","title":"Separable verb: inschieten","body":"The separable prefix in- splits off and lands at clause end: in main-clause inversion the stem schoot stands second and in closes the thought. The idiom 'het schiet me in' = the thought suddenly struck me."}],"words":[{"surface":"Anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelaten","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular, conditional perfect","role":"auxiliary of gelaten","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelaten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gelaten","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb, archaic spelling","role":"modifies gelaten in idiom het daarbij laten","gloss":"at that","note":"Het daarbij laten means to leave the matter at that."},{"surface":"gelaten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of conditional perfect had gelaten","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schoot","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb, historical hyphenation","role":"modifies schoot","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"schoot","lemma":"inschieten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in separable idiom iemand iets inschieten","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, dative object, archaic spelling","role":"indirect object of schoot","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedachte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gedachte","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schoot","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of schoot in inschieten","gloss":"to mind"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause modifying gedachte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"scopes over the predication","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"reiziger","lemma":"reiziger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"traveler"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to reiziger","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the commercial house represented by reiziger","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"duitsch","lemma":"Duits","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter singular, archaic spelling","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of zocht, referring to reiziger","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of makelaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"solieden","lemma":"solide","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine accusative, archaic inflection","role":"modifies makelaar","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zocht","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying reiziger","gloss":"sought"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h2-s28","source":"Hy had dan ook wel iets van een Duitscher, en van een reiziger ook. Hy was zeer blond, had blauwe oogen, en in houding en kleeding iets dat den vreemdeling verraadde.","translation":"And indeed he had something of a German about him, and of a traveler too. He was very fair, had blue eyes, and there was something in his bearing and his dress that betrayed the foreigner.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iets dat den vreemdeling verraadde","title":"Case remnant: den","body":"den is the old masculine accusative article, frozen into 1860 prose: den vreemdeling marks 'the foreigner' as direct object. Modern Dutch would simply write de."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iets dat den vreemdeling verraadde","title":"Relative dat for a het-word","body":"The relative pronoun dat refers back to neuter iets ('something'); de-words would take die instead. verraadde is the weak imperfect of verraden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Duitscher","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Duitscher","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Duitscher","lemma":"Duitser","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic spelling","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reiziger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reiziger","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reiziger","lemma":"reiziger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"traveler"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reiziger","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of was and had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Hy to blond","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blond","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"blond","lemma":"blond","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with was","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"blauwe","lemma":"blauw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oogen","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural, archaic spelling","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing location of the distinguishing quality","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kleeding","lemma":"kleding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic spelling","role":"coordinated object of preposition in with houding","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"understood object of had","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of verraadde, referring to iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative, archaic form","role":"determiner of vreemdeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vreemdeling","lemma":"vreemdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verraadde","gloss":"foreigner"},{"surface":"verraadde","lemma":"verraden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"betrayed"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h2-s29","source":"In-plaats van een behoorlyken winterjas, hing hem een soort van sjaal over den schouder--Frits zegt \"shawl\" maar dit doe ik niet--alsof hy zoo van de reis kwam. Ik meende een klant te zien, en gaf hem een adreskaartje: Last & Co, makelaars in koffi, Lauriergracht N° 37.","translation":"Instead of a proper winter coat, a kind of shawl hung over his shoulder—Frits says \"shawl,\" but I do not—as though he had just come off a journey. I took him for a customer, and gave him a business card: Last & Co, coffee brokers, Lauriergracht No. 37.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hing hem een soort van sjaal over den schouder","title":"Inversion puts the verb second","body":"When a clause opens with the adverbial In-plaats van …, the finite verb hing moves ahead of the subject (een soort van sjaal) to keep the verb in second position. den schouder again shows the old accusative den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik meende een klant te zien","title":"menen te + infinitive","body":"menen ('to think/suppose') takes te + infinitive: 'I thought I saw a customer.' Contrast the bare infinitive that modals require."}],"words":[{"surface":"In-plaats","lemma":"in plaats","morphology":"compound preposition, historical hyphenation","role":"with van, introduces substitute for the subject","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking winterjas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of winterjas","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"behoorlyken","lemma":"behoorlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine accusative, archaic spelling","role":"modifies winterjas","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"winterjas","lemma":"winterjas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of compound preposition in plaats van","gloss":"winter coat"},{"surface":"hing","lemma":"hangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, dative","role":"possessive dative associated with schouder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hing","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sjaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sjaal","lemma":"sjaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of soort van","gloss":"shawl"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schouder","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative, archaic form","role":"determiner of schouder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schouder","lemma":"schouder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition over","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"shawl","lemma":"shawl","morphology":"quoted foreign noun","role":"direct-speech complement of zegt","gloss":"shawl"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated parenthetical clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doe","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, archaic spelling","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"just","note":"Here zo means ‘just now’ or ‘straight from,’ not manner ‘so.’"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reis","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reis","lemma":"reis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of clause introduced by alsof","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klant","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klant","lemma":"klant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"customer"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of meende","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with meende","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adreskaartje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"adreskaartje","lemma":"adreskaartje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"business card"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of company name Last & Co","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"compagnie","morphology":"abbreviated noun in company name","role":"second element of company name Last & Co","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"makelaars","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition describing Last & Co","gloss":"brokers"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic spelling","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"street name in business address","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces street number 37","gloss":"number"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h2-s30","source":"Hy hield het by de gasvlam, en zeide: \"ik dank u, maar ik heb me vergist.","translation":"He held it up to the gaslight and said: \"I thank you, but I have made a mistake.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb me vergist","title":"Reflexive perfect: zich vergissen","body":"zich vergissen ('to be mistaken') is reflexive; in the first person the reflexive is me. The perfect heb … vergist places the participle at clause end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ik dank u","title":"Polite 'thank you'","body":"ik dank u is a formal set phrase ('I thank you'), using the polite pronoun u. The stranger is courteous even as he declines the card."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gasvlam","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gasvlam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gasvlam","lemma":"gasvlam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"gaslight"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with hield","gloss":"said","note":"Zeide is an older past-tense form of zeggen."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dank","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dank","lemma":"danken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"thank"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of dank","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links dank and heb vergist","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vergist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vergist","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of vergist","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"vergist","lemma":"vergissen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"made a mistake"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h2-s31","source":"Ik dacht het genoegen te hebben een ouden schoolkameraad voor me te zien, maar ...","translation":"I thought I had the pleasure of seeing an old schoolfellow before me, but ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik dacht het genoegen te hebben … voor me te zien","title":"Stacked te + infinitive","body":"denken governs te hebben, and the noun phrase het genoegen in turn governs a second te-infinitive (te zien): 'I thought I had the pleasure of seeing.' Such te-chains are common in formal Dutch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een ouden schoolkameraad","title":"Old accusative -en on the adjective","body":"ouden carries the older masculine accusative ending -en on the attributive adjective. Modern Dutch keeps only the plain -e: een oude schoolkameraad."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of genoegen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of dacht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schoolkameraad","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ouden","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies schoolkameraad","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"schoolkameraad","lemma":"schoolkameraad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"schoolfellow"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement to genoegen","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an unfinished contrast","gloss":"but"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h2-s32","source":"Last? Dit is de naam niet.\"","translation":"Last? That is not the name.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit is de naam niet","title":"niet for sentence negation","body":"niet (not geen) negates here because the noun de naam is definite; geen would only negate an indefinite noun. Word order places niet at the end after the definite predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"name queried in isolation","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dit and naam","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h2-s33","source":"--Pardon, zei ik--want ik ben altyd beleefd--ik ben m'nheer Droogstoppel, Batavus Droogstoppel. Last en Co is de firma, makelaars in koffi, Lauriergr ...","translation":"—Pardon me, said I—for I am always polite—I am Mr. Droogstoppel, Batavus Droogstoppel. Last & Co is the firm, coffee brokers, Laurierg ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"m'nheer","title":"Contraction: m'nheer","body":"m'nheer is a spoken contraction of mijnheer ('mister/sir'), the period spelling capturing Droogstoppel's clipped self-introduction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pardon","lemma":"pardon","morphology":"interjection","role":"polite interjection","gloss":"Pardon me"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik and beleefd","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beleefd","gloss":"always","note":"Historical spelling of altijd."},{"surface":"beleefd","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"polite"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik and m'nheer Droogstoppel","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"Mr.","note":"Contracted spelling of mijnheer, ‘mister’."},{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"name in apposition to m'nheer","gloss":"Droogstoppel"},{"surface":"Batavus","lemma":"Batavus","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"given name in apposition","gloss":"Batavus"},{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"surname paired with Batavus","gloss":"Droogstoppel"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"first element of firm name","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links names in the firm name","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"compagnie","morphology":"noun, abbreviation","role":"second element of firm name","gloss":"Company","note":"Co abbreviates compagnie, ‘company’."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Last en Co and firma","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of firma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"makelaars","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition identifying the firm's trade","gloss":"brokers"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"Lauriergr","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun, abbreviated","role":"address of the firm","gloss":"Laurier Canal","note":"Abbreviation of the Amsterdam street name Lauriergracht."}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h2-s34","source":"--Wel, Droogstoppel, kent ge my niet meer? Zie my eens goed aan.","translation":"—Why, Droogstoppel, don't you know me anymore? Have a good look at me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kent ge my niet meer?","title":"The pronoun ge","body":"ge is the older/literary subject 'you,' familiar in 1860 prose where modern Dutch uses je or jij. niet meer = 'no longer.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zie my eens goed aan","title":"Imperative + separable verb","body":"Zie … aan is an imperative of the separable verb aanzien ('look at'); the bare stem Zie commands while the prefix aan goes to the end. eens softens the order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Droogstoppel"},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of kent","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kent","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"with niet: no longer","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Zie","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"softens the command Zie","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Zie ... aan","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of Zie ... aan","gloss":"at"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h2-s35","source":"Hoe meer ik hem aanzag, hoe meer ik my herinnerde hem meer gezien te hebben. Maar, zonderling, zyn gelaat deed my de uitwerking alsof ik vreemde parfumerien rook.","translation":"The more I looked at him, the more I recalled having seen him before. But, strange to say, his face produced on me the effect of smelling some strange perfumes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe meer ik hem aanzag, hoe meer ik my herinnerde","title":"Correlative hoe … hoe …","body":"The hoe … hoe … construction expresses 'the more … the more …'; each clause is subordinate, so the verb stands at the end (aanzag, herinnerde)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik my herinnerde hem meer gezien te hebben","title":"Reflexive zich herinneren + perfect te-infinitive","body":"zich herinneren ('to recall') is reflexive (here my) and governs the perfect infinitive gezien te hebben, 'to have seen.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"first element of hoe meer ... hoe meer","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying aanzag","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aanzag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of aanzag","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aanzag","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first comparative clause","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"second element of hoe meer ... hoe meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying herinnerde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of herinnerde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of herinnerde","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"herinnerde","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second comparative clause","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien; means previously here","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in perfect infinitive gezien te hebben","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gezien in a perfect infinitive","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of deed","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"zonderling","lemma":"zonderling","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"parenthetical comment on what follows","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of gelaat","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"affected-person complement of deed","gloss":"on me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitwerking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitwerking","lemma":"uitwerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rook","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of rook","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vreemde","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies parfumerien","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"parfumerien","lemma":"parfumerie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of rook","gloss":"perfumes","note":"The unaccented historical plural corresponds to modern parfumerieën."},{"surface":"rook","lemma":"ruiken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the alsof-clause","gloss":"smelled"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h2-s36","source":"Lach hier niet om, lezer, straks zult ge zien hoe dit kwam. Ik ben verzekerd dat hy geen drup reukwerk by zich droeg, en toch rook ik iets aangenaams, iets sterks, iets wat me herinnerde aan ... daar had ik het!","translation":"Do not laugh at this, reader; presently you will see how it came about. I am certain that he carried not a drop of scent on him, and yet I smelled something pleasant, something strong, something that reminded me of ... there I had it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lach hier niet om","title":"Imperative + pronominal adverb","body":"Lach is an imperative; hier … om is a split pronominal adverb (= 'about this'), where hier replaces a thing and om is the preposition. The pieces straddle the negation niet."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"straks zult ge zien","title":"Future with zullen","body":"zullen + the bare infinitive zien forms the explicit future; inversion after the adverb straks keeps zult in second position. ge is the literary 'you.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iets wat me herinnerde aan ...","title":"Relative wat after iets","body":"After indefinite iets ('something') the relative pronoun is wat, not dat: 'something that reminded me of …'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lach","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"Laugh"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of pronominal adverb hierom","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Lach","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"prepositional adverb particle","role":"second part of hier ... om; complement of Lach","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"straks","lemma":"straks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with auxiliary zult","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzekerd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Ik and verzekerd","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"verzekerd","lemma":"verzekerd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of droeg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of droeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of drup","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"drup","lemma":"drup","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of droeg","gloss":"drop"},{"surface":"reukwerk","lemma":"reukwerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"partitive complement of drup","gloss":"scent"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"object of bij","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"droeg","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rook","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"rook","lemma":"ruiken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"smelled"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of rook","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of rook; head of iets aangenaams","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"aangenaams","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective, partitive inflection","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of rook; head of iets sterks","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"sterks","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective, partitive inflection","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of rook; antecedent of wat","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of herinnerde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of herinnerde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"herinnerde","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on iets","gloss":"reminded"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the omitted complement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h2-s37","source":"--Zyt gy het, riep ik, die my van den Griek hebt verlost? --Wel zeker, zeide hy, dat was ik.","translation":"—Is it you, I cried, who once rescued me from the Greek? —Why, certainly, said he, that was I.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyt gy het … die my van den Griek hebt verlost?","title":"Archaic gij + agreeing relative","body":"gy (gij) is the solemn literary 'you'; its verb takes the old -t ending (Zyt, hebt). The relative die refers to gy, so the verb hebt agrees in the second person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die my van den Griek hebt verlost","title":"Perfect tense, verb-final","body":"In this relative clause the perfect hebt … verlost wraps around the clause, with the participle verlost at the end. den Griek shows the old accusative den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second person","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Are"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Zyt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of Zyt","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb interrupting the question","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hebt verlost","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verlost","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Griek","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique","role":"determiner of Griek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Griek","lemma":"Griek","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Greek"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verlost","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"verlost","lemma":"verlossen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"rescued"},{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"affirms the preceding question","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dat and ik","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h2-s38","source":"En hoe gaat het U? Ik vertelde dat we met ons dertienen op 't kantoor waren, en dat er zooveel by ons omging.","translation":"And how are you getting on? I told him that there were thirteen of us at the office, and that we did so much business.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"we met ons dertienen … waren","title":"met ons + numeral","body":"met ons dertienen is the idiom 'there were thirteen of us' — met + a possessive/object pronoun + a numeral in -en counts the group. Droogstoppel repeats it as a boast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er zooveel by ons omging","title":"er + impersonal subject","body":"er here supplies a vague subject for the impersonal omgaan ('to go on / be transacted'): 'so much went on with us.' zooveel shows doubled-vowel 1860 spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gaat","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"formal subject of gaat","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"U","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"indirect object of gaat","gloss":"with you"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vertelde","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"head of the collective phrase ons dertienen; object of met","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"dertienen","lemma":"dertien","morphology":"cardinal numeral, collective inflection","role":"collective numeral quantifying ons","gloss":"thirteen","note":"Met ons dertienen means ‘the thirteen of us’."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kantoor","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kantoor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the first dat-clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of omging","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive introducing the clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of omging","gloss":"so much","note":"Historical spelling of zoveel."},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of bij","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"omging","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second dat-clause","gloss":"was transacted"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h2-s39","source":"En toen vroeg ik hoe het hèm ging, wat me later speet, want hy scheen niet in goede omstandigheden te verkeeren, en ik houd niet van arme menschen, omdat er gewoonlyk eigen schuld onder loopt, daar de Heer niet iemand verlaten zou, die hem trouw gediend had.","translation":"And then I asked how he himself was getting on, which I later regretted, for he seemed not to be in good circumstances, and I have no liking for poor people, because as a rule it is their own fault, since the Lord would not forsake anyone who had served Him faithfully.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat me later speet","title":"Impersonal spijten","body":"spijten works impersonally with an object pronoun: het speet me = 'it grieved/regretted me.' The relative wat ('which') refers to the whole preceding clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat er gewoonlyk eigen schuld onder loopt, daar de Heer …","title":"Subordinators omdat and daar","body":"Both omdat ('because') and the more formal daar ('since/as') are subordinating conjunctions that send their verbs (loopt, zou … verlaten) to the clause end. daar for 'since' is a literary touch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die hem trouw gediend had","title":"Pluperfect in a relative clause","body":"had … gediend is the pluperfect of dienen, set verb-final by the relative die. The whole sentence is Droogstoppel's self-serving theology that the poor deserve their lot."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vroeg","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vroeg","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"impersonal subject of ging","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hèm","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative, emphatic","role":"indirect object of ging","gloss":"him specifically","note":"The accent marks contrastive emphasis: hèm means ‘him in particular.’"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the indirect question introduced by hoe","gloss":"was doing"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of speet; refers to the preceding question","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of speet","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies speet","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"speet","lemma":"spijten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by wat","gloss":"caused regret"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of scheen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omstandigheden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in; complement of verkeren","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive verkeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verkeeren","lemma":"verkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of scheen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates houd with scheen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies houd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menschen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van in houden van","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause of loopt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of onder","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies loopt","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies schuld; understood as their own","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of loopt","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of loopt","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"loopt","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the omdat-clause","gloss":"lies","note":"Er eigen schuld onder lopen means that one’s own fault lies behind something."},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of zou verlaten","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"Heer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of zou verlaten","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verlaten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"forsake"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gediend","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gediend","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gediend","gloss":"faithfully"},{"surface":"gediend","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause on iemand","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gediend","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h2-s40","source":"Had ik eenvoudig gezegd, \"we zyn met ons dertienen, en ... goeien avend verder!\" dan was ik van hem af geweest.","translation":"Had I simply said, \"there are thirteen of us, and ... a good evening to you!\" then I should have been rid of him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Had ik eenvoudig gezegd … dan was ik van hem af geweest","title":"Conditional by inversion","body":"A conditional can drop als and instead front the verb: Had ik … gezegd = 'Had I said …'. The main clause then opens with dan and its own pluperfect was … geweest."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"van hem af geweest","title":"Idiom: 'van iemand af zijn'","body":"ergens/van iemand af zijn means 'to be rid of someone or something.' goeien avend (period for goeden avond) = 'good evening.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd in the inverted condition","gloss":"Had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the collective expression met ons dertienen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of met","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"dertienen","lemma":"dertien","morphology":"collective numeral","role":"predicative numeral in met ons dertienen","gloss":"thirteen","note":"Met ons dertienen means ‘the thirteen of us.’"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two quoted expressions","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"goeien","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies avend","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the farewell expression","gloss":"evening","note":"Avend is a colloquial spelling of modern avond."},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the farewell; literally ‘further’","gloss":"further","note":"Goeien avend verder is a brusque farewell, roughly ‘a good evening to you.’"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement van hem af","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of van","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative particle with van hem","gloss":"rid"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h2-s41","source":"Maar door dat vragen en antwoorden werd het hoe langer hoe moeielyker--Frits zegt: hoe langs zoo moeielyker, maar dit doe ik niet--hoe moeielyker dus, om van hem verlost te worden. Aan den anderen kant moet ik ook weer erkennen dat ge dan dit boek niet hadt te lezen gekregen, want het is een gevolg van die ontmoeting.","translation":"But with all that asking and answering it grew harder and harder—Frits says: more and more difficulter, but I do not—harder, then, to get rid of him. On the other hand I must again admit that you would not have had this book to read, for it is a consequence of that meeting.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"werd het hoe langer hoe moeielyker … om van hem verlost te worden","title":"worden-passive + om … te","body":"verlost te worden is a passive infinitive (worden + participle = the process passive), framed by om … te as a purpose: 'to be rid of him.' hoe langer hoe = 'the longer, the more.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ge dan dit boek niet hadt te lezen gekregen","title":"Archaic hadt + period spelling","body":"hadt is the old second-person form of had agreeing with ge; the construction te lezen … gekregen means 'would not have got this book to read.' moeielyker shows 1860 spelling of moeilijker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of werd","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vragen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of the coordinated verbal nouns","gloss":"all that"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"asking"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"antwoorden","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"coordinated with vragen","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"linking verb with moeielijker","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"first correlating adverb in hoe langer hoe moeielijker","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"first comparative in hoe langer hoe moeielijker","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"second correlating adverb in hoe langer hoe moeielijker","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeielyker","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of werd","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"first correlating adverb in Frits's expression","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"adverb","role":"nonstandard substitute for langer","gloss":"longer","note":"Frits incorrectly says langs where standard Dutch requires langer."},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"nonstandard second correlating adverb","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"moeielyker","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"comparative complement in Frits's expression","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting parenthetical clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doe","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumes the second correlating phrase after the interruption","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeielyker","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of werd, resumed after the interruption","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying the resumed construction","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive complementizer","role":"introduces the extraposed infinitival complement of moeielyker","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of van","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"verlost","lemma":"verlossen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"lexical participle governed by passive worden","gloss":"rid"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by om te; auxiliary of verlost","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kant","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical dative masculine","role":"determiner of kant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kant","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Aan in the framing phrase","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erkennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erkennen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erkennen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moet","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gekregen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hadt gekregen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hadt gekregen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gekregen","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekregen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hadt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gekregen","gloss":"would have","note":"Hadt is the older second-person singular past form of hebben."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gekregen","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"gekregen","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of is","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to gevolg","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontmoeting","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontmoeting","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ontmoeting","lemma":"ontmoeting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies gevolg","gloss":"meeting"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h2-s42","source":"Ik houd er van, het goede optemerken, en wie dit niet doen, zyn ontevreden menschen die ik niet lyden kan. Ja, ja, hy was het, die my uit de handen van den Griek had verlost!","translation":"I like to take note of the good in things, and those who do not are discontented people whom I cannot abide. Yes, yes, it was he who had rescued me from the hands of the Greek!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het goede optemerken","title":"Nominalized adjective + joined infinitive","body":"het goede ('the good [thing]') is an adjective used as a neuter noun. optemerken is 1860 spelling for op te merken (the separable opmerken split by te)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie dit niet doen, zyn ontevreden menschen die ik niet lyden kan","title":"Relative wie without antecedent","body":"wie ('those who') introduces a free relative with no antecedent. die then opens a second relative clause; lyden kan (= can stand/abide) sits verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal part of ervan houden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"prepositional part of ervan houden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner substantivizing goede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of opmerken","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"optemerken","lemma":"opmerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive with fused te","role":"infinitival complement of ervan houden","gloss":"to notice","note":"Optemerken is the old fused spelling of op te merken."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses of houd and zijn","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen and antecedent of zijn","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the indefinite relative clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking wie to menschen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ontevreden","lemma":"ontevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"discontented"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of lijden","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lyden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lyden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kan","gloss":"abide"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of lijden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated affirmative interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hij to het","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative pronoun meaning the one","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had verlost","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verlost","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handen","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handen","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor den Griek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical accusative masculine","role":"determiner of Griek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Griek","lemma":"Griek","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Greek"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verlost","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verlost","lemma":"verlossen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause on het","gloss":"rescued"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h2-s43","source":"Denk nu niet dat ik ooit door zeeroovers ben genomen geweest, of dat ik twist heb gehad in den Levant. Ik heb u reeds gezegd dat ik na myn trouwen, met myn vrouw naar den Haag ben gegaan.","translation":"Now do not imagine that I was ever taken by pirates, or that I had a quarrel in the Levant. I have already told you that after my marriage I went with my wife to The Hague.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik ooit door zeeroovers ben genomen geweest","title":"Perfect passive with zijn","body":"ben genomen geweest is a (doubly marked) perfect passive — zijn + participle, with the extra geweest typical of older Dutch — 'that I was ever taken.' door marks the agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"na myn trouwen … ben ik naar den Haag ben gegaan","title":"Motion perfect with zijn","body":"Verbs of motion form the perfect with zijn, not hebben: ben … gegaan = 'I went/have gone.' myn trouwen is an infinitive used as a noun ('my marrying')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Denk","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Imagine"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Denk","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Denk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of genomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of genomen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genomen","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of the passive","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zeeroovers","lemma":"zeerover","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door; agent of genomen","gloss":"pirates"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"lexical participle in the passive construction","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, participle","role":"passive auxiliary governed by ben","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two dat-clauses governed by Denk","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the coordinated clause of gehad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gehad","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"twist","lemma":"twist","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"a quarrel"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the coordinated dat-clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location den Levant","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical accusative masculine","role":"determiner of Levant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Levant","lemma":"Levant","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Levant"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ben gegaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben gegaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time phrase myn trouwen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of trouwen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"trouwen","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"marriage","note":"Mijn trouwen is a nominalized infinitive meaning ‘my marriage.’"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination den Haag","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical accusative masculine","role":"determiner of Haag","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Haag","lemma":"Den Haag","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar; together with den forms Den Haag","gloss":"Hague"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"gone"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h2-s44","source":"Daar hebben wy het Mauritshuis gezien, en flanel gekocht in de Veenestraat. Dit is het eenige uitstapje dat de zaken my ooit hebben veroorloofd, omdat er zooveel by ons omgaat.","translation":"There we saw the Mauritshuis and bought flannel in the Veenestraat. That is the one excursion business has ever allowed me, because we do so much of it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit is het eenige uitstapje dat de zaken my ooit hebben veroorloofd","title":"Relative dat + perfect","body":"dat (for the neuter het-word uitstapje) opens a relative clause whose perfect hebben … veroorloofd lands verb-final. omdat er zooveel by ons omgaat repeats his favorite excuse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial of hebben gezien","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gezien and gekocht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we","note":"Old spelling of wij."},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Mauritshuis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Mauritshuis","lemma":"Mauritshuis","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"Mauritshuis"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary hebben","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates gezien and gekocht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"flanel","lemma":"flanel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, mass","role":"direct object of gekocht","gloss":"flannel"},{"surface":"gekocht","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated main verb with gezien","gloss":"bought"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location adjunct of gekocht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Veenestraat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Veenestraat","lemma":"Veenestraat","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Veenestraat"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking Dit and uitstapje","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of uitstapje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies uitstapje","gloss":"only","note":"Old spelling of enige."},{"surface":"uitstapje","lemma":"uitstapje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"excursion"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of veroorloofd; antecedent uitstapje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hebben veroorloofd","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of veroorloofd","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebben veroorloofd","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of veroorloofd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"veroorloofd","lemma":"veroorloven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"quantitative er","role":"partitive complement of zooveel","gloss":"of it","note":"In er ... omgaan, er refers to the business being transacted."},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of omgaat","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces setting of omgaat","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, first person plural, object form","role":"object of bij","gloss":"our firm"},{"surface":"omgaat","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"is transacted","note":"Bij ons omgaan means to pass through our hands or be transacted by our firm."}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h2-s45","source":"Neen, in Amsterdam zelf had hy om-mynentwil een Griek den neus aan 't bloeden geslagen. Want hy bemoeide zich altyd met dingen die hem niet aangingen.","translation":"No, it was in Amsterdam itself that he had bloodied a Greek's nose on my account. For he was always meddling in things that were no concern of his.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had hy … een Griek den neus aan 't bloeden geslagen","title":"Pluperfect, framed","body":"had … geslagen is the pluperfect of slaan; everything else nests between the auxiliary and participle. den neus shows the old accusative den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy bemoeide zich altyd met dingen die hem niet aangingen","title":"Reflexive zich bemoeien met","body":"zich bemoeien met ('to meddle in') is reflexive; the third-person reflexive is zich. die … aangingen is a relative clause on dingen, verb-final."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"om-mynentwil","title":"Archaic: om-mynentwil","body":"om mijnentwil means 'for my sake / on my account,' a frozen genitive-based phrase. The hyphenated 1860 spelling joins the pieces."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location adjunct of geslagen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Amsterdam","lemma":"Amsterdam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"focus particle","role":"emphasizes Amsterdam","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of geslagen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had geslagen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"om-mynentwil","lemma":"om mijnentwil","morphology":"fixed prepositional phrase","role":"reason adjunct of geslagen","gloss":"for my sake","note":"Archaic spelling and hyphenation of om mijnentwil, ‘for my sake.’"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of Griek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Griek","lemma":"Griek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor-like affected object in een Griek den neus","gloss":"Greek"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of neus","gloss":"the","note":"Den is the old masculine accusative form of de."},{"surface":"neus","lemma":"neus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geslagen","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of result phrase aan het bloeden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular, elided","role":"determiner of bloeden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bloeden","lemma":"bloeden","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"object of aan in result phrase","gloss":"bleeding"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary had","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of bemoeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bemoeide","lemma":"bemoeien","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"meddled"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"reflexive object of bemoeide","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bemoeide","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of bemoeide","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of aangingen; antecedent dingen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of aangingen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates aangingen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aangingen","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"concerned"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h2-s46","source":"Het was in drie of vier en dertig, geloof ik, en in September, want er was kermis te Amsterdam.","translation":"It was in 'thirty-three or 'thirty-four, I believe, and in September, for there was a fair on at Amsterdam.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want er was kermis te Amsterdam","title":"Coordinator want + existential er","body":"want ('for/because') is a coordinating conjunction — it does NOT send the verb to the end (was stays second). er was = 'there was'; te Amsterdam uses literary te for 'at/in.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces year complement of was","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"first element of elliptical year phrase","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates drie and vier","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"vier","lemma":"vier","morphology":"numeral","role":"second element of elliptical year phrase","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"forms compound numeral with dertig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dertig","lemma":"dertig","morphology":"numeral","role":"tens element shared by drie and vier","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates time complements","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces month complement of was","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"September","lemma":"september","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"September"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"kermis","lemma":"kermis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of er was","gloss":"a fair"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location adjunct","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Amsterdam","lemma":"Amsterdam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Amsterdam"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h2-s47","source":"Daar myn oude luî van voornemen waren een predikant van my te maken, leerde ik latyn. Later heb ik myzelf dikwyls afgevraagd, waarom men latyn moet verstaan, om in 't hollandsch te zeggen: \"God is goed?\" Genoeg, ik was op de latynsche school--nu zeggen ze gymnasium--en daar was kermis ... in Amsterdam, meen ik.","translation":"Since my old folks intended to make a parson of me, I was learning Latin. Later I have often asked myself why one has to understand Latin in order to say in Dutch: \"God is good.\" Enough—I was at the Latin school—nowadays they call it a gymnasium—and there was a fair on ... in Amsterdam, I mean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar myn oude luî van voornemen waren een predikant van my te maken","title":"daar 'since' + om … te sense","body":"daar opens a causal subordinate clause ('since'), sending waren to the end. van voornemen zijn = 'to intend'; te maken is the governed te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom men latyn moet verstaan, om … te zeggen","title":"Modal moet + om … te purpose","body":"The modal moet sends verstaan to the end as a bare infinitive, while om … te zeggen states the purpose. men is the impersonal 'one.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, archaic causal","role":"introduces causal subordinate clause","gloss":"since","note":"Here daar is an archaic causal conjunction meaning ‘since.’"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of luî","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies luî","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"luî","lemma":"lui","morphology":"noun, plural, colloquial","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"folks"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of predicate phrase van voornemen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van in van voornemen zijn","gloss":"the intention"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"main verb in van voornemen waren","gloss":"were","note":"Van voornemen zijn means ‘to intend.’"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of predikant","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"predikant","lemma":"predikant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of maken","gloss":"parson"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks result complement in van mij een predikant maken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"object of van and semantic object of maken","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of van voornemen waren","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"leerde","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of matrix clause","gloss":"was learning"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of leerde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"latyn","lemma":"Latijn","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of leerde","gloss":"Latin","note":"Old spelling of Latijn."},{"surface":"Later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"time adjunct of heb afgevraagd","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of afgevraagd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of heb afgevraagd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myzelf","lemma":"mijzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person singular","role":"indirect object of afgevraagd","gloss":"myself","note":"Old spelling of mijzelf."},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency adjunct of afgevraagd","gloss":"often","note":"Old spelling of dikwijls."},{"surface":"afgevraagd","lemma":"afvragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary heb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces indirect question and modifies moet verstaan","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of moet verstaan","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"latyn","lemma":"Latijn","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verstaan","gloss":"Latin"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of verstaan","gloss":"has to"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of indirect question","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces language adjunct of zeggen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular, elided","role":"determiner of hollandsch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Dutch","note":"Old spelling of Hollands; substantivized here as the name of the language."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of purpose clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking God and goed","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"marks an end to the digression","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces institutional location complement of was","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of school","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"latynsche","lemma":"Latijns","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies school","gloss":"Latin","note":"Old spelling of Latijnse."},{"surface":"school","lemma":"school","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"time adjunct of zeggen","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person plural","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"gymnasium","lemma":"gymnasium","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of zeggen with omitted het","gloss":"a gymnasium"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"location adjunct of was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb in existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"kermis","lemma":"kermis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of daar was","gloss":"a fair"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location adjunct of was","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Amsterdam","lemma":"Amsterdam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h2-s48","source":"Op de Westermarkt stonden kramen, en als ge een Amsterdammer zyt, lezer, en nagenoeg van myn leeftyd, zult ge u herinneren hoe daaronder één was, die uitmuntte door de zwarte oogen en de lange vlechten van een meisje, dat als een Griekin gekleed was. Ook haar vader was een Griek, of althans hy zag er uit als een Griek.","translation":"On the Westermarkt there were stalls, and if you are an Amsterdammer, reader, and roughly of my age, you will recall how among them there was one that stood out for the black eyes and the long braids of a girl dressed like a Greek maiden. Her father too was a Greek, or at least he looked like one.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ge een Amsterdammer zyt … zult ge u herinneren","title":"Conditional als + reflexive future","body":"als ('if') sends zyt to the end of its clause; the main clause inverts (zult ge) for verb-second, with the reflexive u herinneren ('you will recall'). ge/u are the literary 'you.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een meisje, dat als een Griekin gekleed was","title":"Relative dat + zijn-passive state","body":"dat refers to neuter meisje ('girl'); gekleed was is a zijn-passive describing a resulting state ('was dressed'). The diminutive meisje is always neuter, hence dat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location adjunct of stonden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Westermarkt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Westermarkt","lemma":"Westermarkt","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"Westermarkt"},{"surface":"stonden","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"kramen","lemma":"kraam","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of stonden","gloss":"stalls"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of zyt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of Amsterdammer","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"Amsterdammer","lemma":"Amsterdammer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of zyt","gloss":"Amsterdammer"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"copula linking ge and Amsterdammer","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressing the reader","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates predicates within conditional clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nagenoeg","lemma":"nagenoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of van mijn leeftijd","gloss":"roughly"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative age phrase","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of leeftyd","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"leeftyd","lemma":"leeftijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"age","note":"Old spelling of leeftijd."},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, present, second person singular","role":"future auxiliary of herinneren","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of zult herinneren","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, second person singular","role":"reflexive object of herinneren","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"herinneren","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with auxiliary zult","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces content clause of herinneren","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"daaronder","lemma":"daaronder","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"location adjunct of was","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"cardinal pronoun, singular","role":"notional subject of was","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitmuntte; antecedent één","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uitmuntte","lemma":"uitmunten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"stood out"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces feature complement of uitmuntte","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwarte","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies oogen","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"eyes","note":"Old spelling of ogen."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates oogen and vlechten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of vlechten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lange","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies vlechten","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"vlechten","lemma":"vlecht","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated object of door","gloss":"braids"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of oogen and vlechten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was; antecedent meisje","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison complement of gekleed","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of Griekin","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Griekin","lemma":"Griekin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"Greek maiden"},{"surface":"gekleed","lemma":"kleden","morphology":"verb, past participle, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula with gekleed","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of haar vader","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking vader and Griek","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of Griek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Griek","lemma":"Griek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"Greek"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces corrective alternative","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"qualifies corrective clause","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zag uit","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"eruitzien","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular, separable","role":"finite part of zag ... uit","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"part of construction er ... uitzien","gloss":"in appearance"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zag ... uit","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison complement of zag uit","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of Griek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Griek","lemma":"Griek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"Greek"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h2-s49","source":"Ze verkochten allerlei reukgoed. Ik was juist oud genoeg om het meisje mooi te vinden, zonder evenwel den moed te hebben haar aantespreken.","translation":"They sold all manner of perfumes. I was just old enough to find the girl pretty, without yet having the courage to speak to her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik was juist oud genoeg om het meisje mooi te vinden, zonder … te hebben","title":"om … te and zonder … te","body":"Two te-infinitive frames stack: om … te vinden ('to find') states what he was old enough for, and zonder … te hebben ('without having') the qualification."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"haar aantespreken","title":"Joined separable infinitive","body":"aantespreken is 1860 spelling for aan te spreken — the separable verb aanspreken ('to address') split by te. Modern Dutch writes the three words apart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person plural","role":"subject of verkochten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"verkochten","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"sold"},{"surface":"allerlei","lemma":"allerlei","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of reukgoed","gloss":"all manner of"},{"surface":"reukgoed","lemma":"reukgoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, mass","role":"direct object of verkochten","gloss":"perfumes","note":"Reukgoed is an old collective term for perfume and other scented goods."},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"copula linking Ik and oud","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of oud genoeg","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree complement of oud","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"mooi","lemma":"mooi","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of meisje with vinden","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vinden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces negative attendant infinitive clause","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of hebben","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"the","note":"Den is the old masculine accusative form of de."},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zonder","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of aantespreken","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"aantespreken","lemma":"aanspreken","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive, historical solid spelling","role":"infinitive complement of moed te hebben","gloss":"speak to","note":"Historical solid spelling of aan te spreken."}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h2-s50","source":"Dit zou my ook weinig gebaat hebben, want meisjes van achttien jaren beschouwen een jongen van zestien, als een kind. En hierin hebben ze groot gelyk.","translation":"It would have done me little good in any case, for girls of eighteen regard a boy of sixteen as a child. And in this they are quite right.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit zou my ook weinig gebaat hebben","title":"Conditional zou + perfect infinitive","body":"zou … gebaat hebben is the conditional perfect: 'it would have helped me little.' baten ('to avail') is impersonal here with object my."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want meisjes van achttien jaren beschouwen een jongen van zestien, als een kind","title":"Coordinator want keeps V2","body":"want ('for') does not invert the clause — beschouwen stays in normal main-clause position. beschouwen … als = 'to regard … as.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gebaat","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gebaat","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"direct object of gebaat","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebaat","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree complement of gebaat","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"gebaat","lemma":"baten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"done good"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gebaat","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of beschouwen","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces age complement of meisjes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"achttien","lemma":"achttien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"eighteen"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"beschouwen","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jongen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beschouwen","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces age complement of jongen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zestien","lemma":"zestien","morphology":"numeral","role":"object of van","gloss":"sixteen"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicate complement kind","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of beschouwen","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two sentences","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hierin","lemma":"hierin","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of hebben","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb in idiom gelijk hebben","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies gelijk","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"right","note":"Gelijk hebben means ‘to be right’; groot strengthens the expression."}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h2-s51","source":"Toch kwamen wy, jongens van quarta, altyd 's avends op de Westermarkt om dat meisje te zien. Nu was hy die daar voor me stond met zyn sjaal, eens daarby, schoon hy een paar jaren jonger was dan de anderen, en dus nog te kinderachtig om naar de Griekin te kyken.","translation":"Yet we boys of the fourth form would go to the Westermarkt every evening to see that girl. Now he who stood there before me with his shawl was once among them, though he was a couple of years younger than the rest, and so still too childish to be looking at the Greek girl.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwamen wy … altyd 's avends op de Westermarkt om dat meisje te zien","title":"Inversion + om … te purpose","body":"Toch fronts the clause, so the verb kwamen comes second before wy. om … te zien states the purpose ('to see that girl'). 's avends is the genitive-based time adverb 'in the evening.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schoon hy een paar jaren jonger was dan de anderen","title":"Archaic schoon + comparative dan","body":"schoon here means 'although' (short for ofschoon), a literary subordinator sending was to the end. jonger … dan is the comparative with dan for 'than.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"jongens van quarta","title":"quarta","body":"quarta is the Latin-school name for a particular form/year (here roughly the fourth class). The Latinate label fits these boys learning Latin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwamen","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kwamen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"jongens","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to wy","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quarta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"quarta","lemma":"quarta","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"fourth form","note":"Quarta was the fourth form in the nineteenth-century Latin-school system."},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwamen","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"contracted genitive article","role":"forms the adverbial expression 's avends","gloss":"in the","note":"’s is the fossilized genitive article des in time expressions."},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, genitive","role":"time adverbial with 's","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location Westermarkt","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Westermarkt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Westermarkt","lemma":"Westermarkt","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"Westermarkt"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause zien","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of stond; relative to hy","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on hy","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sjaal","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of sjaal","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sjaal","lemma":"sjaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"shawl"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of was","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause jonger was","gloss":"though","note":"Schoon is archaic here in the sense ‘although’."},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of measure phrase","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure complement of jonger","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"jonger","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to jonger","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative complement","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of anderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"comparative complement of jonger","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links predicative complements jonger and kinderachtig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kinderachtig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kinderachtig","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of kinderachtig","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"kinderachtig","lemma":"kinderachtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"childish"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement of te kinderachtig","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object Griekin","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Griekin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Griekin","lemma":"Griekin","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Greek girl","note":"Griekin is a dated feminine ethnonym for a Greek woman or girl."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive kyken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kyken","lemma":"kijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kinderachtig","gloss":"be looking"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h2-s52","source":"Maar hy was de primus van onze klasse--want knap was hy, dit moet ik erkennen--en hy hield veel van spelen, stoeien en vechten. Dáárom was hy by ons.","translation":"But he was the head of our class—for clever he was, I must admit that—and he was very fond of games, roughhousing, and fighting. That was why he was with us.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want knap was hy, dit moet ik erkennen","title":"Fronting for emphasis (V2)","body":"knap ('clever') is fronted for emphasis, so the verb was still stands second before the subject hy. This stylistic inversion is common in spoken-feeling narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de primus van onze klasse","title":"primus","body":"primus (Latin 'first') is the school term for the top boy of the class. Multatuli lets Droogstoppel sprinkle his classical schooling through the anecdote."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to primus","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of primus","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primus","lemma":"primus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"head student","note":"Primus is the top-ranked pupil in a class."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klasse","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of klasse","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"klasse","lemma":"klasse","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory parenthesis","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"knap","lemma":"knap","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to knap","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of erkennen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erkennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in hield van","gloss":"was fond"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of hield van","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of hield","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"spelen","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"object of van","gloss":"games"},{"surface":"stoeien","lemma":"stoeien","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"roughhousing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vechten","lemma":"vechten","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"fighting"},{"surface":"Dáárom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"reason adverb modifying was","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement ons","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of by","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h2-s53","source":"Terwyl we dus--we waren wel met ons tienen--vry ver van de kraam af, naar die Griekin stonden te kyken, en beraadslaagden hoe wy 't moesten aanleggen om kennis met haar te maken, werd er besloten geld by-een te leggen om iets in die kraam te koopen. Maar toen was de goede raad duur, om te weten wie de stoute schoenen zou aantrekken om het meisjen aantespreken.","translation":"So while we—there were a good ten of us—stood a fair way off from the stall, gazing at that Greek girl and debating how we ought to manage an acquaintance with her, it was decided that we should pool some money to buy something at that stall. But then good counsel was dear, when it came to knowing who would screw up the courage to address the girl.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Terwyl we … naar die Griekin stonden te kyken","title":"staan te + infinitive (progressive)","body":"staan te + infinitive expresses an ongoing action: stonden te kyken = 'stood looking / were looking.' Terwyl ('while') is a subordinator, so the verbs go to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"werd er besloten geld by-een te leggen","title":"Impersonal worden-passive with er","body":"werd … besloten is an impersonal worden-passive ('it was decided'); er fills the empty subject slot. by-een te leggen ('to pool money') is a te-infinitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de stoute schoenen … aantrekken","title":"Idiom: 'de stoute schoenen aantrekken'","body":"Literally 'to put on the bold shoes,' the idiom means to screw up one's courage to do something daring — here, to dare speak to the girl."}],"words":[{"surface":"Terwyl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces adverbial clause stonden","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stonden and beraadslaagden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies main clause context","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes met ons tienen","gloss":"a good"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms collective expression met ons tienen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of met","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"tienen","lemma":"tien","morphology":"collective numeral","role":"specifies number in met ons tienen","gloss":"ten","note":"Met ons tienen means ‘the ten of us’."},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"distance modifier of stonden","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of circumposition van ... af","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kraam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kraam","lemma":"kraam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"stall"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes circumposition van ... af","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Griekin","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Griekin","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Griekin","lemma":"Griekin","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Greek girl"},{"surface":"stonden","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"head of progressive construction stonden te kyken","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive kyken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kyken","lemma":"kijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of stonden","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"beraadslaagden","lemma":"beraadslagen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with stonden","gloss":"debated"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces embedded question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moesten","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, object form","role":"direct object of aanleggen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of aanleggen","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"aanleggen","lemma":"aanleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moesten","gloss":"manage"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause maken","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in kennis maken","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of met","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause; part of kennis maken","gloss":"make","note":"Kennis met iemand maken means ‘to become acquainted with someone’."},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of besloten","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in impersonal passive","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"besloten","lemma":"besluiten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of by-een leggen","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"by-een","lemma":"bijeen","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"particle of bijeenleggen","gloss":"together","note":"Older spelling of modern bijeen; bijeenleggen means ‘to pool or collect’."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive leggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leggen","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of besloten; combines with by-een","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause koopen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of koopen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kraam","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kraam","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kraam","lemma":"kraam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"stall"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive koopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause","gloss":"buy"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of duur","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duur","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to duur","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of raad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies raad","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"raad","lemma":"raad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of duur","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"duur","lemma":"duur","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"dear","note":"De goede raad was duur is an idiom meaning it was hard to know what to do."},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory infinitive weten","gloss":"when it came to"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"explanatory complement of raad was duur","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of aantrekken","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schoenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stoute","lemma":"stout","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies schoenen in an idiom","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"schoenen","lemma":"schoen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aantrekken","gloss":"shoes"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aantrekken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"aantrekken","lemma":"aantrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"put on","note":"De stoute schoenen aantrekken means ‘to screw up one’s courage’."},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause aantespreken","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisjen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisjen","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of aantespreken","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"aantespreken","lemma":"aanspreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause","gloss":"address"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h2-s54","source":"Ieder wilde, maar niemand durfde. Er werd geloot, en het lot viel op my.","translation":"Everyone wanted to, but no one dared. Lots were drawn, and the lot fell on me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ieder wilde, maar niemand durfde","title":"Negative pronoun niemand","body":"niemand ('no one') is itself the negation — Dutch allows only one negative per clause, so no extra niet is added. wilde and durfde are weak imperfects."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er werd geloot, en het lot viel op my","title":"Impersonal passive with er","body":"Er werd geloot is an impersonal worden-passive ('lots were drawn'), needing er as a dummy subject because loten has no object. het lot viel op my = 'the lot fell on me.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted to"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of durfde","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"durfde","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with wilde","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in impersonal passive","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geloot","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geloot","lemma":"loten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drawn by lot"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lot","lemma":"lot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"lot"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of op","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h2-s55","source":"Nu erken ik, dat ik niet gaarne gevaren trotseer.","translation":"Now I admit that I am not fond of braving dangers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik niet gaarne gevaren trotseer","title":"Subordinate clause, verb-final","body":"dat sends the present-tense trotseer to the end. gaarne is the literary/archaic word for graag ('gladly'), and gevaren is the plural of gevaar ('danger')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erken","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"erken","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of trotseer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trotseer","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gaarne trotseer","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner modifier of trotseer","gloss":"gladly","note":"Gaarne is a formal or literary equivalent of graag, ‘gladly’."},{"surface":"gevaren","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of trotseer","gloss":"dangers"},{"surface":"trotseer","lemma":"trotseren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of subordinate clause","gloss":"brave"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h2-s56","source":"Ik ben man en vader, en houd ieder die het gevaar zoekt, voor een gek, wat ook in de Schrift staat. Het is my inderdaad aangenaam optemerken hoe ik my in myn denkbeelden over gevaar en zulke dingen, gelyk ben gebleven, daar ik thans over zoo-iets nog juist dezelfde meening koester, als dien avend toen ik daar by de kraam van den Griek stond, met de twaalf stuivers die we saamgelegd hadden, in de hand.","translation":"I am a husband and a father, and I hold anyone who courts danger to be a fool, which is also what the Scripture says. It is in truth a pleasure to me to observe how I have stayed the same in my ideas about danger and such things, for to this day I still cherish exactly the same opinion about such matters as on that evening when I stood there by the Greek's stall, with the twelve stuivers we had pooled in my hand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"houd ieder die het gevaar zoekt, voor een gek","title":"houden … voor + embedded relative","body":"iemand voor X houden = 'to consider someone X.' die het gevaar zoekt is a relative clause modifying ieder, with zoekt at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe ik my … gelyk ben gebleven, daar ik thans … dezelfde meening koester","title":"Reflexive blijven + daar 'since'","body":"zich gelijk blijven = 'to stay true to oneself' (reflexive my); ben gebleven is the perfect of blijven (motion/change verb, hence zijn). daar again means 'since.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"copula linking to man","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with man","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with ben","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of houd","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zoekt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zoekt","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on ieder","gloss":"courts"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement gek","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of houd","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of staat; refers to preceding claim","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Schrift","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Schrift","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Schrift","lemma":"Schrift","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Scripture"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause introduced by wat","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking to aangenaam","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of is aangenaam","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangenaam","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"aangenaam","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"optemerken","lemma":"opmerken","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of aangenaam","gloss":"to observe"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces subordinate clause complement of opmerken","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben gebleven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive complement of ben gebleven","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking denkbeelden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeelden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevaar","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over; modifies denkbeelden","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated object of over with gevaar","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of gebleven","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of gebleven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gebleven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"causal conjunction introducing clause of koester","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of koester","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies koester","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing topic zoo-iets","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of over","gloss":"such matters","note":"Historical spelling of modern “zoiets.”"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies koester","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dezelfde","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of koester","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"koester","lemma":"koesteren","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of clause introduced by daar","gloss":"cherish"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparison marker introducing time phrase","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of avend","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"time complement of als","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"temporal conjunction introducing clause of stond","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying stond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kraam","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kraam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kraam","lemma":"kraam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"stall"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Griek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of Griek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Griek","lemma":"Griek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; possessor of kraam","gloss":"Greek"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stuivers","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuivers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"twaalf","lemma":"twaalf","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies stuivers","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"stuivers","lemma":"stuiver","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"stuivers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of saamgelegd","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"saamgelegd","lemma":"samenleggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on stuivers","gloss":"pooled"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first person plural","role":"auxiliary of saamgelegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h2-s57","source":"Maar zie, uit valsche schaamte durfde ik niet zeggen dat ik niet durfde, en bovendien, ik moest wel vooruit, want myn makkers drongen me, en weldra stond ik voor de kraam. Het meisje zag ik niet: ik zag niets!","translation":"But there—out of false shame I dared not say that I did not dare, and besides, I had to go forward, for my comrades were pushing me, and before long I stood before the stall. The girl I did not see: I saw nothing!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"uit valsche schaamte durfde ik niet zeggen dat ik niet durfde","title":"Fronted adverbial → V2","body":"The opening adverbial uit valsche schaamte forces inversion (durfde ik), keeping the verb second. The embedded dat-clause then sends its durfde to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik moest wel vooruit, want myn makkers drongen me","title":"Modal moet + coordinator want","body":"moest is the modal 'had to' (vooruit = 'forward'); want ('for') joins a main clause without inverting drongen. wel adds emphatic 'indeed.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"conjunction introducing contrast","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, second person singular","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"see","note":"Here “zie” is an attention-getting “see” or “look.”"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schaamte","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"valsche","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies schaamte","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"schaamte","lemma":"schaamte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of durfde","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"durfde","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of durfde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies durfde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of durfde","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause complement of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of durfde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies durfde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"durfde","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"clausal complement of zeggen","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moest","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"reinforces necessity expressed by moest","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"vooruit","lemma":"vooruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of moest","gloss":"go forward"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"causal conjunction introducing drongen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of makkers","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"makkers","lemma":"makker","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of drongen","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"drongen","lemma":"dringen","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"pushed"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of drongen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"before long"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kraam","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kraam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kraam","lemma":"kraam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of stond","gloss":"stall"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zag","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h2-s58","source":"Alles werd me groen en geel voor de oogen. Ik stamelde een aoristus primus van ik weet niet welk werkwoord ...","translation":"Everything went green and yellow before my eyes. I stammered out an aoristus primus of I know not what verb ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"groen en geel voor de oogen","title":"Idiom: 'groen en geel voor de ogen'","body":"To see 'green and yellow before the eyes' is to feel dizzy or faint with shock — the schoolboy's terror as he faces the girl."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"Everything"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"linking verb with groen en geel","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer of werd","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"groen","lemma":"groen","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of werd","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geel","lemma":"geel","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with groen","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"eyes","note":"“Groen en geel voor de ogen worden” describes vision swimming from shock or faintness."},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stamelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"stamelde","lemma":"stamelen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stammered out"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aoristus","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"aoristus","lemma":"aoristus","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of stamelde","gloss":"aorist"},{"surface":"primus","lemma":"primus","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular","role":"postpositive modifier of aoristus","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces werkwoord as source of the aorist","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"parenthetical clause modifying welk werkwoord","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"welk","lemma":"welk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werkwoord","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"werkwoord","lemma":"werkwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"verb"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h2-s59","source":"--Plaît-il? zeide zy. Ik herstelde my eenigszins, en ging voort:","translation":"—Plaît-il? said she. I collected myself somewhat, and went on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik herstelde my eenigszins","title":"Reflexive zich herstellen","body":"zich herstellen ('to collect/recover oneself') is reflexive — first person my. eenigszins ('somewhat') is an archaic-flavored adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Plaît-il","lemma":"plaît-il","morphology":"French interrogative expression","role":"direct quotation","gloss":"Pardon?","note":"French “Plaît-il?” is a polite request to repeat something: “Pardon?”"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of herstelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"herstelde","lemma":"herstellen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"collected"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive direct object of herstelde","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies herstelde","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"coordinated with herstelde","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of ging voort","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h2-s60","source":"--Meenin aeide thea, en ... dat Egypte een geschenk van den Nyl was.","translation":"—Mēnin aeide thea, and ... that Egypt was a gift of the Nile.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s60.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Meenin","lemma":"mēnis","morphology":"Greek noun, accusative singular","role":"direct object of aeide","gloss":"wrath","note":"“Mēnin aeide thea” transliterates the opening of Homer’s Iliad: “Sing, goddess, the wrath.”"},{"surface":"aeide","lemma":"aeidō","morphology":"Greek verb, present imperative, second person singular","role":"main verb of Greek quotation","gloss":"sing"},{"surface":"thea","lemma":"thea","morphology":"Greek noun, vocative singular","role":"vocative addressed by aeide","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Egypte","lemma":"Egypte","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Egypt"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschenk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geschenk","lemma":"geschenk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"gift"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nyl","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of Nyl","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Nyl","lemma":"Nijl","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Nile","note":"Historical spelling of modern “Nijl.”"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking Egypte to geschenk","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h2-s61","source":"Ik ben overtuigd dat ik in de kennismaking zou geslaagd zyn, indien niet op dat oogenblik een myner makkers uit kinderachtige baldadigheid my een zoo harden stoot in den rug had gegeven, dat ik heel onzacht tegen de uitstalkast aanvloog, die op halvemanshoogte de voorzy van de kraam afsloot.","translation":"I am convinced I should have succeeded in striking up the acquaintance, had not at that moment one of my comrades, out of childish mischief, given me so hard a shove in the back that I went crashing most ungently against the show-case which closed off the front of the stall at half a man's height.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou geslaagd zyn, indien niet … een myner makkers … had gegeven","title":"Conditional zou + unreal indien","body":"zou … geslaagd zyn is the conditional perfect ('I should have succeeded'); indien is the formal 'if,' and the negated had gegeven is the pluperfect in the unreal condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een myner makkers","title":"Genitive: myner makkers","body":"myner is the old genitive of mijn, giving 'one of my comrades.' This inflected possessive genitive marks the 1860 literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de uitstalkast … die … de voorzy van de kraam afsloot","title":"Separable afsluiten in a relative clause","body":"die opens a relative clause on uitstalkast; the separable verb afsluiten ('to close off') keeps its prefix in afsloot at clause end. op halvemanshoogte is a compound ('half a man's height')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of overtuigd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"copula linking to overtuigd","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"overtuigd","lemma":"overtuigen","morphology":"verb, past participle, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause complement of overtuigd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geslaagd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kennismaking","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kennismaking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kennismaking","lemma":"kennismaking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of geslaagd","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"geslaagd","lemma":"slagen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"succeeded"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of geslaagd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"conditional conjunction introducing clause of had gegeven","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates had gegeven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of had gegeven","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural","role":"partitive modifier of een","gloss":"of my","note":"Archaic genitive “mijner”: “one of my comrades.”"},{"surface":"makkers","lemma":"makker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"partitive complement of een","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baldadigheid","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"kinderachtige","lemma":"kinderachtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies baldadigheid","gloss":"childish"},{"surface":"baldadigheid","lemma":"baldadigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"mischief"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stoot","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of harden","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"harden","lemma":"hard","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies stoot","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"stoot","lemma":"stoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"shove"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rug","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of rug","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rug","lemma":"rug","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"conjunction introducing result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aanvloog","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of onzacht","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"onzacht","lemma":"onzacht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanvloog","gloss":"ungently"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitstalkast","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitstalkast","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitstalkast","lemma":"uitstalkast","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"show-case"},{"surface":"aanvloog","lemma":"aanvliegen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"crashed"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of afsloot; refers to uitstalkast","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking halvemanshoogte","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"halvemanshoogte","lemma":"halvemanshoogte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"half-man’s height"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorzy","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorzy","lemma":"voorzijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afsloot","gloss":"front"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kraam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kraam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kraam","lemma":"kraam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"stall"},{"surface":"afsloot","lemma":"afsluiten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on uitstalkast","gloss":"closed off"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h2-s62","source":"Ik voelde een greep in myn nek ... een tweeden greep veel lager ... ik zweefde een oogenblik ... en vóór ik recht begreep hoe de zaken stonden, was ik in de kraam van den Griek, die in verstaanbaar fransch zei dat ik een gamin was, en dat hy de policie roepen zou. Nu was ik wel dicht by het meisje, maar genoegen deed het me niet.","translation":"I felt a grip on my neck ... a second grip much lower down ... I hovered an instant in the air ... and before I rightly grasped how matters stood, I was inside the Greek's stall, and he was telling me in plain French that I was a gamin, and that he would call the police. Now I was indeed close to the girl, but it gave me no pleasure.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vóór ik recht begreep hoe de zaken stonden","title":"Stacked subordinate clauses","body":"vóór ('before') sends begreep to the end, and the embedded indirect question hoe de zaken stonden likewise ends in its verb stonden. Two verb-final clauses nest neatly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die in verstaanbaar fransch zei dat … hy de policie roepen zou","title":"Future zou(den) verb-final","body":"Inside the dat-clause the future auxiliary zou and its infinitive roepen are pushed to the end: 'that he would call the police.' den Griek shows the old accusative den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of greep","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"greep","lemma":"greep","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voelde","gloss":"grip"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location phrase in myn nek","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of nek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"nek","lemma":"nek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of greep","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tweeden","lemma":"tweede","morphology":"ordinal adjective, inflected","role":"modifies greep","gloss":"second","note":"Tweeden is the historical case-inflected spelling of tweede."},{"surface":"greep","lemma":"greep","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical direct object of voelde","gloss":"grip"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lager","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"lager","lemma":"laag","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of the second greep","gloss":"lower down"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zweefde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zweefde","lemma":"zweven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the elliptical clause","gloss":"hovered"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial duration of zweefde","gloss":"instant","note":"Oogenblik is the historical spelling of ogenblik."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zweefde and was","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause ending in stonden","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the embedded clause of stonden","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of stonden","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"stonden","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb after the temporal clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location phrase in de kraam","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of kraam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kraam","lemma":"kraam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"stall"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessive phrase van den Griek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine singular form","role":"determiner of Griek","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an old case-inflected form of de."},{"surface":"Griek","lemma":"Griek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Greek"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner phrase in verstaanbaar fransch","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verstaanbaar","lemma":"verstaanbaar","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies fransch","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"fransch","lemma":"Frans","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"French","note":"Fransch is the historical spelling of Frans."},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first object clause of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of gamin","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gamin","lemma":"gamin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"gamin","note":"French gamin means a street urchin or impudent boy."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to gamin","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two object clauses of zei","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second object clause of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou roepen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of policie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"policie","lemma":"politie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of roepen","gloss":"police","note":"Policie is an older spelling of politie."},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical verb governed by zou","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of roepen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"frames the following statement","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of was","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dicht","lemma":"dicht","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of dicht bij het meisje","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of dicht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the contrasting clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the contrasting clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of deed","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates deed","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h2-s63","source":"Ik schreide, en bad om genade, want ik zat vreeselyk in angst. Maar het baatte niet.","translation":"I wept, and begged for mercy, for I was in a dreadful fright. But it was no use.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik schreide, en bad om genade","title":"Weak and strong imperfects","body":"schreide (from schreien, 'to weep') and bad (from bidden, 'to pray/beg') are simple-past forms; schreien is weak (schreide, dental -de), while bidden is strong, changing its vowel to bad. want ('for') joins the reason without inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar het baatte niet","title":"Impersonal baten + niet","body":"het baatte niet = 'it was no use,' an impersonal het subject with the simple-past baatte. niet negates the whole clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schreide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"schreide","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links schreide and bad","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bad","lemma":"bidden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with schreide","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement om genade","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"genade","lemma":"genade","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"mercy"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vreeselyk","lemma":"vreselijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in angst","gloss":"dreadfully","note":"Vreeselyk is the historical spelling of vreselijk."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the state phrase in angst","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"angst","lemma":"angst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of baatte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"baatte","lemma":"baten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was any use"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates baatte","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h2-s64","source":"De Griek hield me by den arm, en schopte my. Ik zocht naar myn makkers--we hadden juist dien morgen veel over Scaevola te doen gehad, die zyn hand in 't vuur stak, en in hun latynsche opstellen hadden ze dit zoo heel mooi gevonden--jawel!","translation":"The Greek held me by the arm and kicked me. I looked round for my comrades—that very morning we had had a great deal to do about Scaevola, who put his hand into the fire, and in their Latin compositions they had thought this so very fine—oh yes, indeed!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"we hadden … veel over Scaevola te doen gehad","title":"Pluperfect of 'te doen hebben'","body":"hadden … gehad is the pluperfect of hebben; veel te doen hebben met = 'to have much to do with / busy oneself over.' The te-infinitive te doen nests inside."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die zyn hand in 't vuur stak","title":"Relative die + strong imperfect","body":"die introduces a relative clause on Scaevola; stak is the strong past of steken ('to put/thrust'). The hand-in-fire image returns as the chapter's running motif."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Griek","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Griek","lemma":"Griek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hield and schopte","gloss":"Greek"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces by den arm","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine singular form","role":"determiner of arm","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an old case-inflected form of de."},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links hield and schopte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schopte","lemma":"schoppen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with hield","gloss":"kicked"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of schopte","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement naar myn makkers","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of makkers","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"makkers","lemma":"makker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of naar","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hadden gehad","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes dien morgen","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, historical masculine singular form","role":"determiner of morgen","gloss":"that","note":"Dien is an old case-inflected form of die."},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase with dien","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of te doen gehad","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the topic over Scaevola","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Scaevola","lemma":"Scaevola","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of over","gloss":"Scaevola"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement in te doen gehad","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by hadden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of stak","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hand","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of stak","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the direction phrase in het vuur","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of vuur","gloss":"the","note":"'t is an elided form of het."},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"stak","lemma":"steken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying Scaevola","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the parenthetical clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces in hun latynsche opstellen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of opstellen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"latynsche","lemma":"Latijns","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies opstellen","gloss":"Latin"},{"surface":"opstellen","lemma":"opstel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"compositions"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hadden gevonden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heel mooi","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mooi","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"mooi","lemma":"mooi","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement describing dit","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by hadden","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"jawel","lemma":"jawel","morphology":"interjection","role":"ironic response to their absence","gloss":"oh yes indeed","note":"Here jawel is ironic: the comrades did not live up to their admiration of Scaevola."}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h2-s65","source":"Niemand was daar gebleven om voor my een hand in 't vuur te steken ... Zóó meende ik.","translation":"Not one had stayed behind to put a hand into the fire for me ... So I supposed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Niemand was daar gebleven om voor my een hand in 't vuur te steken","title":"niemand + om … te","body":"niemand ('no one') carries the single negation; was … gebleven is the pluperfect of blijven (with zijn). om … te steken states the purpose left undone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of was gebleven","gloss":"Not one"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebleven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebleven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gebleven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by was","gloss":"stayed behind"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the beneficiary voor my","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of steken","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the direction phrase in het vuur","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of vuur","gloss":"the","note":"'t is an elided form of het."},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive steken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"steken","lemma":"steken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the purpose clause","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meende","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h2-s66","source":"Maar zie, daar vloog op-eens myn Sjaalman door de achterdeur de kraam in. Hy was niet groot of sterk, en pas een jaar of dertien oud, maar hy was een vlug en dapper mannetje.","translation":"But there—all at once my Shawlman came flying in through the back of the stall. He was neither big nor strong, and barely thirteen years old, but he was a nimble, plucky little fellow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar vloog op-eens myn Sjaalman door de achterdeur de kraam in","title":"Inversion + separable 'in'","body":"Fronting daar forces inversion (vloog … myn Sjaalman). de kraam in shows the separable directional in landing at the end ('flew into the stall')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy was niet groot of sterk … maar hy was een vlug en dapper mannetje","title":"Diminutive mannetje","body":"mannetje is the diminutive of man ('little fellow'), affectionate here; like all -je diminutives it is neuter. The attributive adjectives vlug and dapper take no -e before the neuter een-word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"parenthetical imperative drawing attention","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentative adverb modifying vloog","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vloog","lemma":"vliegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came flying"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vloog","gloss":"all at once","note":"Op-eens is an older hyphenated spelling of opeens."},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Sjaalman","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of vloog","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the path door de achterdeur","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of achterdeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"achterdeur","lemma":"achterdeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"back door"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of kraam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kraam","lemma":"kraam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the directional phrase de kraam in","gloss":"stall"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"postposition","role":"completes the directional phrase de kraam in","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Hy to the predicates","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the coordinated predicates groot of sterk","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links groot and sterk under negation","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative complement with groot","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the age predicate to the preceding predicates","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the age phrase","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"introduces the approximate number een jaar of dertien","gloss":"a","note":"Een jaar of dertien is an idiom meaning approximately thirteen years."},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the approximation phrase een jaar of dertien","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"marks approximation in een jaar of dertien","gloss":"approximately"},{"surface":"dertien","lemma":"dertien","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"completes the approximate age phrase","gloss":"thirteen"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to mannetje","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of mannetje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vlug","lemma":"vlug","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mannetje","gloss":"nimble"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links vlug and dapper","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dapper","lemma":"dapper","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated modifier of mannetje","gloss":"plucky"},{"surface":"mannetje","lemma":"mannetje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"little fellow"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h2-s67","source":"Nog zie 'k zyn oogen flikkeren--anders zagen ze flauw--hy gaf den Griek een vuistslag, en ik was gered. Later heb ik gehoord dat de Griek hem duchtig geslagen heeft, maar omdat ik een vast principe heb, me nooit te bemoeien met dingen die me niet aangaan, ben ik terstond weggeloopen.","translation":"I can still see his eyes flashing—usually they looked dull—he dealt the Greek a blow with his fist, and I was saved. Later I heard that the Greek thrashed him soundly, but since I hold to a fixed principle never to meddle in things that are no concern of mine, I ran off at once.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ik een vast principe heb, me nooit te bemoeien met dingen die me niet aangaan","title":"omdat verb-final + reflexive te-infinitive","body":"omdat ('because') sends heb to the end; me … te bemoeien is the reflexive te-infinitive of zich bemoeien. nooit supplies the single negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ben ik terstond weggeloopen","title":"Motion perfect with zijn","body":"weglopen ('to run off') is a motion verb, so its perfect uses zijn: ben … weggeloopen. The separable prefix weg fuses into the participle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zie","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of oogen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zie and subject of flikkeren","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"flikkeren","lemma":"flikkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zie","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zagen; here usually","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"zagen","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zagen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"flauw","lemma":"flauw","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zagen","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of its clause","gloss":"dealt"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of Griek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Griek","lemma":"Griek","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"Greek"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vuistslag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vuistslag","lemma":"vuistslag","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"blow with fist"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive gered","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gered","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gered","lemma":"redden","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle in passive construction","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"Later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb gehoord","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gehoord","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb governing dat-clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geslagen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Griek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Griek","lemma":"Griek","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of geslagen heeft","gloss":"Greek"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of geslagen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"duchtig","lemma":"duchtig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geslagen","gloss":"soundly"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"thrashed"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geslagen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heb","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of principe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vast","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies principe","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"principe","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of omdat-clause","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person singular","role":"reflexive object of bemoeien","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bemoeien","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bemoeien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bemoeien","lemma":"bemoeien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement defining principe","gloss":"meddle"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement dingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of bemoeien","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of aangaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of aangaan","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aangaan","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of weggeloopen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben weggeloopen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weggeloopen","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"weggeloopen","lemma":"weglopen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"run off"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h2-s68","source":"Ik heb het dus niet gezien.","translation":"So I did not see it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb het dus niet gezien","title":"Present perfect with hebben","body":"heb … gezien is the present perfect of zien; the participle gezien closes the clause. dus ('so/thus') is a coordinator that does not invert the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h2-s69","source":"Ziedaar de reden waarom zyn trekken me zoo aan reukwerk herinnerden, en hoe men in Amsterdam twist kan krygen met een Griek.","translation":"That is the reason his features so reminded me of perfume, and how one may come to quarrel with a Greek in Amsterdam.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ziedaar de reden waarom zyn trekken me zoo aan reukwerk herinnerden","title":"Relative adverb waarom","body":"waarom ('the reason why') opens a relative clause whose verb herinnerden goes to the end. herinneren aan (non-reflexive) = 'to remind of'; here zyn trekken (his features) reminded me aan reukwerk (of perfume). The reflexive zich herinneren means 'to remember/recall', a separate construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe men in Amsterdam twist kan krygen met een Griek","title":"Modal kan in an indirect question","body":"The indirect question with hoe sends the modal kan and infinitive krygen to the end. men is impersonal 'one'; twist krijgen = 'to come to quarrel.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ziedaar","lemma":"ziedaar","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"presents reden","gloss":"there is","note":"Ziedaar is a presentative expression meaning “there is” or “behold.”"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"presented noun","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying reden","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of trekken","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"trekken","lemma":"trek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of herinnerden","gloss":"features"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of herinnerden","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies herinnerden","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reukwerk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"reukwerk","lemma":"reukwerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of herinnerden","gloss":"perfume"},{"surface":"herinnerden","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"reminded"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces coordinated indirect question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan krijgen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amsterdam","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Amsterdam","lemma":"Amsterdam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of in","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"surface":"twist","lemma":"twist","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of krijgen","gloss":"a quarrel"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of krijgen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"krygen","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of indirect question","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Griek","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Griek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Griek","lemma":"Griek","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"Greek"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h2-s70","source":"Als op latere kermissen die man weer met zyn kraam op de Westermarkt stond, ging ik my altyd elders vermaken.","translation":"Whenever, at later fairs, that man stood again with his stall on the Westermarkt, I always went off to amuse myself elsewhere.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als op latere kermissen die man weer … stond, ging ik my altyd elders vermaken","title":"Conditional/temporal als + reflexive","body":"Als ('whenever') opens the subordinate clause (stond at end); the main clause inverts (ging ik). zich vermaken ('to amuse oneself') is reflexive — my."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause headed by stond","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kermissen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"latere","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies kermissen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"kermissen","lemma":"kermis","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"complement of op","gloss":"fairs"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kraam","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kraam","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kraam","lemma":"kraam","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"stall"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Westermarkt","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Westermarkt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Westermarkt","lemma":"Westermarkt","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op","gloss":"Westermarkt"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person singular","role":"reflexive object of vermaken","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vermaken","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vermaken","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"vermaken","lemma":"vermaken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of ging","gloss":"amuse"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h2-s71","source":"Daar ik veel van wysgeerige opmerkingen houd, moet ik u toch even zeggen, lezer, hoe wonderbaar de zaken dezer wereld aan elkander hangen.","translation":"Since I am very fond of philosophical observations, I really must just tell you, reader, how wondrously the affairs of this world hang together.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar ik veel van wysgeerige opmerkingen houd, moet ik u toch even zeggen","title":"daar 'since' + modal moet","body":"daar ('since') opens the causal clause (houd at the end); the main clause uses the modal moet, sending zeggen to the end as a bare infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de zaken dezer wereld","title":"Genitive: dezer wereld","body":"dezer is the old feminine genitive of deze: 'the affairs of this world.' The inflected demonstrative is a hallmark of solemn 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause headed by houd","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies houd","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opmerkingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wysgeerige","lemma":"wijsgerig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies opmerkingen","gloss":"philosophical"},{"surface":"opmerkingen","lemma":"opmerking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"observations"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"am fond"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"introduces embedded exclamative clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"wonderbaar","lemma":"wonderbaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hangen","gloss":"wondrously"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hangen","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, genitive singular","role":"possessor of wereld","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"dependent of genitive dezer","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of reciprocal phrase aan elkander","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"hangen","lemma":"hangen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of embedded clause","gloss":"hang"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h2-s72","source":"Als de oogen van dat meisje minder zwart waren geweest, als ze korter vlechten had gehad, of als men my niet tegen die winkelkast had aangeworpen, zoudt ge nu dit boek niet lezen. Wees dus dankbaar dat dit zoo gebeurd is.","translation":"Had that girl's eyes been less black, had her braids been shorter, or had I not been flung against that show-case, you would not be reading this book now. Be thankful, then, that it happened as it did.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als de oogen … minder zwart waren geweest, als ze korter vlechten had gehad, … zoudt ge nu dit boek niet lezen","title":"Unreal conditional als … zou","body":"Three als-clauses with pluperfects (waren geweest, had gehad, had aangeworpen) set up an unreal past condition; the main clause uses conditional zoudt … niet lezen ('you would not be reading')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wees dus dankbaar dat dit zoo gebeurd is","title":"Imperative Wees","body":"Wees is the irregular imperative of zijn ('be'). gebeurd is is the perfect of the change-of-state verb gebeuren, which takes zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces first counterfactual condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren geweest","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meisje","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zwart","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"zwart","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren geweest","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"finite auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"past participle","role":"perfect participle in waren geweest","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second counterfactual condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gehad","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"korter","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies vlechten","gloss":"shorter"},{"surface":"vlechten","lemma":"vlecht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of had gehad","gloss":"braids"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle of second condition","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces third counterfactual condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aangeworpen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of aangeworpen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangeworpen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking winkelkast","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of winkelkast","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"winkelkast","lemma":"winkelkast","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"complement of tegen","gloss":"show-case"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangeworpen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aangeworpen","lemma":"aanwerpen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of third condition","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"zoudt","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, second person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of lezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zoudt lezen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lezen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"Wees","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, imperative, second person singular","role":"copula linking subject to dankbaar","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dankbaar","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"dankbaar","lemma":"dankbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Wees","gloss":"thankful"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gebeurd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gebeurd","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebeurd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gebeurd","lemma":"gebeuren","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebeurd","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h2-s73","source":"Geloof me, alles in de wereld is goed, zóó als het is, en ontevreden menschen die altyd klagen, zyn myn vrienden niet. Daar hebt ge Busselinck & Waterman ... maar ik moet voortgaan, want myn boek moet af voor de voorjaarsveiling.","translation":"Believe me, everything in the world is good, just as it is, and discontented people who are forever complaining are no friends of mine. There you have Busselinck & Waterman ... but I must press on, for my book has to be finished before the spring auction.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"alles in de wereld is goed, zóó als het is","title":"Predicate adjective (no -e)","body":"goed stands after the verb as a predicate, so it takes no ending; only attributive adjectives before a noun add -e. zóó als = 'just as.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"myn boek moet af voor de voorjaarsveiling","title":"Modal moet with omitted infinitive","body":"moet … af compresses moet af zijn ('must be finished'); the infinitive zijn is understood. af is the separable 'finished/done.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, imperative, second person singular","role":"main verb of imperative","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Geloof","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wereld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking alles to goed","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modified by als het is","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of comparative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ontevreden","lemma":"ontevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"discontented"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of klagen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klagen","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"klagen","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on menschen","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking menschen to vrienden","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vrienden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrienden","lemma":"vriend","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"modifies hebt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of presentative clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of hebt","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Busselinck","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voortgaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of voortgaan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"voortgaan","lemma":"voortgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"press on"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"governs predicative af","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicative complement of moet","gloss":"finished","note":"Af zijn means to be finished or ready."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorjaarsveiling","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorjaarsveiling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorjaarsveiling","lemma":"voorjaarsveiling","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"spring auction"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h2-s74","source":"Ronduit gezegd--want ik houd van de waarheid--was my het weerzien van dien persoon niet aangenaam.","translation":"To speak plainly—for I am fond of the truth—seeing that person again was not agreeable to me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ronduit gezegd … was my het weerzien van dien persoon niet aangenaam","title":"Fronted participle → V2 + dative my","body":"The fronted Ronduit gezegd ('frankly speaking') triggers inversion (was … het weerzien). my is a dative-of-interest ('to me'); dien shows the old accusative den-form of die."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ronduit","lemma":"ronduit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"past participle","role":"part of introductory phrase","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"am fond"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waarheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of houd","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking weerzien to aangenaam","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer complement of aangenaam","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weerzien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weerzien","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"seeing again"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking persoon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangenaam","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aangenaam","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"agreeable"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h2-s75","source":"Ik bemerkte terstond dat het geen soliede konnexie was.","translation":"I noticed at once that it was no sound connection.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat het geen soliede konnexie was","title":"geen for indefinite negation","body":"geen (not niet) negates the indefinite noun konnexie ('connection'). dat sends the verb was to the end. konnexie is a period spelling of connectie."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of bemerkte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bemerkte","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of bemerkte","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of bemerkte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, neuter","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner, negative","role":"determiner of konnexie","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"soliede","lemma":"solide","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies konnexie","gloss":"sound","note":"Soliede is an older spelling of modern solide."},{"surface":"konnexie","lemma":"connectie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"connection","note":"Konnexie is an older spelling of connectie."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking het to konnexie","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h2-s76","source":"Hy zag zeer bleek, en toen ik hem vroeg hoe laat het was, wist hy 't niet.","translation":"He looked very pale, and when I asked him what time it was, he did not know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen ik hem vroeg hoe laat het was, wist hy 't niet","title":"toen + main-clause inversion","body":"toen ('when,' past) opens a subordinate clause (vroeg at end), and the indirect question hoe laat het was is verb-final too. The main clause then inverts: wist hy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copular verb linking Hy to bleek","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bleek","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"bleek","lemma":"bleek","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zag","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zag and wist","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of vroeg","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of vroeg","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies laat in indirect question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking het to laat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with zag","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, neuter","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"it","note":"'t is an elided form of het."},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates wist","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h2-s77","source":"Dit zyn dingen, waar een mensch op let, die zoo'n twintig jaar de beurs bezocht heeft, en zooveel heeft bygewoond. Ik heb al wat huizen zien vallen!","translation":"These are the sort of things a man notices who has frequented the exchange for some twenty years and seen so much go on. I have watched many a house go under!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een mensch … die zoo'n twintig jaar de beurs bezocht heeft","title":"Relative die + perfect","body":"die opens a relative clause on mensch, with the perfect bezocht heeft pushed verb-final. waar … op let is a split pronominal adverb (= waarop, 'on which')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, neuter singular","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"These"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"copula linking Dit to dingen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"forms waar ... op, referring to dingen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of let","gloss":"man","note":"Mensch is an older spelling of mens."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"particle of letten op with waar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"let","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying dingen","gloss":"notices"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of heeft bezocht and heeft bygewoond; refers to mensch","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"approximative determiner","role":"modifies twintig jaar","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"twintig","lemma":"twintig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial duration of bezocht","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezocht","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"bezocht","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heeft","gloss":"frequented"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of bezocht","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links heeft bezocht and heeft bygewoond","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of bygewoond","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of bygewoond","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"bygewoond","lemma":"bijwonen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heeft","gloss":"witnessed","note":"Bygewoond is the nineteenth-century spelling of bijgewoond."},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb zien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary governing zien vallen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wat in al wat","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"with al, quantifies huizen","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of vallen and object of perception zien","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive governed by heb","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of zien","gloss":"go under"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h2-s78","source":"Ik meende dat hy rechts zou gaan, en zei dat ik links moest. Doch zie, hy ging ook links, en ik kon dus niet vermyden in gesprek te treden.","translation":"I supposed he would turn right, and said that I had to go left. But there—he turned left as well, and so I could not avoid falling into conversation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik meende dat hy rechts zou gaan","title":"Future zou verb-final","body":"Inside the dat-clause the conditional/future zou gaan goes to the end: 'that he would go right.' meende is the weak imperfect of menen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch zie, hy ging ook links","title":"Archaic doch","body":"doch is a literary/archaic word for maar ('but/yet'); as a coordinator it does not invert the following clause. zie is an interjection ('lo, see')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik kon dus niet vermyden in gesprek te treden","title":"Modal kon + te-infinitive complement","body":"The modal kon ('could') governs vermyden; vermijden in turn takes the te-infinitive te treden ('to enter'). in gesprek treden = 'to fall into conversation.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of meende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zou gaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"rechts","lemma":"rechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional modifier of gaan","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of object clause","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links meende and zei","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"coordinated with meende","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement understood with gaan","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, first person singular","role":"verb of object clause with omitted gaan","gloss":"had to go"},{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"parenthetical discourse marker","gloss":"there","note":"Doch zie is a presentational expression meaning roughly ‘but there’ or ‘but behold’."},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies links","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of ging","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links ging and kon vermyden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kon vermyden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, first person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of vermyden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kon vermyden","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates kon vermyden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vermyden","lemma":"vermijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"avoid","note":"Vermyden is the nineteenth-century spelling of vermijden."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in gesprek treden","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional object of in","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces infinitive treden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"treden","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of vermyden","gloss":"enter"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h2-s79","source":"Maar ik bedacht gedurig dat hy niet wist hoe laat het was, en bespeurde bovendien dat zyn jasje tot aan de kin was dichtgeknoopt--dat een zeer slecht merk is--zoodat ik den toon van ons onderhoud wat flauw blyven liet. Hy verhaalde my dat hy in Indie was geweest, dat hy getrouwd was, dat hy kinderen had.","translation":"But I kept reflecting that he did not know what time it was, and noticed besides that his jacket was buttoned up to the chin—which is a very bad sign—so that I kept the tone of our exchange rather cool. He related to me that he had been in the Indies, that he was married, that he had children.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zyn jasje tot aan de kin was dichtgeknoopt","title":"zijn-passive state + diminutive jasje","body":"was dichtgeknoopt is a zijn-passive of resulting state ('was buttoned up'). jasje is the diminutive of jas ('little jacket'), and therefore neuter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy verhaalde my dat hy in Indie was geweest, dat hy getrouwd was, dat hy kinderen had","title":"Stacked dat-clauses, verb-final","body":"Three parallel dat-clauses each push their verbs to the end (was geweest, was, had). The triple repetition mimics the man's halting confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of bedacht and bespeurde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bedacht","lemma":"bedenken","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept reflecting"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedacht","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of bedacht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of object clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies laat in indirect question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking het to laat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links bedacht and bespeurde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bespeurde","lemma":"bespeuren","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"coordinated with bedacht","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bespeurde","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of bespeurde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of jasje","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jasje","lemma":"jasje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"subject of was dichtgeknoopt","gloss":"jacket"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"second part of compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of kin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kin","lemma":"kin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot aan","gloss":"chin"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking jasje to dichtgeknoopt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dichtgeknoopt","lemma":"dichtknopen","morphology":"adjective, predicative, participial","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"buttoned up"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, neuter singular","role":"subject of is; refers to the buttoned jacket","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of merk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slecht","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies merk","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"merk","lemma":"merk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking dat to merk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause of liet","gloss":"so that","note":"Zoodat is the older spelling of zodat."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of toon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of liet","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of toon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"possessor of onderhoud","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"onderhoud","lemma":"onderhoud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb, degree","role":"modifies flauw","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"flauw","lemma":"flauw","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of blyven","gloss":"cool"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of liet","gloss":"remain","note":"Blyven is the nineteenth-century spelling of blijven."},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"verb of result clause governing blyven","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of verhaalde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"verhaalde","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of verhaalde","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces first object clause of verhaalde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of was geweest","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of geweest","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies","note":"Indie is the historical unaccented spelling of Indië, here referring to the Dutch East Indies."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by was","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second object clause of verhaalde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"getrouwd","lemma":"getrouwd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking hy to getrouwd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces third object clause of verhaalde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of third object clause","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h2-s80","source":"Ik had daar niets tegen, maar vond er niets belangryks in. By de Kapelsteeg--ik ga anders nooit door die steeg, omdat het voor een fatsoenlyk man niet staat, vind ik--maar ditmaal wilde ik by de Kapelsteeg rechts-af-slaan.","translation":"I had nothing to say against that, but found nothing of importance in it either. At the Kapelsteeg—otherwise I never go down that alley, because it does not become a respectable man, in my opinion—but this once I meant to turn off to the right at the Kapelsteeg.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dat het voor een fatsoenlyk man niet staat","title":"Idiom: 'het staat niet'","body":"het staat niet means 'it is not done / it is unbecoming.' fatsoenlyk ('respectable') is one of Droogstoppel's favorite self-flattering words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had and vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"forms daar ... tegen, referring to what was said","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, negative","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"adposition, postposed","role":"forms daartegen with daar","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links had and vond","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"coordinated with had","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"forms er ... in, referring to it","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, negative","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"belangryks","lemma":"belangrijk","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular, partitive -s","role":"partitive modifier of niets","gloss":"of importance","note":"Belangryks is the nineteenth-century spelling of belangrijks."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"adposition, postposed","role":"forms erin with er","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location at de Kapelsteeg","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Kapelsteeg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kapelsteeg","lemma":"Kapelsteeg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of By","gloss":"Kapelsteeg"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ga","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ga","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"modifies ga","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces path complement of ga","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of steeg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"steeg","lemma":"steeg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"alley"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of staat","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal, neuter singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces affected-person complement of staat","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies man","gloss":"respectable","note":"Fatsoenlyk is the nineteenth-century spelling of fatsoenlijk."},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"negates staat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"parenthetical comment governing causal clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"resumes and contrasts main clause after parenthesis","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ditmaal","lemma":"ditmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde rechts-af-slaan","gloss":"this once"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, first person singular","role":"main finite verb governing rechts-af-slaan","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location of rechts-af-slaan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Kapelsteeg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kapelsteeg","lemma":"Kapelsteeg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of by","gloss":"Kapelsteeg"},{"surface":"rechts-af-slaan","lemma":"rechts afslaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive, separable compound with directional adverb","role":"infinitive governed by wilde","gloss":"turn off right","note":"The historical hyphenation corresponds to modern rechts afslaan."}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h2-s81","source":"Ik wachtte tot wy dat straatje byna voorby waren, om goed te doen blyken dat zyn weg rechtuit leidde, en toen zei ik zeer beleefd ... want beleefd ben ik altyd, men kan nooit weten hoe men later iemand noodig heeft:","translation":"I waited until we were nearly past that little street, the better to make it plain that his way ran straight on, and then I said very politely ... for polite I always am, one can never tell when one may have need of someone later:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wachtte tot wy dat straatje byna voorby waren, om goed te doen blyken","title":"tot subordinate + om … te","body":"tot ('until') opens a subordinate clause (waren at end), and om … te doen blyken ('to make plain') states the purpose. voorbij zijn = 'to be past.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men kan nooit weten hoe men later iemand noodig heeft","title":"Modal kan + impersonal men","body":"men ('one') is the impersonal subject; the modal kan governs weten. The indirect question hoe … heeft is verb-final. nooit carries the negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of waren","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person plural, nominative","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of straatje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"straatje","lemma":"straatje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"complement of voorby","gloss":"little street"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorby","gloss":"nearly","note":"Byna is the nineteenth-century spelling of bijna."},{"surface":"voorby","lemma":"voorbij","morphology":"adposition, postposed","role":"forms predicative phrase dat straatje voorby","gloss":"past","note":"Voorby is the nineteenth-century spelling of voorbij."},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, first person plural","role":"copula with predicative phrase voorby dat straatje","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces purpose infinitive with te doen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen blyken","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks purpose infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative infinitive governing blyken","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"blyken","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"plain","note":"Blyken is the nineteenth-century spelling of blijken."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject-matter clause of blyken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of weg","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of leidde","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"rechtuit","lemma":"rechtuit","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional modifier of leidde","gloss":"straight on"},{"surface":"leidde","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links wachtte and zei","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with wachtte","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beleefd","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"beleefd","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner modifier of zei","gloss":"politely"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"beleefd","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"fronted predicative complement of ben","gloss":"polite"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"copula linking ik to beleefd","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, personal, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kan weten","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weten","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"modifies kan weten","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces indirect question and modifies heeft","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of noodig heeft","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"part of idiom iemand nodig hebben","gloss":"need of","note":"Noodig is the older spelling of nodig."},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of indirect question in idiom nodig hebben","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h2-s82","source":"--Het was me byzonder aangenaam u weer te zien, m'nheer ... r ... r!","translation":"—It has been a particular pleasure to see you again, Mr. ... er ... er!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was me byzonder aangenaam u weer te zien","title":"Impersonal het + te-infinitive subject","body":"het is a dummy subject anticipating the real subject u weer te zien ('to see you again'); me is the dative ('to me'). byzonder is period spelling of bijzonder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Het to aangenaam","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer of aangenaam","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"byzonder","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangenaam","gloss":"particularly","note":"Historical spelling of modern bijzonder."},{"surface":"aangenaam","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of aangenaam","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative form of address","gloss":"Mr.","note":"Contracted form of mijnheer, ‘Mr.’"},{"surface":"r","lemma":"er","morphology":"interjection","role":"hesitation sound","gloss":"er"},{"surface":"r","lemma":"er","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated hesitation sound","gloss":"er"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h2-s83","source":"En ... èn ... èn ... ik rekommandeer me! Ik moet hierin.","translation":"And ... and ... and ... I take my leave! I must turn in here.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik rekommandeer me","title":"Reflexive: zich recommanderen","body":"zich recommanderen is a (Frenchified) reflexive set phrase, 'I take my leave / commend myself.' The reflexive me marks the first person."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"hesitating coordinator","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"èn","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"repeated hesitating coordinator","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"èn","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"repeated hesitating coordinator","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of rekommandeer","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"rekommandeer","lemma":"recommanderen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"take leave","note":"In zich recommanderen, an old-fashioned expression meaning ‘take one’s leave.’"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of recommandeer","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"main modal with omitted motion verb","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"hierin","lemma":"hierin","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of omitted motion verb","gloss":"in here"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h2-s84","source":"Toen keek hy me heel gek aan, en zuchtte, en vatte opeens een knoop van myn jas ...","translation":"Then he looked at me very oddly, and sighed, and all at once took hold of a button of my coat ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"keek hy me heel gek aan","title":"Separable aankijken + inversion","body":"Fronting Toen forces inversion (keek hy); the separable prefix aan of aankijken ('to look at') lands at the end. vatte … een knoop = 'took hold of a button.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies keek","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"keek","lemma":"kijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of keek","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of keek ... aan","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gek","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner adjunct of keek ... aan","gloss":"oddly"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of keek ... aan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zuchtte","lemma":"zuchten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with keek","gloss":"sighed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vatte","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with keek","gloss":"took hold"},{"surface":"opeens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vatte","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of knoop","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"knoop","lemma":"knoop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vatte","gloss":"button"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessive modifier of knoop","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of jas","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"jas","lemma":"jas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"coat"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h2-s85","source":"--Beste Droogstoppel, zeide hy, ik heb u iets te vragen. Er ging my een rilling door de leden.","translation":"—My dear Droogstoppel, said he, I have something to ask of you. A shiver ran through my limbs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb u iets te vragen","title":"hebben + te-infinitive (obligation)","body":"iets te vragen hebben = 'to have something to ask' — hebben with a te-infinitive expresses something one must/can do. u is the polite object 'you.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er ging my een rilling door de leden","title":"er + dative 'me'","body":"er fills the front slot before the real subject een rilling ('a shiver'); my is a dative of interest. door de leden = 'through the limbs.' A vivid bodily idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Beste","lemma":"best","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Droogstoppel","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Droogstoppel"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the reported clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of vragen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vragen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vragen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive modifying iets","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"introduces subject rilling","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer of ging","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rilling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rilling","lemma":"rilling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"shiver"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leden","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leden","lemma":"lid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"limbs"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h2-s86","source":"Hy wist niet hoe laat het was, en wilde my iets vragen! Natuurlyk antwoordde ik dat ik geen tyd had, en naar de beurs moest, schoon het avend was.","translation":"He did not know what time it was, and wanted to ask me something! Naturally I answered that I had no time, and had to be at the exchange, although it was evening.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy wist niet hoe laat het was, en wilde my iets vragen!","title":"Modal wilde + bare infinitive","body":"The modal wilde ('wanted') sends the main verb vragen to the end as a bare infinitive (no te). The indirect question hoe laat het was is verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schoon het avend was","title":"Archaic schoon 'although'","body":"schoon ('although') is a literary subordinator that sends was to the end. avend is period spelling of avond ('evening')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to laat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with wist","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of vragen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vragen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"Natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies antwoordde","gloss":"naturally","note":"Historical spelling of modern natuurlijk."},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of antwoordde","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beurs","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of moest","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with had; governs omitted gaan","gloss":"had to go"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to avend","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h2-s87","source":"Maar als men zoo'n twintig jaren de beurs heeft bezocht ... en iemand wil u iets vragen, zonder te weten hoe laat het is ... Ik maakte myn knoop los, groette heel beleefd--want beleefd ben ik altyd --en ging de Kapelsteeg in, wat ik anders nooit doe, omdat het niet fatsoenlyk is, en fatsoen gaat my boven alles.","translation":"But when one has frequented the exchange for some twenty years ... and someone wants to ask you something, without even knowing what time it is ... I undid my button, took my leave very politely—for polite I always am—and turned into the Kapelsteeg, which I otherwise never do, because it is not respectable, and respectability is above everything else to me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand wil u iets vragen, zonder te weten hoe laat het is","title":"Modal wil + zonder te","body":"wil sends vragen to the end (bare infinitive); zonder te weten ('without knowing') is a te-infinitive frame. The indirect question hoe laat het is is verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik maakte myn knoop los","title":"Separable losmaken","body":"losmaken ('to undo') is separable: in the simple past the prefix los splits off to the end. groette (greeted) and ging (went) continue the chain of past actions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bezocht","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bezocht","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bezocht","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of twintig jaren","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"twintig","lemma":"twintig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"duration adjunct of bezocht","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezocht","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bezocht","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"bezocht","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of als-clause","gloss":"frequented"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordinated condition","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal governing vragen","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of vragen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vragen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitival adjunct","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on vragen","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to laat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of knoop","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"knoop","lemma":"knoop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"button"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"los","morphology":"adjective","role":"resultative complement of maakte","gloss":"loose"},{"surface":"groette","lemma":"groeten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with maakte","gloss":"took my leave"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beleefd","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"beleefd","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groette","gloss":"politely"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"beleefd","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"polite"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to beleefd","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links ging to preceding verbs","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with maakte","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Kapelsteeg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kapelsteeg","lemma":"Kapelsteeg","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of postposition in","gloss":"Kapelsteeg"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"postposition","role":"heads directional complement of ging","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doe; refers to entering Kapelsteeg","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doe","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doe","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fatsoenlyk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of omdat-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fatsoen","lemma":"fatsoen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"respectability"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer with gaat boven","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of gaat","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h2-s88","source":"Ik hoop dat niemand het gezien heeft. DERDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"I hope no one saw it. THIRD CHAPTER","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik hoop dat niemand het gezien heeft","title":"niemand + perfect verb-final","body":"dat sends the perfect gezien heeft to the end; niemand ('no one') supplies the single negation. A wry closing line of self-conscious shame."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoop","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"DERDE","lemma":"derde","morphology":"ordinal numeral","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"heading noun","gloss":"chapter"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h2-s89","source":"Toen ik een dag daarna van de beurs kwam, zei Frits dat er iemand geweest was om my te spreken.","translation":"When I came back from the exchange a day later, Frits said that someone had been there to speak with me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zei Frits dat er iemand geweest was om my te spreken","title":"er + om … te purpose","body":"er is the dummy subject for existential 'someone had been [there]'; geweest was is the pluperfect of zijn, and om … te spreken states the purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"time adjunct of kwam","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies een dag","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beurs","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of kwam","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal subordinate clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geweest","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"introduces subject iemand","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of spreken","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h2-s90","source":"Naar de beschryving was het de Sjaalman. Hoe hy me gevonden had ... nu ja, 't adreskaartje!","translation":"By the description it was the Shawlman. How he had found me ... well, the business card, of course!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe hy me gevonden had","title":"Indirect question, verb-final","body":"The indirect question opening with Hoe sends the pluperfect gevonden had to the end. The trailing fragment nu ja, 't adreskaartje! mimics speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschryving","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschryving","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschryving","lemma":"beschrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Naar","gloss":"description","note":"Historical spelling of modern beschrijving."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to Sjaalman","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevonden","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevonden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of elliptical question","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker with ja","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of discourse marker nu ja","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adreskaartje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adreskaartje","lemma":"adreskaartje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical explanation","gloss":"business card","note":"The card explains how he found the address."}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h2-s91","source":"Ik dacht er over, myn kinderen van school te nemen, want het is lastig, nog twintig, dertig jaren later te worden nagezeten door een schoolkameraad die een sjaal draagt in plaats van een jas, en die niet weet hoe laat het is. Ook heb ik Frits verboden naar de Westermarkt te gaan, als er kramen staan.","translation":"I thought of taking my children out of school, for it is a vexing thing to be pursued twenty, thirty years later by a schoolfellow who wears a shawl in place of a coat, and who does not know what time it is. I have also forbidden Frits to go to the Westermarkt when the stalls are up.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want het is lastig … te worden nagezeten door een schoolkameraad","title":"Passive te-infinitive: te worden nagezeten","body":"te worden nagezeten is a passive te-infinitive (worden + participle of separable nazitten, 'to be chased after'), with door marking the agent. lastig governs the te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook heb ik Frits verboden naar de Westermarkt te gaan","title":"Fronting Ook → V2","body":"Fronting Ook forces inversion (heb ik); verbieden governs the te-infinitive te gaan. als er kramen staan is a verb-final als-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of dacht over","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"part of denken erover","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kinderen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking school","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"school","lemma":"school","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of nemen","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive nemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of dacht","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with lastig","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to lastig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lastig","lemma":"lastig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"vexing"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies later","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"twintig","lemma":"twintig","morphology":"numeral","role":"first alternative quantifier of jaren","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"dertig","lemma":"dertig","morphology":"numeral","role":"second alternative quantifier of jaren","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying later","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies nagezeten worden","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks passive infinitive worden nagezeten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of nagezeten","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"nagezeten","lemma":"nazitten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of passive infinitive","gloss":"pursued"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks agent of nagezeten","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schoolkameraad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schoolkameraad","lemma":"schoolkameraad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent complement of nagezeten","gloss":"schoolfellow"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of draagt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sjaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sjaal","lemma":"sjaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of draagt","gloss":"shawl"},{"surface":"draagt","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on schoolkameraad","gloss":"wears"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"begins idiom in plaats van","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom in plaats van","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in plaats van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jas","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jas","lemma":"jas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in plaats van","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates relative clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of coordinated relative clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies laat","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to laat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verboden","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verboden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verboden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"indirect object of verboden","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"verboden","lemma":"verbieden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb with auxiliary heb","gloss":"forbidden"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Westermarkt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Westermarkt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Westermarkt","lemma":"Westermarkt","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gaan","gloss":"Westermarkt"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive gaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verboden","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of staan","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"locative-presentative adverb with staan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kramen","lemma":"kraam","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"stalls"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"adverbial clause on gaan","gloss":"stand"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h2-s92","source":"Den volgenden dag ontving ik een brief met een groot pak. Ik zal u den brief laten lezen:","translation":"The next day I received a letter with a large parcel. I will let you read the letter:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal u den brief laten lezen","title":"Future zal + causative laten","body":"zal forms the future; laten is the causative auxiliary, taking the bare infinitive lezen — 'I shall let you read the letter.' den brief shows the old accusative den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical accusative masculine singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of ontving","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pak","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies pak","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zal laten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of laten","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"subject of lezen in causative construction","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical accusative masculine singular","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"read"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h2-s93","source":"Waarde Droogstoppel! Ik vind dat hy wel had kunnen zeggen: Weledele Heer Droogstoppel, omdat ik makelaar ben.","translation":"Worthy Droogstoppel! I think he might well have said: Most honorable Mr. Droogstoppel, seeing that I am a broker.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik vind dat hy wel had kunnen zeggen","title":"Modal in the pluperfect (double infinitive)","body":"had kunnen zeggen is the pluperfect of the modal kunnen with a 'double infinitive' (kunnen + zeggen) instead of a participle — 'he could/might well have said.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Weledele Heer","title":"Honorific: Weledele Heer","body":"Weledele Heer ('Most honorable Sir') is a formal address Droogstoppel feels his rank as a broker (makelaar) deserves, over the plainer Waarde ('Worthy')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waarde","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective, inflected, vocative","role":"modifies vocative Droogstoppel","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"head of vocative phrase","gloss":"Droogstoppel"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of vind","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had kunnen zeggen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes kunnen zeggen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen zeggen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Weledele","lemma":"weledel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"honorific modifier of Heer","gloss":"most honorable","note":"Weledele is a formal historical honorific, here rendered ‘Most honorable.’"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of quoted form of address","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"name in apposition to Heer","gloss":"Droogstoppel"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of makelaar","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to makelaar","gloss":"am"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h2-s94","source":"Ik ben gisteren ten-uwent geweest met het doel u een verzoek te doen.","translation":"I was at your house yesterday with the aim of making a request of you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ten-uwent","title":"Frozen genitive: ten uwent","body":"ten uwent ('at your house') preserves an old genitive/dative construction (te + the genitive of uw). Such fossils belong to formal 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met het doel u een verzoek te doen","title":"Noun + te-infinitive purpose","body":"het doel ('the aim') governs the te-infinitive te doen ('to make [a request]'). een verzoek doen = 'to make a request.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben geweest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gisteren","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial time modifier of ben geweest","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"ten-uwent","lemma":"te uwent","morphology":"archaic locative adverb","role":"locative complement of ben geweest","gloss":"at your house","note":"Ten-uwent is an archaic expression meaning ‘at your house.’"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary ben","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"indirect object of doen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzoek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement specifying doel","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h2-s95","source":"Ik geloof dat gy in goede omstandigheden verkeert ... Dit is waar: we zyn met ons dertienen op 't kantoor.","translation":"I believe you are in good circumstances ... This is true: there are thirteen of us at the office.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik geloof dat gy in goede omstandigheden verkeert","title":"Archaic gij + verb-final","body":"gy (gij) is the solemn 'you,' its verb taking -t (verkeert). The dat-clause is verb-final. in goede omstandigheden verkeren = 'to be in good circumstances.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verkeert","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verkeert","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omstandigheden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of verkeert","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"verkeert","lemma":"verkeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of object clause of geloof","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dit to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces idiom met ons dertienen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"reflexive group complement of met","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"dertienen","lemma":"dertien","morphology":"numeral, substantivized plural","role":"numeral complement in met ons dertienen","gloss":"thirteen","note":"Met ons dertienen means ‘the thirteen of us.’"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 't","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kantoor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"office"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h2-s96","source":"...en ik wenschte gebruik te maken van uw krediet, om een zaak tot-stand te brengen, die voor my van groot gewicht is. Zou men niet denken dat het om een order op de voorjaarsveiling te doen was?","translation":"...and I should like to make use of your credit, to bring about a matter that is of great importance to me. Would one not suppose it was a question of an order for the spring auction?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik wenschte gebruik te maken van uw krediet, om … tot-stand te brengen","title":"wensen te + om … te","body":"wenschte governs gebruik te maken ('to make use'); a second frame om … tot-stand te brengen ('in order to bring about') states the purpose. Two te-infinitives nest."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een zaak … die voor my van groot gewicht is","title":"Relative die for a de-word","body":"die refers to the de-word zaak ('matter'); the clause ends in is. van groot gewicht = 'of great weight/importance.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates with preceding discourse","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wenschte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wenschte","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking krediet","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of krediet","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"krediet","lemma":"krediet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van in gebruikmaken van","gloss":"credit"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"tot-stand","lemma":"tot stand","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"part of separable expression tot stand brengen","gloss":"about","note":"Tot-stand brengen is the older hyphenation of tot stand brengen, ‘bring about.’"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying maken","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"begins predicative phrase van groot gewicht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gewicht","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"gewicht","lemma":"gewicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van; predicate of is","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of relative clause on zaak","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of denken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denken","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies denken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of denken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in idiom te doen zijn om","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of order","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"order","lemma":"order","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of om","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorjaarsveiling","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorjaarsveiling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorjaarsveiling","lemma":"voorjaarsveiling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"spring auction"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of idiom te doen zijn om","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of object clause","gloss":"was","note":"Te doen zijn om is an older idiom meaning ‘to concern’ or ‘to be a question of.’"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h2-s97","source":"Door velerlei omstandigheden ben ik op 't oogenblik eenigszins om geld verlegen. Eenigszins?","translation":"Through manifold circumstances I am at the moment somewhat embarrassed for money. Somewhat?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"om geld verlegen","title":"Idiom: 'om geld verlegen zijn'","body":"om iets verlegen zijn means 'to be at a loss for / short of something'; om geld verlegen = 'hard up for money.' Droogstoppel mockingly echoes eenigszins ('somewhat')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omstandigheden","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"velerlei","lemma":"velerlei","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omstandigheden","gloss":"manifold"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of Door","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to verlegen","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verlegen","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geld","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of om","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"verlegen","lemma":"verlegen","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"short","note":"Om geld verlegen means ‘short of money’ or ‘in need of money.’"},{"surface":"Eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb, elliptical","role":"elliptical echo of eenigszins verlegen","gloss":"somewhat"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h2-s98","source":"Hy had geen hemd aan. Dat noemt hy eenigszins!","translation":"He had no shirt on his back. That he calls somewhat!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had geen hemd aan","title":"geen + separable aanhebben","body":"geen negates the indefinite noun hemd ('shirt'). aanhebben ('to have on / wear') is separable, so aan goes to the end: 'he had no shirt on.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hemd","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"hemd","lemma":"hemd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of had ... aan","gloss":"on","note":"Iets aanhebben means ‘to be wearing something.’"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of noemt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"noemt","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of noemt","gloss":"somewhat"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h2-s99","source":"Ik kan myn lieve vrouw niet alles geven wat tot veraangenaming des levens noodig is, en ook de opvoeding myner kinderen is, uit een geldelyk oog, niet zooals ik wenschen zou. Veraangenaming des levens?","translation":"I cannot give my dear wife all that is needful to make life pleasant, and the education of my children is, from a financial point of view, not such as I should wish. The making of life pleasant?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tot veraangenaming des levens","title":"Genitive remnant: des levens","body":"des levens is the old masculine/neuter genitive ('of life'): 'the making of life pleasant.' des is a classic frozen case form of the 1860 page."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de opvoeding myner kinderen","title":"Genitive: myner kinderen","body":"myner is the inflected genitive of mijn ('of my children'). uit een geldelyk oog ('from a financial point of view') is a period idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geven","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vrouw","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veraangenaming","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"veraangenaming","lemma":"veraangenaming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of tot","gloss":"making pleasant"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of levens","gloss":"of the","note":"Des levens is a formal genitive meaning ‘of life.’"},{"surface":"levens","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of veraangenaming","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wat to noodig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb modifying opvoeding","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opvoeding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opvoeding","lemma":"opvoeding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive plural","role":"genitive determiner of kinderen","gloss":"of my","note":"Myner is an archaic genitive form of mijn, here meaning ‘of my.’"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of opvoeding","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of second main clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"begins viewpoint phrase uit een ... oog","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geldelyk","lemma":"geldelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oog","gloss":"financial"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of uit","gloss":"point of view","note":"Uit een geldelyk oog is an older expression for ‘from a financial point of view.’"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zooals-clause complement","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wenschen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wenschen","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wenschen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Veraangenaming","lemma":"veraangenaming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of elliptical echo question","gloss":"making pleasant"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of levens","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"levens","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of Veraangenaming","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h2-s100","source":"Opvoeding van de kinderen? Meent ge dat hy voor zyn vrouw een loge in de Opera huren wilde, en zyn kinderen op een instituut doen te Genève? 't Was najaar, en vry koud ... welnu, hy woonde op een vliering, zonder vuur.","translation":"The education of his children? Do you suppose he wished to rent a box at the Opera for his wife and send his children to a school in Geneva? It was autumn, and rather cold ... and yet there he lodged in a garret, with no fire.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Meent ge dat hy … een loge … huren wilde, en zyn kinderen op een instituut doen te Genève?","title":"Modal wilde + bare infinitives","body":"wilde governs two bare infinitives (huren, doen) sent to the end. ge is the literary 'you,' and Meent ge … inverts for verb-second."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een vliering, zonder vuur","title":"vliering","body":"A vliering is an attic or garret under the roof. zonder vuur ('without fire') means without a heated stove — the detail quietly exposes Sjaalman's real poverty against Droogstoppel's sneers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Opvoeding","lemma":"opvoeding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kinderen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kinderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of Opvoeding","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"Meent","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do suppose"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of Meent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique beneficiary of huren","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loge","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"loge","lemma":"loge","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of huren","gloss":"box"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Opera","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Opera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Opera","lemma":"opera","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of loge","gloss":"Opera"},{"surface":"huren","lemma":"huren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"to rent"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kinderen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instituut","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of instituut","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"instituut","lemma":"instituut","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique destination of doen","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive coordinated with huren","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Genève","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Genève","lemma":"Genève","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of doen","gloss":"Geneva"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of Was","gloss":"it","note":"Contraction of het."},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject to najaar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"najaar","lemma":"najaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of Was","gloss":"autumn"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the predicates najaar and koud","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies koud","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"koud","lemma":"koud","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Was","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection introducing woonde","gloss":"and yet","note":"Here welnu marks an emphatic turn: “and yet” or “well then.”"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of woonde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"woonde","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lodged"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vliering","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vliering","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vliering","lemma":"vliering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique location of woonde","gloss":"garret"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vuur","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"fire"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h2-s101","source":"Toen ik dien brief ontving, wist ik dit niet, maar later ben ik by hem geweest, en thans nog ben ik verstoord over den zotten toon van zyn geschryf.","translation":"When I received that letter I did not know this, but afterward I went to see him, and to this day I am still vexed at the foolish tone of his scribbling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"later ben ik by hem geweest","title":"Perfect of zijn (motion/visit)","body":"ergens geweest zijn = 'to have been somewhere'; ben … geweest is the perfect of zijn. Inversion after later keeps the verb second."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"thans nog ben ik verstoord over den zotten toon","title":"Archaic thans + case remnant den","body":"thans ('now, at present') is a literary adverb. den zotten toon shows the old masculine accusative on both article (den) and adjective (zotten)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontving","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause introduced by Toen","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ben geweest","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, oblique","role":"complement of by","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with ben","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstoord","gloss":"at present"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstoord","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject to verstoord","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verstoord","lemma":"verstoord","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"vexed"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toon","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of toon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zotten","lemma":"zot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toon","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verstoord","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geschryf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of geschryf","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geschryf","lemma":"geschrijf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"scribbling","note":"Geschryf is the nineteenth-century spelling of geschrijf, a disparaging word for writing."}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h2-s102","source":"Wat drommel, wie arm is, kan zeggen dat hy arm is! Armen moeten er zyn, dit is noodig in de maatschappy, en 't is Gods wil.","translation":"What the deuce—whoever is poor can say that he is poor! There must be poor people; it is necessary in society, and it is God's will.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie arm is, kan zeggen dat hy arm is","title":"Free relative wie","body":"wie ('whoever') opens a free relative with no antecedent; arm is is its (verb-final) predicate. The modal kan then governs zeggen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Armen moeten er zyn","title":"er + modal of existence","body":"er moeten … zijn = 'there must be …'; the modal moeten governs zyn, with er supplying the existential subject. Droogstoppel dresses his class prejudice as natural law."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative determiner","role":"determiner in exclamation Wat drommel","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"drommel","lemma":"drommel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of exclamation Wat drommel","gloss":"the deuce","note":"Wat drommel is a mild oath meaning “what the deuce.”"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to arm","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with kan","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of arm","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to arm","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Armen","lemma":"arm","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"poor people"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential marker with zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with moeten","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to noodig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maatschappy","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maatschappy","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maatschappy","lemma":"maatschappij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it","note":"Contraction of het."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to wil","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Gods","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of wil","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"wil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h2-s103","source":"Als hy maar geen aalmoes vraagt, en niemand lastig valt, heb ik er volstrekt niet tegen dat hy arm is, maar die opsiering van de zaak komt niet te-pas. Luister verder:","translation":"As long as he asks for no alms and is no trouble to anyone, I have absolutely nothing against his being poor, but all that dressing-up of the matter is out of place. Listen on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als hy maar geen aalmoes vraagt, en niemand lastig valt","title":"als-clause + geen/niemand","body":"als ('as long as') sends vraagt and valt to the end. geen negates the indefinite aalmoes ('alms'); niemand carries its own negation. Only one negative per clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb ik er volstrekt niet tegen dat hy arm is","title":"Split pronominal adverb er … tegen","body":"er … tegen is a split pronominal adverb (= ertegen, 'against it'); ergens tegen zijn = 'to object to something.' Inversion keeps heb second."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause Als ... maar","gloss":"as long as","note":"Als ... maar means “provided that” or “as long as.”"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vraagt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms the conditional expression Als ... maar","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aalmoes","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"aalmoes","lemma":"aalmoes","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vraagt","gloss":"alms"},{"surface":"vraagt","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause introduced by Als","gloss":"asks for"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of lastig valt","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"lastig","lemma":"lastig","morphology":"adjective","role":"separable element of lastigvallen","gloss":"trouble","note":"Iemand lastigvallen means “to bother someone” or “be a trouble to someone.”"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"lastigvallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated verb in conditional clause","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement combining with tegen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates heb ... tegen","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"postposition combining with er","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of arm","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to arm","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of opsiering","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"opsiering","lemma":"opsiering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"dressing-up"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te-pas","lemma":"te pas","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"complement of komt","gloss":"appropriate","note":"Niet te pas komen means “to be inappropriate” or “out of place.”"},{"surface":"Luister","lemma":"luisteren","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies Luister","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h2-s104","source":"Daar op my de verplichting rust, in de behoeften der mynen te voorzien, heb ik besloten een talent aantewenden, dat, naar ik geloof, my gegeven is. Ik ben dichter ...","translation":"Since the obligation rests on me to provide for the needs of my own, I have resolved to employ a talent which, I believe, has been given to me. I am a poet ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar op my de verplichting rust … te voorzien","title":"daar 'since' + te-infinitive","body":"Daar ('since') opens the causal clause, sending rust to the end. in … voorzien ('to provide for') governs the te-infinitive te voorzien. de behoeften der mynen = 'the needs of my own.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een talent … dat … my gegeven is","title":"zijn-passive: gegeven is","body":"gegeven is is a zijn-passive of state ('has been given'); dat is the relative for the neuter het-word talent. aantewenden is joined 1860 spelling for aan te wenden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of rust","gloss":"since","note":"Sentence-initial daar can mean “since” or “because.”"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, oblique","role":"complement of op","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verplichting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verplichting","lemma":"verplichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rust","gloss":"obligation"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rusten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of causal clause introduced by Daar","gloss":"rests"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking behoeften","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of behoeften","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"behoeften","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of mynen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mynen","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"nominalized possessive pronoun, plural, genitive","role":"genitive complement of behoeften","gloss":"my own","note":"De mijnen means “my own people,” here the speaker’s dependants."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive voorzien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voorzien","lemma":"voorzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verplichting","gloss":"provide"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of besloten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of besloten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"besloten","lemma":"besluiten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of talent","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"talent","lemma":"talent","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of aantewenden","gloss":"talent"},{"surface":"aantewenden","lemma":"aanwenden","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of besloten","gloss":"to employ","note":"Aantewenden is the older joined spelling of aan te wenden."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of gegeven is; refers to talent","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces parenthetical clause ik geloof","gloss":"as","note":"Naar ik geloof is the idiom “as I believe.”"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, indirect object","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive construction","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to dichter","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"dichter","lemma":"dichter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"poet"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h2-s105","source":"Poeh! Ge weet, lezer, hoe ik en alle verstandige menschen daarover denken.","translation":"Bah! You know, reader, what I and all sensible people think of that.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe ik en alle verstandige menschen daarover denken","title":"Pronominal adverb daarover","body":"daarover (= 'about that') fuses daar + over into one pronominal adverb. The indirect question with hoe sends denken to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Poeh","lemma":"poeh","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"bah"},{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces interrogative complement of weet","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"verstandige","lemma":"verstandig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with ik","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"daarover","lemma":"daarover","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of denken","gloss":"about that"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of interrogative complement","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h2-s106","source":"... en schryver. Sedert myn kindsheid drukte ik myn aandoeningen in verzen uit, en ook later schreef ik dagelyks neder wat er omging in myn ziel.","translation":"... and a writer. From my childhood I have expressed my feelings in verse, and later too I wrote down day by day whatever passed in my soul.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sedert myn kindsheid drukte ik myn aandoeningen in verzen uit","title":"Separable uitdrukken + inversion","body":"Fronting Sedert myn kindsheid forces inversion (drukte ik); the separable prefix uit of uitdrukken ('to express') lands at the end. Sedert ('since') is a literary preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schreef ik dagelyks neder wat er omging in myn ziel","title":"Separable nederschrijven + relative wat","body":"neder is the archaic form of neer; nederschrijven ('to write down') is separable. wat ('whatever') is the free relative object, and er omging is the impersonal 'went on.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben in preceding segment","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"Sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kindsheid","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of kindsheid","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"kindsheid","lemma":"kindsheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of Sedert","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"drukte","lemma":"uitdrukken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; combines with uit","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of drukte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of aandoeningen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"aandoeningen","lemma":"aandoening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of drukte","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of drukte ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies later","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies schreef","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"nederschrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; combines with neder","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dagelyks","lemma":"dagelijks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schreef","gloss":"daily"},{"surface":"neder","lemma":"neder","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of schreef ... neder","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"subject of omging","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in relative clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"omging","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause; object of schreef","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ziel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of ziel","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h2-s107","source":"Ik geloof dat er onder dat alles eenige opstellen zyn, die waarde hebben, en ik zoek daarvoor een uitgever. Maar dit is juist het moeielyke.","translation":"I believe that among all of it there are some pieces that have worth, and I am looking for a publisher for them. But this is just the difficulty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik geloof dat er … eenige opstellen zyn, die waarde hebben","title":"er + existential, relative die","body":"er … zyn is the existential 'there are' inside the dat-clause; die hebben is a relative clause on opstellen, verb-final. ik zoek daarvoor een uitgever uses pronominal daarvoor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of opstellen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"opstellen","lemma":"opstel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"pieces"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of existential clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"waarde","lemma":"waarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying opstellen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zoek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoek","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with geloof","gloss":"am looking for"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of zoek","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitgever","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"uitgever","lemma":"uitgever","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zoek","gloss":"publisher"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting main clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to moeielyke","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeielyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeielyke","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"difficulty","note":"Het moeielyke is an older spelling of het moeilijke, “the difficult thing” or “the difficulty.”"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h2-s108","source":"Het publiek kent my niet, en de uitgevers beoordeelen de werken meer naar den gevestigden naam van den schryver, dan naar den inhoud. Juist zooals wy de koffi naar de renommee van de merken.","translation":"The public does not know me, and the publishers judge the works more by the established name of the author than by the contents. Just as we judge coffee by the renown of the marks.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de uitgevers beoordeelen de werken meer naar den gevestigden naam … dan naar den inhoud","title":"Comparative meer … dan + case remnants","body":"meer … dan ('more … than') is the comparative. den gevestigden naam and den inhoud both show the old masculine accusative den (and adjective -en)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de koffi naar de renommee van de merken","title":"renommee / merken","body":"renommee (French-derived, 'renown/reputation') and merken ('brands, marks') extend the letter's metaphor — judging poets like coffee — which delights the coffee-broker narrator."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of publiek","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"publiek","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kent","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of kent","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kent","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of uitgevers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitgevers","lemma":"uitgever","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of beoordeelen","gloss":"publishers"},{"surface":"beoordeelen","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"judge","note":"Old spelling of modern beoordelen."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of werken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of beoordeelen","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies beoordeelen in comparison with dan","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the criterion for beoordeelen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an old inflected form of the definite article de."},{"surface":"gevestigden","lemma":"gevestigd","morphology":"adjective, inflected, masculine singular, oblique","role":"modifies naam","gloss":"established"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of naam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of schryver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"author","note":"Old spelling of modern schrijver."},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the second term of the meer comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the contrasted criterion","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of inhoud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inhoud","lemma":"inhoud","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"contents"},{"surface":"Juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies zooals","gloss":"Just"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an elliptical comparative clause","gloss":"as","note":"Old spelling of modern zoals."},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person plural, nominative","role":"subject of implied beoordeelen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, singular","role":"determiner of koffi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of implied beoordeelen","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the criterion for implied beoordeelen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, singular","role":"determiner of renommee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"renommee","lemma":"renommee","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"renown"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of renommee","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of merken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"merken","lemma":"merk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"brands"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h2-s109","source":"Wel zeker! Hoe anders?","translation":"Why, of course! How else?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wel zeker! Hoe anders?","title":"Elliptical interjection","body":"Wel zeker ('Why, of course') and Hoe anders? ('How else?') are clipped exclamations — Droogstoppel breaking into the quoted letter. No finite verb is needed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies zeker","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of elliptical exclamation","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"questions manner in elliptical clause","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"complements Hoe","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h2-s110","source":"Als ik dus mag aannemen dat myn werk niet geheel zonder verdienste is, zou dat toch eerst na de uitgave blyken, en de boekhandelaars vragen de betaling van drukloon, enz. vooruit ... Daar hebben ze groot gelyk in.","translation":"So if I may assume that my work is not wholly without merit, that would still only become apparent after publication, and the booksellers demand payment of the printing costs, etc., in advance ... There they are quite right.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als ik dus mag aannemen … zou dat toch eerst na de uitgave blyken","title":"Modal mag in als-clause + conditional zou","body":"als sends the modal mag (with aannemen) to the end; the main clause uses conditional zou … blyken ('that would only become apparent'). eerst here = 'only then.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional subordinate clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of mag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mag aannemen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"governs infinitive aannemen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"aannemen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by mag","gloss":"assume"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of aannemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is zonder verdienste","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zonder verdienste","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement of is","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"verdienste","lemma":"verdienste","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"merit"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the complement clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of blyken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou blyken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou blyken","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"restricts time of blyken","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal adjunct of blyken","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, singular","role":"determiner of uitgave","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitgave","lemma":"uitgave","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"publication"},{"surface":"blyken","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"become apparent"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of boekhandelaars","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boekhandelaars","lemma":"boekhandelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of vragen","gloss":"booksellers"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, singular","role":"determiner of betaling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of vragen","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of betaling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"drukloon","lemma":"drukloon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"printing costs"},{"surface":"enz","lemma":"enzovoort","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"extends the list after drukloon","gloss":"etcetera"},{"surface":"vooruit","lemma":"vooruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vragen de betaling","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of discontinuous pronominal adverb daar ... in, referring to that","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person plural, nominative, unstressed","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, uninflected, neuter singular","role":"modifies gelyk","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"noun in fixed expression","role":"direct object of hebben in gelijk hebben","gloss":"right","note":"Gelijk hebben means ‘to be right’; gelyk is the old spelling of gelijk."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"postposition in pronominal adverb","role":"second part of daar ... in","gloss":"in"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h2-s111","source":"... wat my op die oogenblik niet gelegen komt. Daar ik evenwel overtuigd ben dat myn arbeid de kosten dekken zou, en gerust daarop myn woord durf verpanden, ben ik, aangemoedigd door onze ontmoeting van voorgisteren....","translation":"... which at this moment does not suit me. Since, however, I am convinced that my labor would cover the costs, and confidently dare to pledge my word upon it, I have, encouraged by our meeting of the day before yesterday....","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar ik … overtuigd ben dat myn arbeid de kosten dekken zou","title":"daar 'since' + conditional zou verb-final","body":"Daar ('since') opens the causal clause; inside the embedded dat-clause the conditional dekken zou stands at the end. myn woord durf verpanden = 'dare to pledge my word.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"aangemoedigd door onze ontmoeting van voorgisteren","title":"Past participle as adjective + agent door","body":"aangemoedigd ('encouraged') is a past participle used adjectivally; door marks the agent, as in a passive. voorgisteren = 'the day before yesterday.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of gelegen komt; antecedent is the preceding demand","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of gelegen komt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal adjunct","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common singular","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gelegen komt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gelegen","lemma":"gelegen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of komt in gelegen komen","gloss":"convenient","note":"Iemand gelegen komen means ‘to suit or be convenient for someone.’"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause in gelegen komen","gloss":"suits"},{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal subordinate clause","gloss":"Since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben and durf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben overtuigd","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"overtuigd","lemma":"overtuigen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking ik and overtuigd","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of overtuigd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of zou dekken","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of kosten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kosten","lemma":"kost","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of dekken","gloss":"costs"},{"surface":"dekken","lemma":"dekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"cover"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of dekken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links ben overtuigd and durf verpanden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gerust","lemma":"gerust","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies durf verpanden","gloss":"confidently"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of verpanden, referring to that conviction","gloss":"upon it"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verpanden","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"durf","lemma":"durven","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"coordinated with ben; governs verpanden","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"verpanden","lemma":"verpanden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by durf","gloss":"to pledge"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gekomen in the following segment","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aangemoedigd","lemma":"aanmoedigen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"supplementary predicate modifying ik","gloss":"encouraged"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces cause of aangemoedigd","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person plural","role":"determiner of ontmoeting","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ontmoeting","lemma":"ontmoeting","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal modifier of ontmoeting","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"voorgisteren","lemma":"voorgisteren","morphology":"adverb used substantivally","role":"object of van","gloss":"day before yesterday"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h2-s112","source":"Dat noemt hy aanmoedigen!","translation":"That he calls encouraging!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s112.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat noemt hy aanmoedigen!","title":"Fronted object + V2","body":"The object Dat is fronted for emphasis, so the verb noemt stands second before the subject hy: 'That he calls encouraging!' aanmoedigen is the bare infinitive complement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of noemt","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"noemt","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of noemt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aanmoedigen","lemma":"aanmoedigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used substantivally","role":"object complement identifying Dat","gloss":"encouraging"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h2-s113","source":"... tot het besluit gekomen u te vragen of ge voor my by een boekhandelaar zoudt willen borg-staan voor de kosten eener eerste uitgave, al ware het slechts van een klein boekdeeltje. Ik laat de keus van die eerste proeve geheel aan u over.","translation":"... come to the decision of asking you whether you would be willing to stand surety for me with a bookseller for the costs of a first edition, were it only of a small little volume. I leave the choice of that first sample entirely to you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"of ge … zoudt willen borg-staan voor de kosten eener eerste uitgave","title":"Conditional zou + genitive eener","body":"zoudt willen is a polite conditional softener ('whether you would be willing'). de kosten eener eerste uitgave uses the old feminine genitive article eener ('of a')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al ware het slechts van een klein boekdeeltje","title":"Subjunctive ware + diminutive","body":"ware is the old subjunctive of zijn ('were it'), with concessive al ('even if'). boekdeeltje is a diminutive ('little volume'), hence neuter, intensified by klein."}],"words":[{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of gekomen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of besluit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"besluit","lemma":"besluit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"continues the perfect construction begun in preceding segment","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of vragen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vragen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival modifier of besluit","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces indirect yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular, nominative, unstressed","role":"subject of zoudt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces beneficiary of borg-staan","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces party with whom surety is given","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of boekhandelaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"boekhandelaar","lemma":"boekhandelaar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"bookseller"},{"surface":"zoudt","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second-person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of willen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"governed by zoudt and governs borg-staan","gloss":"be willing to"},{"surface":"borg-staan","lemma":"borg staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by willen","gloss":"stand surety","note":"Modern spelling normally writes borg staan as two words."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces liability covered by borg-staan","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of kosten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kosten","lemma":"kost","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"costs"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of uitgave in genitive complement of kosten","gloss":"of a","note":"Eener is an old feminine genitive form of een."},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, inflected","role":"modifies uitgave","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"uitgave","lemma":"uitgave","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular, genitive construction","role":"genitive complement of kosten","gloss":"edition"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause al ware","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"copula in concessive clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, third-person neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"restricts van een klein boekdeeltje","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement of ware","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of boekdeeltje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, uninflected, neuter singular","role":"modifies boekdeeltje","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"boekdeeltje","lemma":"boekdeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"object of van","gloss":"little volume"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence in overlaten","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, singular","role":"determiner of keus","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keus","lemma":"keus","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of laat ... over","gloss":"choice"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of keus","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, feminine singular","role":"determiner of proeve","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, inflected","role":"modifies proeve","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"proeve","lemma":"proef","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"sample","note":"Proeve is an older form of modern proef in this sense."},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aan u over","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces recipient of laat ... over","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular, object form","role":"object of aan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of laat ... over","gloss":"leave to"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h2-s114","source":"In het pak dat hiernevens gaat, zult ge vele handschriften vinden, en daaruit zien dat ik veel gedacht, gewerkt en bygewoond heb ... Ik heb nooit gehoord dat hy zaken deed.","translation":"In the parcel that accompanies this, you will find many manuscripts, and from them see that I have thought, worked, and witnessed a great deal ... I have never heard that he did any business.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"In het pak dat hiernevens gaat, zult ge vele handschriften vinden","title":"Fronted PP → V2 + relative dat","body":"The fronted prepositional phrase forces inversion (zult ge). dat refers to the neuter pak ('parcel'); hiernevens ('herewith enclosed') is an archaic adverb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik veel gedacht, gewerkt en bygewoond heb","title":"Three participles, one auxiliary","body":"A single perfect auxiliary heb governs three past participles (gedacht, gewerkt, bygewoond), all pushed verb-final by dat. A compact, formal coordination."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative adjunct of vinden","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of In and antecedent of dat","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of gaat; antecedent is pak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hiernevens","lemma":"hiernevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat","gloss":"with this","note":"Hiernevens is a formal, now archaic adverb meaning ‘along with this.’"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"accompanies"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"future auxiliary of vinden and zien","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular, nominative, unstressed","role":"subject of zult","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, plural, inflected","role":"determiner of handschriften","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"handschriften","lemma":"handschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"manuscripts"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zult","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links vinden and zien","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daaruit","lemma":"daaruit","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of zien, referring to the manuscripts","gloss":"from them"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive governed by zult","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of zien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies all three coordinated participles","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"gedacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first participle governed by heb","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"gewerkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with gedacht","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gewerkt and bygewoond","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bygewoond","lemma":"bijwonen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with gedacht and gewerkt","gloss":"witnessed"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gedacht, gewerkt, and bygewoond","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gehoord","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb gehoord","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of gehoord","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of deed in zaken doen","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"did"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h2-s115","source":"... en als de gaaf van wèl zeggen me niet geheel-en-al ontbreekt, is het gewis niet door gebrek aan indrukken, dat ik niet slagen zou. In afwachting van een vriendelyk antwoord, noem ik my uw ouden schoolmakker ...","translation":"... and if the gift of speaking well is not wholly wanting in me, it is surely not for lack of impressions that I should fail to succeed. Awaiting a kind reply, I sign myself your old schoolmate ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als de gaaf van wèl zeggen me niet geheel-en-al ontbreekt","title":"als-clause + ontbreken","body":"als sends the verb ontbreekt to the end. ontbreken ('to be lacking') takes a dative experiencer (me) — 'if the gift is not wholly lacking in me.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"is het gewis niet door gebrek aan indrukken, dat ik niet slagen zou","title":"Cleft with conditional zou","body":"A cleft (is het … dat …) frames the cause; inside the dat-clause the conditional slagen zou ends the clause. gewis ('surely') is a literary adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to preceding clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of gaaf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gaaf","lemma":"gave","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ontbreekt","gloss":"gift"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of gaaf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, unstressed dative","role":"indirect object of ontbreekt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates ontbreekt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geheel-en-al","lemma":"geheel en al","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies ontbreekt","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"ontbreekt","lemma":"ontbreken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"is wanting"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of main clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gewis","lemma":"gewis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates causal phrase","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces cause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"gebrek","lemma":"gebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"lack"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of gebrek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"indrukken","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces cleft clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of slagen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates slagen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"slagen","lemma":"slagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"succeed"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of slagen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces adverbial phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"afwachting","lemma":"afwachting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"awaiting"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of afwachting","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vriendelyk","lemma":"vriendelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies antwoord","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"noem","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of noem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of noem","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person singular","role":"determiner of schoolmakker","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ouden","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schoolmakker","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"schoolmakker","lemma":"schoolmakker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of my","gloss":"schoolmate"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h2-s116","source":"En zyn naam stond er onder. Maar dien verzwyg ik, omdat ik er niet van houd, iemand in opspraak te brengen.","translation":"And his name stood beneath it. But that I withhold, because I do not like to bring anyone into disrepute.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h2-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dien verzwyg ik, omdat ik er niet van houd, iemand in opspraak te brengen","title":"Fronted object dien + omdat clause","body":"dien (old accusative of die) is the fronted object, forcing inversion (verzwyg ik). omdat sends houd to the end; er … van is a split pronominal adverb governing the te-infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to preceding sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms eronder with er","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender singular, archaic accusative","role":"direct object of verzwyg","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"verzwyg","lemma":"verzwijgen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"withhold"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of verzwyg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"forms ervan with van","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates houd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition, part of pronominal adverb","role":"forms ervan with er","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces result phrase","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"opspraak","lemma":"opspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"disrepute"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of houd","gloss":"bring"}]}]}